5141 5145.output

* GB785548 (A)
Description: GB785548 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in and relating to milling machines
Description of GB785548 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATlON
785,548 Inventors 8:-JOHN VALENTINE THOMAS HOWARD and JOHN EWART
PERKINS.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Dec 7, 1955.
Application Date: Dec 8, 1954 No 35515/54.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Class 83 ( 3), K 2 B, K 3 (C 3: G 2: H 10: Ill:
HX: L 5: N: R), W 7 (B 3 D: B 7: B 15 A: BX: C: 02: 03).
International Laasification:-B 23 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in and relating to Milling Machines.
We, WESTLAND Ai RCRAFT LIMTED, of Yeovil, in the County of Somerset, a
British Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to milling machines.
The shaping or machining of workpieces where the surface to be shaped
has a contour the angle of which varies from place to place along its
length presents a problem a simple solution of which constitutes the
main object of the present invention.
The invention consists in a milling machine embodying a pivoted cutter
head and means for automatically varying the tilt of the cutter in
correspondence with the desired varying angled contour of a workpiece
as the latter is traversed in the machine, wherein said tilt varying
means comprise rollers on the cutter head adapted to abut fixed
abutment surfaces on a template rigidly associated with the workpiece.
The invention also consists in a milling machine as set forth in the
preceding paragraph including also means for manually varying the
cutter tilt, e g before abutment of said rollers with the template has

taken place.
The invention also consists in a milling machine as set forth in
either of the two preceding paragraphs, wherein said rollers are
mounted eccentrically in relation to the cutter axis and means are
provided for adjustment for the purpose of predetermining the depth of
cut.
second of the three preceding paragraphs wherein said tilt varying
means comprises a hydraulic or lPrice 3 s 6 d l pneumatic ram attached
to the cutter head and adapted to be operated manually.
The invention also consists in a milling machine as set forth in any
of the four preceding paragraphs wherein the work and template are
adapted to be traversed in the machine by a friction wheel engaging a
surface on the template.
of the five preceding paragraphs wherein the drive for traversing the
workpiece embodies an epicyclic speed-reduction gear of high ratio, e
g.
1.
preceding paragraph wherein slipping-clutch means are provided in said
drive to enable the speed of traverse to be varied.
of the seven preceding paragraphs wherein the cutter is driven by way
of a flexible shaft.
The invention also consists in a milling machine substantially as
hereinafter described and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
Referring to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings:
Figure 1 is an elevation of a milling machine embodying the present
invention.
Figure 2 is an end view of the same.
Figure 3 is a plan view of the same.
Figure 4 is a sectional view of the canting head.
Figure 5 is a sectional view of the gear box; and Figure 6 is a
sectional view on the line VI /VI of Figure 5.
In carrying the invention into effect according to one convenient
form, a pedestal 7,5 So i 785548 A is provided on the back of which is
mounted a vertical slide assembly B which carries a sliding head C and
this in turn carries a cutter head assembly D Slidably mounted on the
top of the pedestal A is a table E and on this is located a jig F,
embodying operative faces 21 and 31, which jig holds a workpiece G,
from the face of which metal is to be removed.
Bolted to the underside of the table E is a gearbox H and secured on
the output shaft a of the gearbox H is a head faced with friction

material pressed against a serrated strip 4 in a slot in the jig F by
two adjustable tensioning rollers c.
The vertical slide B is raised or lowered by means of a hand wheel d
and locked in position by levers e The sliding head C is forked at its
forward end and carries the cutter head assembly D on swivel pins f,
levers y being provided to lock the sliding head in any desired
position.
A hydraulic or pneumatic ram J is attached to a bracket h fixed to the
sliding head C and its ram rod head is attached to a bracket 17 fixed
to the cutter head D, the cutter head being driven by a flexible shaft
z from an electric motor mounted preferably overhead.
On the front of the table E is mounted a bracket 1 carrying an
operating hand wheel or lever m the table being adapted to be locked
in position by a lever, as A C-shaped body is provided as the cutter
head having on either side support bearings o and the attachment,
bracket 17 Vertically through this head is mounted a driving shaft
assembly carrying a cutter K The shaft assembly is composed of two
components 41, 2, for carrying the cutter K, threaded on a long
central bolt or shaft 3 which by tightening up a nut 23 clamps the
assembly together, the nut 16 clamping parts 5 and 2 together.
The head of the shaft 3 is threaded for attachment to a flexible drive
the outer casing of which screws onto part 13 Also on this end of the
shaft is formed a square s adapted to engage a similar square in the
shaft assembly 41 This shaft assembly revolves as a unit in three
roller bearings.
,0 On this and bearing on parts 4 and 5 are -disposed eccentric bushes
7 and 6 carrying ball bearings 19 and screwed on fixed sleeves 8 and 9
are knurled locking rings 11 which on being tightened up clamp flanges
t of the a 5 bushes 6 and 7 against the sleeves 8 and 9, so preventing
the bushes from turning.
The flanges 10 of the bushes 6 and 7 are engraved in Iaoa inch for
setting to pointers 21.
Is I An epicyclic gearbox H (Fig 5) is provided for reducing the speed
of an electric motor down to the required speed of operation embodying
a casing 29 rotatably supported in a bearing 91 in the main framework
94V 3.5 which supports the gearbox as a whole.
On an internal flange of the casing 29 are cut 60 teeth of a gear
wheel 'a.
Within the casing 29 and supported on a bearing 90 is located a second
internally toothed gear wheel 30 having 59 teeth and 70 meshing with
these two are three pairs of planetary gears, each pair being made
from one piece of material and having 20 and 19 teeth respectively
These revolve in bearings 87 and are arranged equidistantly in a pair
75 of frames 85 which are locked together by means of three bolts 89

with distance pieces 88 These frames are mounted and revolve one in a
bearing 86 in the casing 29 and the other in a bearing 86 in the hub
of the Sit second gear wheel 30.
Within the frames 85 is a driving gear shaft 27 with 20 teeth
supported on two ball bearings 107 and in mesh with the 20 toothed
wheel of the planetary gears 28 85 Bolted to the hub of the second
gear 30 is the output shaft a to which is fixed a friction driving
wheel b Also on the second gear wheel 30 is bolted a bevel gear 31
meshing with a further gear 32 for remote hand 9 P operation by a hand
wheel x.
Surrounding the casing 29 is a friction clutch or brake band (not
shown) which may take the form of a contracting band or pair of
contracting shoes, the tensioning of which l 3 is controlled from a
hand wheel y or foot pedal.
In operation, a jig F of a suitable shape to contain the component to
be machined is located on the table E and may slide or be lb E
revolved thereon and is retained at a position opposite the cutter K
by the friction driving wheel and tensioning wheels c The cutter K is
revolved by a flexible shaft z connecting a remotely located electric
motor with 10.
spindle 3.
To commence operation, the table E is fed forward and when the face of
the jig F contacts the lower ball bearing 19 of the cutter assembly D,
as this is free to revolve 110 in bearings o, the cutter assembly will
tilt until the upper ball bearing 19 contacts the face 3 of the jig F
Normally this position is held throughout the operation so that as the
jig F containing the component G is fed 115 past the cutter K, the
ball bearings 19 being held in tight contact with the faces 21 and 31
will roll along these faces which are shaped to conform to the
required finished shape of the component G, and the revolving cutter
1320 K will remove metal from the face of the component until-it takes
on the conformation of the faces 2 and 3.
Throughout the operation the sliding head C is locked in a suitable
position by levers g 123 as also the vertical slide assembly B by its
locking levers e Alternatively, however, it may be desirable to
operate the sliding head as well during the operation.
Should it be found undesirable or difficult ':3 f drive, can be
allowed to slip, thereby varying the rate of reduction of speed.
Bolted to the second internally-toothed gear wheel is a bevel gear
wheel 31 meshing 65 with another bevel 32 which is remotely operated
by a hand wheel or lever x so that the drive can be operated by hand,
or when driven by electric motor, additional load against rotation can
be imposed by hand to 70 cause the gear assembly to slip in the brake
band and so vary the speed at which the spindle a is driven.

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* GB785549 (A)
Description: GB785549 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to magnetic amplifiers
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE535294 (A) CH359753 (A) DE1140976 (B) FR1120616 (A)
US2777073 (A) US2827603 (A) US2827608 (A)
BE535294 (A) CH359753 (A) DE1140976 (B) FR1120616 (A)
US2777073 (A) US2827603 (A) US2827608 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,549 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Jan 13,
1955.
No 1081/55.
Application made in United States of America on Feb 26, 1954.
Application made in United States of America on May 24, 1954.

Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 40 ( 1), N 1 A 5 A; and 40 ( 4), F 9 J.
International Classification: -GO 8 c H 03 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Magnetic Amplifiers We, LIBRASCOPE,
INCORPORATED, a Corporation organised under the laws of the State of
California, United States of America, of 1607, Flower Street,
Glendale, California, United States of America, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:The present invention
relates to magnetic amplifiers and more particularly to an apparatus
for accelerating the response of such amplifiers and enabling the
cascading of stages thereof without a response lag which occurs in the
resetting type of amplifier of a number of cycles proportionate to the
number of stages cascaded.
The present invention provides a magnetic amplifier having a
reversible cycle of operation, each cycle corresponding in duration to
a half cycle of the line current supplied thereto, comprising at least
one pair of saturable cores, cyclically operable means for alternately
saturating both of said cores first in one direction and then in the
opposite direction by simultaneously exposing said cores to flux
produced by an alternating line current, means for effecting a
temporal separation of the saturations of said cores during particular
cycles of operation by exposing at least one of said cores to flux
produced by a signal current during such cycles of operation, and
means operating in synchronism with saturation of at least one of said
cores during the particular cycles of operation and upon each
saturation thereof for controlling the delivery of output current from
said amplifier within the particular cycles of operation and during
the temporal separation in core saturations in such cycles and without
any transfer of memory in the cores from the particular cycles of
operation to the next cycles cf operation as represented by flux in
the cores.
The invention also relates to magnetic amplifiers which provide an
improved power efficiency over amplifiers now in use and which lPrice
3 s 6 d l cannot draw excessive current from the power source even
with considerable variations in line voltage Furthermore, magnetic
amplifiers constructed in accordance with the invention are prevented
from becoming excessively heated even with considerable variations in
line voltage.
In certain fields of technology, a fast and sensitive response to
electrical signals is required For example, the res'ponse of an
automatically aimed gun or cannon to such signals must be very quick

and sensitive, especially when the target is itself moving in an
elusive path Servo mechanisms have been devised to perform such work
As a part of such servomechanisms, means are employed to amplify a
relatively weak output signal so that a relatively strong signal can
be employed to control the operation of successive components of the
system and finally the gun itself.
In the field of magnetic amplifiers the basic characteristics of such
devices may be best described with reference to the hysteresis loop.
The parameters and shape of this loop characterize the magnetic
material employed and the configuration of the core structure It is
usual to express the ordinate or vertical axis in terms of flux
density (gausses) and the abscissa or horizontal axis in terms of
magnetomotive force (oersteds).
With reference to the ordinate axis, the flux density measured in
gausses is directly proportional to the number of volt-seconds per
turn of winding per square centimetre of core cross-sectional area
Once the cross-sectional area of the core and the number of turns per
winding have been fixed, then the ordinate value may be expressed in
volt-seconds Likewise, once the effective length of the magnetic path
and the turns per winding for a given core have been fixed, then the
abscissa value may be represented in ampere units.
Et will thus be perceived that "voltseconds " is the time integral of
the applied alternating voltage, which is, of course, the area under
the voltage vs time curve It similarly becomes apparent that the rate
of 785,549 change of volt-seconds is voltage, which hereinafter may be
referred to as " rate ".
With reference to the hysteresis loop, positive saturation is reached
where the upper portion of the curve levels off, and negative
saturation occurs where the curve approaches the level in the lower
portion The core at saturation will exhibit no further increase in
voltseconds The only effect of attempting to increase the volt-seconds
beyond saturation is to increase the current The same is true in
respect to saturation in the opposite polarity or direction In the
upper half of the hysteresis loop, the level or paint of maximum
voltseconds is termed " positive saturation ", and in the lower half
of the loop the level or point of maximum volt-seconds is termed
"negative saturation ".
The volt-seconds required to change the magnetic state of a core from
positive saturation to negative saturation or vice versa will of
course, vary according to the cross-sectional area of the core and the
magnetic material of which it is made, and may be conveniently
referred to as the " volt-seconds capacity " of the core.
Core materials for magnetic amplifiers should be selected with the
object of obtaining a relatively sharp differentiation between the

impedance exhibited in the unsaturated and saturated states,
respectively, and minimizing the current required to effect saturation
In general materials having rectangular hysteresis loops are
satisfactory for these purposes; materials identified by the trade
names "Supermnalloy ", " MO-permalloy ", and "Deltamax being examples
thereof.
Earlier magnetic amplifiers have in general been subject to slow
response; that is, a time lapse of several cycles of applied
alternating voltage occurs between a signal input and its resulting
output In this manner a useful gain is achieved in magnetic amplifiers
through memory or what might be termed the process of integration "
Memory" results from the fact that energy in one half cycle of
alternating voltage is retained for use in successive half cycles of
alternating voltage The " process of integration " sometimes occurs
because small amounts of energy may be retained in successive half
cycles and may be stored on a cumulative basis to control the ultimate
production of an output pulse.
Later developments produced a magnetic amplifier generally known in
the art as the so-called " fast response " or " reset " amplifier The
operation of this type of amplifier is best described with reference
to two periods; consecutive half cycles of line voltage, of opposite
polarity defining two periods characteristic of its operation One
period is the " resetting " or " signal input " period and the other
period is known as the " power period ".
At the end of the power period, corresponding to the beginning of the
next reset period, two cores are saturated in the same direction, e g,
are positively saturated During the succeeding reset period the cores
in the absence of any signal are reset substantially equal amounts
toward regative saturation by the resetting 70 voltage With reference
to a hysteresis loop, such resetting is effected by introducing
voltseconds to the cores to change their magnetic states so that they
are represented by points on the loop between positive and negative 75
saturation The introduction of a signal during this interval
accelerates the resetting of one core and proportionally decelerates
the resetting of the other core During the succeeding power period,
both cores advance toward the -0 original or positive saturation state
at th same rate As a result of the differential resetting of the
cores, one necessarily reaches positive saturation prior to the other,
and in the interval of time between such positive saturation 85 of one
core and such positive saturation of the other, power is delivered to
a load Subsequent to saturation of the second core no power is
delivered to the load, and the cycle is complete when the succeeding
reset period begins 90 If a greater power gain is required than can be
achieved with a single stage amplifier of this reset type, resort must

