This document describes a patent for improvements to transformers. It discusses how distribution transformers need to withstand short circuits of currents 25-40 times the rated current without the coils moving relative to each other. This can cause insulation breakdown over time. The invention aims to provide an improved arrangement for anchoring the transformer coils to prevent relative movement when subjected to powerful electromagnetic forces from short circuits many times the rated capacity.
This document describes improvements to thrust bearing arrangements that can distribute load between individual bearings or groups of bearings. It discloses using wedge surfaces on thrust members that engage with an abutment to distribute load in the axial direction. This enables simple and compact load distribution without excessive sensitivity. Figures 1-7 illustrate examples of arrangements using wedge surfaces or balls to distribute load between multiple bearings through split sleeves or rings.
This document describes improvements to machines for broadcasting seed, fertilizer, and other granular materials. It summarizes a patent for a machine that allows variable control over the spread, direction, and rate of material distribution. The key improvements include an adjustable outlet from the hopper that can change the arc of distribution and direct it radially. Adjusting the length of the outlet also varies the spread of the arc or keeps it constant for different materials.
This document provides a detailed description of improvements made to pocket stapling machines. Specifically, it describes a stapling machine where the knife that drives staples is guided by front and rear pairs of lugs to improve accuracy and prevent jamming. The knife is returned to its upper position by a hairpin-shaped resilient rod spring. The bolt that guides the knife is held in place by lugs integral with the staple rail that project through windows in the bolt.
This document provides a detailed description of a gearbox patent with the following key points:
1) The gearbox uses a system of five superimposed shifting elements (grids) equal to the number of speeds plus one for neutral, which can be selectively moved to engage different gears.
2) It includes a preselecting member (ring) that can engage one of the shifting elements to preselect a gear or set the gearbox to neutral.
3) Operating means (spindle and lever) allow moving the preselecting member to engage different shifting elements, selecting the desired gear or neutral position.
The document describes improvements to hub pullers, which are tools used to remove wheel hubs from axles. It discloses a hub puller design with a body portion, threaded thrust member, and pivotally mounted arms with ring-like stud-engaging ends. The ring-like ends receive adapter rings of different diameters to engage wheel hub studs of varying sizes. This ensures the rings are concentric with the studs during use, avoiding lateral forces that could damage the studs.
This document describes improvements to display stands. It details an adjustable display stand that allows shelves to be easily adjusted in height along inclined support rods for an attractive presentation of articles. The shelves lock in place without additional securing devices due to cantilever action from their weight. The stand provides stability without being cumbersome through its main structure of a base and two rear-inclining support rods that shelves with openings can be adjusted along. Alternative shelf mounting arrangements and modifications to the stand design are also described.
This document describes patent GB784755 (A) for improvements in pressure operated switches. Specifically, it relates to switches where a switch mechanism is actuated by changes in pressure differential across a spring-loaded diaphragm. The switches are used in systems that control air or gas flow through a conduit. The invention provides novel or improved means for varying the degree of spring loading on the diaphragm to alter the pressure differential needed to actuate the switch.
This document provides details of an injection molding machine, including:
- The machine uses tie rods to connect fixed and movable mold plates, with hydraulic cylinders to move the plates and close the molds.
- It has hydraulic systems to first close the molds, then provide a final high-pressure squeeze to the molds using a booster pump.
- Various hydraulic valves and limit switches control the movements and ensure the molds fully close and lock in place before injection.
This document describes improvements to thrust bearing arrangements that can distribute load between individual bearings or groups of bearings. It discloses using wedge surfaces on thrust members that engage with an abutment to distribute load in the axial direction. This enables simple and compact load distribution without excessive sensitivity. Figures 1-7 illustrate examples of arrangements using wedge surfaces or balls to distribute load between multiple bearings through split sleeves or rings.
This document describes improvements to machines for broadcasting seed, fertilizer, and other granular materials. It summarizes a patent for a machine that allows variable control over the spread, direction, and rate of material distribution. The key improvements include an adjustable outlet from the hopper that can change the arc of distribution and direct it radially. Adjusting the length of the outlet also varies the spread of the arc or keeps it constant for different materials.
This document provides a detailed description of improvements made to pocket stapling machines. Specifically, it describes a stapling machine where the knife that drives staples is guided by front and rear pairs of lugs to improve accuracy and prevent jamming. The knife is returned to its upper position by a hairpin-shaped resilient rod spring. The bolt that guides the knife is held in place by lugs integral with the staple rail that project through windows in the bolt.
This document provides a detailed description of a gearbox patent with the following key points:
1) The gearbox uses a system of five superimposed shifting elements (grids) equal to the number of speeds plus one for neutral, which can be selectively moved to engage different gears.
2) It includes a preselecting member (ring) that can engage one of the shifting elements to preselect a gear or set the gearbox to neutral.
3) Operating means (spindle and lever) allow moving the preselecting member to engage different shifting elements, selecting the desired gear or neutral position.
The document describes improvements to hub pullers, which are tools used to remove wheel hubs from axles. It discloses a hub puller design with a body portion, threaded thrust member, and pivotally mounted arms with ring-like stud-engaging ends. The ring-like ends receive adapter rings of different diameters to engage wheel hub studs of varying sizes. This ensures the rings are concentric with the studs during use, avoiding lateral forces that could damage the studs.
This document describes improvements to display stands. It details an adjustable display stand that allows shelves to be easily adjusted in height along inclined support rods for an attractive presentation of articles. The shelves lock in place without additional securing devices due to cantilever action from their weight. The stand provides stability without being cumbersome through its main structure of a base and two rear-inclining support rods that shelves with openings can be adjusted along. Alternative shelf mounting arrangements and modifications to the stand design are also described.
This document describes patent GB784755 (A) for improvements in pressure operated switches. Specifically, it relates to switches where a switch mechanism is actuated by changes in pressure differential across a spring-loaded diaphragm. The switches are used in systems that control air or gas flow through a conduit. The invention provides novel or improved means for varying the degree of spring loading on the diaphragm to alter the pressure differential needed to actuate the switch.
This document provides details of an injection molding machine, including:
- The machine uses tie rods to connect fixed and movable mold plates, with hydraulic cylinders to move the plates and close the molds.
- It has hydraulic systems to first close the molds, then provide a final high-pressure squeeze to the molds using a booster pump.
- Various hydraulic valves and limit switches control the movements and ensure the molds fully close and lock in place before injection.
This document provides a 3 page description of improvements to an injection molding machine. Key details include:
- The machine uses a pair of fixed members and a movable mold-closing unit comprising a pair of movable members to open and close molds.
- The movable members include interpenetrating piston and cylinder portions allowing fluid pressure to move one movable member relative to the other to close the mold.
- Additional details are provided on the hydraulic and electrical systems used to power movement and operation of the machine components including pumps, valves, cylinders and limit switches.
This document provides details of an injection molding machine, including:
- The machine uses tie rods to connect fixed and movable mold plates, with hydraulic cylinders to move the plates and inject material.
- It has a movable platen that supports a mold piece, and hydraulic pistons to move the platen towards a fixed platen holding the other mold piece.
- Additional hydraulic systems apply very high pressure to the movable platen for the final closing of the molds.
This document describes a patent for a composite refractory rail used in pusher-type furnaces. The rail is made of multiple sections with each section composed of a material suited to withstand the stresses of its corresponding temperature zone in the furnace. This eliminates the need for water cooling inside the furnace. Preferably there are three sections: steel up to 600°C, silicon carbide from 600°C to 900°C, and fused metal oxides above 900°C. The rail allows withstanding high temperatures and fluctuations without losses from water cooling.
This document describes a patent for an improved guide assembly for lift cars. The guide assembly uses rubber or rubber-like materials to mount guide shoes or rollers. This allows for vertical displacement of the shoes/rollers against the force of the rubber materials. This helps reduce noise and vibration transmission to the lift car. The assembly may have one or more guide shoes/rollers mounted on arms that can rotate due to the torsional force of rubber bushings.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope.
2) A gripping device then presses on the part of the product protruding from the tube to hold it in place as the tube is withdrawn.
3) The machine uses a rotating spider arm mechanism to position flattened tubes containing products above open envelopes on a rotating turntable, transferring the products into the envelopes as the tubes are inserted and withdrawn.
1. The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes.
2. It works by first inserting the product into a flattened tube so that part of the product projects out, then inserting the tube end containing the product into an envelope to fully enclose the product.
3. It holds the product in place using a gripping device that presses through the envelope onto the projecting part of the product while withdrawing the tube.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope while gripping the exposed part of the product.
2) The machine contains flattened tubes mounted on a rotatable spider arm that inserts products into the tubes. An envelope is placed on a turntable and the filled tube and open envelope are aligned and moved together to transfer the product.
3) The machine operates by loading products into tubes, supplying envelopes to the turntable, and aligning and moving a filled tube and open envelope together to transfer the product from the tube to
1. The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes.
2. It works by first inserting the product into a flattened tube so that part of the product projects out, then inserting the tube end containing the product into an envelope to fully enclose the product.
3. It holds the product in place using a gripping device that presses through the envelope onto the projecting part of the product while withdrawing the tube.
This document describes a patent for an apparatus to prevent the release of contaminants from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus recycles exhaust gas through the intake manifold during engine deceleration using a T-shaped fitting between the intake manifold and carburetor, another T-fitting between the exhaust manifold and tail pipe, a pipe connecting the fittings, and valves to shut off fuel and allow exhaust gas recycling during deceleration. The goal is to provide an effective and simple apparatus that can be easily installed and does not affect normal engine operation.
This document describes a plug valve patent from 1957. It includes:
1) A plug valve with a valve member mounted on a stem for axial and rotational movement, and an operating member connected to actuating mechanisms.
2) The actuating mechanisms include cam elements that move the stem axially in one direction, then the opposite direction, upon a predetermined rotational movement of the operating member.
