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MODULE 1 Job Search Process
Unit 1 Steps of Job Search Process
Vocabulary
Applying for a Job я
job search
want ad
to answer want ad
firm, company
employment
employment office
vacancy, job opening
to apply for position
job applicant
job title ( )
post, position
administrative job
high level job
top position
clerical position
managerial job
to resign
to fill position
(job) application form
to fill out/to complete job application
occupation
diploma
opy of higher school diploma
job interview
qualification background

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to research
seniority, length of service
duties '
job duties description '
manufacturing experience
professional experience
employer
employee
boss
probationary period
contract
personnel department/office
letter of invitation -
letter of introduction
cover letter
to take test
test scores
working conditions
benefits
Earnings і
wage ( і ),
salary ( ця),
fee , ( д )
to be paid by the job
( ід яд )
to be paid by the hour/salary
based on hourly rate
paid sick leave
fee for services
pay statement
pay check
paid holidays
paid vocation
raise
bonus
profit
cash award //bonus, premium
profit sharing
overtime pay ( )
gross pay
pay ;

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deduction
minimum wage/salary
regular pay
net salary//take home pay ( ).
Work, Job
extracurricular activities
short-term job
part-time job
job in one's special field
overtime job / to work overtime
well-paid job
full-time job
to hire //to employ ( )
work permit
ability to do job
to job smb. into post -
shift ( )
to go on the night shift
work hours ,
office hours ( , )
long hours
overtime
dole / relief (
/ )
to be on the dole /relief
to go on the dole (
)
local tax
income tax
social security tax
income tax return .
Discharge і ь я
layoff
to lay off //to fire
to be laid off // to be fired
to sack
to retire (on pension) ( )
retirement plan
to resign ,
Communicating at Work і я і
colleague //co-worker ,
specialist

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membership
standing
status
promotion
compensatory time
work experience
skill ,
performance review ,
break for lunch/dinner
sick leave
to share an idea є
employees' lounge
tiring day ,
to be an idler ,
to be out of practice
to work by fits and starts
to have big staff
to be job jumper " "( )
to be not equal to the task
to shirk work
to have pressing business
to face busy day
to be up to the elbows (ears, collar) in work
1. The recruitment process
Put the following stages of the recruitment process in the logical order.
The recruitment process
1. The company offered the job.
2. The company interviewed.
3. But he/she left the company after two years.
4. The company invited people for interview.
5. He/She joined the company.
6. The company advertised.
7. He/She was promoted to head of department.
8. The applicant completed the form.
9. The person accepted the job.
10. The company drew a shortlist of good interviewees and rejected unsuitable applicants.
11. There was a second interview.
12. The company sent an application form.
13. A person applied for a job.
Discuss each step with your group.
Learn the highlighted words by heart.

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2 Job Search Process
A. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the job search process?
2. How much time will the job search take?
3. What do you need to know before you start?
4. What are the steps of the job search process?
5. What are transferrable skill?
6. What job search techniques work?
7. Should you keep a record of your search?
B Now read the following information and check your answers.
What is the Job Search Process?
Your job search process begins the moment you start thinking about your future job
and continues until you have accepted a job offer. Over your lifespan you are likely
to find yourself going through the process several times (on the average, you can
expect to have between three and five career changes during your lifetime).
How Much Time Will the Job Search Take?
In general, job finding success is directly proportional to the amount of time you are
willing to spend in your search and the number of strategies you use to identify
potential openings. Sources suggest that you:
1. Be prepared for a long job hunt – 8-23 weeks.
2. Spend at least 20 hours per week on your job hunt.
3. Have an alternative plan.
Your persistence will eventually pay off. Make sure you have a support system of
family or friends to help you when you are feeling discouraged.
What Do You Need to Know Before You Start?
There is no magic way to find a job. It is hard work, takes time and at times may be
boring and frustrating. It will take all your skills in planning and follow through but
when done faithfully also pays the ultimate reward: A satisfying job for you! Some
rejection will be a normal part of job-hunting and a new experience for you. Rather
than letting rejections discourage you, let each one teach you a new way to improve
your skills for your next opportunity.
What Are the Steps of the Job Search Process?
A list of job search steps follows. The order may vary depending on your specific
needs and goals.
Step 1. Self Assessment
The job search process begins with an identification of your values, interests, skills,
accomplishments, experience, and goals. How can you seek a position if you don't
know what you want from a job and what you have to offer prospective employers?
Self-assessment, though a time-consuming process, provides invaluable information

9
to facilitate career decisions and to prepare you to market your background
effectively.
1) Values
An awareness of what you value (qualities that are important and desirable) in a career
will aid you in exploring career goals and attaining greater satisfaction in your work.
Review the following list of values and check those most important to you. Then rank
your top five values in order of priority.
· Job security
· Working as part of a team
· Working independently with little
supervision
· Making a contribution
· Professional status
· Mental challenge
· Pleasant surroundings
· Challenging, stimulating co-workers
· Different tasks to accomplish daily
· Financial rewards
· Creating something
· Ability to advance
2) Interests
Interests (areas that arouse your attention or enthusiasm) are closely related to values
and frequently trigger skill development. You can identify interests by looking at
enduring themes in your life-activities that persist over time, consistent choices,
recurring dreams, or the way you spend your time.
3) Skills
A skill refers to something you do well, including handling problems or tasks. The
key to your successful job search is recognizing these skills and communicating their
usefulness verbally and in writing to a prospective employer. Use accomplishment
statements to do so. They should:
· Describe your skills in concise, unambiguous terms.
· Refer to actual experiences to demonstrate your skill level.
· Connect your skills concisely to the needs of a prospective employer.
Some of the most marketable skills are those which are useful in a wide variety of
work environments. These are known as transferable skills. For example, the ability
to write effectively, communicate verbally, and use word processing or database
software are valued skills in the private as well as public sectors.
Types of transferable skills These can include technical skills such as driving,
languages or IT, or they can be limited to softer interpersonal skills. The following
list is not exhaustive, but it gives guidance about the type of skills employers are
seeking that you might have:
a) IT literacy– there are fewer and fewer jobs that can be done without some IT
skills. Make a list of all the packages and software programs you have used. Consider
desktop publishing, Internet research skills, CAD, statistical analysis programs, field-
related databases, systems operations, programming, and technical support skills.
You might be surprised by how much you know.