be had to cascaded stages In such cascaded reset amplifiers the power
period of the first stage corresponds to 95 the reset period of the
second stage, and similarly for additional stages Therefore, each
additional stage employed results in an additional half cycle delay
between the input to the amplifier and the resultant output obtained
100 therefrom.
The operation of magnetic amplifiers embodying the present invention
may be described with reference to a single period; not more than a
single half cycle of the applied 105 line voltages defining the entire
period characteristic of its operation The input and resulting output
therefrom occur successively within this same period Two associated
cores proceed from one saturated state to the other 110 saturated
state (e g, from positive saturation to negative saturation) within
the same period.
During the succeeding period these cores reverse and proceed to the
original (positive) saturation state The signal is introduced when 115
both cores are proceeding from either saturated state toward the other
saturated state and prior to the saturation of either core This is
known as the signal input interval Both cores proceed toward
saturation at substantially the 120 same rate in the absence of a
signal However, the introduction of a signal during the input interval
increases the rare as which one cor:
proceeds toward saturation, and reduces th.
rate at which the other core proceeds 125 toward the same state of
saturation.
As a result of the tem-poral separation of the core saturations, power
is delivered to a load in the interval of time between the saturation
of the cores The introduction of 130 voltage from becoming overloaded
even with considerable variations in the amplitude and frequency of
the line voltage For example, the line voltage may vary as much as 15
volts above or 15 volts below a normal value of 115 volts 70 without
any overloading of the voltage source.
Such elimination of overloading is important in preventing excessive
heating of the amplifier and the voltage source and in maintaining its
eptnurimu operation, i e, complete satura 75 tion of certain cores
within each half cycle and very near the end of each half cycle of
line voltage.
In this embodiment of the invention a first pair of saturable cores
forms a main amplifier 80 and a second pair of saturable cores forms a
switching amplifier Line windings are wound on the cores in the
switching amplifier and in the main amplifier for the introduction of
line voltage from a source In addition to the line 85 windings on the
cores, input windings are disposed on the cores in Whe main amplifier
and are differentially connected to produce magnetic fluxes of

opposite polarities in their cores.
Pairs of differentially connected output wind 90 ings are also
disposed on the cores in the main amplifier and in the switching
amplifier An output circuit including rectifiers and a load is
connected to the output windings in the main and switching amplifiers
95 The cores in each pair are so associated with the windings on the
cores that one of the cores in the switching amplifier saturates first
when a line voltage is introduced to the magnetic amplifier After the
core in the switching 100 amplifier has saturated, both cores in the
main amplifier saturate simultaneously when no input signal is
introduced to the input windings in the main amplifier, and the cores
saturate at different times upon the introduction 105 of an input
signal to the input windings An output signal is produced across the
load during the time in each half cycle of line voltage when one of
the cores in the main amplifier becomes saturated and until the time
that the 110 other core in the amplifier becomes saturated.
As disclosed above, one of the cores in the switching amplifier and at
least one of the cores in the main amplifier become saturated towards
the end of each half cycle of line volt 115 age Subsequently in the
half cycle, current flows through the output winding disposed on the
unsaturated core in the switching amplifier This current is in a
direction to prevent the core from becoming saturated Since the 120
core remains unsaturated, it presents a high impedance to the line
voltage and limits the current flowing from the source of line voltage
through the line windings In this way, the source of line voltage
cannot become over 125 loaded even with considerable variations in the
amplitude and frequency of the line voltage, and the voltage source
and amplifier cannot become excessively heated Thus, the two cores in
the switching amplifier not only per 130 the signal is the cause of
such temporal separaiicn and hence controls the resulting output.
As a general rule the signal voltage tends to establish load current
However, if this were permitted, the amplifier would provide
practically no power gain The present invention stablishea high
impedance path between the signal input and the load to power transfer
during the signal input interval without affecting the signal
influence on the temporal separation of the times of core saturation
During the power output interval, the high impedance path becomes a
low impedance path to power transfer thereby enabling power gain.
Since the entire cycle of operation of the amplifiers in accordance
with the present invention is completed within one half cycle of the
applied line voltage or, as a matter of fact, within a small portion
of the half cycle starting at the beginning of the half cycle, it is
possible to cascade several stages of amplification, the output at
each stage occurring within the signal input interval of the following

stage; all within the same half cycle Consequently, a signal input to
the first stage during the early part of the half cycle will produce a
resultant output from the last stage within the given half cycle, this
output being independent of signals introduced prior to the given half
cycle.
The operation of magnetic amplifiers in accordance with the present
invention may be considered as being reversible because a complete
cycle of operation of the amplifier may be effected as the cores
proceed either from positive to negative saturation or from negative
to positive saturation A cycle of amplifier operation is completed
when the cores are moved from one to the opposite state of saturation
during one half cycle of applied line voltage Another cycle of
amplifier operation may be completed immediately thereafter when the
cores are moved from said opposite state back to the original state of
saturation; this, of course, occurring during the succeeding half
cycle of line voltage Also, during the half cycle of line voltage
causing the cores to pro; ceed from one to the other state of
saturation, the signal input takes effect prior to saturation of
either core and the temporal separation of core saturations is
effected in the manner hereinbefore explained, enabling a power output
subsequent to saturation of the first core and prior to the saturation
of the second core.
Since a high impedance path is established between the signal input
and the load to power transfer during the signal input interval, and
since the high impedance path becomes a low impedance path for power
transfer during the power output interval, then it may be seen that
signals of either polarity or " alternating current " signals may be
amplified.
In addition to the foregoing features, the magnetic amplifier also
includes self-regulatE 5 ing features which prevent the source of line
785,549 785,549 form a switching function but also a regulating
function in preventing the source of line voltage from becoming
overloaded.
With the foregoing in mind, among the objects of the present invention
are the following: The provision of a magnetic amplifier capable of
executing an entire cycle of amplifier operation within the interval
of one half cycle of applied line voltage; the provision of a magnetic
amplifier capable of outputs at higher voltage levels for a given line
voltage than heretofore achieved; the provision of a magnetic
amplifier capable of a plurality of stages of amplification with a
total time delay of less than one half cycle of applied line voltage;
the provision of a multi-stage magnetic amplifier wherein each stage
receives its input during the output period of the preceding stage,
all successively effected within one half cycle of applied line

voltage; the provision of such a multi-stage magnetic amplifier
affording an increased gain per unit time delay, the provision of a
magnetic amplifier for maintaining a substantially optimum operation
even with considerable variations in the amplitude and frequency of a
line voltage and for producing a desirable output signal even with
such variations in the line voltage; the provision of a magnetic
amplifier having self-regulating features for preventing the amplifier
and the source of line voltage from becoming overloaded and
excessively heated even with considerable variations in the amplitude
and frequency of the line voltage; the provision of a magnetic
amplifier in which the self-regulating features operate to insure that
an output pulse is produced in each half cycle of line voltage
regardless of considerable variations in the amplitude of the line
voltage and in the same half cycle as that in which the input signal
is introduced; the provision of a magnetic amplifier including means
for reducing power dissipation in the magnetic amplifier and in the
line to a minimum, especially when no signal is introduced to the
amplifier for amplification; the provision of a magnetic amplifier for
increasing the operating efficiency of the amplifier so that an output
pulse of optimum amplitude can be produced by the amplifier upon the
introduction of an input signal; the provision of a magnetic amplifier
requiring a minimum number of components to obtain the advantages
disclosed above; the provision of a magnetic amplifier of the above
character in which adjustments can be made in the amplitude of output
signal and in the relative time during each half cycle in which the
output signal is produced, and the provision of a method of regulating
the operation of a magnetic amplifier to prevent a source of line
voltage and the amplifier from becoming overloaded and excessively
heated even with considerable variations in the amplitude and
frequency of a line voltage.
Other and further objects of the invention will become apparent to
those skilled in the art from a reading of the following detailed
description when taken in the light of the accompanying drawings,
wherein:Figure 1 is a circuit diagram of a half wave 70 type magnetic
amplifier operative in accordance with the principles of the present
invention; Figure 2 is a pictorial representation of suitable
saturable core structures having associated windings thereon in
accordance with the 75 circuit diagram of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows a
typical hysteresis loop for either of the cores of Figures 1 or 2;
Figure 4 is a modified circuit diagram of a half wave type magnetic
amplifier which may 80 embody the principles of auto-transformer
action; Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of a bridge type magnetic
amplifier operative in a manner similar to the half wave type
amplifier of 85 Figure 4; Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of a full wave

type magnetic amplifier also operative in accordance with the
principles of the present invention; 90 Figure 7 a shows a typical
wave form for the applied line voltage; Figure 7 b is one
representation of a signal voltage wave form; Figure 7 c is a voltage
wave form indicating 95 the relative state of saturation of one of the
cores of a given pair with respect to the signal and line voltages;
Figure 7 d is a voltage wave form indicating the relative state of
saturation of the other 100 core of the pair with respect to the
signal and line voltages; Figure 7 e is a voltage wave form showing
the output cf a load with respect to the line and signal voltages; 105
Figure 8 is a circuit diagram of a full wave bridge type magnetic
amplifier operative in accordance with the principles of the present
invention:
Figure 9 is a three-stage magnetic amplifier 110 employing szages of
the full wave type and illustrated as a control amplifier in a servo
loop; and Figure 10 is a circuit diagram of a specific embodiment of
the present invention with 115 legends indicating the circuit
parameters of the particular embodiment disclosed.
Figure 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating a further embodiment of a
magnetic amplifier incorporating the self-regulating features of 120
the invention; Figure 12 A to 12 C, inclusive, are representative
curves illustrating voltage waveforms at terminals in the amplifier
shown in Figure 11 wrhen a relatively high line voltage and no 125
signal voltage are introduced to the amplifier; Figures 13 A to 13 C,
inclusive are representative curves illustrating voltage waveforms at
the terminals upon the introduction of a relatively low line voltage
and no signal voltage; 130 785,549 Figures 14 A to 14 D, inclusive,
are representative curves illustrating voltage waveforms at the
terminals for the case where a relatively high line voltage and a
relatively large signal voltage are introduced to the amplifier;
Figures 15 A to 15 D, inclusive, are representative curves
illustrating voltage waveforms at the terminals when a relatively low
line voltage and a relatively high signal voltage are introduced to
the amplifier; and Figure 16 is a hysteresis loop for a typical wound
core as used in the magnetic amplifier shown in Figure 11.
The principle of operation of the device in accordance with the
present invention is most easily understood from the simplified
circuit diagram of Figure 1 The operation of the circuit of Figure 1
will first be described in connection with its application as a
magnetic amplifier for alternating currents and secondly as a d c
magnetic amplifier, these terms denoting, respectively, merely a
signal of reversing polarity and a signal of single polarity A first
saturable core 11 is illustrated in accordance with electrical symbols
in Figure 1, one suitable configuration being the toroid 11 shown in

Figure 2 The core configuration is, of course, not restricted to the
illustrated toroidal shape but the toroid does represent one
convenient structure providing a magnetic path for establishing mutual
coupling between a plurality of windings wrapped thereabout.
A second core 13, generally exhibiting similar magnetic
characteristics to the first core, is also shown in the shape of a
toroid in Figure 2 A line winding 15 is wrapped about the first core
11 and a further line winding 17 about the second core 13, the line
windings being in series by way of a connection 19 It should be
pointed out that although the line windings 15 and 17 are shown as
separate windings, it will be apparent hereinafter that effectively
the twrso windings in series comprise an equivalent single winding
having turns wrapped about both of the cores 11 and 13.
A pair of leads 20 and 21 extends respectively from the windings 15
and 17 to line input terminals 23 and 25, voltage absorbing means
shown as the resistor 28 being connected in the lead 20 Signal
windings 27 and 29 are respectively disposed on the cores 11 and 13
and are connected differentially, i e, in series opposing relation A
pair of leads 31 and 33 extends from the vindings 27 and 29 to signal
input terminals 35 and 37, respectively A protective impedance, shown
as the resistor 39, is connected in lead 33 to limit current flow
through the signal circuit, particularly after one or both cores are
saturated Although the resistors 28 and 39 are represented as separate
components, it is to be understood that they may represent the
resistance of windings with which they are in series.
A pair of output windings 43 and 45 is conrncc d diffe entially, i e,
in series opposing relation with respect to the induced current flow
therein occasioned by line current The output windings 43 and 45 are
respectively disposed on the cores 11 and 13 in the manner of the
signal windings 27 and 29, the output 70 windings having terminals 47
and 49, respectively.
The pictorial representation of Figure 2 shows the direction of
wrapping of each winding on the cores 11 and 13 with respect to the 75
other windings thereon In reality the windings overlap and each
winding may textend about the entire periphery of the toroids, but for
simplicity of representation the windings are shown slightly spaced
apart about the 80 toroid nerimeters.
A load for the magnetic amplifier of Figure 1 is represented by the
resistor 51 connected between amplifier output terminals 53 and 55.
A lead 57 is connected between the output 85 terminal 49 associated
with output winding and the amplifier output terminal 55 and a further
lead 59 extends from amplifier output terminal 53 via a switch
represented as a rectifier 61, to output terminal 47 of the other out
90 put winding 43.