3) Additional components like a housing, lever arms, and interengaging parts precisely coordinate the axial and rotational movements of the valve stem to open, rotate, and reseat the plug valve.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
The document summarizes a patent for a suspension system for motor vehicles. It describes an auxiliary frame that supports the axle and is detachably mounted to the vehicle body. The auxiliary frame consists of sleeves surrounding torsion bar springs, stays connecting the sleeves, and struts connected to the sleeves. When mounted to the vehicle body, the auxiliary frame and body form a rigid frame system that takes up stresses from the axle. The auxiliary frame attaches to the vehicle body at four widely spaced points, distributing stresses over a large surface area of the body.
This patent document describes improvements to a clutch mechanism. Specifically, it describes a clutch with a driving member that has slots on its inner periphery and a driven member with a radially movable detent that engages the slots. The slots and detent are tapered radially outward so there is no play between the members when engaged. The clutch engages immediately when actuated and prevents initial slipping between the members.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to magnetic amplifiers. It describes a magnetic amplifier with a reversible cycle of operation corresponding to half cycles of line current. It alternately saturates pairs of cores in opposite directions using line current flux, while also exposing at least one core to a signal current flux to separate the core saturations during some cycles. It controls output current delivery within these cycles based on the core saturation without transferring memory between cycles. The document also discusses characteristics of magnetic amplifiers like hysteresis loops and core saturation levels.
The document describes an improved taper gauge device for measuring the angle of taper of circular or rectangular workpieces. The gauge comprises two plates that overlap and slide in relation to each other. The plates have slots and a pivot mechanism including a pinion that allows the plates to move inward/outward and rotate while maintaining symmetrical alignment. Micrometer surfaces on the plates allow the taper angle to be determined by the difference in micrometer readings. The gauge provides an accurate and adjustable way to measure taper.
The document describes an improved taper gauge device for measuring the angle of taper of circular or rectangular workpieces. The gauge comprises two plates that overlap and slide in relation to each other. The plates have slots and a pivot mechanism including a pinion that allows the plates to move inward/outward and rotate while maintaining symmetrical alignment. Micrometer surfaces on the plates allow the taper angle to be determined by the difference in micrometer readings. The gauge provides an accurate and adjustable way to measure taper.
This document describes an improved tank gauging apparatus. It consists of a housing mounted on a storage tank containing a reel, gauging tape, and weight. The reel is automatically arrested when the weight stops descending to prevent false readings from tape slack. This is accomplished through a braking mechanism activated by tension in the tape. The apparatus allows the reel to arrest without suddenly stopping the operating crank, reducing wear. It also includes a window and door for accessing the interior of the housing.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, each containing a slidable rod connected to a chain. The rod carries a head that packs sliver into cans. The chains are connected to wheels on a shaft that is oscillated back and forth, causing the rods and heads to move up and down in a tramping motion to pack the sliver. This mechanism eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of the cans. Diagrams show two embodiments using springs or weights to assist the up and down motion of the rods and heads.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This design eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of cans compared to previous mechanisms.
La teoría de la Gran Explosión explica que el universo comenzó a partir de una explosión donde todo el contenido del universo estaba concentrado en un punto estratégico que explotó y esparció materia en todas direcciones, dando lugar a la formación de estrellas a medida que las partículas se unían.
GB785084 (A) describes new polyazo dyestuffs derived from a
4'-diamino-diphenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid containing at least four azo groups and two sulphonic acid groups. The dyestuffs are prepared by tetrazotizing a 4'-diaminodiphenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid and coupling it with two molecules of aromatic compounds containing at least one azo group and two sulphonic acid groups. The new polyazo dyestuffs produce dark brown to black shades with good fastness, especially for colouring leather and complex metal compounds.
This document provides a 3 page description of improvements to an injection molding machine. Key details include:
- The machine uses a pair of fixed members and a movable mold-closing unit comprising a pair of movable members to open and close molds.
- The movable members include interpenetrating piston and cylinder portions allowing fluid pressure to move one movable member relative to the other to close the mold.
- Additional details are provided on the hydraulic and electrical systems used to power movement and operation of the machine components including pumps, valves, cylinders and limit switches.
This document provides details of an injection molding machine, including:
- The machine uses tie rods to connect fixed and movable mold plates, with hydraulic cylinders to move the plates and inject material.
- It has a movable platen that supports a mold piece, and hydraulic pistons to move the platen towards a fixed platen holding the other mold piece.
- Additional hydraulic systems apply very high pressure to the movable platen for the final closing of the molds.
This document describes a patent for a composite refractory rail used in pusher-type furnaces. The rail is made of multiple sections with each section composed of a material suited to withstand the stresses of its corresponding temperature zone in the furnace. This eliminates the need for water cooling inside the furnace. Preferably there are three sections: steel up to 600°C, silicon carbide from 600°C to 900°C, and fused metal oxides above 900°C. The rail allows withstanding high temperatures and fluctuations without losses from water cooling.
This document describes a patent for an improved guide assembly for lift cars. The guide assembly uses rubber or rubber-like materials to mount guide shoes or rollers. This allows for vertical displacement of the shoes/rollers against the force of the rubber materials. This helps reduce noise and vibration transmission to the lift car. The assembly may have one or more guide shoes/rollers mounted on arms that can rotate due to the torsional force of rubber bushings.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope.
2) A gripping device then presses on the part of the product protruding from the tube to hold it in place as the tube is withdrawn.
3) The machine uses a rotating spider arm mechanism to position flattened tubes containing products above open envelopes on a rotating turntable, transferring the products into the envelopes as the tubes are inserted and withdrawn.
1. The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes.
2. It works by first inserting the product into a flattened tube so that part of the product projects out, then inserting the tube end containing the product into an envelope to fully enclose the product.
3. It holds the product in place using a gripping device that presses through the envelope onto the projecting part of the product while withdrawing the tube.
1) The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes. It does this by first inserting the product into a flattened tube, then inserting the end of the tube containing the product into an open envelope while gripping the exposed part of the product.
2) The machine contains flattened tubes mounted on a rotatable spider arm that inserts products into the tubes. An envelope is placed on a turntable and the filled tube and open envelope are aligned and moved together to transfer the product.
3) The machine operates by loading products into tubes, supplying envelopes to the turntable, and aligning and moving a filled tube and open envelope together to transfer the product from the tube to
1. The document describes a packaging machine that inserts soft products like rubber goods into envelopes.
2. It works by first inserting the product into a flattened tube so that part of the product projects out, then inserting the tube end containing the product into an envelope to fully enclose the product.
3. It holds the product in place using a gripping device that presses through the envelope onto the projecting part of the product while withdrawing the tube.
This document describes a patent for an apparatus to prevent the release of contaminants from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus recycles exhaust gas through the intake manifold during engine deceleration using a T-shaped fitting between the intake manifold and carburetor, another T-fitting between the exhaust manifold and tail pipe, a pipe connecting the fittings, and valves to shut off fuel and allow exhaust gas recycling during deceleration. The goal is to provide an effective and simple apparatus that can be easily installed and does not affect normal engine operation.
This document describes a plug valve patent from 1957. It includes:
1) A plug valve with a valve member mounted on a stem for axial and rotational movement, and an operating member connected to actuating mechanisms.
2) The actuating mechanisms include cam elements that move the stem axially in one direction, then the opposite direction, upon a predetermined rotational movement of the operating member.
3) Additional components like a housing, lever arms, and interengaging parts precisely coordinate the axial and rotational movements of the valve stem to open, rotate, and reseat the plug valve.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
The document summarizes a patent for a suspension system for motor vehicles. It describes an auxiliary frame that supports the axle and is detachably mounted to the vehicle body. The auxiliary frame consists of sleeves surrounding torsion bar springs, stays connecting the sleeves, and struts connected to the sleeves. When mounted to the vehicle body, the auxiliary frame and body form a rigid frame system that takes up stresses from the axle. The auxiliary frame attaches to the vehicle body at four widely spaced points, distributing stresses over a large surface area of the body.
This patent document describes improvements to a clutch mechanism. Specifically, it describes a clutch with a driving member that has slots on its inner periphery and a driven member with a radially movable detent that engages the slots. The slots and detent are tapered radially outward so there is no play between the members when engaged. The clutch engages immediately when actuated and prevents initial slipping between the members.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to magnetic amplifiers. It describes a magnetic amplifier with a reversible cycle of operation corresponding to half cycles of line current. It alternately saturates pairs of cores in opposite directions using line current flux, while also exposing at least one core to a signal current flux to separate the core saturations during some cycles. It controls output current delivery within these cycles based on the core saturation without transferring memory between cycles. The document also discusses characteristics of magnetic amplifiers like hysteresis loops and core saturation levels.
The document describes an improved taper gauge device for measuring the angle of taper of circular or rectangular workpieces. The gauge comprises two plates that overlap and slide in relation to each other. The plates have slots and a pivot mechanism including a pinion that allows the plates to move inward/outward and rotate while maintaining symmetrical alignment. Micrometer surfaces on the plates allow the taper angle to be determined by the difference in micrometer readings. The gauge provides an accurate and adjustable way to measure taper.
The document describes an improved taper gauge device for measuring the angle of taper of circular or rectangular workpieces. The gauge comprises two plates that overlap and slide in relation to each other. The plates have slots and a pivot mechanism including a pinion that allows the plates to move inward/outward and rotate while maintaining symmetrical alignment. Micrometer surfaces on the plates allow the taper angle to be determined by the difference in micrometer readings. The gauge provides an accurate and adjustable way to measure taper.
This document describes an improved tank gauging apparatus. It consists of a housing mounted on a storage tank containing a reel, gauging tape, and weight. The reel is automatically arrested when the weight stops descending to prevent false readings from tape slack. This is accomplished through a braking mechanism activated by tension in the tape. The apparatus allows the reel to arrest without suddenly stopping the operating crank, reducing wear. It also includes a window and door for accessing the interior of the housing.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, each containing a slidable rod connected to a chain. The rod carries a head that packs sliver into cans. The chains are connected to wheels on a shaft that is oscillated back and forth, causing the rods and heads to move up and down in a tramping motion to pack the sliver. This mechanism eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of the cans. Diagrams show two embodiments using springs or weights to assist the up and down motion of the rods and heads.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This design eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of cans compared to previous mechanisms.