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What computer skills to put on a resume? To start with, one must be very well-
trained in MS Office. Other computer skills to put on a resume vary with your
qualifications and the job profile. For a database management job, you need to have
relevant experience or knowledge of softwares like MS Access, etc. For a design job,
you need to be acquainted with Adobe Photoshop. Hence the computer skills to put
on a resume vary with the nature of job that you are applying to.
Below is a list of computer hardware and software to help you think of your own
computer-related skills. If your computer knowledge is extensive, you might list it in
sections as illustrated:
COMPUTER SKILLS
Operating Systems:
Windows XP, Windows NT, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Mac 0SX, Mac OS 8.6,
Mac 0S9, Solaris, UNIX, AIX, Linux, Sun OS, OS/2, FreeBSD, DOS, Novell 2.15,
Novell 3.5, Novell 4.0, Novell 4.1, Novell 5.0, Novell 5.5, Exchange 5.5
Software / Applications:
Microsoft Office XP, Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Office 1997, MS Word, MS
Access, MS Excel, MS FrontPage, MS Project, MS Visio, MS SiteServer, Internet
Explorer, Outlook, Outlook Express, PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe
Illustrator, Corel Draw Pro, Corel Coffee Cup, Quark Xpress, Homesite, ColdFusion,
Studio, DreamWeaver, Inspiration, Claris, FileMaker Pro, SQL Server, MySQL, SQL
6.5 & 7.0, EZ-SQL, Enterprise Manager, IIS, LinkBot, Astra Site Manager,
NetObjects Fusion, BroadVision, Vignette, Pandesic, WebSphere, Eshare,
LivePerson, Borland Sidekick (PIM), Coldfusion Server, Interwoven, Open Market,
Crystal Reports, Enterprise Manager, Query Analyzer, MAS 90, MAS 200, Baan,
Business Works, Symbiator, Peachtree, Lotus 1-2-3, Bluebird, Pro-System Fx,
Creative Solutions, Lacerte, Scheduler, Publisher, Turbo Tax, Quicken, QuickBooks,
QuickBooksPro, World Ship, Suretrak Project Planner, AutoCAD, Oracle
Languages and Scripts:
C, C++, Visual Basic, Visual C++, PL/SQL, Java, JavaScript, HTML, DHTML,
HTTP/1, HTTP/1.1, Pop Server, TCP/IP, SQL, Oracle PL/SQL, PERL, J2EE,
ODBC/JDBC, Python, PHP, mySQL, PostScript, EJB, XML, KSH, ANT, AWK,
SED, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Coldfusion, Active Server Pages (ASP)
Hardware:
Macintosh, Sun Servers, Compaq, Intel Servers, IBM PC-XT, AT, PS-2, PC clones,
Dell, Gateway, 3Com Superstack 3 Switch 2200 with Gigabit Module, 3Com
Superstack 3 Remote Access System 1500 Base Unit, Addtron Hubs, Intel Network
Adapters, Intel Express 9100 Router, Adtran DSU / CSU (TI ESF CSU ACE),
TCP/IP, IPX, Routers, Switches / Hubs, Raid / Mirror, TI / DSL / ISDN / Frame
Relay, HP Printers (4000, 4050, 4500, 5si, 8000, P1000, 750c plotter, 1120 and 1000,
IBM PC-XT, AT, PS-2; PC clones: Acer, Dell, Gateway, HP9000, IBM
36/38/AAS400

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If you want to state the level of your proficiency in computer knowledge, you
may write: Advanced user of Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Internet, Outlook
OR Extensive knowledge of Microsoft PowerPoint, FrontPage, Google Docs OR
working knowledge of Corel Draw Pro.
b) Organization, Management & Leadership – being able to motivate and coach
others is crucial for anyone with management ambitions. But employers also look for
these skills in the wider workforce. Over a period of time, the same employees can be
promoted into managerial positions rather than having to go through an expensive
recruiting drive all over again. Hence one of the most relevant skills to put on a
resume is leadership skills. You should also include some instances where you have
displayed your leadership skills to back up your claim.
o Set goals and determine courses of
action
o Co-ordinate tasks
o Prioritise tasks
o Handle details
o Manage groups
o Delegate responsibility and review
performance
o Teach others
o Coach others
o Counsel
o Promote change
o Influence others
o Manage conflict
o Supervise others
o Motivate/inspire others to
achieve common goals
o Initiate new ideas
o Create innovative solutions to
complex problems
o Run meetings
o Take risks
c) Research skills– the ability to gather accurate information and compare and
contrast your sources is invaluable in most jobs. You should be able to demonstrate
this if you have recently completed a period of study.
o Identify appropriate information
sources
o Gather information
o Extract important information
o Utilize electronic search methods
o Compile numerical and statistical data
o Classify and sort information into
categories
o Identify resources
o Set goals
o Define needs
o Prioritise
o Analyse
o Create ideas
o Express ideas
o Identify problems
o Solve problems
o Develop evaluation strategies
d) Foreign languages– the expansion of the European Union and the globalisation of
trade are putting a premium on language skills. But your prospective employer might
want Polish or Chinese, not French and German. Never list your language level
higher than you actually are. You never know who will be interviewing you – they
just might start speaking to you in that language and if you can’t respond you’ve lost
the job. include basic or working knowledge, reading/speaking/writing only (as

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apply), "proficient in," "fluent in," bilingual, and native speaker. For example, fluent
in Russian; working knowledge of English OR native Ukrainian;
(adequate/competent/proficient) in (written / spoken) English and French OR
Ukrainian – native, Russian - Proficient, English – basic.
e) Presentation skills– these could relate to verbal or written presentations, or both.
You might have formal experience pitching to clients or, perhaps, you regularly
present your ideas on a work issue to colleagues.
o Listen attentively
o Speak effectively
o Write concisely
o Express ideas
o Facilitate group discussion
o Negotiate
o Provide effective feedback
o Persuade others
o Report information
o Describe feelings
o Interview
o Edit
f) Organisational skills – these concern self-discipline and the ability to meet
deadlines. Think of the times you have had to balance several activities at once. It
could have been at work, home or a mix of the two.
o Be highly organised
o Can work confidently under pressure
o Be able to work unsupervised
o Manage time
o Meet goals
o Diligent with detail
o Accept responsibility
o Set and meet deadlines
o Be capable of recognising and
meeting new challenges
o Be punctual
o Be accurate
o Be flexible
o Be a fast learner
g) Ability to Self-Manage and be Self-Motivated – A self-motivated employee or
an employee having internal volition, reduces the work of the management to
motivate him. A self-motivated employee also creates a positive attitude in people
around him, and hence helps motivate others too.
o Be able to work unsupervised
o Be able to strive and achieve goals
o Use initiative
o Make decisions
o Implement decisions
h) Problem-solving – employers want people who can think issues through logically,
determine what the issues are and come up with possible solutions. All employers
like people who are logically sound, and can take care of their own problems. An
analytically inclined employee reduces the work of others and hence improves the
overall organizational efficiency.
o Identify problems
o Solve problems

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i) Team Orientation – these days people are realizing the importance of teams in a
workplace. Working in teams makes it simpler to organize the company and helps
improve the efficiency of those working together, due to the synergy effect.
o Be able and willing to work with a professional team
o Be team player
o Co-operate with others
j) Work Ethic – A prerequisite for a good employee is to have a professional work
ethic. This is a very basic requirement, but mentioning this gives the employers some
confidence regarding the professionalism of the employee.
o Be reliable
o Be responsible
o Be honest
o Be tolerant
o Be tactful
k) Driving– don't assume that everyone drives, or underestimate how useful this can
be to an employer.
The competencies or transferable skills that are particularly popular with graduate
recruiters include:
· communication – ability to communicate orally, in writing, or via electronic
means, in a manner appropriate to the audience;
· teamwork – being a constructive team member, contributing practically to the
success of the team;
· leadership – being able to motivate and encourage others, whilst taking the lead;
· initiative – ability to see opportunities and to set and achieve goals;
· problem solving – thinking things through in a logical way in order to determine
key issues, often also including creative thinking;
· flexibility/adaptability – ability to handle change and adapt to new situations;
· self-awareness – knowing your strengths and skills and having the confidence to
put these across;
· commitment/motivation – having energy and enthusiasm in pursuing projects;
· interpersonal skills – ability to relate well to others and to establish good
working relationships;
· numeracy – competence and understanding of numerical data, statistics and
graphs.
Additionally, private sector employers like to see that applicants have some
commercial awareness – an insight into how firms operate, what is happening in the
business world and the impact this could have on their organisation.