A suitable line voltage is represented in Figure 7 a as the a c wave
71, illustrated as symmetrical about the axis 73, although such
symmetrical distribution about the axis is not 95 essential according
to the present invention.
The horizontal axis 73 is measured in time and the vertical axis in
voltage so that point on the axis 73 represents the end of one half
cycle of line voltage measured from point 100 77, and point 79
indicates the end of one cycle of line voltage Regarding the a c wave
71, the prior art reset amplifier previously dis cussed relies upon
the time interval between point 77 and point 79 to effect its cycle of
105 operation, whereas in the ultra-fast amplifiers herein disclosed,
the entire cycle of operation is effected within a half cycle or less
of the a.c wave 71, i e, at least between the points 77 and 75 In the
ultra-fast magnetic amplifier 110 shown in Figure 1 and hereinafter
referred to as an amplifier of the half wave type, the operation is
such that an output is provided during the intervals measured between
the points 77 and 75 and also between the points 115 79 and 81 when an
a c signal of one phase with respect to the line voltage is applied
between terminals 35 and 37 An a c signal of opposite phase will
enable an output during the intervals 75 to 79 and 81 to 82 There 120
fore, the half wave designation is with respect to a c signals
However, when a d c signal is introduced between the input terminals
35 and 37, an output may be derived during each of the intervals
77-75, 75-79, and 79-81, 125 etc.
The operation of the amplifier of Figure 1 will be explained with
reference to its application as an a c power amplifier of the half
wave type, the a c signal (signal of reversing 130 785,549 polarity)
being introduced between signal terminals 35 and 37 and an a c line
voltage such as that represented at 71 in Figure 7 a being introduced
between amplifier input terminals 23 and 25 Assuming that the
alternating current wave 71 is traversing the half cycle between
points 79 and 81 (Figure 7 a) and that this polarity is indicated by a
positive sign at terminal 23 and a negative sign at terminal 25, then
the direction of current flow through line windings 15 and 17 is shown
by arrows 91 and 93 If a signal, for example represented by the wave
95 show in Figure 7 b, is introduced between signal input terminals 35
and 37 such that the signal wave is traversing the interval between
the points 97 and 99, the terminal 37 is marked by a positive sign and
the terminal 35 by a negative sign, the direction of current flow
through the signal windings 27 and 29 being represented by the arrows
101and 103 which point in opposite directions.
The direction of current flow here is the basis for stating that the
signal windings 27 and 29 are connected differentially or in series
opposing fashion, the currents flowing in the signal windings having

opposite effects upon the cores 11 and 13 However, it will be noted
that the current flow through signal winding 27 produces an effect on
core 11 aiding that produced by the current flowing through line
winding 15 whereas the effect produced on core 13 by the current
flowing through signal winding 29 opposes that produced by the line
current flowing through line winding 17.
Returning now to the hysteresis loop of Figure 3, the point 111 on the
ordinate axis 113 represents the maximum number of voltseconds in the
upper or positive direction for the hysteresis loop which is an
ordinate measure of positive saturation and the point on the ordinate
axis 113 in the negative direction indicates the maximum number of
volt-seconds on the hysteresis loop which is negative saturation, the
hysteresis loop being regarded as a typical loop for either of the
cores 11 or 13 As has been stated previously, both cores are moved
from positive to negative saturation, or vice versa, during each half
cycle of the a c input wave 71 Since an arbitarary point ( 79 in
Figure 7 a) was assumed as a starting point to enable description of
the operation, this point will be taken to correspond with point 111
on the hysteresis loop of Figure 3 It will be appreciated that during
the interval between point 75 and point 79 on the a c wave 71 of
Figure 7 a, the cores 11 and 13 were moved from a state of negative
saturation indicated by the ordinate point 115 in Figure 3 to a state
of positive saturation indicated by the point 111.
As the line voltage, indicated by the wave 71 in Figure 7 a, proceeds
from point 79 toward point 81, the cores 11 and 13 follow the
hysteresis loop from an ordinate level indicated by the point 111
downwardly in the direction of the left-hand arrow toward negative
saturation indicated by the ordinate point An increasing number of
volt-seconds is transferred from the line windings 15 and 17 70 into
the cores 11 and 13 because the area under the a c wave 71 increases
with time during the half cycle measured between the points 79 and 81.
In the absence of any signal voltage at ter 75 minals 35 and 37, the
cores 11 and 13 saturate at the same time as is indicated at the left
in Figures 7 c and 7 d X which respectively show the shape of the
voltage across the line winding (El) and the voltage across the line
wind 80 ing 17 (E,,) The voltage rise across winding is indicated at
121 and the voltage rise across winding 17 at 123 in Figures 7 c and 7
d, respectively; the signal voltage (Es) being zero during this time
interval as is shown in Figure 85 7 b The cores are usually
substantially uniform and the turns generally equal so that the
voltage divides substantially evenly across the windings 15 and 17 and
equal numbers of volt-seconds are applied to each of the cores 90 11
and 13 The line winding voltage waves 121 and 123 follow the shape of
the applied line voltage wave 71 until saturation occurs at which time

the impedance of the windings and 17 drops so that the winding
voltages 95 fall to approximately zero and follow the axis and 127,
respectively, of the wave-shape diagrams of Figures 7 c and 7 d, the
line voltage during this interval being absorbed across the resistor
28 Also, in the absence of signal volt 100 age at terminals 35 and 37,
the cores proceed to saturation (from ordinate point 111 to ordinate
point 115) at substantially the same rate as is apparent from a
comparison of Figures 7 c and 7 d 105 The usual or ordinary situation
above discussed is predicated upon the condition of zero output for
zero input In the event that an output is desired when the signal
input is zero, the cores may be made dissimilar in 110 material,
configuration, or the number of turns in windings 15 and 17 may be
made unequal.
The application of a signal voltage to the signal windings 27 and 29
affects the cores 11 and 13 differently due to the differ ntial con
115 nection of the signal windings For a given time interval, and
assuming the polarity of Figure 1, a greater number of volt-seconds
are transferred into core 11 than are transferred into core 13 and so
core 11 saturates first 120 This is represented at point 131 in Figure
7 c; the shape of the voltage wave 121 across line winding 15 prior to
saturation being represented at 1211 The voltage wave 121 ' rises to a
higher value than the voltage wave 121 125 because of the increased
number of voltseconds transferred to core 11 due to the signal current
Therefore, core 11 saturates in less time in the presence of signal
voltage than in the absence of signal voltage, as is indicated 130
785,549 by a comparison of the lengths of time axis beneath the wave
shapes 121 ' and 121.
Expressed another way, the rate of moving the core 11 from ordinate
level point 111 on the hysteresis loop to ordinate level point 115
(i.e, from positive to negative saturation) has been increased.
The opposite effect is produced in core 13 because a comparison of the
direction of current flow through signal windings 29 and line winding
17, as indicated by the arrows 103 and 93, makes it apparent that the
effect of the signal current is opposing the effect of the line
winding current with respect to the state of the core 13.
Resort may also be had to the hysteresis loop of Figure 3 to explain
this action in terms of the core characteristics When the current flow
through signal winding 27 is in the same direction as the current flow
through line winding 15, the effect is an increase current in so far
as the state of core 11 is concerned.
Hence, considering the illustrated hysteresis loop, core 11 moves to
the left of the loop, i e, establishes a different or wider hysteresis
loop because of the effective current increase as seen along the
abscissa 135 expressed in a quantity proportional to amperes Core 13

moves to the right to establish a narrower hysteresis loop (within the
area enclosed by the illustrated loop) due to the eflective decrease
in current As core 11 moves to the left it also moves faster
downwardly (toward negative saturation) because its rate of movement
along the hysteresis loop has been increased, whereas core 13 moves to
the right and downwardly at a decreased rate If sufficient current is
supplied to the signal windings it is actually possible to reverse the
direction of movement of core 13 along the loop Particularly this is
important in multi-stage amplifier action.
The operation may also be expressed mathematically in terms of the
following voltage relation: E,,+El,=E where E,, represents the voltage
across line winding 15, E,7 is the voltage across line winding 17 and
E,, is applied line voltage appearing between terminals 23 and 25
(assuming a negligible voltage drop across resistor 28 due to
magnetizing current) This is also apparent considering that prior to
saturation of either core, the impedance of windings 15 and 17 is so
high that the effect of resistor 28 may be neglected.
Since the windings are represented as having equal numbers of turns,
the line voltage may divide substantially evenly between the line
windings However, due to the nature of saturable cores the voltage
across these windings may fluctuate in an uneven distribution For zero
signal input the uneven voltage distribution causes an induced voltage
across signal windings 27 and 29 The resultant current flowing in the
signal circuit automatically reduces the magnitude of the voltage
unbalance.
Once core 11 saturates, a voltage determined by the relationship
between the load windings and resistor 28 appears across line 70
winding 17 to drive core 13 to saturation within the same half cycle
of line voltage that caused saturation of core 11 This is indicated,
in time, at point 139 on the time axis of Figure 7 d where the voltage
wave 1231, across line 75 winding 17, shifts to its maximum value
indicated by the upper curved portion 141 which follows the shape of
the applied line voltage curve 71 At the time indicated by point 139,
a voltage is induced across load winding 45 80 (according to
transformer principles) with a polarity corresponding to the polarity
of the voltage produced in the winding 17 by the line voltage EAC
Since the voltage EAC has a positive voltage at its upper terminal in
Figure 1 85 a positive voltage is produced at the upper terminal of
the winding 17 in Figure 1: This causes a voltage to be induced in the
winding 46 such that the potential at the upper terminal of the
winding is positive with respect 90 to the potential on the lower
terminal of the winding This induced voltage is operative to provide a
current flow in the load circuit in the direction of the arrow 143
This current passes through the load represented by the 95 resistor

51, since the rectifier 61 permits the current flow in this direction
The current flowing through the load 51 and the rectifier 61 has an
amplitude limited substantially only by the load The reason for this
is that the 100 winding 45 serves as a generator and the winding 43
has a low resistance because of the prior saturation of the core 11
The purpose of the rectifier is to prevent current flow, through the
load during the signal input 105 interval However, at point 145 on the
time axis of Figure 7 d core 13 becomes saturated because the
increased line voltage across line winding 17, effective during the
time interval between points 139 and 145 (power output 110 interval),
transfers sufficient volt-seconds to core 13 to drive it to negative
saturation indicated by orinate level point 115 in Figure 3.
The resulting output produced in the time interval between saturation
of core 11 and 115 saturation of core 13 is shown in Figure 7 e as a
pulse 147 of load voltage E,.
During the signal input interval (time integral of curve 121), the
current supplied by the signal source is relatively small, since only
120 incremental changes in the magnetizing current are necessary to
produce the temporal separation between saturation of the cores prior
to saturation of either core, assuming ideal rectifiers in the load
circuit Hence, the 125 actual signal input power is small After core
11 saturates the number of volt-seconds delivered to load resistor 51
will be equal to the volt-seconds difference between the cores at the
time of saturation of core 11 The 130 785,549 differential
volt-seconds are delivered to load resistor 51 between core
saturations The power to the load is the instantaneous voltage squared
divided by the load resistance, and the load is made small compared to
resistor 39 in order to achieve power gain.
For the circuit shown in Figure 1, a signal polarity opposite to that
indicated will result in no temporal separation of the cores because
the signal voltage during the signal input interval appears across
output winding terminals 47 and 49 Normally the rectifier prevents
current flow during the signal input interval, but for the opposite
signal polarity, current will flow through the rectifier and the load
therefore signal voltage is substantially dissipated across resistor
39.
Considering the operation of the circuit of Figure 1 as an amplifier
of d c signals, if during the next half cycle of line voltage (points
81-82, Figure 7 a), signal voltage of the same polarity as was
impressed during the first half cycle is impressed between signal
terminals 35 and 37, the cores are subjected to the action outlined
except that they are moved from negative to positive saturation, and
core 13 saturates first.
From the above description, it will be evident that the cores 11 and

13 are a pair ol saturable cores Windings 15, 17 and the leads
extending therefrom to the source of alternating line current can be
included in the term "cyclically operable means " A means for
effecting temporal separation of the saturation of the cores 11 and 13
will include the socalled signal windings 27 and 29, as well as the
source of signal energy connected thereto.
To continue, the output circuit embracing the windings 43 and 45, as
well as the rectifier 61, (all functioning in the manner indicated
supra to control the output currtnt from the amplifier), can be
considered as included in the expression " output current controlling
means ".
The foregoing is intended to be purely exemplary and in no sense
limiting the invention claimed to the Figure 1 embodiment.
In Figure 4 there is shown a modified type half wave magnetic
amplifier The structure of Figure 4 includes a pair of saturable cores
151 and 153 having effectively a single winding shown as the series
connected windings 155 and 157 wrapped thereabout The line voltage is
adapted to be applied to these windings between terminals 159 and 161,
which terminals are connected by way of leads 163 and trapped into
windings 155 and 157 in the manner of an autotransformer The windings
and 157 are connected together through voltage absorbing resistors 167
and 169 and also -through a voltage divider comprising a pair of
impedances herein represented as resistors 171 and 173 Between the
junction of the resistors 167 and 169 and resistors 171 and 173 there
is connected a rectifier 175 and a load shown also in the form of a
resistor 177.
A pair of terminals 179 and 181 is connected across the rectifier 175
to serve as signal input terminals The impedances 171 and 173 have
equal values so that the junction point 183 70 thereof is effectively
at the electrical midpoint of the a c applied line voltage introduced
between terminals 159 and 161 Obviously, a centre tapped transformer
could replace the resistors 171 and 173 The signal voltage 75 applied
at terminals 179 and 181 causes a current to flow through windings 155
and 157 in such a manner as to aid the line current through one of
these windings and oppose the line current through the 80 other
winding, thereby effecting the temporal separation between the times
of core saturations As a result of the temporal separation of the
times of saturation of the cores a power interval is established and
cur 85 rent is caused to flow through the load 177 in the same manner
as was explained in detail in connection with the description of
Figure 1.
The circuit diagram of Figure 4 may be regarded as a quasi-bridge type
circuit and, as 90 shown in Figure 5, may easily be converted for
bridge operation by substituting a winding (similar to winding 157 and

located about the core 153) for the resistor 171 and a winding 187
(similar to winding 155 and located 95 about the core 151) for
resistor 173 The voltage absorbing resistors 167 and 169 are then
combined as a single resistor 189 in series vwith the line input
terminals 191 and 193, a signal voltage being applied between
terminals 100 and 197 disposed across rectifier 199.
When either core saturates prior to the saturation of the other as a
result of the differential application of signal voltage in the manner
hereinbefore described, current flows through 10; the windings of the
saturated core to deliver power to the load 177, assuming proper
polarity with respect to current flow through rectifier 199 Load
current is established when signal input terminal 195 is negative
regardless 110 of the line polarity at terminals 191 and 193.
It may now be appreciated that suitable switching means for preventing
current flow into the load (resistor 51, Figure 1) during the signal
input interval and permitting current 115 flow during the power output
interval would permit signals of either polarity to produce
corresponding outputs The circuit of Figure 6 represents an
arrangement capable of effecting the foregoing The components in the
por 120 tion of the circuit corresponding to the circuit of Figure 1
are identified by the primes of the numbers used in the description of
Figure 1.
For this portion of the circuit the operation is the same as
previously described The added 125 components perform the switching
function.
Specifically it is desired to present a high impedance between the
output winding terminals 47 ' and 49 ' and the amplifier output
terminals 531 and 55 ' during the signal input 130 785,549 interval
and a low impedance during the power output interval For a signal
input of a given polarity, the rectifier 61 of Figure 1 serves this
purpose In the circuit of Figure 6 the foregoing is accomplished
regardless of the polarity of the signal input.
An additional pair of saturable cores 201 and 203, usually similar to
the cores 111 and 131, are respectively provided with line windings
205 and 207, and output windings 209 and 211 connected in the same
manner as the corresponding windings on cores 11 ' and 131.
The line windings 205 and 207 are connected in series across input
terminals 23 ' and 251 through a further voltage absorbing resistor
213 usually of the samne value as resistor 28 ' A full wave rectifier
bridge 215 has its d c terminals 217 and 219 connected between
terminals 221 and 223 of output windings 209 and 211 through a dummy
load represented by the resistor 225.
The a c terminals 227 and 229 of the bridge 215 are connected between
terminal 47 ' of the output winding 431 associated with core 11 ' and