La teoría de la Gran Explosión explica que el universo comenzó a partir de una explosión donde todo el contenido del universo estaba concentrado en un punto estratégico que explotó y esparció materia en todas direcciones, dando lugar a la formación de estrellas a medida que las partículas se unían.
GB785084 (A) describes new polyazo dyestuffs derived from a
4'-diamino-diphenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid containing at least four azo groups and two sulphonic acid groups. The dyestuffs are prepared by tetrazotizing a 4'-diaminodiphenylmethane-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid and coupling it with two molecules of aromatic compounds containing at least one azo group and two sulphonic acid groups. The new polyazo dyestuffs produce dark brown to black shades with good fastness, especially for colouring leather and complex metal compounds.
This document describes a patent for hydroxyl compounds of the steroid series and processes for preparing them. Specifically, it discloses converting 7:11-dihydroxy-8:9-oxido steroids to 7-keto-9:11-dihydroxy steroids through treatment with acidic agents, and provides examples using starting materials like ergostane and androstane derivatives. The resulting compounds have potential therapeutic applications or can be used to produce other medicinally active steroids.
El documento describe los pasos para modificar y llenar una tabla de clientes para una empresa en Access 2013. Primero se abre la tabla en modo de diseño para cambiar el nombre. Luego se modifican los nombres de los campos de la tabla. Finalmente, se procede a llenar los espacios de la tabla con información como nombres, identificaciones y números de clientes.
This document provides a detailed description of GB785658(A), a patent for an improved metal-faced gasket made of a compressible material like asbestos. The gasket aims to tightly seal irregular surfaces under high pressure and temperature. It consists of a compressible sheet sandwiched between two thin metal facings with many small perforations, allowing the material to conform to imperfect surfaces and peel off easily if stuck without tearing. Fasteners like flanges or grommets securely attach the parts in high-pressure areas without compromising compressibility.
This document describes a method for manufacturing casting molds and press dies using powder metallurgy. The method involves placing steel powder in a mold and compressing it before pressing a pattern or master shape into the compressed powder and sintering it. This allows for molds and dies of greater strength and more uniform density to be produced in complex shapes compared to prior methods. The document provides details on the steps of the method and options for further improving the strength and properties of the resulting molds and dies.
ClickMail is a marketing company founded in 2000 that provides email marketing services and technologies. It has 12 employees and over 50 customers. ClickMail offers multiple email delivery platforms, content optimization services, deployment services, and consulting services to help clients improve email marketing ROI. The company partners with leading email delivery providers and stays up-to-date on best practices and trends to help clients maximize campaign performance and inbox delivery rates.
El documento describe una actividad complementaria realizada por 5 estudiantes en la Laguna del Marquesado y el Museo de Arte Abstracto de Cuenca. La actividad busca desarrollar varias competencias clave a través de visitas guiadas a estos lugares para conocer mejor la geografía y el arte abstracto de Cuenca.
This document provides a detailed description of an automatic telephone plant that includes improvements for emitting ringing signals to a called subscriber line without disturbing the calling subscriber. Key elements include partition relays for each link that operate to break one talking wire during ringing and reset the communication once the called party answers. The system uses single-ended link circuits, registers and a marker to set up communications by connecting the talking wires of calling and called subscriber lines to conductors in one link circuit.
El documento habla sobre la importancia de la comunicación no verbal y cómo desde niños aprendemos a comunicarnos a través de gestos, posturas y expresiones corporales. Explica que gran parte de nuestra conducta no verbal básica es aprendida por la sociedad donde crecimos y que al relacionarnos con los demás debemos prestar atención tanto a sus palabras como a sus gestos para entender completamente su mensaje.
The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which provides a logical breakdown of network interaction to facilitate communication standards. Each layer deals with a particular aspect of network communication, from the physical layer which deals with physical interfaces and transmission to the application layer which provides services to the user. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model, containing five layers, as well as addressing in networks including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
1a introduction to network fundamentalskavish dani
The document provides an introduction to networking fundamentals and covers the following topics in 3 sentences or less:
Data communications involve the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. Key components include data representation, flow, and networks which are sets of connected devices characterized by parameters like performance, reliability, and security. Physical network topologies determine how devices are connected and include bus, star, ring and hybrid configurations.
This document discusses multiple access protocols at the data link layer. It covers random access protocols like ALOHA and CSMA, as well as controlled access protocols including polling, reservation, and token passing. Random access allows any station to transmit at any time by using carrier sensing, collision detection, and random backoff times to avoid collisions. Controlled access requires stations to get permission before transmitting via polling, reservations, or a circulating token.
This document discusses new models for decision making in a changing business environment. It outlines four big shifts: 1) externalization, 2) radical adjacency, 3) narrow innovation, and 4) options management replacing ROI. Social, creative, and iterative decision processes are suggested as better models. Creative decisions involve abundance of information and choices. Decision contexts are constantly changing, requiring new criteria like risk reduction, learning, and talent. Trust is also reshaping as emotions evolve. The key is for companies to change how they see, feel, and relate to capture available options.
This document discusses selective repeat automatic repeat request (ARQ) and provides examples of how it operates. Selective repeat ARQ allows frames to be received out of order, with only missing frames retransmitted. Timers are used for each sent frame, and a frame is retransmitted if its timer expires before an acknowledgment is received. The receiver waits to deliver frames until a set of consecutive frames has been received starting from the beginning of the window. Examples demonstrate frame retransmissions and acknowledgments with and without errors.
This document discusses different types of devices that can connect networks at various layers:
- Passive hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, with repeaters regenerating signals but not filtering frames.
- Bridges operate at the data link layer, regenerating signals and filtering frames so they are not forwarded unnecessarily between networks.
- Routers operate at the network layer, knowing how to direct packets between independent LANs and WANs.
- Backbone networks allow connection of multiple LANs without direct connection to the backbone. Star, bus, and point-to-point topologies are used.
- VLANs create virtual broadcast domains through software configuration beyond just physical wiring, allowing virtual
El documento trata sobre la historia y tipos de computadoras. Explica que la primera computadora personal fue creada en 1974 con el microprocesador 8080. Luego describe los principales hitos en el desarrollo de computadoras personales e IBM PC. También resume los tipos de computadoras incluyendo supercomputadoras y la estructura básica de hardware y software de una computadora. Por último, define las tecnologías de la información y comunicación.
This document describes a patent for improvements to pin bars used on textile tentering machines. The pin bars are designed to prevent direct thermal contact between the fabric and the metal bar in order to achieve more uniform heating. This is achieved through various means, including protective layers on the bar, thicker butt portions below the pin points, or shorter spacing pins between the operative pins. The improvements allow for more consistent crease-proofing and fixing of fabrics at high temperatures.
This document is a patent application for improvements to sheet metal working machines. Specifically, it describes a machine that uses a wedge-shaped member moved transversely to lift a movable die. Balls or rollers between the wedge and movable die/frame allow transverse movement while maintaining uniform pressure across the die. The preferred embodiment uses a hydraulic cylinder to operate the wedge and ensure even lifting of the die for consistent metal bending results.
This document describes a method for manufacturing cocks or valves for controlling fluid flow. It involves using a hollow cylindrical milling cutter to generate seatings in a cylindrical shut-off member with one milling operation. The shut-off member and milling cutter are moved relative to each other so that the cutter generates gear-like profiles for the seatings. The seatings are shaped to hold pre-tensioned plastic rings that provide a fluid-tight seal when the valve is closed.
This document describes a method for manufacturing cocks or valves for controlling fluid flow. The method involves using a hollow cylindrical milling cutter to generate seatings in a cylindrical shut-off member with one milling operation. The shut-off member and milling cutter are moved relative to each other so that the cutter generates the seating profiles. The seatings are shaped to hold pre-tensioned plastic rings that provide a fluid-tight seal when the valve is closed.
This document summarizes a 1957 patent for an improved prompting apparatus. The apparatus includes two rotatable spools between which a script sheet can be wound. It has a reversible motor and friction wheels that allow the script to be wound in either direction from one spool to the other, presenting the script to the speaker's view at a controlled rate without being apparent to the audience. The electrical components and reversal mechanism are described to allow switching the direction of script movement through the apparatus.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes a patent application for improvements relating to means for securing knobs or the like to shafts or the like. Specifically, it is a patent application filed by Tinnerman Products, Inc. for a way to securely attach knobs, handles, or other components to shafts using fastening means. The application provides background on the invention and states that it aims to improve upon existing means for securely fastening knobs and other components to shafts.
This document describes a 1957 patent for a tray loading apparatus. It includes a dough cutter and a movable support platform beneath the cutter to receive raw dough shapes in a predetermined pattern. The apparatus aims to automatically load trays of raw dough shapes in an efficient manner for smaller bakery operations with limited space and resources, as a improvement over existing larger and more expensive devices. It conveys trays along a closed path using sprockets and chains while periodically dropping dough shapes onto the moving trays to form transverse rows in a rectilinear pattern across the loaded trays.
This document describes a 1957 patent for a tray loading apparatus. It includes a dough cutter and a movable support platform beneath the cutter to receive raw dough shapes in a predetermined pattern. The apparatus aims to automatically load trays of raw dough shapes in an efficient manner for smaller bakery operations with limited space and resources, as a cheaper alternative to larger, more expensive existing devices. It conveys trays along a closed path using sprockets and chains while periodically dropping dough shapes onto the moving trays to form transverse rows in a rectilinear pattern across the loaded trays.
This document describes GB780057 (A), a patent from 1957 for improvements to torque-limiting couplings. The coupling uses rollable drive bodies like balls or rollers that are displaceable under spring pressure to transmit motion between two coupling members. One member is constructed as an inclined bearing that supports the other rotatably and axially carried member. The drive bodies engage in depressions in one of the coupling members to provide a positive connection.