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Task 1. Identifying your transferable skills.
Draw the given table in your notebooks and fill it in as in the examples given below.
My transferrable skills and how I can use them
Example of a transferrable
skill
How I use this skill What I can do for the
employer
“I can work confidently
under pressure.”
“I always hand my
assignments in on time,
even though I have a part-
time job.”
“If I can work under
pressure and still make
deadlines, I will be able to
take on new challenges
with confidence.”
“I like to achieve my goals.” “I have been a member of
my university's basketball
team for two years. We won
the National Student’s
Championship both years.”
“I always set and achieve
goals, so I am sure I will
rise to the challenge of
settling into my new role
quickly and successfully
meet any demands of
me.”
“I am able to motivate
others.”
“I had overall responsibility
for this year's Faculty Day,
making sure that everything
went smoothly.”
“If I can pull off the Faculty
Day, I know I can
contribute to your team.”
Step 2 Employment Objective
Having a clear idea of who you are, what you can do, what you want to do, and in
what environment you want to do it, will enable you to better develop a concrete
career objective – one that accurately reflects what you are seeking. A typical self-
serving objective can be formulated as follows: Career objective: To obtain a
meaningful and challenging position that enables me to learn the accounting field and
allows for advancement. If you answer a job advertisement, then in your Résumé you
should write the name of the position you’re applying for.
Step 3. Résumé (CV) and Cover Letter
These are the two most basic marketing tools for your job search. Developing an
effective Résumé (CV) and a good targeted Cover Letter is essential.
Step 4. Research and Explore Career Options
The next step in the job search process is to explore the "matches" between your
identified skills, interests, and values and the demands of career fields and organizations.
Step 5. Choose a Career Field, then Target Employers
After thoroughly researching possible careers/jobs, several field options will emerge
as most realistic and attractive. These options should become your career or job
search goals. It is probable that no single career will have the potential to utilize all

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your skills, allow you to develop all your interests, and incorporate a value system
completely compatible with yours. Therefore, try to target a career field that will
satisfy some of your high-priority needs. Other needs of less importance can perhaps
be satisfied in your leisure time activities.
Step 6. Plan and Conduct Job Search Campaign
1) Pursue Advertised Vacancies
The most commonly used job search technique is to respond to advertised vacancies,
both in print and electronically.
Sources of vacancies include:
· Newsletters from trade or professional associations.
· Newspaper classified ads (most major cities are on-line).
· Employment services and agencies run by government and for-profit
businesses.
To increase the odds of your success in responding to advertised vacancies, by
telephone or letter, keep these tips in mind:
· Do not waste time responding to long shots.
· Use your Cover Letter to answer every requirement in the advertisement.
· Personalize your response as much as possible. Direct your materials to specific
individuals, not "To Whom It May Concern," or "Dear Sir/Madam," unless the
advertisements are blind newspaper ads (name of organization withheld). A quick
phone call can provide appropriate names. In a blind ad, address your letter to a
specific position title, (e.g., Dear "Marketing Manager").
· Try to contact or write to the manager who will make the final hiring decision
as well as the personnel representative named in the advertisements.
2) Develop a Contact Network
Experience has shown that informal networking is a very rich source of job leads
and information about unpublished job opportunities. Successful networking requires
that you have as many contacts as possible hear your story, so they realize you are in
the job market.
Your network can consist of
· family members
· relatives
· friends
· fellow-students
· professors/teachers
· former employers
· members of professional associations
· Human Resource directors, public relations officials or public information specialists
Once you have targeted a career or specific position, you should acquaint yourself
with professionals in that field or organization. These professionals offer you an
insider's view and can constitute your contact network, which can open doors that
might otherwise remain closed.

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3) Contact Employers Directly
· Send a letter of application and your Résumé to the Human Resources
department or specific managers. This direct contact method is most successful
for candidates in high-demand fields (e.g., engineering and computer science).
The success of this method is greatly increased when letters are followed up by
phone calls, which may result in an invitation to visit the employer.
· Contact managers in organizations by phone or letter to request an appointment
to discuss the information you have obtained by reading annual reports, trade
literature, etc. For example: "I understand XYZ is planning to expand its
foreign market. I am completing an international business degree and am very
interested in this expansion. It seems a very progressive move. May I have 20
minutes of your time to discuss it?" Indicate your desire to meet with them
even if they have no positions currently available in their department.
· During your appointments with department managers, emphasize your
knowledge and interest in their organizations.
· Always follow up all interviews with thank-you letters, phone calls, and, when
appropriate, Résumés that have been revised based on information and
suggestions provided by managers.
· Even if managers have no positions available, once they have had a personal
interaction with you, they may think of you the next time they have, or hear of,
an appropriate opening. It is critical to stay in touch with these managers, at
least on a bi-monthly basis.
· Many job seekers have used informational interviewing to create new positions
by identifying organizational needs (through the interview, research, etc.) and
proposing these needs be filled with their own skills.
Tips for contacting employers
A. By Phone
When calling to schedule an appointment, three points should be covered:
1. Offer a personal introduction.
2. Identify your purpose for seeking an appointment.
3. Arrange a mutually convenient time.
REMEMBER
· Write an outline or script of what you are going to say on the phone. This will
decrease your anxiety and ensure that you will obtain all the necessary
information. Additionally, you will be perceived as organized and professional.
· If you are having problems getting " past the secretary," call before 9:00 a.m.
or after 6:00 p.m. Chances are, the individual you are trying to reach may be
answering his/her own telephone.
· If you are calling as the result of a referral, state that person's name early in
the conversation.
· Indicate you need only 20 to 30 minutes of the person's time. (Make sure you
adhere to this timetable.)
· Express the need for a personal interview as opposed to a telephone conversation.