amplifier output terminal 531.
The operation of the circuit of Figure 6 will be first described with
a signal voltage applied to terminals 351 and 371 of the polarity
assigned on the drawing (+ or 371) During the signal input interval
the signal voltage appearing across the signal windings 271 and 291
appears across output windings 431 and 451 The same voltage also
appears between terminals 221 and 223 in the polarity indicated
because of the current flow through rectifier 231, dummy load 225
output windings 211 and 209 in the direction indicated by the arrows
233 and 235, rectifier 237 and load 511 This current is the
incremental magnetizing current for cores 201 and 203 because these
cores are in the same relative states as cores 111 and 13 ' Since
during the signal input interval the cores 201 and 203 are also
unsaturated only incremental magnetizing current can flow and
therefore windings 209 and 211 present a high impedance across
terminals 471 and 491 Therefore, the signal source (not shown) need
only provide incremental magnetizing current for core pair 11 ' and
131, assuming ideal rectifiers, as in the case of Figure 1 and also
incremental magnetizing current for core pairs 201 and 203 The voltage
drop across thle load and dummy load is small compared to the voltage
between terminals 221 and 223 As a result of the same signal voltage
appearing across the pair of windings 271 and 29 ' and the pair of
windings 209 and 211 and the opposite effects produced upon the
associated cores by the current through the differentially connected
windings, the rates of saturation of cores 201 and 203 are eftected
differentially in the manner of cores 111 and 131 so as to cause one
of the cores 201 and 203 to saturate at the same time that one or the
cores 111 and 131 saturates.
For the polarity shown, this is core 203 and core 111 Subsequent to
the saturation of the core 203, the induced voltage across winding 209
is of the polarity to cause current flow through the bridge from
terminal 217 to 219 70 effecting a low impedance path between a c.
terminals 227 and 229 of the bridge This effect is maintained until
core 201 saturates.
Also, when core 203 saturates, core 111 saturates so that the induced
voltage across wind 75 ing 45 of core 13 ' establishes current flow to
the load 511 since the low impedance path is effected between bridge
terminals 227 and 229.
For the same line pvolarity indicated in 80 Figure 6, the application
of a signal of opposite polarity to that indicated would cause core
131 to saturate prior to core 111 thereby providing current flow
through the load 511 of polarity opposite to that indicated During the
85 signal input interval, the voltage across terminals 471 and 491
would also be reversed from the polarity indicated The path of the

resulting current would be through the load 511, rectifier 243, dummy
load 225, output 90 windings 209 and 211 in the same direction as
produced by signal of the former polarity (indicated direction) and
through rectifier 245.
Therefore, core 203 saturates at the same time as core 131 for this
situation 95 When the line voltage polarity is reversed, the direction
of signal current flow through windings 209 and 211 remains unchanged,
so core 201 saturates first in the event of a signal voltage of either
polarity effecting the 100 low impedance path between a c terminals
227 and 229 as before For this condition if the signal polarity is
reversed, only the order of saturation of cores 11 ' and 13 ' is
affected to change the polarity of the output across 105 load 511.
The circuit of Figure 8 shows a magnetic amplifier of the full wave
type incorporating the bridge circuitry of Figure 5 and otherwise
operating in accordance with the full wave 110 operation explained in
connection with the circuit of Figure 6 A pair of cores 301 and 303
are provided with line windings 305 and 307 wrapped about core 301 and
line windings 309 and 311 disposed on core 303 in the 115 manner of
the windings and cores illustrated in Figure 5 A second pair of cores
313 and 315, respectively, have line windings 317 and 319 wrapped
about core 313, and line windings 321 and 323 wrapped about core 315
to 120 perform the function of the windings on the cores identified at
201 and 203 in Figure 6.
A full wave bridge rectifier 325 has its d c.
terminals 327 and 329 connected by way of leads 331 and 333 across the
bridge circuit 125 formed by the windings on the saturable cores 313
and 315 at points 335 and 337 and by way of a dummy load 339 The a c
terminals 341 and 343 of the rectifier bridge 325 are connected across
the bridge circuit comprising 110 the windings on the cores 301 and
303 at points 345 and 347 by way of a load illustrated as a resistor
349.
Line voltage is introduced to a line transformer 351 at terminals 353
and 357, the primary winding 359 supplying a secondary winding 361
which provides the line input to the bridge circuit associated with
cores 301 and 303 at input terminals 363 and 365 by way of a voltage
absorbing resistor 367 The other bridge circuit associated with cores
313 and 315 receives its line input at terminals 369 and 371 by way of
a voltage absorbing resistor 373 and a pair of connections 375 and 377
which extend directly to the transformer input circuit As in the case
of the signal windings 27 ' and 291 of the circuit of Figure 6, the
signal is introduced differentially into the circuit of Figure 8 by
way of signal input windings 381 and 383 which extend to signal input
terminals 385 and 387 by way of the so-called protective impedance or
resistor 389 As a result of the differential rate established in the

core pair 301 and 303 caused by the application of the signal, a
similar differential rate is induced in core pair 313 and 315 in the
same manner as described in connection with the circuit of Figure 6
Consequently, at the time of the saturation of the first core in pair
301 and 303, one core in the pair 313 and 315 will saturate The
saturation of the first core in pair 313 and 315 acts in the manner
hereinbefore explained to provide a low impedance path between the a c
terminals 341 and 343 of the rectifier bridge 325 to permit power
tranfer to the load 349 Also, as was set forth in connection with the
description of Figure 6, the amplifier of Figure 8 will accept signals
of either polarity applied between terminals 385 and 387 during the
signal input interval of either half cycle of line voltage introduced
across terminals 353 and 357 to deliver output across load 349 Hence
it may be appreciated that in the circuit of Figure 8 a bridge type
magnetic amplifier is used to provide the switching function for a
second bridge type magnetic amplifier enabling the second amplifier to
operate in the manner of a full wave amplifier.
In the circuit of Figure 9 there is shown a magnetic amplifier having
three stages generally indicated, respectively, at 401, 403 and 405
Each of the stages operates in accordance with the principles
explained in connection with the description of Figure 6 except that
the output from stage 401 is now used as the input to stage 403 and
the output from stage 403 becomes the input to stage 405 As has been
mentioned, this action occurs within one half cycle of the line
voltage and will occur during each consecutive half cycle in the
presence of the signal.
The input interval for stage 403 is of greater time duration than the
input inrerva for stage 401, and the input interval for stage 405 is
of greater time duration than the input interval for stage 403 This is
because the output interval for stage 401 must necessarily correspond
in time with at least a portion of the input interval for stage 403,
and this is 70 true for each succeeding stage regardless of the number
of stages.
It has been previously pointed out that the output interval of a given
stage of amplification immediately succeeds the input interval 75 for
that stage This sequence of operation enables an output from stage 401
to be effective as an input to stage 403 and similarly with respect to
successive stages.
Assuming an input signal applies between 80 terminals 407 and 409, a
temporal separation is effected between the times of saturation of
cores 411 and 413 due to the differential application of signal energy
by way of signal windings 415 and 417 A similar 85 temporal separation
is established between the saturation times for cores 419 and 421 One
of the cores in the pair 419 and 421 saturates at the same time that

saturation occurs in one of the cores 411 and 413, this time being 90
established relatively early in any half cycle period of line
frequency This action may be expressed in terms of volt-seconds
supplied by the line voltage applied at terminals 423 and 425 Since
the line voltage must be 95 sufficient to cause all of the cores of
the multi-stage magnetic amplifier to be driven to saturation during
each half cycle only a portion of the volt-seconds is used in causing
saturation of the cores of the first stage This 1 W O is usually a
relatively small portion of the totai line volt-seconds per half-cycle
When one of cores 419 and 421 saturates, a low impedance path is
provided between output windings 427 and 429 of stage 401 and the
input 105 windings 431 and 433 of stage 403, the fugl wave bridge
rectifier 435 functioning in the manner heretofore described as a
result of the saturation of one of the cores 419 and 421 and the
induced voltage appearing across one 110 of the associated output
windings 437 and 439.
The input windings 431 and 433 for stage 403 are connected to affect
the cores 441 and 443 differentially so as to effect a temporai 115
separation in the saturation times of these cores, since neither of
cores 441 and 443 has reached saturation during the operation above
described The same temporal separation i, effected between the times
of saturation of 120 cores 445 and 447 When saturation of one of the
cores 441 and 443 occurs due to the output of stage 401 being applied
as the input to stage 403, saturation is established in one of the
cores 445 and 447 to effect a low imped 125 ance path to the input
windings 449 and 451 (by way of rectifier bridge 452) for stage 4 GC
associated with cores 453 and 455 Sinc -.
at this time in the half cycle, neither of these cores is saturated,
the delivered signal is cap 130 785,549 terminals, signal input
terminals, and load terminals of Figure 9 have been applied, and
legends have been applied to the several circuit components giving
their specific characteristics 70 The resistances of the resistors
corrseponding to those appearing in Figure 9 are indicated in ohms in
Figure 10 The power rating of certain of the indicated resistors is
indicated in watts The various coils cor 75 responding to those shown
in Figure 9 ar identified by legends indicating the wire size and
number of turns, e g, number 42 indicating wire of 42 Brown and Sharpe
gang and the legend " 250 OT" indicating 2503 80 turns of this
wire.The magnetic cores designated " No.
5233-Si " are cores of one mil " Supermalloy " having an O D of 1 500
inches; an I D.
of 1 000 inches; and a height of 0 375 inches; 85 and are of a minimum
weight of 37 0 grams.
The cores designated " No 5340-51 " are of an O D of 750 inches, an I

D of 0 500 inches; and a height of 0 125 inches; and have a minimum
weight of 3 09 grams The 90 cores designated "No 50041-4 A" are of 4
mil " Orthonol" and have an I D of 2 000 inches; an O D of 2 500
inches; and a height of 1 000 inches.
Since it is inconvenient to make the small 95 first stage of this
amplifier operate on a conventional line voltage of the order of 115
volts a c 60 cycles because to do so would require a great many turns
of extremely small wire, the circuit diagram of Figure 10 pro 10 o
vides for the application of a smaller voltage ( 36 volts a c 60
cycles) to the first stage This smaller voltage is obtained from
additional windings 500 applied to the switching cores of the last
stage corresponding to the cores 105 457 and 459, respectively, of
Figure 9 These windings simply serve as a step-down transformer to
provide a lower line voltage to the first stage with no degrading of
the other functions of the last stage cores 110 Bt-cause small
differences in characteristics between cores create a tendency to emit
an a.c output in the absence of any a c input, means are provided in
tile circuit of Figure for correcting such core unbalance This 115 is
accomplished, as shown in Figure 10, by the insertion of resistors
shunting the sign l windings corresponding to the windings 413 and 415
of Figure 9; the effect of these resistors being to introduce an a c
signal of the 120 proper amplitude and phase to cancel the unwanted
output Inserting one of these resistors, if it is made to have a
sufficiently small impedance, will introduce an a c output; the
smaller the resistance, the larger the 125 output Inserting the other
resistor will have the same effect except that the induced a c.
output will be of the opposite phase Both i:sisters may be inserted
and the ratio of their resistances adjusted to cancel a small a c 130
able of effecting a temporal separation in the times of saturation of
the cores 453 and 455.
Again at about the same time that one of th; cores 453 and 455
saturates, one of the cores 457 and; 459 is driven to saturation to
provide a low impedance path via rectifier bridge 460 to amplifier
output terminals 461 and 463.
The output of the multi-stage amplifier of Figure 9 appearing at
terminals 461 and 463 is dependent upon the input applied at terminals
407 and 409 and occurs during the same half cycle of line voltage It
is noted that this output is independent of any input applied to the
amplifier during the preceding half cycle of line voltage.
Many factors are capable of determining the time of saturation of the
cores in each stage.
These factors include the cross-sectional ar a of the core structure,
the number of turns comprising the line windings, and the saturation
characteristics of the core material used.

For example, the cross-sectional dimensions of the cores may increase
in successive stages, thereby enabling saturation to occur at later
points in a given half cycle.
The magnetic amplifier illustrated in Figure 9 is shown applied as a
control amplifier for a servo loop wherein the output appearing across
t Wrminals 461 and 463 is applied to the control phase (indicated at
terminals 471 and 475) of a two-phase motor 477 supplied with line
voltage at terminals 479 and 481 A mechanical connection is indicated
by the dotted line 483 between the rotor (not shown) of thbt two-phase
motor 477 and a rotatable shaft 485 of a control transformer 487 The
control transformer is supplied with electrical input from a
synchro-transmitter 489 such that the output of the control
transformer a.
terminals 491 and 493 will be zero if the angular orientation of the
rotatable shaft 485 corresponds to the angular orientation of the
input shaft 495 of the synchro-transmittzr 489 Otherwise, an error
voltage appears across terminals 491 and 493 and is applied as the
input to the multi-stage magnetic amplifier across terminals 407 and
409 The resultant amplified output applied to the control phase at
terminals 471 and 475 will cause an angular rotation of the rotor of
the twophase motor 477 and a corresponding angular rotation of the
control transformer rotatable shaft 485 in such a direction as to
cause the output voltage of the control transformer at terminals 491
and 493 to decrease A resonant circuit 500 is included in the servo
loop for anti-hunting purposes following conventional practice.
Figure 10 is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of the present
invention which has been actually constructed and successfully
operated In this figure, which corresponds with the embodiment of
Figure 9 with the exceptions hereinafter indicated, the primes of the
reference numerals applied to the line voltage.
11 l 785,549 785,549 output If both resistors are inserted and both
resistances made small, the input impedance of the magnetic amplifier
will be reduced, and hence the gain will be reduced However, greater
stability of output against changes of temperature and the like will
be achieved Typical values for the resistors designated R-3 and R-4 in
Figure 10 range from 4000 ohms to 20,000 ohms.
Due to slight differences in the back impadance of rectifiers and to
differences in characteristics of cores, a small d c output will
sometimes be observed in the absence of any d c.
input This may be corrected by shunting the highest impedance
rectifier by a resistance such as that designated R-1 or R-2 in Figure
10 For greater stability against variations of rectifier back
impedance, both R-1 and R-2 may be inserted and the ratio of their
resistances adjusted to give approximately zero d c output for zero d