This document describes GB780057 (A), a patent from 1957 for improvements to torque-limiting couplings. The coupling uses rollable drive bodies like balls or rollers that are displaceable under spring pressure to transmit motion between two coupling members. One member is constructed as an inclined bearing that supports the other rotatably and axially carried member. The drive bodies engage in depressions in one of the coupling members to provide a positive connection.
This document describes GB780057 (A), a patent from 1957 for improvements to torque-limiting couplings. The coupling uses rollable drive bodies like balls or rollers that are displaceable under spring pressure to transmit motion between two coupling members. One member is constructed as an inclined bearing that supports the other rotatably and axially carried member. The drive bodies engage in depressions in one of the coupling members to provide a positive connection.
This document describes GB780057 (A), a patent from 1957 for improvements to torque-limiting couplings. The coupling uses rollable drive bodies like balls or rollers that are displaceable under spring pressure to transmit motion between two coupling members. One member is constructed as an inclined bearing that supports the other rotatably and axially carried member. The drive bodies engage in depressions in one of the coupling members to provide a positive connection.
This patent document describes improvements to means for applying printing ink to paper or other material using a rotary printing machine. It involves using an inking roll with depressions to hold ink that is applied to a printing roll via the inking roll. A doctor blade is used to remove excess ink from the surface of the inking roll while leaving the ink contained in the depressions. The doctor blade is disposed at an angle of less than 90 degrees to the tangent of the inking roll's circumference to remove ink via a shearing action while minimizing pressure buildup between the blade and roll. This ensures only the ink in the depressions is transferred to the printing roll.
This patent document describes improvements to means for applying printing ink to paper or other material using a rotary printing machine. It involves using an inking roll with depressions to hold ink that is applied to a printing roll via the inking roll. A doctor blade is used to remove excess ink from the surface of the inking roll while leaving the ink contained in the depressions. The doctor blade is disposed at an angle of less than 90 degrees to the tangent of the inking roll's circumference to remove ink via a shearing action while minimizing pressure buildup between the blade and roll. This ensures only the ink in the depressions is transferred to the printing roll.
This patent document describes improvements to means for applying printing ink to paper or other material using a rotary printing machine. It involves using an inking roll with depressions to hold ink that is applied to a printing roll via the inking roll. A doctor blade is used to remove excess ink from the surface of the inking roll while leaving the ink contained in the depressions. The doctor blade is disposed at an angle of less than 90 degrees to the tangent of the inking roll's circumference to remove ink via a shearing action while minimizing pressure buildup between the blade and roll. This ensures only the ink in the depressions is transferred to the printing roll.
This patent document describes improvements to means for applying printing ink to paper or other material using a rotary printing machine. It involves using an inking roll with depressions to hold ink that is applied to a printing roll via direct contact or through intermediate rolls. A doctor blade is used to remove excess ink from the inking roll surface while leaving ink in the depressions. The doctor blade is disposed at an angle less than 90 degrees to the inking roll tangent in the direction of rotation away from the blade. This ensures only ink in the depressions is transferred to apply an even ink film to the printing roll for printing.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document summarizes an invention for improvements in single-sideband radio transmission systems. It describes a system that uses band compression at the transmitter and band expansion at the receiver to transmit a single-sideband signal while reducing the required bandwidth. The system detects the signal envelope and uses it to amplitude modulate the compressed single-sideband signal before transmission. At the receiver, the system uses the detected envelope to reconstruct the original single-sideband signal from the received compressed signal. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of transmitter and receiver embodiments.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved paper pattern that can be temporarily bonded to fabric. The pattern is made of thin, flexible paper with markings on top. The underside has a heat-sealable, lubricous resin that is non-adhesive at room temperature but becomes adhesive when heated. This allows the pattern to be temporarily bonded to fabric to facilitate needlework while maintaining lubricity for easy needle passage. The resin may be an ethylene polymer, vinyl chloride polymer, or other specified thermoplastic. Figures show applying multiple patterns to fabric with an iron, an enlarged cross-section, and joining cut fabric pieces with attached patterns.
This document describes improvements to gyroscope apparatus. It summarizes two different gyroscope designs that use air bearings to support a rotating gyroscope rotor. In the first design, the rotor is supported within a concentric casing on a spherical air bearing. The casing is driven by a tubular drive shaft connected to conventional bearings. In the second design, a wheel-shaped rotor is supported within a spherical casing on an air bearing. The casing is driven by electric motor integrated with the lower casing portion and supported by ball bearings. Both designs use pickoffs and electromagnetic means to apply torques to the rotor and counteract precession forces to keep the rotor axis aligned with the casing rotation axis.
This document describes improvements to telephone systems, specifically regarding private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) serving large numbers of subscribers across multiple locations. It details a system with a parent PABX connected via two-wire tie-lines to satellite automatic exchanges. The parent PABX operator can set up calls to subscribers on satellite exchanges and receive visual supervisory indications of call progress over the tie-lines. This is achieved through signals sent on a non-speaking conductor and distinctive signals involving potential reversals at the tie-line conductors.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document provides details of GB784673 (A) and GB784674 (A), which are patent specifications for two inventions. GB784673 (A) describes a method of producing printed circuit master drawings by removing portions of a black layer on a board to define a circuit pattern. GB784674 (A) describes a mending plug for tubeless tires, specifically a hollow rubber cylindrical plug inserted into punctures using an insertion tool. The document outlines the techniques and provides figures to illustrate the methods.
This document summarizes a patent for a machine that applies rubber caps to containers. It describes a machine with fingers arranged in an annular form that can place a cap, and pistons that impart radial movement to the fingers. It also includes a rotary table to carry containers, a head carrying the fingers that can slide, and a piston to actuate the head. The machine applies caps by extending the fingers to stretch the cap over the container, then retracting the fingers to leave the cap in place.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
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1. * GB784773 (A)
Description: GB784773 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Milling machine for cylindrical stereotype platens
Description of GB784773 (A)
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up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFIC Ar ION
784,773
@ v Date of Application and filing Complete Specification
M Sarch 7, 1956.
No 7177/56.
Application made in Sweden on March 15, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 83 ( 3), K 3 (H 9: J: L 3: L 5: L 6), I 7
CBX: Cl: H: Q 1: Q 2).
International Cia:sification:-B 23 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Milling Machine for Cylindrical Stereotype Platens We, J DAHL & SON
AKTIEBOLAG, of Adolf Fredriks Torg 5, Stockholm, in the Kingdom of
Sweden, a Swedish Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the
2. following statement: -
The present invention relates to a machine for milling cylindrical
stereotype platens by milling cutter m-eans which are displaced
substantially in a radial direction toward a rotatable and axially
movable cylinder on which platens to be milled are arranged.
Milling machines for cylindrical stereotype platens are known, wherein
the stereotype platen is arranged on a cylinder which is rotatably
mounted on a shaft The whole cylinder with its mounting is
displaceable in the axial direction on a slide outside the cylinder,
and is rotated by means of a gear pinion meshing with a gear wheel at
one end of the cylinder By reason of the fact that the means for the
rotation and longitudinal displacement of the cylinder are arranged
outside the cylinder, these means are exposed to swarf and impurities
which may disturb the precise functioning of the machine Particularly,
where it is desired to mill a number of platens at the same time, as
is the case, for instance, in a printing establishment having a number
of presses operating in parallel multi-colour printing, the mounting
of a corresponding long cylinder cannot be constructed with the
accuracy required in such a case.
In the milling machine according to the invention, said drawbacks are
avoided in that the mounting and driving means for the rotation and
axial movement of the cylinder are enclosed within the latter.
The invention will be clearly understood from the following detailed
description aided by the accompanying, partly diagrammatic drawings
which show, by way of ex(Price 3 s 6 d) ample, an eight-spindle
milling machine.
Fig 1 is a front elevation, partly in vertical section.
Fig 2 is an end view of the machine.
Fig 3 is a plan of the machine 50 Fig 4 shows a mounting means for the
cylinder.
Fig 5 shows the mechanism for effecting rotary movement of the
cylinder.
Fig 6 shows the mechanism for effecting 55 axial movement of the
cylinder.
The milling mach'ne is erected on a base plate 1 with end walls 2, 2,
which are united by a rear wall 3 In a pair of floor-stands 4, 4
arranged on the base plate outside the 60 end walls 2, a substantially
cylindrical supporting shaft 5 is immovably held, this shape having
reduced plane surfaces 6 bearing on corresponding planes of the
floorstands 4 Keeps 7 7 maintain the support 65 ing shaft 5 pressed
against the floor-stand planes The supporting shaft 5 extends along
the front side of the machine and carries a relatively thinwalled
hollow cylinder 8 concentrically mounted on the support 70 ing shaft
Arranged on the surface of the cylinder 8 are rigid steps 9, against
3. which cylindrically curved stereotype platens 10 are adapted to bear
The machine shown in the drawing is intended for the milling of up 75
to eight platens at the same time, which are placed, four of them in a
row along the cylinder 8 and four others diametrically opposite the
first-mentioned platens For each platen 10 there is provided a milling
spindle 80 11 displaceable radially toward the cylinder 8, four
spindles being mounted on a beam 12 adapted to be raised and lowered
and located above the cylinder 8, and four spindles being arranged on
a beam 12 adapted 85 to be raised and lowered and located below the
cylinder The spindles 11 are driven in pairs by means of belt
transmissions 14 from electric motors 15 secured in the rear wall 3,
the milling machine described being 90 784,773 equipped with two
motors in the upper part and with two motors in the lower part thereof
The radial setting of the milling spindles 11 is effected by means of
a treadle 16 arranged along the front side of the machine and acting
at the same time over a lever system on the upper and the lower rows
of spindles 11 The treadle, which is operated from the front side of
the machine and which is preferably lockable in a depressed position,
has each end rigidly connected to a lever 16 ', which is pivoted in
bearing brackets 16 " at both ends of the rear wall 3 The two milling
spindle beams 12 and 13 are guided in a vertical direction in guide
ways 17, 17 in the end walls 2, 2 and are operated by means of levers
18 and 19 respectively pivoted in the upper and the lower parts of the
end walls 2 2 The two lower single-armed levers 19 are pivoted at 20
and are each provided at a point 21 between the ends thereof with a
lifting roller 22 in engagement with the lower spindle beam 13 The two
upper double-armed levers 18 are pivoted at 23 and are each provided
with a lifting roller 24 in engagement with the upper spindle beam 12
The rear ends of the levers 18, 19 at each end of the machine are
pivotally connected by means of a link rod 25, and the lever 19 is
connected at 26 ', inside its fulcrum 26 with the link rod 25, with
one end of a shorter link rod 27, the other end of which is pivotally
connected at 27 ' with the treadle 16 Here, the leverage is chosen so
that the upper beam 12 will have imparted to it a movement which is
approximately twice as great as that imparted to the lower beam 13
Thus, if the upper beam 12 has a movement of displacement of 16 mm,
the lower beam 13 has a displacement of 8 mm Hereby balancing of the
beams is obtained when the treadle 16 is operated A compression spring
27 is also provided for this purpose and is clamped on the long link
rod 25 between an abutment 28 on the latter and a bracket 29 arranged
on the rear wall 3, the rod 25 extending through said bracket.