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B. By Letter
As with phoning for an interview, a letter requesting an appointment should include:
1. Personal introduction.
2. Purpose for seeking appointment.
REMEMBER
· Type all letters in business format and double check for good grammar and
spelling.
· Always indicate in the concluding paragraph that you will be calling on a
specific date (usually one week after you mail the letter) to arrange for a
convenient appointment time. (Make sure you adhere to this timetable.)
· Maintain an organized file of all letters.
Step 7. Interview
Getting the interview is the goal of your tools – the Résumé and Cover Letter, and the
outcome of a successful plan of action. It is easy, however, to be so intent on getting
interviews that you neglect to prepare for them. Have you researched the
organization? Are you prepared to communicate what you can contribute? Have you
studied the kinds of questions often asked?
Step 8. Job Offer
"You've got the job!" are the four words job
hunters most want to hear. But what then? Are
you prepared to evaluate the offer to see if it
matches your interests and more importantly
your prioritized work values? Could you turn
down a job offer you felt was wrong for you?
How will you make your decision? Have you
determined what your basic monthly expenses
are so you can see if the offered salary will
cover them and allow you to begin at least a
modest savings plan?
Factors to Consider in Evaluating a Job Offer
Many career professionals suggest that after the interview you review what you
learned about the position and the company.
The Position
· Why is it available?
· How long has it been open?
· What happened to the previous employee?
· What would your specific responsibilities be?
· Are the goals set for the position realistic and attainable?
· Can you successfully perform the responsibilities of the position?
· What is your growth potential in this position?

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· Can this position provide bridges to future opportunities?
The Company
· Is the company growing or downsizing?
· Is the company a result of an acquisition or a planned expansion?
· Has this growth affected its profitability? How will it affect you and your position?
· What is the growth potential of the company's products and/or markets?
· What is the company's market share?
· Who are its competitors?
· What is the tenure of its management?
· Does the management team consist of new hires or people promoted from within?
· Does the company have a high retention rate of employees, or do they have a
problem with attrition?
Your Potential Supervisor
· How long has he/she been in this position?
· To whom does he/she report?
· What is his/her growth potential?
· Do you think you can work well with this person?
The Career Centre suggests you also evaluate the following:
· How does the position fit into your long- and short-term career goals?
· Do the daily work activities appeal to you?
· Are your salary and benefit requirements satisfied?
· Is there opportunity for advancement?
· Will you be developing new skills and expanding your experience?
· Are the demands of the job compatible with your lifestyle?
· Can you manage the stress associated with changing jobs/relocating?
· Are the values of the organization compatible with your own?
· Is this employment opportunity a mutually beneficial relationship?
What Job Search Techniques Work?
Your plan of action will include a variety of job search techniques. You should find
those you believe will best help you get the job you want.
1) Networking – Let people know you are looking! Talk to family, faculty, and
friends. Remember - everyone is a potential contact.
2) Cold Calls – This is the old ‘knocking on doors’ technique where you call
companies or go in person to personnel offices to inquire about possible
openings. Using this technique, however, requires careful preparation as you
will leave an impression with every person you meet in the process. You need
to be prepared to interview on the spot.
3) Field Specific Listings – These are job announcements found in professional jour-
nals and newsletters. They are more career specific than those found in daily news-
papers. An increasing number of field specific listings can be found in the Internet.

19
4) Mass Mailing – Sending out a large number of Cover Letter s and Résumé s is
a common but passive strategy. It is important that you know the odds – for
every 80 letters you mail out you can expect 2 – 4 positive replies. You need to
consider how much time and money you want to spend for this kind of return.
5) Want Ads – This is probably still the most widely used job search technique.
Like mass mailing, want ads don’t always yield a high positive return although
some fields use them more regularly than others. A better use of newspapers is
often for the information you can gain about an area through its news.
Subscribing to a paper in a city or state where you hope to work in can be a
useful strategy if you plan to relocate.
6) Career Fairs – Come and meet employers to network and position yourself for
a later application.
7) Experiential Learning – These include opportunities such as internships,
volunteer work and even student employment in your field of interest. More and
more employers are looking for people who already have experience or related
experience in their field and some have begun to hire only from their intern pool.
8) Luck and Chance – Don't underestimate the power of fortuitous circumstances!
Lucky people, however, are frequently those who know how to maximize their
good fortune by actively researching their field of interest to learn ways they
might position themselves to be in the right place at the right time.
Should You Keep A Record of Your Search?
Absolutely! Develop a file system, keep a notebook! Keep track of the names, addresses,
and phone numbers of your prospects. Record the dates of every contact you make. This
will help you stay organized and create a history your search that may later prove
helpful.
SUMMARY
Your ultimate goal is your new job. Following are the basic steps in the job search
process:
· Establish your career objective
o Self-assessment
§ Personality
§ Aptitude / Interests
§ Values
§ Identify personal skills and abilities
o Career exploration
§ Researching career types
§ Researching industries
§ Researching geographic locations
§ Understanding the career requirements
o Career preparation
§ Academic – major, classes, projects

20
§ Extracurricular – activities, clubs, leadership, sports
§ Experience – work, internships, volunteering
· Prepare job search tools
o Résumé
o Cover Letter
o References, letters of recommendation
· Find hiring companies
§ Building and activating a career network
§ Utilizing employer research materials
§ Job fairs /Want ads, etc
· Secure the interview
o Make contact
o Request and confirm interview
· Interview
o Prepare for the interview
o Phone interviewing / Company-site interviewing
· Offer
o Post-interview follow-up (thank-you letters, phone calls, etc)
o Job offer negotiation
o Accept and begin new job!

21
Language Development
Exercise 1. Reading for meaning
What are employers looking for?
Most employers say that they wish to employ the right person for the right job.
A recent report by Britain's independent Institute of Manpower Studies, however,
disagrees with this. The report states that most employers wish to avoid employing
the wrong person. Rather than looking for the right person, they are looking for
applicants to turn down.
The report also suggests that in Britain and in many other parts of the world,
the selection methods used to identify the right person for the job certainly do not
match up to those used to evaluate a piece of new equipment. Recruiters used three
main selection methods: interviewing, checking curriculum vitae or application forms
against predecided criteria, and examining references. Most of the recruiters
consulted in this survey stated that these selection methods were used more for
"weeding out" unsuitable candidates rather than for finding suitable ones.
Interviews were considered to be more reliable than either curriculum checks
or references from past employers. Research, however, proves otherwise.
Interviewers' decisions are often strongly influenced by their previous assessment of
the written application. Also, different recruiters interpret facts differently. One may
consider candidates who have frequently changed jobs as people with broad and
useful experience. Another will view such candidates as unreliable and unlikely to
stay for long in the new job.
Some employers place great importance on academic qualifications whereas
the link between this and success in management is not necessarily strong. Some
recruiters use handwriting as a criterion. The report states that there is little evidence
to support the validity of the latter for assessing working ability. References, also, are
sometime unreliable as they are rarely critical, whereas checks on credit and security
records and applicants' political leanings are often the opposite.
The report is more favourable towards trainability tests and those which test
personality and personal and mental skills. The report concludes by suggesting that
interviewing could become more reliable if the questions were more structured and
focused on the needs of the employing organisation.
When you read an article, you can often guess the words you do not know from the con-
text. Find words or expressions in the above article which have the following meanings:
1. reject (§1)
2. assess, estimate (§2)
3. a meeting between an employer, board of directors, etc and a candidate to
ascertain by questioning and discussion the latter's suitability for a post (§2)
4. predefined (§2)
5. a written account of a person's education and work experience (§2)
6. standards or principles upon which judgements are based (§2)
7. eliminating people or things or unacceptable quality (§2)
8. recommendation (§3)