c input.
The smaller these resistors are made, tile greater the stability and
the less the gain will be Typical values for the resistors R-1 and R-2
range from 0 1 to 0 5 megohms.
It will be understood that in cases of extreme differences between
core characteristics and between rectifier characteristics, resistors
may be inserted in the second and thid stages in the same manner as
the resistors R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 are illustrated as applied to the
first stage It will likewise be tnderstood that the advantages gained
from the insertion of these resistors can well offset the
disadvantages, since performance never can be quite as good from a
poorly balanced magnetic amplifier as from one that is well balanced.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in Figure 11, a source
of alternating line voltage 511 is provided As will be disclosed in
detail hereinafter, the line voltage ordinarily has a value of 115
volts and a frequency of 60 cycles One object of the present invention
is to maintain ultra-fast and efficient operation over a wide range of
supply voltage variations For example, with a frequency of 60 cycles,
the voltage may increase to a value as high as 130 volts and may
decrease to a value of 100 volts or less Or, when the voltage remains
at 115 volts, the frequency may vary between 52 and 68 cycles.
Or the voltage and frequency may both vary from their mean values to
produce total variations of + 13 % or more.
Resistances 512 and 514 having values of approximately 55,000 and
45,000 ohms, respectively, are connected in series with the voltage
source 511 The particular values chosen for the resistances and the
function of the resistances will be disclosed in detail subsequently A
pair of line windings 516 and 518 which ate the line wrindings of the
switching magnetic amplifier are in series across the resistance 512 A
pair of line windings 520 and 522 which are the linm windings of the
main magnetic amplifier arin series across the resistance 514.
As a particular example, the windings 516 and 518 may each be formed
from 6 C O turns 70 of No 23 wire (Brown & Sharpe) The windings 516
and 518 are respectively wound on cores 524 and 526 having
saturabik:nag netic properties The windings 516 and 518 may be wound
separately on the cores 524 75 and 526 or the cores may be stacked and
each of the windings may be wound around bot cores By way of
illustration each of the cores 524 and 526 may be toroidal in shap and
may have an inner diameter of approxi 80 mately 2 inches, an outer
diameter of approximately 22 inches and a height of approximately 1
inch.
The cores 524 and 526 may be made from material known as " Orthonol "
The core 85 material is composed of approximately 50 -.
nickel and 50 % iron and is made from material which is rolled only in

a particular direction and which is annealed in hydrogen to grain
orient the material 90 Input windings 528 and 530 are shown as being
wound on th cores 524 and 526, respectively The windings are shown as
being diiierentially connected to a source of direct voltage, such as
a battery 532 through a manu 95 ally operated switch 531 and a
rheostat 533.
Because of such differential connections the winding 528 produces
magnetic flux in one dfraction in the core 524 and the winding 530
produces magnetic flux in the opposite direc 100 tion in the core 526
The windings 528 and 530, the switch 531, the battery 532 and the
rheostat 533 need not actually be included in the magnetic amplifier
shown in Figure 11, for reasons hereinafter explained 105 A pair of
output windings 534 and 536 are also respectively wound on the cores
524 and 526 Each of the windings 534 and 536 may be wound around both
of the cores 524 and 526 in the stacked relationship of the cores 110
if the windings 516 and 518 are not so wound.
Othenvise, the winding 534 is usually individually wound around the
core 524, and the winding 536 is usually individually wound around the
core 526 By way of illustration, 115 each of the windings 534 and 536
may be formed from approximately 2,600 turns of No 26 (Brown & Sharpe)
wire.
The line windings 520 and 522 are respectively wound on cores 538 and
540 (main mag 120 netic amplifier cores) corresponding in composition
and construction to the cores 524 and 526 As an example, each of the
windings 520 and 522 may be formed from approximately 462 turns of No
22 (Brown & Sharpe) 125 wire Each of the windings may be wrapped
individually about its associated core or lt may be wrapped about both
of the cores 538 and 540 in the stacked relationship of the cores 130
be an electrical motor or other suitable means for utilizing the
amplified signal.
As noted previously magnetic cores produce a changing magnetic flux
when a voltage is applied to a winding supported on the core 70 If a
voltage is applied to the winding for a sufficient period of time, the
core may become magnetically saturated The core becomes negatively
magnetically saturated when a voltage of a first polarity is applied
to the wind 75 ing on the core for a particular period of time.
The core becomes positively saturated when the same voltage of the
opposite polarity is applied to the winding for the same length of
time 80 During the time that a core is not saturated, it produces
increased amounts of magnetic flux, as a voltage of one polarity is
applied For certain core materials such as that used in the cores of
this embodiment, 85 small increases in current may cause large
increases in the rate of change of magnetic flux Since increases in
rate of change of flux are equivalent to electromotive force-in other

words, voltage-a large increase in volt 90 age can be produced by a
small increase in current (incremental magnetizing current) when the
core remains unsaturated This may be sever by the steep sides of the
curve show-n in Figure 16, such sides being desig 95 nated as 570 and
572 Because of the large increase in voltage required to produce a
small increase in current, the impedance presented by the winding may
be relatively large during periods of core unsaturation For example,
100 each of the output windings 534, 536, 548 and 55 G may have
impedances of approximately 100,000 ohms when their associated cores
remain unsaturated.
Wh 1 en a core becomes magnetically satu 105 rated, increases in
current through its associated winding produce substantially no
increase in magnetic flux Because of the lack of any increase in flux
in the core, no voltage is induced in the winding This may be seen 110
by the horizontally flat portions 574 and 576 in the hysteresis loop
shown in Figure 16.
G 3 ince impedance is represented by the ratio between the voltage and
the current, the winding has substantially zero impedance when its 115
associated core becomes saturated For example, the winding 536
presents a very low impedance when the core 526 becomes saturated.
The performance of a magnetic core at any 120 instant is dependent
upon certain characteristics of the core For example, the performance
of the core is dependent, among other factors, upon the
cross-sectional area of the core and the magnetic material from which
it 125 is made The characteristics of the core in turn determine how
long a period of time is required to change the core from a negative
saturation to a positive saturation or vice versa when a particular
voltage is imposed on 130 Input windings 542 and 544 are wound on the
cores 538 and 540, respectively Each of the windings 542 and 544 may
be formed from approximately 150 turns of No 26 (Brown & Sharpe) wire
The windings 542 and 544 are connected in series with a source 546 of
signal energy and a manually operated switch 547 to introduce energy
differentially to the cores 538 and 540 In other words, the winding
542 introduces energy of one polarity from the source 546 to the core
538 and the wvinding 544 introduces energy of opposite polarity to the
core 540.
The cores 538 and 540 also have output windings 548 and 550 wrapped
around them.
Each of the windings 548 and 550 may be formed fronm approximately
2,000 turns of No 26 (Brown & Sharpf) wire The windings 548 and 550
and the windings 542 and 544 may be wound around both of the cores 538
and 540 when the windings 520 and 522 are individually wound on their
associated cores Otherwise, the windings 542 and 544 and the windings
548 and 550 are individually wrapped around their associated cores.

The lower terminal of the winding 534 in Figure Ul is connected to the
lower terminal of the winding 536 Because of such an interconnection,
the windings 534 and 536 are differentially responsive such that the
winding 534 produces magnetic flux in an opposite direction to that
produced by the winding 536 A connection is made from the upper
terminal of the winding 534 to one terminal of a dummy load 552 having
a relatively low impedance For example, the dummy load 552 may be a
resistance having a value of approximately 1,000 ohms.
The other terminal of the dummy load 552 is connected to the plates of
two diodes 554 and 556 The cathodes of the diodes 554 and 556,
respectively have common terminals with the plates of diodes 558 and
560 The cathodes of the diodes 558 and 560 are in turn connected to
the upper terminal of the winding 536 as seen in Figure 11 ?bh diodes
554, 556, 558 and 560 may each be four series-connected germanium
diodes.
The lower terminals of the windings 548 and 550 are connected together
in a manner similar to that disclosed above for the windings 534 and
536 In this way, the windings 548 and 550 operate differentially to
produce magnetic fluxes in opposite directions in their respective
cores 538 and 540 Connections are made from the upper terminal of the
winding 548 to the plate of the diode 558 and from the upper terminal
of the winding 550 to one terminal of a load 562 having a relatively
low impedance The other terminal of the load 562 is connected to the
plate of the diode 560 By way of illustration, the load 562 may be a
resistance having a value of approxiLrly 1,CJ 3 ohms Actually, the
load may 785,549 785,549 the winding associated with the core.
Increases in voltage result in a decrease in the time required to
change the polarity of core saturation Similarly, increased periods of
time are required to saturate a core for decreases in voltage applied
to the associated winding.
The combination of voltage and time required to convert a core from
one polarity of saturation to the opposite polarity of saturation has
been defined as the " volt-seconds capacity" of the core The term
"voltseconds" can bee mathematically described as the integral of
voltage with respect to time.
Thus.
At volt-seconds= 5 Vdt, where V= the voltage at any instant; and dt=
an infinitesimal increase in time from that instant.
Since the volt-seconds level of a core at any instant is dependent
upon the value of the volt-seconds which have been applied through an
associated winding previous to that instant, the curve shown in Figure
16 represents the relationship between current and volt-seconds.
The value of the current is represented along the horizontal axis and
the amount of voltseconds is represented along the vertical axis.

As will be seen in Figure 16, the portions 570 and 572 are relatively
steep and the portions 574 and 576 are relatively flat such that a
response curve approaching a rectangle is produced Such a response
curve is desirable for reasons which will become apparent in the
subsequent discussion.
During alternate half cycles, the source 511 of Figure 11 has a
positive voltage on ith upper terminal and a negative voltage on its
lower terminal, such a voltage relationship being hereinafter referred
to as a positive half cycle During such periods, magnetizing current
flows downwardly through the windings 516, 518, 520 and 522 This
magnetizing current is relatively small and produces in the cores 524,
526, 538 and 540 magnetic fluxes in a downwardly direction These
magnetic fluxes move the volt-second level of the cores in a downward
direction on the hysteresis loop shown in Figure 16.
If a voltage should be applied by the battery 532 to the windings 530
and 528 through the rheostat 533 as shown, current would flow
downwardly through the winding 530 and upwardly through the winding
528 The current through the winding 530 would cause the winding to
produce a magnetic flux in the core 526 in the same direction as that
produced by the winding 518 However, because of the differential
action of the windings 528 and 530, the winding 528 would produce a
magnetic flux in the core 524 in the opposite direction to that
produced by the wlinding 516 The resultant rate of change of flux in
the core 526 would thus be greater 65 than the rate of change of flux
in the core 524.
Since the core 526 has a greater rate of change of flux at any instant
than the core 524, a greater voltage is instantaneously applied by the
source 511 to the winding 518 70 than to the winding 516 The
application of a greater voltage to the winding 518 than to the
winding 516 causes the core 526 to become saturated before the core
524 since the core 526 receives a greater amount of volt-seconds 75
per unit of time than the core 524.
Since the line winding 518 has a greater voltage than the line winding
516, the output winding 536 has a greater voltage than the output
winding 534 This results in voltage 80 being applied to the rectifiers
554, 556, 558 and 560 in the back or non-conducting direction
Consequently, the voltage source 532 must only supplyv incremental
magnetizing current to the cores 524 and 526 and low back 85 current
to the rectifiers.
As disclosed above, only magnetizing current initially flows through
the windings 516, 518, 520 and 522 This magnetizing current is
relatively small since the cores 524, 90 526, 538 and 540 are
unsaturated and the cores are operating in the region 572 of Figure 16
During this time, the voltage across the windings 520 and 522 is of

the same order of magnitude as ile voltage across the windings 95 516
and 518 This results from the fact that the resistances 512 and 514
have values ot the same order of magnitude, thereby causing a voltage
to be produced across the resistance 512 of the same order of
magnitude as the 100 voltage across the resistance 514 The voltage
produced across the windings 516 and 518 is illustrated at 580 in
Figure 12 C and the voltage across the windings 52 G and 522 is
illustrated at 578 in Figure 12 B These voltages 105 are produced as a
result of the application ot a substantially sinusoidal voltage from
the source 511 as illustrated at 581 in Figure 12 A.
When the core 526 becomes saturated, substantially no voltage is
produced across the 110 winding 518 This results from the fact that
the core 526 is operating in the substantially flat portion (Figure
16) of its response curve and causes a negligible impedance to be
produced in the winding 518 Since no voitage 115 is produced in the
winnding 518, the voltage from the source 511 must be redistributed in
the windings 516, 520 and 522.
On first thought, it would appear that a voltage would be produced
across the wind 120 ing 516 of the same order of magnitude as the
voltage across the windings 520 and 522 when the core 526 becomes
saturated It would appear that this voltage relationship would occur
because of the values of the resis 125 tances 512 and 514 However, if
any voltage of the polarity normally produced by the source 511 were
to appear across the line 52 and the diodes Since the current flows
ipwardly through the winding 534 in Figure 11, it produces flux which
opposes the flux )btained by the flow of current through the winding
516 from the source 511 Because 70 of this opposing action, the core
516 cannot become saturated in the half cycle of line voltage.
The voltage producing the flow of current through the dummy load 552
has a positive 75 polarity at the upper terminal of the winding 534
and an opposite polarity at the lower terminal of the winding As will
be seen, however, the battery 532 produces a more positive polarity at
the lower terminal of the winding 80 528 than at the upper terminal of
the winding.
This causes volt-seconds to be produced by the flow of current through
the dummy load 552 in an opposite direction to the voltseconds
produced by the battery 532 Thus, 85 the florw of current through the
dummy load 552 provides a stabilizing action in maintaining the
operation of the amplifier as disclosed above.
The above discussion relates to the operation of the magnetic
amplifier when a post 90 tive voltage is applied from the source 511
to the winding 516 and when no signal is produced by the source 546
However, the amplifier operates in a similar manner upon the
application of a positive voltage from the 95 source 511 to the

winding 522 (hereinafter defined as a negative half cycle) and the
application of no voltage from the source, 546.
Under such a set of conditions, current flows upwardly through the
windings 522, 520, 518 100 and 516 This current produces flux in the
core 524 in the same direction as the flux produced in the core by the
flow of current from the battery 532 The flux produced in the core 526
by the application of voltage from 1 5 the source 511 opposes the flux
produced in the core by the application of voltage from the battery
532 This causes the core 524 to become saturated before the core 526.
When the core 524 becomes saturated, the 110 full voltage from the
source 511 is applied across the windings 522 and 520 This voltage
causes the cores 538 and 540 to become simultaneously saturated and
the full line voltage to be subsequently impressed across the 115
winding 518 Since the lower terminal of the winding 518 has a more
positive voltage impressed upon it than the upper terminal ot the
winding, the voltage induced in the winding 536 is more positive at
the lower terminal 120 than at the upper terminal This voltage is in a
direction to produce a flow of current through the dummy load 552 and
the diodes in a manner similar to that disclosed above.
Thus, the magnetic amplifier operates in a 125 similar manner during
both halves of each voltage cycle from the source 511.
The characteristics of the magnetic amplifier ate chosen so that the
amplifier will operate in a manner similar to that illustrated in 130
winding 516 and hence the output winding 5 534, a very large current
would flow through 1 the resistor 552 and the rectifirs 554, 556, 558
and 560 in the forward direction of the rectifiers-in other wcrds, the
direction of low N rectifier impedance This current from the output
winding 534 would necessitate an 1 equivalent current through the line
winding 516 as a result of normal transformer action.
l-wever, the current through the line winding 516 would also have to
flow through line vvindings 518, 520 and 522.
Since no load current can flow through the windings 520 and 522 when
they are unsaturated, only magnetizing current can flow through the
winding 516 The impedance presented by the winding 516 to the
magnetizing current is relatively low since a relatively low impedance
is presented to the winding by the circuit including the output
windings 534 and 536, the load 562 and the diodes Because of the
relatively low impedance presented to the winding 516 and the
relatively small current through the winding, practically no voltage
is produced across the winding This is illustrated at 582 in Figure 12
C This causes the full voltage from the source 511 to be applied
across the windings 520 and 522, as illustrated at 584 in Figure 12 B.
The application of the full line voltage across the windings 520 and
522 causes a considerable amount of volt-seconds to be fed into the