The milling spindles 11 are only displaceable in a radial direction
toward the cylinder, whereby only the depth of the cut portion can be
determined by the adjustment of 'the spindles in the vertical
4. direction In order that the milling spindles shall be capable of
working off larger portions of the stereotype platens 10, the cylinder
8 carrying these platens is adapted to perform both a rotating and an
axial feeding movement on the rigid supporting shaft 5 The cylinder 8
is mounted radially at each end by means of a ball bearing 30 on a
bearing holder 31 having a central bore of a diameter somewhat larger
than that of the supporting shaft The inner ball race 32 of the
bearing 30 is secured to the bearing holder 31, whereas the outer ball
race 33 is fitted against the inner surface o; the cylinder 8 Further,
three ball bearings 34 are supported on eccentrically adjustable pins
34 ' (Fig 4) on pairs of projections 31 ' on the bearing hold 70 er 31
the central axes of the ball bearings 34 being located in a plane at
right angles to the cylinder axis These ball bearings 34 run with the
outside of the outer ball racm on a planed surface on the supporting
75 shaft 5 in the longitudinal direction of the latter The t-wo
bearing holders 31 are connected mutually by means of three braces 35,
36, 37 extending within the cylinder 8, one of themi, 35 v:: ending
along the upper 80 side of the supprtin 2 sha't 5, and the two others,
36, 37 extending along the lower side of the supporting shaft 5 on
both sides of a vertical plane through the central axis.
Th'e cylinder is ilus rotatably mounted on 85 a carriage displaceable
on the supporting shaft 5, said carriage Beinr constituted by the two
bearing holders 31 whiich are kept together by means of the three
braces 35, 36, 37 The carriage is prevented from rotating 90 by means
of a t o;ng devicc consisting of a blcok 38 secured on t'e sjpporting
shaft and provided with a hole through which the upper brace 35
extends.
Thle two feeding mo eements of the cylin 95 der 8 are effected by
means of two hand wheels 39, 40 located on the front side of the
machine within convenient reach of the machine attendant The axial
movement of the cylinder 8, that is to say, its longitudinal 100
displacement on the supporting shaft 5, is effected by means of the
hand wheeel 39 visible on the right in Fig 3 For the purpose in vi w,
a guile screw 41 is arranged within the cylinder 3 parallel to the
support 105 ing shaft 5, said guide screw being rotatably mounted inl
ball bearings 42, 43 inserted into blocks 44, 45 on the supporting
shaft 5 The length of the guide screw 41 exceeds in a certain measure
the length of a stereotype 110 platen 10, in the longitudinal
direction of the cylinder 8 On said guide screw 41 is a nut 46
supporting between a pair of flanges a carrier 47 in the form of a
round disk, said carrier floatingly surrounding the supporting 115
shaft 5 while being secured by means of conical pins 47 ' to the three
braces 35, 36, 37 that extend through holes in the carrier.
The nut 46 is mounted in the carrier 47 with radial play, while axial
5. play between the nut 120 and the carrier is reduced to the least
possible value One end of the guide screw 41 is connected with a
drivng shaft 48, which is extended out through the right end wall 2 of
the machine and through the right bear 125 ing stand 4, where the end
of the shaft is mounted in a bracket 49 and is provided with a spur
gear wheel 50 This gear wheel is in engagement with another spur gear
wheel 51 on the end of a shaft 52 that ex 130 784,773 tends along the
front side of the machine to the right hand-wheel 39 The shaft 52,
which is suitably journalled at both ends, is provided with a bevel
gear wheel 53 in mesh with another bevel gear wheel 54 on the shaft 55
of the hand wheel 39.
The rotary movement of the cylinder 8 is effected by means of an
elongated spur gear pinion 56 rotatably mounted within the cylinder,
the mounting and the drive of said pinion being similar to those for
the guide screw 41 The spur pinion 56 is in engagement with an
internally toothed rim 57 secured on the inside of the cylinder 8 The
left hand wheel 40 is connected to the long spur pinion 56 by bevel
gearing 58, a longitudinally extending outer shaft 59, spur gearing 60
and a shaft 61 extending inwardly through the end of the cylinder 8
The cylinder 8 is also provided at each end with a packing plate 62
which, by means of inserted packing rings 62 ', prevents impurities
from penetrating into the cylinder.
The milling machine according to the invention thus makes it possible
to mill as many as eight stereotype platens 10 at the same time,
radial feeding of the milling cutters being provided by operation of
the treadle 16, while feeding of the cylinder supporting the platens
is performed in the longitudinal direction by means of the right hand
wheel 39, and feeding of said cylinder about its axis being effected
by means of the left hand wheel 40 By causing one of the cutters to
follow as a master the oulines of a platen portion to be milled of,
the corresponding portions of the remaining platens will be milled off
automatically, provided that the platens 10 have been placed exactly
on the cylinder 8 The mounting of the cylinder 8 as above described
can be made with such precision that it is possible simultaneously to
mill a plurality of platens with an accuracy of + -0 05 mm As the
mounting and driving means of the cylinder 8 are located within the
cylinder, they are also protected against swarf and impurities that
would otherwise prevent the exact functioning of the machine.
The invention is not limited to the embocliment herein described and
illustrated since modifications may be made in the constructional
details Thus, the machine may have fewer or more than eight milling
spindles; the driving means of the cylinder may be other than as
described, such as by means of hydraulic or electric motors arranged
within the cylinder 8, and with control valves and switches arranged
6. outside the cylinder; also instead of the hand wheels described and
shown electric motors may be employed.
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* GB784774 (A)
Description: GB784774 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in or relating to transformers
Description of GB784774 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,774 j Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
March 9, 1956.
i Vo 7433/56.
Application inade in United States of America on March 14, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 2), Ti F, T 7 (A 2 A: C 1 A C 3 C 6).
International Clasificaiion:-1 i 921.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Transformers EPPATUM SPECIFICATION N Od
784,77 t 4
Page 4, line 37, after "section" insert Uand a substantially U-shaped
upper section".
THE PATENT OFFICE, 3rd Decemoer, 1957 well known that distribution
transformers are subjected to such an operating condition, the NEMA
Standards Committee has required that a distribution transformer
should be designed to withstand a short circuit current equal to 25
times normal current, and that it shall withstand such current for a
predetermined number of cycles depending on certain other requirements
The manufacturers, in order to meet this requirement, usually subject
7. their distribution transformers to a short circuit current which is 40
times as great as the rated current.
When the coils of a distribution transformer are tested with currents
that exceed normal value by 25 to 40 times, they are subjected to
great electromagnetic stresses tending to move them relative to one
another If the coils are not so anchored relative to one another that
they can withstand these stresses without relative movement, they are
not satisfactory for general use If there is a relative movement
between the coils, the insulation on one coil will abrade the
insulation on the other and in the process of time breakdown will
result.
Different methods have been tried to so (Price 3,, 45 6 d fl B 00889/2
( 4) 53 2 1 i D 11/57 R by the two sections of the core cannot be
properly closed and high exciiting current 65 and core loss will
result If the block is not sufficiently thick, the coil will be loose
on the core and movement of the high voltage coil with respect to the
low voltage coil will occur on short circuiting 70 The chief object of
the present invention is to provide an improved arrangement for
anchoring the coils of transformers, such anchoring ensuring against
relative movement of the coils when the transformer is 75 subjected to
powerful electromagnetic forces resulting from short circuits many
times the rated capacity of the transformer.
With the above object in view, the invention from one aspect thereof,
consists in a 80 transformer comprising a plurality of preformed coils
arranged in close proximity, a core comprising a plurality of sections
disposed around the coils and a mass of hardened resinous material
disposed on the coils 85 and in firm contact with a section of the
core, the mass of cured resinous material serving to resist relative
movement of the coils when energized.
From another aspect, the invention con 90 PATENT SPECIFICATION
784,774 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
March 9, 1956.
J No 7433/56.
Application made in United States of America on March 14, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 2), T 1 F, T 7 (A 2 A: C 1 A: C 3: C
6).
International Clasificatien:-HO 21.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Transformers We, WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC
INTERNATIONAL COMPANY, of 40 Wall Street, New York 5, State of New
York, United States of America, a Corporation organised and existing
under the laws of the State of Delaware, in said United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
8. patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
This invention relates generally to transformers and more particularly
to the anchoring of the coils of distribution transformers to prevent
relative movement therebetween.
In the operation of distribution transformers they are at times
subjected to short circuits of indeterminate duration Since it is well
known that distribution transformers are subjected to such an
operating condition, the NEMA Standards Committee has required that a
distribution transformer should be designed to withstand a short
circuit current equal to 25 times normal current, and that it shall
withstand such current for a predetermined number of cycles depending
on certain other requirements The manufacturers, in order to meet this
requirement, usually subject their distribution transformers to a
short circuit current which is 40 times as great as the rated current.