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9. place a particular meaning on something (§3)
10. practical acquaintance with any matter gained by trial (§3)
11. proof (§4)
12. slight tendency to favour one thing rather than the other (§4)
13. ability to prepare oneself for specific purpose (by instruction, practice, etc) (§5)
14. aptitudes and competencies appropriate for a particular job (§5)
15. of necessity (§5)
Exercise 2. Secret Message
Job Search
Unscramble each of the clue words.
Copy the letters in the numbered cells to other cells with the same number.
Read the secret message!
Exercise 3. Applying for a job
Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage below.
references short-list experience vacancy qualifications
application forms interview applicants apply fill in
In times of high unemployment there are usually very many (a)_______ when a
(b)_______ is advertised. Sometimes large numbers of people (c)_______, and send
off (d)_______ for a single job. It is not unusual, in fact, for hundreds of people to

23
(e)_______ to a firm for one post. This number is reduced to a (f)_______ of perhaps
six or eight, from whom a final choice is made when they all attend an (g)_______.
Very possibly the people interviewing will be interested in the (h)_______ the
candidates gained at school or university and what (i)_______ they have had in
previous jobs. They will probably ask for (j)_______ written by the candidates'
teachers and employers.
Exercise 4. Choosing the right job
Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage below.
commute salary prospects promotion retire
ambitious perks increments commission pension
Job satisfaction is important but I have a wife and baby so I have to think about
money too. If a job interests me, I need to know what (a)_______ it offers and also
whether there are regular annual increases, called (b)_______. I want to know if I
will receive a (c)_______ when I (d)_______ at the age of 60 or 65. If the job is
selling a product, I ask if I'll receive a percentage of the value of what I sell, called
(e)_______. It is also important to know if there are extra advantages, like free meals
or transport, or the free use of a car. These are called (f)_______ or fringe benefits.
Are the future (g)_______ good? For example, is there a good chance of (h)_______
to a better job, with more money and responsibility? Is the job near my home? If it
isn't, I'll have to (i)_______ every day and this can be expensive. I am very keen to be
successful. I am very (j)_______. I don't want to stay in the same job all my life.
Exercise 5. Where to look
You've decided you need a new job. Where do you start to look? What kinds of
resources are available? Who are the best people to talk to?
The following text gives some suggestions which you might find helpful. But the
sentences are not complete. Test your knowledge of the language of jobs by choosing
the correct noun to fill the gaps.
Most jobs are advertised as current (position; application; vacancies). They
appear in the local and national (press; bodies; resource), trade (contacts; journals;
resource), and specialist career publications. In addition, many professional (bodies;
contacts; agency) offer an appointments service which can help job seekers find a
suitable (position; application; vacancies) in a particular (industry; ladder; schemes).
Recruitment (bodies; contacts; agencies) hold details of a wide range of vacancies,
and possibly local training (industry; ladder; schemes). The Internet is a valuable
(press; journals; resource) – not only for vacancies but to find background
information on companies.
Approximately one third of jobs is never advertised, but may be found by
approaching a company directly. This is called a speculative (position; application;

24
vacancies), and is common among students starting at the bottom of the career
(industry; ladder; schemes).
Finally, don't forget to use your personal (bodies; contacts; agencies).
Vocabulary
Match the words on the left (1-5) with their definitions on the right (a-e).
1. resources a. jobs that no-one is doing that someone is needed to do
2. vacancies b. job, post
3. position c. companies which have details of jobs and details of the
people who might want them
4. bodies d. things and people which can provide useful
information
5. recruitment agencies e. organisations
Exercise 6. Describing ability
A Human Resources Manager has drawn up a shortlist of applicants he feels would
be suitable for a vacancy in his company. Look at the descriptions of the candidates
he plans to invite for interview.
· Hamed has a can-do attitude and is able to meet deadlines
· Tomoko is a self-starter who can work on her own initiative
· Ivan is able to multi-task and has a proven track record
· Li is an effective team player with a customer-focused approach
· Cristina is numerate and computer literate
which candidate...
a. is good with figures?
b. co-operates with colleagues?
c. is good at working on his/her own?
d. can finish a job on time?
e. has a good rapport with clients?
f. has a history of success?
g. has a positive approach?
h. has IT skills?
i. can cope with several jobs at the
same time?
Vocabulary
1. human resources manager a. to make decisions about your work without
having to wait for someone else to help you
2. deadlines b. to do more than one piece of work at a time
3. to work on your own initiative c. evidence you've been successful in the past in
your area of work
4. to multi-task d. someone who employs people for a firm, also
known as a personnel manager
5. a proven track record e. the dates/times when certain tasks must be completed

25
Exercise 7. Company departments
Many big firms have lots of different sections and it can be helpful to know which
part of the company does what. Look at the following company departments. Which
department does which job?
HUMAN
RESOURCES
PRODUCTION MARKETING FINANCE
Training Production Marketing Purchasing
Personnel Packaging Sales Accounts
Payroll Distribution
Customer
Service
Fin. Services
Quality Advertising
Maintenance
Match each job from the column on the left to a company department from the
column on the right.
Exercise 8. Selection (part 1)
When a firm wants to fill a vacancy, it will go through certain procedures to find a
suitable employee. This is called a 'selection process'.
The following text describes a typical selection process, but the sentences are in
the wrong order! Re-arrange the sentences in each section so that the whole text
makes sense. The first sentence has been done for you
· Firstly, a vacancy is advertised
· and suitable candidates are invited for interview.

26
· These are sorted
· and applications are received.
· and applicants are interviewed.
· After that, a final short list is drawn up.
· Next, appointments are arranged
· A job offer is made to the successful candidate,
· and one of them is selected.
· and finally, an employment contract is signed.
· The candidates on the list are interviewed again,
Vocabulary
1. sorted a. a formal request asking that someone accepts a job
2. a short list b. arranged in a particular order, e.g. putting the best
CVs together
3. appointments c. a formal, legal agreement setting out what will be
provided by both the employer and the employee
4. a job offer d. a list containing the names of the most suitable
people
5. an employment contract e. dates and times when people will meet, but can also
be used to mean that people have been given
particular jobs
Exercise 9. Selection (part 2)
Let's look at some more vocabulary linked to the selection process with this multiple
choice quiz. Match the verbs with their noun partners.
advertise...
1. a vacancy
2. a candidate
3. applicants
arrange...
1. applicants
2. an appointment
3. a vacancy
interview...
1. a candidate
2. a contract
3. a short list
sign...
1. a short list
2. a contract
3. a vacancy
draw up...
1. applicants
2. a vacancy
3. a short list
select...
1. an appointment
2. a short list
3. applicants

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Exercise 10. Job advertisements (part 1)
A good way to improve your vocabulary is to look at language used in job
advertisements. You will notice the same phrases appearing again and again.
Look at the following phrases from job advertisements. Do they refer to the
company, the candidate (the person applying for the job), or the job benefits (extra
money or other advantages you might get as part of the job)?
multinational group
1. refers to the company
2. refers to the candidate
3. refers to the job benefits
proactive individual
leading service provider
competitive salary
decision maker
market leader
ongoing training
inspirational leader
company pension
attractive package
high flyer
world-class organisation
Exercise 11. Job advertisements (part 2)
The following nouns describe an ideal candidate's abilities. Can you change them into
adjectives?
talent enthusiasm energy ambition
drive flexibility commitment motivation
How many of these adjectives describe you?
These abbreviations often appear in job advertisements.
ref. no. inc. k p/w pro rata neg. c asap s.a.e. p.a.