cores 538 and 540 such that the cores become saturated relatively
quicldy In the absence of a signal current, the cores 538 and 540
become saturated at substantially the same instant since they have
similar voltsecond caparities and the same amount of volt-seconds are
fed into the cores When the cores become saturated, the impedances
presented to the windings 520 and 522 become relatively low and the
voltages produced across the windings become negligible This is
illustrated at 586 in Figure 12 B. Upon the saturation of the cores
538 and 540, the core 524 is the only core remaining unsaturated This
causes the full line voltage from the source 511 to be impressed
across the winding 516, as illustrated at 588 in Figure 12 C The large
voltage across the winding 516 causes a considerable current to flow
through the winding and a large voltage to be induced in the winding
534 Since the voltage induced in the winding 534 has the same polarity
as the voltage applied to the winding 516, the upper terminal of the
winding 534 in Figure 11 is at a more positive potential than the
lower terminal of the winding The large voltage across the winding 534
in turn causes a load current to flow through the circuit including
the dummy load 552, the diodes and the windings 534 and 536.
This current is relatively large because of the low impedance
presented by the dummy load 755,549 is Figures 12 A to 12 C inclusive,
when a maxirnum voltage such as 130 volts is produced by the source
511 and when no signal is p -:duced by the source 546 As -wvill h seen
Figure 12 C, the core 524 saturates relatively late in the first half
cycle and in alternate half cycles thereafter and tihe core 526
saturates relatively late in the second half cycle and in alternate
half cycles thereafter.
j I The saturation of either the core 524 ot the core 526 at a
relatively late time in each half cycle causes the full linae voltage
from the source 511 to be applied to the windings 520 and 522 for only
a relatively short time in each half cycle before the cores 538 and
540 saturate This is seen by the relatively short duration of the
curve portion 584 in Figure 12 B Since the cores 538 and 540 become
saturated at almost the end of each 2 half cycle, the full line
voltage is oniy applied in alternate half cycles across the
vwinding,130 for relatively short periods of time, as illustrated at
588 in Figure 12 C Similarly, the full line voltage is applied to the
winding 516 for only a relatively short period of time in alternate
-half cycles of voltage Because of this, the volt-seconds produced in
the wind-ings 516 and 518 by the current flowing through the dummy
load 552 is relatively low.
As has been previously disclosed, the line voltage from the source 511
may 7 vary considerably For example, before work is commenced in
factories in the morning, the voltage may be relatively high since not

much pcower is being consumed Late in the day, the voltage may
decrease considerably since not only factories are consuming
considerable power but people require electricity to light their homes
Thus, the voltage from the source 511 may ovary from as high a value
as volts to as low a value as 100 volts The low line voltage from the
source 511 is illustratzd at 589 in Figure 13 A.
When the line voltage from the source 511 is relatively high, each of
the switching magnetic amplifier cores 524 and 526 receives a
considerable amount of volt-seconds The core remaining unsaturated at
the end of each half cycle receives a considerable amount of
volt-seconds during the half cycle This causes the unsaturated core to
be at a position approaching saturation in the hysteresis loop shown
in Figure 16 For example, the core 524 would have a volt-second level
corresponding to the position 590 in Figure 16 at the end of each
positive half cycle (i e, upper terminal of source 511 is positive) As
will be seen, the position 590 is not far from the flat portion 576
representing the negative saturation of the 'core 526 at such times.
Upon a decrease in the voltage applied to the windings from the source
511 the voltseconds applied to the cores 524 and 526, 538, 540
decrease As will be disclosed in detail hereinafter, the volt-seconds
are still sufficient to produce a saturation of one of the cores 524
and 526 and oi both cores 538 and 540 during each half cycle when no
tsignal is applied from te source 546 However, the care remaining
unsaturated is not as close to 70 saturation as it is when the line
voltage is h Ligh For example, the core 524 would have a volt-seconds
i Lvel corresponding only to the position 592 in Figure 16 at the end
of alternate half cycles (i e, positive voltage from 75 tee source 511
- shen the line voltagz is only volts) As will be seen, the position
592 g s mnuch further away than the position 590 from GS hale negative
saturation represented by ifat portion 576 80 A zeduction in the line
voltage from the source 511 causes the Barlhausen effect to becomev
temporarily predominant in the op:razion of tht magnetic amplifier
when the source 532 is not present The Barkhausen 85 eacot relates to
the phenomenon that cores do not always operate in the same way at
differZ.i=es For example, the molecules in the core may not be
magnetically aligned as well at one instant under a particular set of
90 conditions as at another instant under the saime set of conditions
This causes the flux produced,by the core to be less at one instant
than at the other As -w Yill be s en, each core has a random voltage
variation from a norm 95 in accordance with the Barkhousen effect.
The Barlthausen effect will now be considered in relation to the pair
of switching cores 524 and 526 The effect will also be considered in
positive half cycles when cur 100 rent flows downwardly through the
windings 516, 518, 520 and 522 as a result of a positive voltage on

the upper terminal of the source 511 Under these conditions, the
Barkhausen effect produces a random distri 105 bution of voltage
between the windings 516 and 518 and consequently between the windings
534 and 536 Since the windings 534 and 536 are connected
differentially, the voltage across these windings in series tends to
110 fluctuate 'from positive to negative rapidly in a tandom manner.
If the random differential voltage produced by the Barkhausen effect
were positive (upper terminal of winding 534 positive), it would pro
115 duce a filow of current through the dummy load 552, the diodes and
winding 536 This current would flow upwardly through the winding 534
and downwardly through the winding 536 in a direction to produce flux
iii 12 C opposition to that resulting from the Barkhausen effect As a
result, the Barkhausen effect can never build up to an appreciable
differential voltage of positive polarity However, a negative
differential voltage as a result 125 of the Barkhausen effect will
only generate low current because of the high impedance presented by
the diodes 554, 556, 558 'and 560 Therefore, negative differential
voltseconds can accumulate 13 C 785,549 785,549 As a result of the
Barkhausen effect, the core 524 at the end of positive half cycles of
line voltages changes from the position 590 to the position 592 in
Figure 16 when the line voltage decreases Since the core 524 has a
volt-second level corresponding to the position 592 at the end of
positive half cycles for low line voltages, it has only to travel from
the position 592 to the flat portion 574 in the subsequent half cycles
to become positively saturated As a result, the core 524 requires less
volt-seconds to become saturated upon the imposition of low line
voltages than upon the imposition of high line voltages This causes
the core 524 to become saturated earlier in the ntgative half cycle
for low line voltages than for high line voltages This may be seen by
comparing the duration of curve portions 593 and 594 in Figures 13 B
and J 13 C with the duration of the corresponding curve portions 578
and 580 in Figures 12 B and 12 C Similarly, the core 526 becomes
saturated relatively early in positive half cycles.
Upon the saturation of the core 526 in positive half cycles,
substantially no voltage is produced across the winding 518 For the
saine reasons as disclosed above in the discussion of high line
voltages, the voltage across the windings 516 and 518 have a
negligible value, as illustrated at 595 in Figure 13 C When the
windings 516 and 518 have a negligible voltage, the windings 520 and
522 hav e the full line voltage imposed across them, as illustrated at
596 in Figure 13 B. Because of the low line voltage, the cores 538 and
540 require a longer time to become saturated after the<y receive the
full line voltage than in the case where the line voltage is high This
is illustrated by the relatively long duration of the curve portion

596 in Figure 13 B Both of the cores 538 and 540 bcome saturated at
the same time since they both have similar characteristics and receive
the same amount of volt-seconds.
The saturation of;the cores 538 and 540 causes the voltage across the
windings 520 and 522 to edrep to a negligible value, as illustrated at
598 in Figure 13 B When this occurs, the full line voltage is applied
across the winding 516 This is illustrated at 600 in Figure 13 C The r
sultant flow of current through the dummy load 552 and the diodes is
in a direction to stabilize the operation of the magnetic amplifier,
as fully disclosed above Thus, one of the cores 524 and 526 r,;mains
unsaturated during each half cycle of line voltage even when the line
volt, age drops to a relatively low value such as 100 volts.
The operation of the nsagnetic amplifier as disclosed above has
proceeded on the basis of no signal from the source 546 It has been
-hewn by such disclosure that the magnetic amplifier can never draw
excessively large currents from the source 511 even with considerable
variations in line voltage The operation previously described is
modified, however, when ia signal is introduced to the windings 542
and 544 from the signal source 70 546, since the purpose of the
magnetic amplifier is to amplify such signals.
When the signal source 546 has a more positive voltage at its lower
terminal than at its upper terminal, current flows downwardly 75
flhrough the winding 544 in Figurp 11 and upwardly through the winding
542 This current produces a flux in the core 540 in the same direction
as the flux produced by the line current through the winding 522 when
80 the line currsnt flows downwardly through the winding However, the
flux produced in the core 538 by the signal current from 'the source
546 is in opposition to the flux produced in the core by the line
currnnt from the 85 source 511 This causes the core 540 to receive
more volt-seconds than the core 538 and to become saturated before the
core 538.
During the time that all of the cores 524, 90 526, 538 and 540 are
unsaturated, the voltage across the windings 516 and 518 is of the
same order of magnitude as the voltage across the windings 520 and 522
This is shown by tei curve portion 602 in Figure 14 C for 95 the
voltage across the windings 516 and 518 and by the curve portion p 504
in Figure 14 B for the voltage across the windings 520 and 522 It
results in part from the fact that the resistances 512 {and 514 are of
the same order 100 of rnagnitude It also results in part from the fact
that the signal from the source 546 appears across the windings 534
and 536 in a manner similar to its appearance across the windings 548
and 550 As will be seen, the 105 voltage produced by the signal source
546 acro'ss the windings 536 and 550 is in a direction to aid the flux
produced in the cores 526 and 540 by the line voltage The voltage

produced by the source 546 across the wind 110 ings 534 and 548 is in
a direction to oppose the flux resulting from the line current.
The instantaneous voltage relationships in the different line windings
for an unsaturated state of the cores 524, 526, 538 and 540 tan 115 be
expressed by the following four linear equations when there are
substantially eqi-ll turns ratios between the various windings in the
switching amplifier and the corresponding windings in the main
amplifier: 120 e 1 +?e, + e, + e 4-e L ( 1) ( 2) e e, where ( 3) e,+e,
Resistance 512 ( 4) 03 + e 4 Resistance 514 Cl =tthe voltage across
the winding 516; e,=the voltage across the winding 518; th = he
voltage #across the winding 520; e =ithe voltage across the winding
522; 785,549 e L=the line voltage from the source 511 and C,=the
signal voltage from the source 546.
After positive volt-seconds have been applied to the cores for some
time the core 526 becomes saturated and ithe impedance of the winding
536 becomes relatively low The core 526 becomes saturated first for
the same re'asons as disclosed above for the case where no signal
voltage is produced by the source 546 However, the core 526 becomes
saturated at an earlier time in the half cycle than in the case where
no signal voltage is produced by the source 546 This results from the
action of the signal source 546 in changing the voltage relationships
across the different line windings so as to produce an increase in the
volt-seconds applied to the core 526 above that ordinarily received by
the core from the line source 511.
Upon the saturation of the core 526, the voltage across the winding
516 drops to a negligible value in a manner similar to that disclosed
above The voltage drops to a negligible value provided that the signal
voltage from the source 546 has disappeared If a signal is still being
produced by the source 546, the voltage across the winding 516
actually drops to a negative value This may be seen by making e 2 = 0
in the above equations and solving the equations for e 1 since
equation ( 4) is no longer valid As will be seen from equation ( 2),
e, then equals -es The voltage produced across the winding 516 is
illustrated at 606 in Figure 14 C for the situation where the source
546 is still producing a signal voltage after the core 526 has bscome
saturated.
The solution of the above equations for the situation where e,= O
indicates that c 3 =-; and ( 5) ( 6) 2 The total voltage across the
windings 520 and 522 is e L+e S, as illustrated at 608 in Figure 14 B
As will be seen from equations ( 5) and ( 6), the core 540 is
receiving a greater number of volt-seconds than the core 538 after the
saturation of the core 526 Furthermore, the core 540 had received a
greater amount of volt-seconds 'than the core 538 before the
saturation of any core because of the differential action produced by

the windings 542 and 544 on the voltage from the signal source 546
This causes the core 540 to become'saturated before the core 538.
When the core 540 becomes saturated, the impedance presented to the
winding 522 becomes relatively low and the voltage across the winding
becomes negligible Since the cores 524 and 538 are now the only corts
remaining unsaturated, approximately half of the voltage from the
source 511 is impressed across the winding 516 and the other half is
impressed across the winding 520 These voltages are respectively
illustrated at 610 65 and 612 in Figures 14 C and 14 B. During the
time that the cores 526 and 540 are saturated, current flows through a
circuit including the winding 534, and dummy load 552, the diodes 554
and 558 and the diodes 70 556 and 560 and;the winding 536 This current
is relatively large since the impedance presented by the dummy load
552, the diodes and the winding 536 is relatively low.
Because of this current, the voltage on the 75 plate of the diode 558
is substantially equal to the voltage on the plate of the diode 560
This results from the fact that the voltage drops across the diodes
554 and 556 are essentially equal 80 Since the plates of the diodes
558 and 560 have substantially equal voltages, the impedance between
these members must be relatively low This causes the voltage generated
across the winding 548 to produce a flow 85 of current Through a
circuit including the diode 558, the winding 536 the winding 534, the
dummy load 552, the diode 556, the load 562, the winding 550 and the
winding 548.
This current produces an output voltage 90 across the load 562, as
illustrated at 614 in Figure 14 D.
After the core 54 G has become saturated, volt-seconds are still
applied to the core 538 since approximately half of the line voltage
95 from the source 511 is impressed across the winding 520 during this
time This causes the core 538 to become saturated some tinie after
'the saturation of the core 540 Upon the saturation of the cores 538
and 540, the 100 voltage across the windings 520 and 522 becomes
neg,,ligible, kis illustrated at 616 in Figure 14 B This causes the
full voltage from the source 511 to be impressed across the winding
516, as illustrated at 618 in 105 Figure 14 G The core 524 cannot
become saturated at any time during the positive half cycle of Sine
voltage for the same reasons as disclosed above for the case where no
signal is produced by the source 546 110 In the next ihalf cycle of
line voltage, the core 524 becomes saturated before the core 526 in a
manner similar to that disclosed above Furthermore, the core 1538
bcomes saturated before the core 540 because of the 115 differential
volt-seconds introduced to the cores from the source 546 ussuming
voltage from the source 546 remains the same polarity When the cores
524 and 538 become saturated, currents flow through the 120 dummy load