When the coils of a distribution transformer are tested with currents
that exceed normal value by 25 to 40 times, they are subjected to
great electromagnetic stresses tending to move them relative to one
another If the coils are not so anchored relative to one another that
they can withstand these stresses without relative movement, they are
not satisfactory for general use If there is a relative movement
between the coils, the insulation on one coil will abrade the
insulation on the other and in the process of time breakdown will
result.
Different methods have been tried to so (Price 3 sS A mount the core
and coils that they cannot move relative to one another under
conditions of short circuits which occur in either testing or in use
In the manufacture of transformers employing wound cores, the 50 coils
are usually braced by mounting blocks on the end frames which exert
pressure on both high voltage and low voltage coils and prevent
movement of the coils with respect to one another on short circuit 55
On the smaller ratings, this method of assembly is not economical and
usually a filler is inserted between the top of the coils and the
bottom of the top yoke of the core.
The opening is variable and this causes diffi 60 culties in properly
filling the space with a compact solid material As an example, if the
filling block is too thick, the joint formed by the two sections of
the core cannot be properly closed and high exciiting current 65 and
core loss will result If the block is not sufficiently thick, the coil
will be loose on the core and movement of the high voltage coil with
respect to the low voltage coil will occur on short circuiting 70 The
chief object of the present invention is to provide an improved
arrangement for anchoring the coils of transformers, such anchoring
9. ensuring against relative movement of the coils when the transformer
is 75 subjected to powerful electromagnetic forces resulting from
short circuits many times the rated capacity of the transformer.
With the above object in view, the invention from one aspect thereof,
consists in a 80 transformer comprising a plurality of preformed coils
arranged in close proximity, a core comprising a plurality of sections
disposed around the coils and a mass of hardened resinous material
disposed on the coils 85 and in firm contact with a section of the
core, the mass of cured resinous material serving to resist relative
movement of the coils when energized.
From another aspect, the invention con 90 784,774 sists in a method of
manufacturing a transformer such method comprising the steps of
arranging a plurality of high voltage and low voltage coils in
predetermined relationship to one another, fitting the lower section
of a multi-section core in position on the coils, applying a mass of
plastic uncured substantially unshrinkable resinous material on the
coils, mounting a complementary section of the core over and in
contact with the plastic uncured substantially unshrinkable resinous
material carried by the coils on the first core section, bonding the
core sections to one another and curing the resinous material to
provide a cured solid mass between the coils and the core to resist
relative movement of the coils when energized.
In order that the invention may be more fully understood and readily
carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying
drawings in which:
Figure 1 is a view in side elevation of a wound core transformer
showing the core sections separated and a mass of plastic material
applied in accordance with the teachings of this invention; and Fig 2
is a view in side elevation of a wound core transformer showing the
core sections in engagement with one another with the mass of plastic
material disposed between the core and coils to lock them against
relative movement in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
Referring now to the drawing and more particularly to the modification
of the invention illustrated in Fig 1, a transformer shown generally
at 10 comprises two wound cores and a plurality of high and low
voltage windings Each of the wound cores comprises a bottom section 11
and a top section 12 These cores are made by winding an oriented
silicon steel strip to form a wound core of the required thickness
which is then impregnated and cut into sections.
The cut faces are worked and etched in accordance with the well known
practice.
The high and low voltage coils are wound to meet predetermined
specifications as to size and shape and are generally referred to as
preformed coils In this particular instance, two low voltage coils 13
10. and 14 and a high voltage coil 15 are employed As shown, the low
voltage coils 13 and 14 are disposed on opposite sides of the high
voltage coil 15 This is a usual arangement.
In the building of distribution transformers, different methods have
been adopted in an effort to anchor the coils 13, 14 and 15 relative
to one another and the core so that there is no relative movement One
method employed is to wind the low voltage coil 13 on the high voltage
coil 15 so that they lie tightly together and therefore resist
relative movement in handling and in operation.
However, this has not been entirely satisfactory since slight movement
will occur and this is enough to effect abrasion of the conductors
Usually the inside low voltage coil 14 is pressed into the high
voltage coil.
This is not entirely satisfactory since if the 70 coils fit loosely,
they are sure to move relative to one another If the coil fits
tightly, abrasion is apt to result from the telescoping of the coils.
in the interests of economy in manufac 75 ture, the winding of the
coils separately and of dimensions that will enable them to be
telescoped into one another with a reasonably snug fit is the least
expensive Further, when coils fit together in this way, the coils 80
are not damaged in the assembling operations.
When the cores and coils have been made as described hereinbefore, two
lower core sections 11 have straps 16 fitted around 85 them and are
disposed in side by side relation as illustrated The preformed coils
13, 14 and 15 are then fitted into them as shown The low voltage coils
13 and 14 are arranged next to the core iron 90 In order to provide
for anchoring the coils 13, i 4 and 15 so that there is no relative
movement, a mass of uncured plastic material 17 to be described in
detail hereinafter is placed on the ends of the coils as shown 95 The
termn "mass" is used in descri'oing the material since it is applied
without regard to shape or size It is only necessary to e-nploy a
small mass of the material and apply it to the upper ends of the coils
The 100 quantity of uncured plastic material employed in conjunction
with each core will be small since usually the preformed coils 13, 14
and 15 substantially fill the cores It is not necessary that thile
mass of material be 105 measured with great care, since if it is
slightly excessive when the top sections 12 of the cores are fitted
into position, the uncured plastic material will flow outwardly on the
ends of the coils 110 When the top sections 12 of the cores are
pressed into position as shown in Fig 2, the worl -ed and etched faces
on the core sections fit tightly together, forming a low loss butt
joint as is well known in this art The straps 115 16 are then drawn
around the cores, tying the core sections 11 and 12 tightly together.
It will be observed that masses of plastic material 18 are shown
11. disposed between the core sections 11 and the lower ends of the 120
coils 13, 14 and 15 It has been found that good results in the
anchoring of the coils relative to one another and to the core can be
effected without em nploying the masses of uncured plastic material 18
However, it is 125 to be understood that if desired an uncured plastic
material can be dropped into position in the core sections 11 before
the preformed coils 13, 14 and 15 are assembled in the core sections
130 at room temperature and that it hardens satisfactorily at about
125 C When hardened this mixture definitely anchored the core and
coils so that there was no relative movement of the coils 70 In the
preceding examples fillers were referred to and many inert fillers are
available for use In the tests made the fillers employed were silica,
magnesia and alumina.
These fillers may be used alone or in comrn 75 bination In practice it
was found that it was desirable to have from 20 % to 65 % filler in
the putty-like masses It is well known that the fillers reduce
shrinkage of the resinous materials so that the space be 80 tween the
coils and core will remain completely filled.
It is also pointed out that it is desirable to be careful in the use
of solvents In the tests made, care was observed to avoid sol 85 vents
in such an amount as to form gas pockets during the curing of the
resinous materials Such gas pockets become ionized under certain
conditions and reduce the impulse strength of the transformer 90 As
pointed out hereinbefore, generally the applying of a plastic mass
between the upper ends of the coils and the upper sections 12 of the
core is adequate for anchoring the coils to prevent movei ent as the
re 95 sult of short circuit tests or short circuits during use and
during the handling of the transformers However, in special
circumstances in order to withstand maximum electromagnetic stresses,
transformers may be 100 made with cured resinous masses between both
ends of the coils and transformer core.
It will be readily appreciated that when the space between the coils
and core are completely filled that there can be no movement 105 of
the coils relative to one another or to the core.
In applying the plastic mass composed of filler and heat hardenable
resin as pointed out in the assembly of the core, this material 110
will flow to fill up the gap between the bottom of the core yoke and
the top of the coil section Another method of accomplishing this is to
use the equivalent of a flowed plastic mass This can be accomplished
by 115 pre-dipping glass matting or other suitable fibrous nraterial
in a suitable resin solution whereby the individual glass fibers of
the mat are coated with heat hardenable resin.
This glass matting after treatment is capable 120 of compression under
stress as much as 50 % to 75 % of its thickness and when baked in the
12. compressed condition will form a hard filler capable of withstanding
the short circuit stresses and preventing coil movement 125 In
assembling the transformer, the coils would first be assembled in the
bottom coil section 11 after which a varnish or resin treated pad is
placed on top of the coil sections over which the top core section 12
is 130 Many different materials have been used with sucess in
anchoring the coils 13, 14 and to prevent relative movement In
selecting the material, it is essential to keep in mind that it must
remain sufficiently hard to anchor the coils 13, 14 and 15 at
temperatures up to 95 C which at the present time is the top operating
temperature of transformers of this type However, as time goes on the
operating temperatures of transformers may be higher and materials
which will have sufficient strength to hold the coils against relative
movement are readily available to meet the higher temperature demand.
it has been found that thermoset resinous materials are highly
satisfactory It has also been established that by selecting the proper
individual or mixed resinous materials with high melting temperatures,
they will meet different operating requirements for transformers.
In tests made, good results were obtained by preparing thermosettable
phenolic type resins and loading them with fillers to bring them to a
plastic state having a consistency somewhat similar to the well known
material known as putty In this condition the thermosettable phenolic
resins when applied to the upper ends of the core in a small mass will
not flow, but can be made to conform to the shape of the inside of the
core when the upper sections 12 are pressed into position This
putty-like mass of phenolic type resin will harden when cured in the
baking of the transformers.
Other heat hardening resins that were found satisfactory are urea
formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde These resinous materials are
also prepared with a certain quantity of filler intimately mixed with
them When so prepared and applied, the putty-like mass of these resins
will not flow, and will cure readily in the baking step of treating
transformers.
Another material that has been found highly satisfactory in anchoring
the coils of distribution transformers comprises completely reactive
low molecular weight epoxy resins or elycidyl polyethers when brought
to a putty-like state with the introduction of suitable fillers This
material should be properly catalyzed to give it good shelf life at
room temperature and render it heat hardenable in a temperature range
of 100 C to 125 C.