28
Match them to their meanings
1. per week
2. thousand
3. negotiable
4. reference number
5. per annum, yearly
6. stamped addressed envelope
7. as soon as possible
8. approximately
9. inclusive
10. according to time worked
Exercise 12. Job advertisements – (part 3) What they are looking for ...
1. These sentences are taken from real job advertisements. Each time one word has
been left out. It's up to you now to complete the sentences with the words
provided in the boxes.
A
attributes extensive implement managerial
maximizing suppliers track
1. We seek an articulate individual with at least five years' _______ experience.
2. You must have a proven _______ record in insurance sales.
3. You will be expected to have the ability to _______ and monitor On-the-Job
Training programmes.
4. Other important _______ include a high degree of self discipline and the ability to
work to tight deadlines.
5. Key candidate requirements include _______ and relevant production experience
in the food industry.
6. The successful candidate will be fully responsible for _______ profitable sales
through the recruitment, direction, motivation and control of the direct sales force.
7. You will negotiate the best prices from _______ , forecast sales and monitor
competitor activity.
B
above-average application benefits committed
contributory minorities writing
1. We offer an excellent salary and _______ package, including 5 weeks holiday
entitlement.
2. The organisation offers an _______ salary, comparable to those paid in other
international organisations.
3. Benefits include a car, private medical insurance, _______ pension scheme and a
preferential mortgage interest rate.
4. We are _______ to developing each employee to his full potential.
5. As an equal opportunity employer we welcome applications from men and
women, including ethnic _______ and the disabled.
6. For further details and an _______ form write to XYZ.
7. Apply in _______ with full career details to XYZ.

29
C
comprehensive demonstrate desirable exciting
head lively particulars relocation
1. Medical background is _______ but not essential.
2. You must have _______ knowledge of Microsoft Office and good typing skills.
3. Further _______ can be obtained from Human Resources.
4. A comprehensive remuneration package is available which includes _______
assistance to this attractive part of the country.
5. A _______ personality and a strong desire for a challenge are essential.
6. Reporting directly to the MD this position will be based at the _______ office in
Sudbury.
7. High earnings are available for enthusiastic sales professionals who can _______
proven success.
8. This is an _______ opportunity which can lead to a long term career with
promotion into line management.
Exercise 13. Job advertisements – (part 4)
Complete the text of the following advertisement with the words you find on the right
Our client, a _______ INTERNATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL
COMPANY
is currently looking for a
SECRETARY
The company _______ a well organised and experienced secretary to
assist the HR Manager. The successful candidate will be responsible for
_______ administration and the administrative management of the
department. Flexibility and a willingness to learn are _______
requirements. _______ knowledge of IT and computer systems are
essential as is the ability to work independently and accurately.
_______ position, attractive _______. This is an ideal _______ to join
one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical companies in Europe.
Please apply ______ only, enclosing a full CV with details of your
_______ salary to:
George Washington Recruitment Services Ltd.
46 Bill Clinton Avenue,
Edinburgh EH12 5DE
current
in writing
key
opportunity
payroll
permanent
remuneration
reputed
requires
sound

30
Unit 2 Job Interview
1. How to Interview Effectively
Before reading the information about job interviews, read the following dialogue and
find tips on how to interview successfully.
Fay needs advice from Jerry on how to succeed at a job interview in English
Fay: Hi Jerry. I'm thinking of applying for a job with a multinational company,
but I'm worried about having an interview in English. Can you give me any
good tips?
Jerry: Hmmm. That's a tough one. I guess the first thing is to try to make a good
impression. We often say, "you never get a second chance to make a first
impression". You really need to get off to a good start.
Fay: That sounds like good advice. Maybe I could sing and dance for them, ha
ha ha! Then they'd really be impressed! But seriously, how do I make a
good first impression?
Jerry: To begin with, you should firmly shake the interviewer's hand while
greeting him or her with a smile. Be sure to keep eye contact, especially
when listening to the interviewer.
Fay: Ah, "body language" is really important, isn't it?
Jerry: Yes, it is. The second thing is to have confidence. You get confidence from
being prepared. You should learn a little bit about the company before the
interview. Find out what they do, how long they've been in business, what
their business motto is, that kind of thing. You should also anticipate
possible questions, and think about how you will answer.
Fay: Should I memorize my answers beforehand?
Jerry: No! Definitely not! That sounds very mechanical. You should be natural
when you speak. Just think about how you want to answer, and choose the
right words at the time of the interview. That way, you can use the
interviewer's own words in your answer, which shows you've been
listening. Then you're sure to make a good impression.

31
Fay: I never thought about that before. You're really smart, Jerry! But what
should I do if I can't remember an English word when I'm answering a
question?
Jerry: In that case, you have to paraphrase. In other words, you have to explain
what you want to say. For example, if you forget the word "manufacturing",
you can say "making a product" instead. Or instead of "statistics" you could
say "using many big numbers to describe something".
Fay: That's very helpful, Jerry. Thanks so much. Ah, one more thing. Should I
ask about the salary during the interview?
Jerry: No, either let them bring up the topic of money, or else wait for a second
interview. If you prepare well, make a good first impression, have
confidence, and use English naturally, you're almost certain to be
interviewed again. Good luck!
What other pieces of advice can you add?
Now read the given information and find answers to the following questions:
1. What is a job interview?
2. What is the purpose of a job interview?
3. Is a job interview an objective or a subjective process?
4. What are the keys to success in a job interview?
The job interview is a strategic conversation with a purpose. Your goal is to
persuade the employer that you have the skills, background, and ability to do the job
and that you can comfortably fit into his/her organization. At the same interview, you
s hould also be gathering information about the job, future career opportunities and
the organization to determine if the position and work environment are right for you.
You can strongly influence the interview outcome if you realize that an
interview is not an objective process in which the employer offers the job to the best
candidate based on merit alone. But rather, an interview is a highly subjective
encounter in whi ch the interviewer offers the job to the qualified person whom
he/she likes best. Personality, confidence, enthusiasm, a positive outlook and
excellent interpersonal and communication skills count heavily.
One key to success is to use every means at your disposal to develop effective
interviewing skills: selective presentation of your background, thoughtful answers to
interview questions, well researched questions about the organization, and an
effective s trategy to market yourself. There is no magic to interviewing: it is a skill
that can be learned and improved upon with practice.
A second key to success is careful research about the job and the organization,
agency, or company with whom you are having the interview. Knowing about the job
will help you prepare a list of your qualifications so that yo u can show, point by
point, why you are the best candidate. Knowing about the employer will help you
prepare an interview strategy and appropriate questions and points to emphasize.