552 and the load 562 in a manner similar to that described above This
results from the induction of more positive voltages at the lower
terminals of the windings 536 and 550 than at the upper terminals 125
is opposite polarity However, as has been previously disclosed, the
Barldkhausen effect has the same action as the battery 532 Therefore,
the battery 532, the rheostat 533, and the windings 528 and 530 on
switching amplifier 70 cores 524 and 526 do not have to be included in
the amplifier.
The apparatus disclosed above has several important advantages It
provides a relatively strong output pulse during each and every 75
half cycle of line voltage and during the same half cycle of line
voltage in which a signal voltage is introduced to the amplifier The
amplifier produces in successive half cycles output pulses
corresponding in amplitude and 80 polarity to the amplitude and
polarity of the signal voltage Furthermore, such output pulses are
completely independent of input signals (source 546) and output pulses
occurring any prior half cycle 85 The amplifier also has the advantage
that it operates efficiently such that excessive currents are never
drawn from the line source 511 even with considerable variations in
the line voltage from the source 511 For example, with the 90 values
disclosed for the different components at the beginning of the
specification, the line voltages may vary between 100 and 130 volts
without materially affecting the operation of the amplifier 95 Since
variations in voltage are equivalent to variations in frequency in
determining the total volt-seconds during each half cycle of line
voltage, it should be appreciated that the amplifier will also operate
reliably with con 100 siderable variations in the frequency of the
line voltage Furthermore, it is believed that a person skilled in the
art would understand from the above disclosure how to adjust the
circuit parameters so that the amplifier 105 operates efficiently with
even greater swings in voltage than 100 to 130 volts.
Since the magnetic amplifier disclosed above is capable of producing
large output signals, it can be used as the last stage in a sequence
110 of cascaded stages Prior stages in such a cascaded arrangement may
be similar to those disclosed in Figures 9 and 10.
The magnetic amplified disclosed above is especially adapted to be
used as the last stage 115 in a cascaded arrangement because of its
delivery of output power towards the end of each half cycle of line
voltage Since each stage provides some delay between the time that it
receives an input signal and delivers 120 an output signal, stages
prior to the last stage will have time in each half cycle to operate
properly when the last stage in the cascaded arrangement delivers an
output signal towards the end of each half cycle of line voltage 125
As may be seen from the above disclosure, the amplitude of the output

signal is dependent upon the amplitude of the input signal.
This may be seen from the fact that the current flowing through the
load 562 is depen 130 of the windings The current flows through the
load 562 until the core 540 becomes saturated.
It will thus be seen that an output pulse is produced across the load
562 in each half cycle of line voltage when a positive signal is
produced on the lower terminal of the source 546 relative to the
voltage on the upper terminal of the source It can be further shown by
a discussion similar to the above that an output voltage of opposite
polarity is produced across the toad 562 in each half cycle of line
voltage when the signal voltage is more positive art the upper
terminal of the source 546 than at the lower terminal of the source.
Thus, an output pulse is produced in each and every cycle of line
voltage when any signal is produced by the source 546 And, the
polarity and amplitude of the output pulse is determined by the
polarity and amplitude of the input pulse during the same half cycle.
The curves shown in Figure 14 relates to the situation where a
relatively high voltage, such as 130 volts, is produced by the source
511 and a relatively large signal voltage is produced by the source
546 The curves shown in Figure 15 illustrate the case where a low line
voltage such as 100 volts is produced by the source 511 and a large
signal is produced by the source 546 As will be seen, the curves shown
in Figure 15 are similar to the curves shown in Figure 14, except that
the relative times at which various cores become saturated may be
somewhat different because of the differenct in line voltage.
It is desiriable that one of the cores 524 and 526 saturate before
either or both of the coars 538 and 540 In order to insure this
sequence, the resistances 512 and 514 are respectively connected
across the windings 516 and 518 and across the windings 520 and 522
The resistance 512 is also provided with a slightly greater value than
the resistance 514 so that the cores 524 and 526 will receive slightly
more volt-seconds than the cores 538 and 540 during 'the time at the
beginning of each voltage half cycle in which all of the cores are
unsaturated.
It has been shown that current flows through the windings 534 and 536
and the dummy load 552 towards the end of each half cycle of line
voltage whether a low or a high voltage is applied to the magnetic
amplifier from the source 511 It has been further shown that current
flows through the windings 534 and 536 and the dummy load 552 in each
half cycle of line voltage whether or not a signal voltage is applied
to the magnetic amplifier from the source 546 and whether the signal
voltage is of one polarity or the other.
This current produces in the core 524 or the core 526 a change in the
volt-second level equivalent to that produced in the cores by the flow

of current from the battery 532 through the windings 530 and 528, but
of -785,5549 1 t 9 785,549 dent upon the voltages across the windings
548 and 550, and the voltages induced in the windings 548 and 550 are
dependent upon the amplitude of the signals applied to the windings
542 and 544.
The relative time at which the output signal is produced in each half
cycle is dependent upon the current flowing through the dummy load 552
and the windings 534 and 536 As disclosed previously, this current
controls the relative time in each half cycle in which one of the
cores 524 and 526 becomes saturated.
Since the cores 538 and 540 cannot generally become saturated until
one of the cores 524 and 526 becomes saturated, an output pulsecannot
be delivered in each half cycle until after one of the cores 524 and
526 has become saturated In this way, the relative timing -in other
words, the phase-of the output o signal can be controlled by adjusting
the amplitude of the signal applied to the windings 528 and 530 The
signal applied to the windings 528 and 530 may be adjusted in
amplitude by varying the positioning of the movable contact on the
rheostat 533 so as to change the effective resistance in the circuit.
Since both the phase and the amplitude of the output signal can be
controlled, the magnetic amplifier disclosed above can be used to
accurately control the operation of certain devices such as motors The
operation of the motor can thus be varied by adjusting the phase and
the amplitude of the output signal.
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* GB785550 (A)
Description: GB785550 (A) ? 1957-10-30
A typewriter including means for double letter space typing

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
7 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Jan 27, 1955.
9 No 2530/55.
Application made in Germany on Jan 27, 1954.
Index at acceptance:-Class 100 ( 4), C 20 (B 2 A: GIA).
Index at acceptance:ication:-B 41 j.
A Typewriter including means' for Double Letter Space Typing We,
OLYMPIA WERKE AG, of Wilhelmshaven, Germany, a German Body Corporate,
do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and, by the following statement: -
The invention relates to a typewriter comprising an actuating
mechanism for obtaining double letter-spacing.
A known mechanism of this kind effects a double step of the escapement
for the double letter-spacing by varying the stroke of the loose dog
which' is formed, like a slide The variation of the stroke is effected
by means of a special control device actuated by the double
letter-spacing key.
It is the object of the invention to devise an arrangement for the
double letter-spacing key which is particularly advantageous and
reliable in service, and which, if the key is depressed, actuates the
control device for effecting the double letter-spacing, locks this
device in its position, and' again releases this device for normal
typing by a repeated downward's movement of the key so that, in
contrast to systems known hitherto, it is not necessary to impart to
the double letter-spacing key a movement in an, additional direction

for the locking of the key in its depressed position, or for the
release of the locking device.
To this end, a typewriter with single letterspacing step and with
double letter-spacing step and a key in the key board for the changing
of the steps of typing, which key is operationally connected with the
letterspacing mechanism through a linkage, is characterised according
to the invention in that the linkage comprises a locking lever, which,
when the letter-spacing key is depressed and the linkage is shifted to
change the letter spacing step, locks the linkage in the shifted
position, and that the linkage comprises links, constituted by a pin
within a guide slot, so as to allow, after the locking has been
effected' a partial, return movement of the key lever whereby this
lever comes into a position to engage the locking lPrice 3 s; 6 d l
lever, and, when, depressed a second time, engages the locking lever
to move it into its 50 release position According to a preferred
construction, the said' linkage comprises a link lever pivotally
mounted near the key board of the machine; one arm of the said, link
lever is connected 55 to the letter spacing mechanism through rods and
levers linked together, one link consisting of a pin moving in a slot;
to the same arm of the said link lever a locking lever is linked by
means of a pin-and-slot link and a spring 60 urging the pin to move
towards one end of the slot, wherein the locking lever has a notch for
engaging a rigid abutment of the machine; near to the end, of the
other arm of the said link lever the key lever is linked 65 which is
guided for a substantially vertical movement by another link linked to
a rigid member of the machine; and the key lever has a lateral
projection which is positioned to engage a lateral projection of the
locking 70 lever when the latter is in the locking position, so that,
when the key lever is depressed a second time, it causes the locking
lever to move out of its, locking position.
Further details of the construction accord 75 ing to the invention
will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings,
wherein Fig 1 is a schematical representation of the double
letter-spacing key in connection with 80 the actuating mechanism
leading to the escapement, Fig la is a perspective front view of the
key, Fig lb shows part of the actuating mech 85 anism for effecting
double letter-spacing, Fig 2 illustrates the double letter-spacing key
in its normal' position, Fig, 3 shows the double letter-spacing key in
its depressed position for effecting double 90 letter-spacing, Fig 4
shows the double letter-spacing key in the double letter spacing
position, Fig '5 represents the double letter-spacing key at the
instant of changing over to normal 95 typing.
85,550 As shown, a paper carriage 2 with a platen 3 is mounted in the
usual manner in the rear part of the typewriter frame 1 The keylevers,

not shown, are guided within a comb-shaped keylever guide 4, fastened
to the frame 1 of the machine The keylevers are connected in a manner
known per se with sublevers 6 'by means of pull 'wires 5 The sublevers
6 are supported in a known manner in a sublever bearing 6 c and are
provided with arms 6 a and 6 b Each sublever 6 is connected through a
pull wire 7 with the associated typebar, not shown The arm 6 b of the
sublever 6 actuates, when a key has been struck, a universal bar 8
which in turn actuates the escapement device and the ribbon-feed
mechanism.
A transverse rail 9 is disposed at the rear part of the frame 1 of the
machine and is fastened to the lateral walls thereof, and this rail 9
carries holding brackets 11 fastened by means of screws 10, which
brackets serve for the support of a rotary shaft 12 A fork 13 is
fastened by means of screws 14 to the shaft 12, which fork is formed,
by an upwards extending projection 13 a provided with a slot 13 b (Fig
lb) The shaft 12 also carries an actuating lever 34 which is fastened
to the shaft and has a bent portion 34 ia extending to the left (as
shown in Fig 1) 'which influences the escapement device for effecting
double spaced step by engaging a pull rod 35 forming part of the
escapement device.
A bearing 151 is fastened to, and extends laterally from, the
universal bar 8, and linked to the upper end 15 a of the bearing is an
actuating bar 16 This actuating bar 16 is provided at its rear end
with a projection 16 a which engages the slot 13 b of the fork 13.
The lateral wall of the frame 1 of the machine also carries a lever 18
pivotally mounted about a pin 17 The portion of the lever 18, -which
extends to the left, is provided with a slot 18 a which serves for the
suspension of a wire 19 which connects the lever 18 with the actuating
bar 16 The lower part of the lever '18 is operationally connected
through an actuating wire 20 with the double letter-space key device
according to the invention.
This device consists of a double letter-spacing key 21 adapted to move
in a vertical direction and provided in a known manner with a key
button 22 The keylever 21 forms one member of a quadrilateral link,
the latter comprising in addition to the keylever 21, a link bar 23 >
a link lever 24 and a locking lever 25.
The double letter-spacing keylever 21 has a projection 21 a extending
to the left which serves for guiding the double letter-space keylever
in a slot provided in the comb-shaped keylever guide 4 in the same
manner as the other keylevers, The projection 21 a has at its left
hand lower end a bent lug 21 b which serves as a stop.
The link bar 23 is articulated on the one hand to an upwards extending
projection of the portion 21 a of the double letter-spacing lever 21
by means of a screw 26, and on the other hand to the keylever guide 4

by means 70 of a pin 27 The bar 23 is cranked to a small extent (Fig,
la), so that it can be guided in the same slot 46 of the comb-shaped
keylever guide 4 as the extension 21 a of the keylever 21, i e both
levers are positioned one 75 above the other.
The lower end of the double letter-spacing keylever 21, is articulated
with the link lever 24 by means of a screw 28 It is supported by the
sublever bearing 6 d by means of a pin 80 29 which is located
substantially at the centre of the link lever 24 The left-hand end of
the link lever 24 has an upwardly bent portion 24 a which carries two
pins 30 and 31.
Thle pin 30 serves as a link for the actuating 85 wire 20 which
actuates the double-step mechanism.
The pin 31 extends into a slot 25 a of the locking lever 25 Thus the
locking lever 25 is operationally connected on the one hand 90 with
the link lever 24 by means of its guide slot and the pin 31, and, on
the other hand, is guided in a special slot 4 c of the keylever guide
4 At its centre the locking lever 25 has a projection 25 b which
serves for fastening a 95 tension spring 32, the other end of which is
linked to a finger 24 b of the link lever 24.
The locking lever has at its central lower part a downwards extending
projection 25 c the purpose of which will be explained here 100
inafter The locking lever 25 has at its upper right-hand part a notch
25 d.
An extension 24 c of the link lever 24, which projects beyond the link
betveen this lever and the keylever 21, serves for fastening a 105
tension spring 33, the other end of which is connected to a projection
21 c of the double letter-space key 21.
The described arrangement operates as follows: 110 For typing with
double letter spacing, the loose dog, not shown in the drawing, which
is formed as a slide, has to be displaced in such a manner that the
escapement effects a double step For this purpose it is necessary 115
to shift downwards the pull rod 35 associated with the escapement This
operation is performed in such a manner that on depressing the key
lever button 22, the link lever 24 is angularly displaced about its
pivot 29 in 120 a clockwise direction, as shown in Fig 1, with the
result that the actuating wire 20 is pulled to the right and the lever
18 is rotated about its pivot 17 in an anti-clockvise direction,
whereby the pull wire 19 moves down 125 wards by gravity Accordingly,
also the actuating bar 16, which is linked to the said pull wire 19,
moves downwards The projection 16 a of the actuating rod 16, which is
guided within the slot 13 &, engages thereby the fork 130 785,550 1 A
typewriter with single letter-spacing step and with double
letter-spacing step and a key in the key board for the Ithanging of
the steps of typing, which key is operationally connected with the

