releted to disaster management

1. Seminar on Earthquake
Group members :-
1)Deshmukh Machindra
2)Shinde Mahesh
3)Vaibhav Jadhao
4)Kore shubham
5)Yasar Shaikh

2. What is an earthquake?
The movement of Earth’s crust resulting from
the release of built up potential energy between
two stuck tectonic plates!

3.  Measuring and locating earthquakes:
The instrumental scales used to describe the size
ofan earthquake began with the Richter magnitude
scale in the 1930s.
 Every tremor produces different types of seismic
waves, which travel through rock with different
velocities:
 Longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves)
 Transverse S-waves (both body waves)
 Surface waves — (Rayleigh and Love waves)

4. CASUAL PHENOMENA:
Figure:
Discuss plate tectonics, faulting, elastic rebound, and seismic

5. The Elastic Rebound Process
1. Forces on adjacent plates build up over time.

6. 2. Crustal material deforms as forces grow.

7. 3. Finally forces and strain in crustal material become
unsupportable.

8. 4. Plates slide past each other reducing strain and forces
acting along fault line.

9. Damages Due To Earthquakes:
Earthquake is a natural hazard that may instantly kill
or incapacitate a large number of people, cause huge
destruction to structures, and weaken the buildings
reducing their useful life. The damage is the maximum
close to the epicenter, the point from where the
vibrations are initiated.

10. Different types of damages can occur due to earthquakes:
Liquefaction:
Liquefaction starts with the forceful shaking of the soft wet
soils, and rearrangement of its grains, due to which the soils
start functioning as liquids.

11. •Ground Shaking:
The magnitude of ground shaking at a particular location will
determine the earthquake damage. The extent of ground
shaking will depend upon the scale of an earthquake, distance
from the epicenter, and nature of the material.

12. Fires:
Fires are a major source of damage after earthquakes. .
Ground rupture and liquefaction can easily rupture natural
gas mains and water mains, both contributing to the ignition
of fires and hindering the efforts to control them.

13. Preperdness :
What to Do Before an Earthquake
•Repair deep plaster cracks in ceilings and foundations. Get
expert advice if there are signs of structural defects.
•Anchor overhead lighting fixtures to the ceiling.
•Follow BIS codes relevant to your area for building
standards
•Fasten shelves securely to walls.
•Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves.
•Store breakable items such as bottled foods, glass, and
china in low, closed cabinets with latches.

14. •Hang heavy items such as pictures and mirrors away from
beds, settees, and anywhere that people sit.
•Brace overhead light and fan fixtures.
•Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas
connections. These are potential fire risks.
•Secure water heaters, LPG cylinders etc., by strapping them
to the walls or bolting to the floor.
•Store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products
securely in closed cabinets with latches and on bottom
shelves.
•Identify safe places indoors and outdoors.
Under strong dining table, bed