32
2. Preperation
The objective of the job interview is to prove that you’re the best person for the job.
So, how can you be the BEST, the person who gets the job?
Through PREPARATION: Finding out about the company, the job, and then
thinking about and planning how you're going to answer those interview questions
1) Researching Employers
Why Research Information on Employers?
There are two basic reasons to research employers: 1) to aid you in your job search;
and 2) to help prepare you for your interview.
One approach to finding a job is to use a hierarchical strategy:
1. Find industries that meet your needs.
2. Locate employers within your targeted industries.
3. Research information on executives.
Preparing for an interview is essential for success! Before meeting your potential
employer it is essential to know what they do; how they do it; their financial state (if
they are expanding or downsizing); expectations of potential employees in terms of
skill, education, and previous experience; and what you can offer them.
Where Do You Find Information on Employers?
The following types of resources should prove useful in your research.
· Annual Reports – These reports and other materials are available from an
organization's public relations/information office. Most large organizations
produce a report, which presents an outline of the organization's successes,
growth, history, goals, and financial status.
· Directories – These are geographic, business, occupational, professional,
industry, and financial status directories available in your library. These
directories may provide information about an organization's products or
services, number of employees, principal executives, and location(s).
· Trade Associations – These organizations produce membership directories,
journals (which provide information about trends and issues in the field), and
information briefs. They also hold annual conferences for your networking,
information gathering, and professional development purposes.
· Newspapers – The business section of most papers contain numerous
articles about local companies and their executives. Articles about non-
profit organizations often appear in a newspaper's local interest section.
· Fellow Professionals – Other professionals in the field can provide "word-
of-mouth" information about organizations of interest.
· Competitors – Often an organization's competitors offer excellent insight
about the inner working of that organization.
· Public Documents – Government and quasi-government organizations
have records that must be made available to the public.
· Computer Databases.
· Career fares.

33
2.) Interview Questions
There have been interviews as long as there have been jobs needing to be filled. This
means that virtually any question you might be asked at an interview can be predicted
and an answer prepared.
REMEMBER!
Being prepared doesn't mean memorising an exact set of answers. A question only
has to be asked in a slightly unexpected way, and you won't be able to answer the
way you planned. What you need to do is think about all the questions you might be
asked. Then you won't be taken by surprise – and so won't seem less confident
because you hesitate when you answer.
Most questions fall into two categories: factual and human.
Factual questions
Testing out the information written on your application form or trying to find out
more information about areas that the interviewer is concerned about or wants to
know more about.
These questions aim to:
· check your educational background
· get more information about your interests, hobbies and non-educational
experience
· find out what you were doing during 'time gaps', such as between school and
university, or between jobs.
REMEMBER!
Keep copies of all the paperwork you've sent in. It'll help you remember what you
wrote, so that you can say the same thing in the interview. You can often tell what
questions they might ask looking at what you wrote. In the same way, note what you
said in any phone call.
Human questions
Trying to identify what type of person you are. Often the questions start 'why' (why
did you decide to study those subjects?) or 'what' (what do you see yourself doing in
five years' time?). They deal with matters of personal preference, attitude and opinion.
These questions:
· explore your attitudes and opinions and your approach to work and to life
· find out what your social and communication skills are like
· ask why you did things or took decisions, where you see your career going,
what you want out of life.
These question aim to find out you will fit in to the job and the workplace. So think
about what job you're trying to get:
· Will it require knowledge you haven't got yet? If so, be ready to explain your
willingness and ability to learn or be trained.
· Does it involve talking to people or working in groups? Then an interviewer
may want to find out about your interpersonal skills.

34
These questions are asked in one of two ways – open or closed.
Open questions (An open question is likely to receive a long answer and reveals
opinions and feelings.)
· Why do you think you'll like working here?
· What experience have you had of this sort of work?
· What sports do you play?
· What was in the advert that you found interesting?
· Why do you think you could do this job?
· What qualities do you think you have to offer which will help you in this job?
· What is your ultimate ambition? Where do you want to be in five years’ time?
· What do you do in your spare time?
· Have you read any particular book lately? (Be prepared to talk in some
detail about this and explain why you enjoyed them, outline the story, and
comment on the ‘quality’ of the author.)
· What newspapers do you read? (Be prepared to be questioned on some
aspect of current affairs if you claim to read any newspaper regularly.)
· What are the most satisfying aspects of your present job?
· Is there anything that particularly frustrates you in your present job?
· Can you tell us about any incident at work when you have felt particularly
effective? Or ineffective?
· Tell me something about your present bosses. What kind of people are
they? (Be careful not to be tricked into making sweeping criticism or
appearing to gripe about previous colleagues.)
Beware! Some open questions can sound like closed ones:
"'Would you tell me a little more about your last job?"
You don't just say YES or NO to this – The interviewer is really asking you to tell
him or her about your last job. They just asked a bad (closed) question.
Closed questions (A closed question can be answered with either a single word or a
short phrase or simply with either 'yes' or 'no'. It gives facts.)
· Do you think you'll like working here?
· Have you done much work of this sort before?
· Do you play any sports?
· Did you apply for the job because the advert was interesting?
· Do you believe you can do this job?
REMEMBER!
Good interviewers generally only use open questions. If you're faced with an
interviewer who's not particularly good, you need to take control.
Task 1. Interview Questions
Answer the interview questions given in this section.
Think of five more questions you can be asked during the interview.

35
3. Job Interview
1) The beginning of the interview
People tend to form an opinion of others within the first ten seconds of meeting
them. If this first impression is negative, it will be hard to shake off. However, if the
first impression is positive, you can afford a few slip-ups after that. At the beginning
of the interview, therefore, you should look the interviewer in the eye, smile
confidently and greet him or her courteously.
As your interviewer will immediately start forming an impression of you, learn
to introduce yourself clearly and confidently. The best way is simply to say your
name: "Good morning. Birgit Michel." Refer to your interviewer with their title and
last name - "Nice to meet you, Dr Roberts" - unless they invite you to use their first
name.
REMEMBER!
Plan to arrive for your interview 10-15 minutes prior to the appointed time. Arriving
too early confuses the employer and creates an awkward situation. By the same
token, arriving late creates a bad first impression. Ask for directions when making a
rrangements for the interview.
2) During a Job Interview
The information exchange will be the primary part of the interview. It is when you
will be asked the most questions and learn the most about the employer.
· Speak clearly and enthusiastically about your experiences and skills. Be
professional, but don't be afraid to let your personality shine through. Be
yourself.
· Listen carefully. You will want to remember what you learn about the job,
and you will certainly want to answer the question that was asked.
· Be positive. Employers do not want to hear a litany of excuses or bad
feelings about a negative experience. If you are asked about a low grade, a
sudden job change, or a weakness in your background, don't be defensive.
Focus instead on the facts (briefly) at what you learned from the experience.
· Pay attention to your nonverbal behavior. Look the interviewer in the eye,
sit up straight with both feet on the floor, control nervous habits (cracking
knuckles, drumming fingers, shaking legs, touching face etc.), and smile
confidently as you are greeted.
· Don't be afraid of short pauses. You may need a few seconds to formulate
an answer. The interviewer may need time to formulate an appropriate
question. It is not necessary to fill up every second with conversation.
3) The end of the interview
This is your chance to show how much you're interested in the company and to
find out if the job is really as interesting as it seems. Always ask questions because
this demonstrates your prior research and interest in the job. Your questions migh t be