letter-spacing mechanism through a linkage, characterised in that the
linkage comprises a locking lever, which, when the letter-spacing key
is depressed and the linkage is shifted to change the letter spacing
step, locks the linkage in, the shifted position, and that the linkage
comprises links, constituted by a pin within a guide slot, so as to
allow, after the locking has been effected, a partial return movement
of the key lever whereby this lever comes into a position to engage
the locking lever and, when, depressed a second time, engages the
locking lever to move it into its release position'.
2 A typewriter according to claim 1, wherein the said linkage
comprises a link lever pivotally mounted near the key board of the
machine; wherein one arm of the said link lever is connected to the
letter spacing mechanism through rods and levers linked together, one
link consisting of a pin moving in a slot, wherein to the same arm of
the said link lever a locking lever is linked by means of a
pin-and-slot link and la spring urging the pin to move towards one end
of the slot, wherein 'the locking lever, has; a notch for engaging a
rigid abutment of the machine, wherein near to the end of the other
arm of the said link lever the key lever is linked which is guided for
a substantially vertical movement by another link linked to a rigid
member of the m'achine, and wherein the key lever has a lateral
projection which is positioned tol engage a lateral projection of the
locking lever when the latter is in the locking position, so ithat,,
when the key lever is depretsed a second time, it causes the locking
lever to move out of its locking position, 3 A typewriter comprising a
double step mechanism substantially as described with reference to and
as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
For the Applicants, IMATTHEWS, 'HADDAN & CO, Chartered Patent Agents,
31 '32, Bedford 'Street, Strand, London, W C 2.
13, which in turn causes the shaft 12 to rotate.
The actuating lever 34 fastened to the shaft 12 is then caused to
rotate in the same direction, and' it pulls; with its projection 34 a
the pull bar 35, downwards Now the task is to maintain this position
for the time during which double-step typing is desired, Therefore, it
is necessary to lock the double letterspace key in its lower position
This locking is effected in the following manner:
When the key lever 21 is depressed and the link lever 24 is rotated
thereby in a clockwise direction, the locking lever 25 is moved to the
right by the pin 31 of the link lever 24 The upper edge of the locking
lever 25, which is guided in the special slot 4 c of the key lever
guide 4, then moves along the upper edge of the said slot '4 c up to
the notch 25 d of this locking lever 25 The spring 32 pulls the lever
25 to some extent upwards and, causes its notch 25 d to engage the
key-lever guide 4 so that the double letter-spaced key now remains

locked in its lower position (see Fig 3) However, the slot 25 a of the
locking lever 25 allows the link lever 24 and the key lever 21 to
carry out a return movement ito a small extent which makes it possible
for the lug 21 b of the double-space key lever 21 to pass past the
bent portion 25 c 'of the locking lever to assume a position above
this bent portion 'o of the locking lever 25.
If after the double step typing normal typing is to be restored, the
double letter-space keyiever is again depressed, whereby, its lug 2 lb
presses down the 'bent part 25 c of the locking lever 25 and causes a
rotation of the locking lever about its, pivot 311 in a clockwise
direction until the lug 2 '1 b and the bent part 25 c are disengaged,
The link lever 24 'is now free to move in an anti-clockwise direction
and causes through the actuating wire an angular displacement of the
lever 18 in a clockwise direction, whereby the actuating rod 1,6 is
released and a normal stepping action of the escapement is restored.
The invention is not limited to the described constructional example,
but may 'be applied with, advantage to all those typewriters where the
locking and subsequent release of the double letter-spacing key is
required.
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* GB785551 (A)
Description: GB785551 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Method and apparatus for generating magnesium vapour in the interior of a
molten metal or alloy using magnesium oxide
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Feb 18, 1955.

No 4944/55.
Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 1), A 9 C 1 (A: B: D: i G), A 9 (C 2
B: D 5), 14 B. International Classification: -C 22 b, c.
Method and Apparatus for Generating Magnesium Vapour in the Interior
of a Molten Metal or Alloy using Magnesium Oxide I, FREDRIK J 6 RGEN
ORDING HURUM, a turnings in order to achieve a high Norwegian subject,
of Dronningensgt, 50, specific gravity so that the briquettes may
Trondheim, Norway, do hereby declare the more or less submerge into
the molten invention, tor which I pray that a patent may metal The use
of lead results in be granted to me, and the method by which it
poisonous fumes while the use of iron 50 is to be performed, to be
particularly described turnings is attended only by partial subin and
by the following statement: mersion with a poor recovery of
The addition of magnesium to a molten magnesium.
metal or alloy having a melting point which is 2 Submerging briquettes
in the molten above the temperatures at which magnesium metal by
meanes of an inverted cup This 55 boils, involves a number of
difficulties cup acts as a trap for magnesium vapour Unalloyed
magnesium has a low specific and makes handling difficult and results
gravity and consequently will float on top of uncertain.
the molten metal or slag where it will readily 3 Fastening briquettes
to an iron rod by be attacked by the atmosphere, forming oxides means
of which the briquettes are kept 60 or nitrides besides being oxidized
by the slag forcibly submerged in the metal This The most common
method in use today for method has yielded very good results proadding
magnesium to a molten metal such as vided a suitable " filler " or "
moderator " for instance cast iron, steels and alloys consists is used
such as dead burnt Mg O, finely in adding the magnesium as part of an
alloy ground coke or ferrosilicon However 65 with a heavier metal,
such as nickel or copper such briquettes have the disadvantage of Such
alloys which usually contain no more igniting when exposed to the
atmosphere than 20 % Mg have an increased specific at high temperature
such as may be the gravity compared with pure magnesium and case when
the briquettes are kept suswill sink through the slag and partly
submerge pended in a pre-heated ladle into which 70 into the metal
below the metal is poured.
Alloys of magnesium with silicon or ferro The purpose of this
invention is to furnish silicon are also useful for the above purpose
a method utilising a briquette of such a but the resulting low
specific gravity is a great rfractory nature that it will not ignite
or handicap become partly destroyed when exposed to the 75 The
difficulties mentioned are aggravated atmosphere at high temperature

or to the by the fact that the magnesium evaporates with sputter of
metal over a prolonged period of a certain violence and forces any
lumps of time such as may be the case when pouring alloys containing
magnesium to the surface of a big charge of metal into a pre-heated
ladle the metal, the magnesium passing into the or other vessel or
when collecting the metal 80 atmosphere as fumes of Mg O from two or
more furnaces into a common ladle Such methods which consist of the
addition or particularly when collecting the metal from of lumps of a
magnesium-containing alloy to a cupola furnace to fill a big ladle The
a metal in the spout of the furnace or in the briquette according to
the invention may be runner will permit only a low recovery and be
kept in a fixed position in a pre-heated ladle 85 a source of hazards
or furnace for the desired length of time withA number of methods have
been invented out any danger of ignition or destruction such based on
the use of briquettes including as will be present when the briquettes
contain magnesium as a component, such as: magnesium in the metallic
state or in the form 1 Briquetting magnesium with lead or iron of an
alloy 90 lPice 3 s 6 d l iI; 1 Furthermore the unused remnants of the
briquettes may be used again for one or more additional treatments
after the ladle has been emptied of its contents.
According to the invention, calcium silicide and burnt magnesium oxide
are used as reacting agents in briquette form and the briquettes are
fixed so that the magnesium vapor generated and the slag formed will
rise and float unhindered to the top of the surface of the metal the
remnants of the briquettes being held securely fixed while
progressively brought to reaction Such briquettes may be stored for
any length of time and will not ignite or become attacked by the
atmosphere at high temperature When however submerged in a metal
having a temperature above that of the boiling point of magnesium, a
reaction will begin whereby magnesium is emitted as a vapour while
calcium silicide is transformed to a calcium silicate This reaction is
progressive and without violence and its rate will depend on the flow
of heat from the metal into the interior of the briquette and also to
some extent on the composition of the briquette It is an a Ivantage
that such a briquette-if of large size-should be given a special shape
which will permit the metal to penetrate into the interspace between
two adjoining surfaces and thereby facilitate the flow of heat to the
interior of the briquette It is furthermore advantageous that the
calcium silicate formed on the surface of the briquette shall be free
to rise to the top of the metal as a slag and not obstruct the flow of
heat from the metal by forming a protective coating on the surface of
the briquette For that purpose the briquette may be given a composite
shape in having a flat cylindrical portion and an inverted truncated
conical portion any slag which is formed being thereby permitted to

move upwards without being trapped.
It is furthermore an object of the invention to furnish a briquette
which is not too highly refractory, but which will begin to fuse at a
temperature somewhat below that of the molten metal As fusion begins
the reaction will be facilitated and the magnesium ivpour formed will
be instrumental in causing disruption or disintegration of that part
of the briquette which is in the state of partial fusion and the
reaction may thereby be accelerated as it proceeds from the outside of
the briquette towards the interior For that purpose such fluxes as Ca
F 2, Na F, Nak Si F 6, Na CI and other salts may be used as an
addition to the reacting agents, i e Mg O and calcium silicide The Mg
O may be replaced by burnt dolomite to the extent desired The
composition of the briquettes may be such that a 3 lag of a basic
character will result as the reaction proceeds and for that purpose
oxides of the alkali-earth metals may be added A basic slag thus
formed may be helpful for the removal of magnesium sulphide and other
compounds from the metal, because this slag will protect the sulphides
against reversal of the process such as wili take place it the oxygen
in the atmosphere is alloyed to attack the suiphides in the presence
ot metallic iron 70 W'tine such iluxes as mentioned above may De
useful to tne reaction, by initiating fusion at a lower temperature,
it may also be uselul to add sucn metals and alhoys as will likewise
initiate fusion at a lower temperature, 75 such as for instance
aluminium in linely powderd or granulated corm or a finely crushed
alloy of aluminium or ierrosiiicon may be mixed into the briquetue as
required tinely ground coke may also be added as a useful ace reacting
component of the briquette.
1 he method according to the invention will however be more clearly
understood by reference to the accompanying drawings of apparatus
winch is at present preferred tor the 85 purpose.
in these drawings:Pigure 1 is a central vertical section through a
furnace ladle; Pigures i and 3 illustrate different forms 90 ot
briquettes and the manner in which they are mounted.
Figure 4 shows an arrangement for enabling the briquettes to be
pre-heatea prior to their introduction into an induction furnace; 95
figures 5 and 6 sllow mocitied arrangements of tie briquettes.
The ladle I is only partially filed with metal Zs as is normal for
instance when the ladle is to be used for collecting metal trom a
cupola 100 wurnace, several tappmgs oeing required.
Extending from a bracket j hixeci with the ladle 1 is an overhanging
suppoit arm 10 which carries at its tree end a depending rod 4 for
supporting briquettes 3 and 6 respectively, the 105 upper part of the
rod being clad with a series ot abutting sleeves 7 of refractory
material serving both as spacers for clamping the briquettes and for

protecting the rod 4 Only the lower series of briquettes 3 are
submerged 110 in the molten metal and as shown in Figure 2 these are
in part cylindrical ( 8) and in part -of truncated conical form ( 9)
This shape permits the molten metal to enter the space 11 between each
pair of adjacent briquettes and 115 facilitates the flow of heat
thereto The truncated conical surfaces being lowermost the slag formed
on the surface of the briquette is thus allowed to rise to the top of
the metal without becoming trapped 120 The briquettes 6 as shown are
not yet submerged but are exposed to the heat and sputter of the
metal, and are pre-heated while the metal is filled into the ladle
Reaction does not take place however until these briquettes 6 are 125
actually submerged in the molten metal The flat cylindrical briquettes
as shown in Figure 3 may alternatively be used.
Since the briquettes referred to above may be strongly pre-heated
without initiating any 130 785,551 so that the magnesium vapor
generated and the slag formed will rise and float unhindered to the
top of the surface of the metal the remnants of the briquettes being
held securely fixed while progressively brought to reaction.
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* GB785552 (A)
Description: GB785552 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in and relating to fasteners
Invue'nor: PETER HENRY GAY ALLEN A' Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification: March 14, 1956.
No.7993/56.

Index at acceptance:-Class 44, BE 13 X.
International Classification:-FO 6 b.
GCOMPLETE SPEC Is FICATION Improvements in and relating to Fasteners
We, THE BRITISH THOMSON-HOUSTON COMPANY LIMITED, a British i Company
having its registered office at Crown House, Aldwych, London, W C 2,
do, hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be grranted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to
be particularly described in land by the following statement: -
This invention relates to means for fixing apparatus, such as
electronic units, to slotted angle or channel members from which racks
for mounting such apparatus is often constructed.
The object of the present invention is to provide a quick acting
fastener which nevertheless cannot be accidentally disengaged.
According to the invention there is provided a fastener comprising a
bolt member having a rectangular head, the bolt shank standing
perpendicularly off one of the long sides of said head, the root of
said shank being of a square cross-section having a side dimension
equal to the width of the head, the remainder of the shank being of a
cylindrical cross-sec-tion, ra helical spring positioned on the
cylindrical part of the shank and means for retaining said helical
spring on the shank situated at the free end of the shank.
The invention will be more readily understood from the following
description reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which
Fig 1 shows' 'a fastener according to the invention mounted in a panel
or side-walll of a chassis or the like, and Figs 2 a and 2 b which
show more clearly the construction of the bolt member.
In Fig 1 the bolt member 1 is shown positioned in a circular hole in
part of a sheet member which may well be the wall of a chassis The
bolt member has, as is more clearly shown in Fig 2 b a rectangular
head 2 of dimensions such ithat is will pass through the slots in the
angle or channel members of the racks.
The shank of the bolt is in the form of a square, root portion 3 which
changes to cylindrical form for the remainder 4 of its length.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l The end of the shank is machined as by threading,
drilling or grooving to' receive a, form of retaining means against
which a helical spring 7 when mounted on the shank, will bear As
shown, the end of the shank has a circumferential groove 5 therein
Dino which is fitted a spring clip 16.
In use, a chassis, or panel 8 fitted with the fastener is presented to
the rack on which it is to be mounted The head 2 of the bolt member
passes through one of the longitudinal slots in the angle or 'channel
and is then pulled against the spring,7 to draw the square pottion of
the shank clear of the slot When thus positioned, the bolt is rotated

through 90 and released, The root portion being square and being of a
size such as, so fit snugly the width of the slot, the bolt member
holds the supported apparatus firmly.
To release the apparatus the bolt head 2 is gripped, pulled against
the action of spring 7 and rotated; to allow the head to pass through
the slot.
The invention provides all the elements of a simple fastener for the
applications envisaged for it The bolt may be machined from a single
piece to withstand the considerable forces which heavy equipment may
impose on the head.
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