A putty-like mass which was found very satisfactory comprised a 100 %
solids, low molecular weight enoxy resin to which was added a suitable
filler and 4 % by weight of triethanolamine borate and about 1 % of
chromium acetoyl acetonate The chromium acetonyl acetonate co-onerates
13. to promote the catalytic reaction of the epoxy resin and the
triethanolamine borate It was found that this mixture has a very long
shelf life 784,774 784,774 placed The glass mat should be
suffilciently thick to allow for some compression under all conditions
of assembly and thus compensate for variable distance between the
bottom of the core yoke and the top of the coil section In the drying
process of the transformer where temperatures of the order of C to 135
C are used, the plasticized pre-treated pad or glass filler would cure
to a solid mass This would give complete filling of the space between
the top of the coil section and the bottom of the core yoke and thus
prevent any movement of the coils with respect to the coil during
shipping, hand ling, or under conditions of short circuit.
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* GB784775 (A)
Description: GB784775 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Improvements in infinitely variable delivery volume controls or stepless
delivery governors for displacement or piston compressors
Description of GB784775 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7849775 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
March 20, 1956.
No 8662/56.
Application made in Austria on April 19, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class St( 1), C 2 D 2 E.
International Classifieation:-F 194 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
14. Improvements in Infinitely Variable Delivery Volume Controls or
Stepless Delivery Governors for Displacement or Piston Compressors We,
E N F O ENTWICKLUNGS-UND Fo RsCHUNGS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, a body
corporate organised under the laws of Liechtenstein, of Vaduz,
Liechtenstein, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that
a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
The known system of so called " static head " or "reflex " governing
of displacement or piston compressors is based on the property
inherent in the manner of working of such machines, that when the
suction valve plate is held open the medium flowing back into the
suction pipe during the compression stroke exerts a force tending to
close said valve Owing to the periodic variation of the piston speed
between zero and a maximum this force is likewise of a magnitude
varying periodically between zero and a maximum, the peak value of the
dynamic forces acting on the valve plate experiencing a time lag with
regard to the peak piston speed by virtue of the occuring throttling
phenomena.
When the value of the force holding the valve open, hereinafter
referred to as the open holding force, is made to vary continuously
between zero and a maximum a time lag occurs in the establishment of
the equilibrium condition between the open holding force and the sum
of all forces acting to close the valve This enables the commencement
of closing of the valve to be arbitrarily varied between two points in
the compression period (at the commencement thereof and the point
corresponding to the maximum of the closing force) whereby the
delivery volume of the compressor can likewise be caused to vary
infinitely between maximum output and a minimum value.
The holding open of the suction valve plate has hitherto been
performed principally by lifting devices in the form of dent(Price 3 s
6 d) ated rings (so-called "grippers"), usually of welded sheet metal
and projecting with their prongs through the passages in the valve
seatings to actuate the valve plate.
Since, as already mentioned, the motion 50 of the valve plate is
periodic, the grippers must likewise be given a more or less similar
periodic action The consequent acceleration and retardation phenomena
and the considerable mass of the existing forms of the 55 grippers
give rise to exceptionally high stresses in the valve plate and
lifting elements, particularly in the case of a high speed compressor,
making undisturbed operation wellnigh impossible 60 In order to reduce
the mass of weight of the grippers and obtain more effective guiding
of the lifting elements, it has been proposed to divide the gripper
ring into individual pins and to guide such pins in the 65 valve seat,
15. in particular in the localities of the crossing points of the radial
arms with the annular seating ribs The saving in moving mass is in
this case very slight.
Patent Specifications 734904 and 708346 70 disclose arrangements for
relieving the compressor during starting wherein the valve plates are
lifted off their seats by a system of rods, or a connection to the
lubricating oil pressure system, a pressure ring and a 75 number or
rods Hereto, apart from the other differences in the arrangement, the
masses to be moved are considerable and consequently unsuitable for
the purpose of the present invention 80 Suggestions for performing
static pressure volume governing have also been made according to
which grippers or lifters transmitting the spring force to the valve
plate are interconnected by shock-absorbing link 85 ing elements not
participating in the governor action Such shock-absorbing linking
elements are of an elastic substance such as rubber or the like
enclosed between each lifting pin and a corresponding surrounding 90
784,775 sleeve.
The subject of the present invention is an infinitely variable
delivery volume control or stepless governor for displacement or
piston compressors, in particular compressors for high running speeds,
acting by retarding the closing of the suction valve by varying the
open holding force acting on the valve plate by means of a plurality
of helical springs, in which the masses moving in direct conjunction
with the valve plate or plates, (individual rings) and consequently
the forces exerted by these (accelerations, retardations and shocks)
are reduced to the greatest possible extent.
By way of example an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the
accompanying drawing.
Fig 1 represents a general arrangement showing the governor in
mid-section.
Fig 2 is a partial view of the suction valve seating from the
compressor cylinder side.
Fig 3 is a section through a lifting pin in a pressed-in bush.
Fig 4 is a section through a lifting pin in a screw-in intermediate
sleeve with a pressed-in bushing.
The suction valve comprising the valve seat 1, valve guard plate 2,
central screw spindle 3, guide ring 4, valve plate 5 and damping plate
6, is held by the distance sleeve 7 against the seating 8 of the
cylinder 9 which is closed by the valve cover 10.
Differing from known arrangement, the spring forces are transmitted to
the valve plate 5 by means of single-piece lifting pins 11 passing
through smooth holes in the radial ribs 12 of the suction valve seat 1
or through guide bushes 12 a which are either press-fitted in the
radial ribs 12 (Fig 3) or are screwed in together with intermediate
16. guide bushings 12 b (Fig 4) and which consist of a material with
suitably low friction properties such as sintered metal, carbon,
graphite, plastic with special fillers or the like.
The lifting pins 11 are formed in their parts nearest to the valve
cover 10 with collars 13 against which bear on the one hand the
lifting springs 14 and on the other hand the pin returning springs 15
The springsupporting collars of the lifting pins or more precisely the
faces 15 a of the pins abut against the valve seat 1 (or against a
fixed stop thereon, not shown) before the valve plate 5 has been fully
lifted, i e before the valve has been competely opened.
Guide pins 21 for the lifting springs 14 are provided and are so
dimensioned that, when these springs are compressed to a value
corresponding to the maximum reflux force or the required minimum
output, they bear directly on the lifting pins 11 in such a manner
that a direct transmission of force to the lifting pins takes place
with elimination of the action of said springs and consequently the
suction valve plate 5 is continuously held open (no load position) and
simultaneously makes contact with the lifting pins.
F Gr the purpose of applying comnpressive 70 force to the springs
acting on the lifting pins 11 a pressure plate 16 is provided which is
vertically movable with reference to the valve seat 1 and is secured
against twisting or rotating by essentially known means such 75 as
guide pins 17 fixed to the valve seat This pressure plate 16 is
positioned on the central screw spindle 3 of the valve by a pressure
plate bush 18 and a locating nut 19.
A pressure plate return spring 20 presses the 80 pressure plate away
from the valve seat 1.
Lateral buckl'ng of the lifting springs 14 is prevented by the already
mentioned guide pins 21 the ends of which have pads 22 of some shock
absorbing material such as rub 85 her or the like, or metallic damping
elements such as spring washers or rings or plate springs, in order to
prevent the occurence of disturbing noises due to intermittent contact
of the lifting pins 11 and the guide pins 90 21 immediately preceding
the minimum output position The drawing (Fig 1) shows an embodiment in
which the ends 22 a of the lifting pins 11 that are nearest the
pressure plate 16 are of smaller diameter 95 than the pads 22 of the
guide pins 21 This has the purpose of affording some degree of play
for the mass of each pad 22 in the event of abrupt collision between
the parts 22 and 22 a 100 The transmission of force to the pressure
plate 16 is effected by means of a structural assembly consisting of a
piston 23 and a pushrod 24 The pishrod is passed gastight through the
valve cover in a bush 25, 105 and the sealing of the piston in its
cylinder 26 is effected by means of a sealing ring 27.
The sealing of the piston 23 in the cylinder 26 can also be effected
17. by grinding in or by other sealing means such as grooved rings, 110
dished collars, piston rings or the like Any leakages which may become
dangerous if inflammable or toxic gases are compressed are intercepted
by a lead-off connection 28.
Pressure on the piston 23 of the cylinder 115 26 is applied through
the intermediary of a pressure fluid 29 in a container 30, such
pressure fluid being itself acted upon by compressed air or gas
entering through a pressure feed pipe 31 The container is 120 equipped
with a filling screw plug 32 and a draining screw plug 33 A nozzle 35
following on the connecting passage 34 throttles the fluid supply and
thus damps the oscillations of the power transmitting system 125 The
free flow cross section of this nozzle can be varied, for instance by
an adjustable nozzle needle.
The essentially known means provided for preventing oscillation of the
pressure plate 130 guide bushes are pressed into intermediate bushes
which are screwed-threaded into corresponding tapped holes in the
valve seat.
6 A stepless delivery governor in accord-
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* GB784776 (A)
Description: GB784776 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Means for preventing the loosening of screw-cap electric lamps in screw-
threaded lamp holder sockets
Description of GB784776 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
April 20, 1956.
18. No 12140/56.
Application made in France on April 25, 1955.
r Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index ant acceptance:-Class 3 $( 1), E 3 (A 61 H: B 2 C: C 2 C: CZE: C
9: C 11: E 3 A E 3 B).
International Classification:-HG 2 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Means for Preventing the Loosening of Screw-cap Electric Lamps in
Screw-threaded Lamp Holder Sockets We, CHANTIERS DE L'ATLANTIQUE
(PENHOET-LOIRE), of 7 rue Auber, Paris ( 9), France, a French Body
Corporate, and HENRI PIERRE FRANCIS MONFORT, of Avenue des Ormes, La
Baule, Loire Inf 6 rieure, France, a French Citizen, do hereby declare
the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to electric lamp and socket assemblies in which
the lamp is provided with a screw-threaded cap adapted to be screwed
into a complementary screwthreaded lamp-holder socket.
When such assemblies are subjected to vibration, the lamp is liable to
become partly disengaged or loosened, so that the cooperating central
contact members of the lamp cap and socket do not make efficient
contact with each other, the power supply to the lamp may therefore be
cut off intermittently or completely Prolonged vibration has been
known to loosen the assembly to such an extent as to allow the lamp to
drop out from its socket.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome this difficulty
and to provide means for preventing the loosening of the lamp and
socket assembly, whereby efficient electrical contact between the
co-operating central contacts of the lamp cap and socket will be
maintained, even in case of violent vibration imparted thereto and
over long periods of time.
The invention provides means for preventing the loosening of a
screw-cap electric lamp from its socket, characterised in that the
co-operating central contact members of the lamp cap and socket
include one springmounted contact member, and that at least one of
said contact members is formed with substantially radial teeth,
grooves, notches or the like for engagement with the other of said
contact members when the lamp is (Price 3 s 6 d) screwed into
operative position.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention will now be described for
purposes of illustration but not of limitation, with reference to the
accompanying drawing, wherein: 50 Fig 1 is a general elevation showing
the lamp and its socket in disconnected condition, and with part of
the socket broken away.
19. Fig 2 is an inverted plan of the lamp 55 Fig 3 is an overhead plan of
the socket.
As shown, the electric lamp comprises a bulb attached to a
conventional ca D or base portion 1 formed with external screw threads
and having a contact member 2, made of 60 brass or other suitable
metal, projecting centrally therefrom and insulated from the -threaded
side wall of the cap Bonded to the end face of the contact member 2,
as by soldering, brazing or otherwise, is a conduct 65 ive disc
element 3 which, as shown in Figs.
1 and 2, is formed with radially extending teeth or notches 4 of
saw-tooth configuration on its outer end face.
The lamp holder socket comprises a con 70 ventional wall portion 5
formed with screw threads complementary to those on the lamp cap, this
socket portion 5 being mounted upon an insulating base support 7 In
accordance with the invention, there is mounted 75 on the support 7,
within the socket portion 5, a U-shaped spring strip 9 suitably
connected to one supply terminal 8 in the support 7, while the other
supply terminal 8 is connected to the socket portion 5, in a con 80
ventional manner, as shown in Fig 3 The upper leaf of the U-shaped
spring strip 9 is adapted to make contact with the lamp contact member
2 by way of the disc element 3 There is bonded to this upper face 85
of the upper leaf of the spring strip 9 a disc 6, similar to the disc
3 and similarly provided with radial saw-teeth or notches 11 thereon
so directed as to fit with the saw teeth or notches 4 on disc 3 when
the discs 90 784,776 are pressed together.
When the lamp cap 1 is screwed into the socket portion 5, the disc 3
will be brought gradually into engagement with the disc 6, the teeth
of the two discs snapping over one another as the lamp is turned until
the lamp cap has been screwed home tight in the socket portion 5
Thereafter the teeth act to prevent a loosening of the threaded
assembly even under strong vibratory stress.
It will be appreciated that a screw-cap electric lamp provided with a
toothed disc 3 according to the invention may be used in association
with a conventional lamp holder socket which does not include a
toothed disc 6, and that conversely a conventional lamp cap which does
not incorporate the toothed disc 3 can still be used with an improved
socket that includes a toothed disc 6.
Many departures may be made from the single embodiment illustrated
herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in
the appended claims Thus, the co-operating gripping means, herein
shown as radial saw teeth, may be provided in a variety of other forms
Also the invention may be applied to screw-socket lamp holders of
other types than that shown.
Further the spring contact mount, instead of comprising a U-spring 9
20. as herein described, may comprise a spring-biassed plunger; in such
case, the teeth or equivalent gripping means would be provided on the
top end face of the plunger Furthermore, the teeth or equivalent
gripping means may be formed directly on the co-operating surfaces of
the respective contacts in the lamp cap and its socket, instead of
being formed on discs or like elements bonded to such 40 surfaces.
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* GB784777 (A)
Description: GB784777 (A) ? 1957-10-16
Electric switch
Description of GB784777 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification:
april 26, 1956.
No 12777/56.
Application made in United States of America on May 20, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: October 16, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 38 ( 5), Bl D( 1 A: 3), B 2 812.
International Classification:-HI On 1102 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Electric Switch We, SQUARE D COMPANY of 6060 Rivard Street, Detroit
11, Michigan, United States of America, a corporation organized and
existing under the laws of the State of Michigan, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement: -
21. The present invention relates to improvements in electrical switches
which may be of the interlock type.
It is an object of the present invention to simplify the construction
of an interlock type switch which is convertable from a normally open
to a normally closed switch or vice versa.
According to the present invention there is provided an electrical
switch comprising an insulating base with a recess centrally thereof
and aligned apertures extending through the walls of the base from the
recess a fixed contact member in said recess, a movable contact member
for cooperating with said fixed contact member, said movable contact
member being operable by an operating member extending through one of
said apertures and externally of the base, spring means biasing said
movable contact member with respect to the fixed contact member, the
said movable contact member, operating member and spring means being
associated as a unit which is reversibly mountable with respect to the
said base so as thereby to convert the switch from a normally open to
a normally closed switch or vice versa.
Reference is now made to the accompanying drawing which illustrates an
embodiment of the present invention here given by way of example and
in which: Figure 1 is a top plan view of a switch with the side cover
removed and showing the switch as a normally closed type.
(Price 3 s 6 d) Figure 2 is a top plan view with side cover removed
and showing the switch as a normally open type.
Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along the lines III III of Figure
1, but showing 50 the side cover in place.
Figure 4 is an exploded perspective view of the external operator and
internal mechanism of the switch.
The embodiment illustrated is a switch 55 useable as an interlock type
switch and which comprises an insulating base I having a central
recessed portion at 2 and slots at 3 and 4 extending from the recessed
portion 2 to the exterior of the base in which 60 are positioned
conducting straps 5 and 6 carrying stationary contacts 7 and 8 at one
end within the recess 2 and terminals 9 and 11 at the other end and
outside of the base 1.
By interlocking switch is meant a switch suitable for use as a pilot
switch operated by a moving part of a larger switch to perform a
control function in the control system of the larger switch or in an
associated 70 control system.
The insulating base 1 is further provided with coaxial grooves 12 and
13 opening at one end to the exterior of the base 1 and at the other
end to the central recessed por 75 tion 2 containing the stationary
contacts 7 and 8 Conducting strap 5 passes transverse of the groove 12
and is cut out to conform to the dimensions of the grooves and to
provide side slots at 14 and 15 along the 80 grooves 12 Groove 13 is
22. likewise provided with side slots 16 and 17 to provide side slots in
exact complement with those designated 14 and 15 for a purpose to be
explained hereinafter When the cover 34 is 85 in place, the grooves
12, 13 are closed to form apertures aforesaid.
Referring now to Figure 1 and the exploded view of Figure 4, the
switch operating mechanism comprises an operating member 90 784 J 77
784,777 18 of a suitable insulating material having an extending
spring guide probe 19 The operating member 18 is adapted to be moved
axially by a moving part of an electromagnetic contactor upon
operation of the contactor, thereby to cause the switch to perform a
control function in relation to the movable position of the contactor
part A movable contact member 21 is supported on the probe portion 19
and is spring pressed towards the end of the probe by a helical spring
22 pressing at one end against the body portion of the operator 18 and
at the other end against the contact member 21.
The movable contact member 21 carries at its opposite ends movable
contacts 20 and which are maintained in operative alignment with the
stationary contacts 7 and 8 in the recess 2 A spring retainer 23
cooperates with a groove 24 on the probe 19 to retain the contact
member 21 in mounted position on the operator 18 and the contact
member 21 is spring pressed into a normal position either open or
closed, as will be seen, by helical spring 25 pressing at one end
against the contact member 21 and the other end against spring seat 26
which is retained in the base 1.
The operating member 18 and the spring seat 26 are provided with means
cooperating with the base 1 to maintain them in position and alignment
as will be seen by reference to Figure 3 and 4 The operating member 18
is provided with a semi-circular guide and barrier 27 on its under
side acting as a guide during the travel of the operator in switch
operation and as a stop for travel of the operator in open position as
will be seen hereinafter Spring seat 26 is provided with radial
extensions 28 and 29 which cooperate with the grooves 14 and 15 or 16
and 17, depending upon the location of the spring seat, and with an
end barrier 31 extending generally below the axis of the spring seat
as shown in Figure 3 It should be noted that the dimensions of the
base at 32 with which the barrier cooperates in the device, as shown
in Figure 3, is the same as the total dimension of the corresponding
portion 33 of the base on the opposite side plus the thickness of the
strap 5 which, as has been previously described, is cut out to conform
with grooves 12 in the base and to provide slots 14 and 15 so that all
the operator parts may be positioned at either side of the base 1.
Referring now to Figures 1 and 2 illustrating the assembled switch in
its two conditions, it may be seen that the switch provides the
adjustability of being either a normally open or a normally closed
23. type of switch.
The switch provides for ready reversal from one type to the other by
merely removing the side cover and reversing the operating mechanism
thereof as by lifting the entire mechanism out and reversing it in the
base.
The parts which constitute the operating mechanismn are readily
positionable in either side of the base and, as has been shown, the
base is provided with complementary 70 grooves on each side to
accommodate the operator at either side For instance, the portion 32
of the base corresponds in dimension with the dimnension of portion 33
and the conducting strap 5 so that end post 26 75 will fit in the base
and be flushed with its exterior regardless of on which side it is
mounted Likewise, the grooves established by slots 16 and 17 are
complementary with the slots 14 and 15 established by the cut 80 out
in the strap 5 in its position in slot 3.
With the operating mechanism in its position as illustrated in Figure
1, the switch constitutes a normally closed switch with contacts 7-20
and 8-30 in engagement Move 85 ment of the operator opens the contacts
and breaks its associated circuit In Figure 2 the contacts are in a
ncr:nally open position with movement of the operator closing the
contacts ' With the operator in this latter 90 pcsition, the barrier
27 on the operator 18 cooperates with portion 32 cf the base to
establish an end stop for the barrier.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p