36
direct, logistical questions such as, "When can I expect to hear from you?" (if that has
not been discussed); a question to clarify information the employer has presented The
job advert mentioned possibilities for advancement. Could you tell me a little more
about that?; a question regarding the employer's use of new technology or practices
related to the career field; or a question to assess the culture and direction of the
organization such as "Where is this organization headed in the next five years?" Do
not ask specific questions about salary or benefits unless the employer broaches
the subject first. The employer may also ask you if you have anything else you would
like to add or say. Again, it's best to have a response. You can use this opportunity to
thank the employer for the interview, summarize your qualifications and reiterate
your interest in the position. If you want to add information or emphasize a point
made earlier, you can do that, too. This last impression is almost as important as the
first impression and will add to the substance discussed during the information
exchange. Be polite and show enthusiasm: "It was very nice to meet you, and I am
excited by the prospect of working for you. I look forward to hearing from you."
REMEMBER!
Don't ask questions for the sake of it.
4) After the Interview
After the interview, take time to write down the names and titles (check spelling)
of all your interviewers, your impressions, remaining questions and information
learned. If you are interviewing regularly, this will help you keep employers and
circu mstances clearly defined.
Follow up the interview with a thank-you letter. Employers regard this as
evidence of your attention to detail, as well as an indication of your final interest in
the position.
5) Non-verbal communication
A lot of judgements are made about people from visual impressions, and how
they say things instead of what they say. And once a judgement's been made, it's
difficult to reverse it. The key is understanding what people base judgements on. It
really doesn't matter whether they're right or wrong – if their judgement is negative,
you don't get the job.
The body
Some people say that it's possible to ‘read' a body – that every small movement
has a meaning, that will tell you something about a person's personality and mood.
Even if that's true, though, some of the ‘language' changes from culture to culture –
and in any case you're not likely to be interviewed by someone with such detailed
knowledge.
Much more important, in a situation like an interview, is the possibility of
someone seeing movements of yours caused by nervousness and thinking they have
another meaning. For example, a person who doesn't make eye contact is often
regarded as having something to hide. Someone sitting back in a chair gives the

37
impression of not being very interested. (Next time you're in a long discussion, look
at the way someone who's bored leans back into their seat.)
The solution is not to make nervous movements – easy to say, of course, but the
point is to be sufficiently prepared for an occasion like an interview that your body
language is natural. You simply try to avoid the sort of body movements that can be
misunderstood, or those – such as fiddling with a ring, or a shirt button – that simply
say you're nervous.
Appearance
This can be a tricky area. From your point of view, your clothes might just be
what you feel comfortable in. To someone else, they may seem to be making a
deliberate ‘statement', such as "I dress to be comfortable, not smart". Again, it really
doesn't matter who's right. What's important is the impression that's given.
Unless you know otherwise, it's safest to assume that in a business environment
clothes should be formal - whatever ‘formal' means in a particular culture (and in a
particular type of climate, especially where it's hot and humid).
At a first meeting – such as an interview - most business people are likely to
think of your appearance in terms of words like ‘tidy', ‘clean' and ‘unobtrusive'. They
may add ‘smart' or ‘business-like', depending on the job you're applying for, and also
the industry it's in.
For example, if the job would mean dealing face-to-face with customers, a
company will have standards of appearance. Even if they provide uniform, they rely
on employees to look after the rest of themselves.
If in doubt, ask what's expected before you arrive for an interview, rather than
guess.
REMEMBER!
If you get the level of formality wrong, it's easier to become more relaxed than to be
more formal. If you're wearing a tie, you can always take it off and undo the top
button of your shirt. But you can't put on a tie if you don't have one, or you're
wearing a T-shirt.
Voice
Anyone listening to you, either face-to-face or on the telephone, is interested
most in what's being said, and then in the words and expressions used – can you
express yourself clearly? is there a lot of slang in what you say? and so on.
But the way we say things is also bound to be noticed. Being quiet is taken to
mean lacking confidence, being loud the opposite. Speaking fast, especially if you
have a strong accent, can make you difficult to understand. Put yourself in the other
person's place: if you were hearing your voice for the first time, would you seem too
soft, too loud or too fast?
REMEMBER!
When you're on the telephone, and the person at the other end has nothing except
your voice, you need to talk the same way you do when you're face-to-face – that is,

38
with hand movements. All of us move our hands in ways that makes the voice
emphasise some of the words we're saying. Someone listening on the phone may not
see the hands – but they'll hear the results of them.
If you've ever thought someone at the other end of the phone sounded friendly,
chances are they were smiling. You can give the same impression by doing the same
thing. It doesn't matter if the smile looks forced – nobody can see it....
Checking understanding
Choose the correct answer (a, b, c, or d).
1. Preparing for an interview means
a. memorising an exact set of answers.
b. putting all possible answers in writing and reading out from your notes
during the interview.
c. thinking about and planning how you are going to answer all the questions
you might be asked.
d. making friends with each member of the interview board.
2. Which of these would you NOT do as you prepare for an interview?
a. Find out about the company.
b. Find out about the job.
c. Think about and plan your answers.
d. Do nothing, hoping to impress the interview board with your spontaneous
answers.
3. Which type of questions aim to test out information written on your application
form?
a. human questions
b. factual questions
c. open questions
d. closed questions
4. Which type of questions require a YES or NO answer?
a. human questions
b. factual questions
c. open questions
d. closed questions
5. What do you do if you're faced with an interviewer who isn't very good?
a. You need to take control.
b. You do nothing.
c. You leave the interview early.
d. You tell the interviewer they are not very good.
6. Which of these would you NOT do at the end of an interview?
a. Show how much you're interested in the company.
b. Ask questions simply not to be silent.
c. Find out if the job is really as interesting as it seems.
d. Ask questions to clarify anything you're not sure about.

39
Task 2. Roleplay
For each role-play one person plays the person described in the left column, who is
looking for a job. The other person plays the person described in the right column,
who is an employer.
Person being interviewed Interviewer
1. This woman is in her mid 40s. This woman is in her mid 30's, and is
She was a music teacher in her the owner of a small, fashionable
native country. She worked in boutique. She is energetic, nervous,
a school with hundreds of and businesslike. She doesn't like to
children. She has never sold waste time. She needs a sales-person.
before, but she does not like
clerical work, and would like
to get into sales. She has good
taste, and enjoys being well-dressed.
2. This woman is in her mid 30s. This man is the owner of a small
In her native country she was import-export company. Many of
an economist. She has just his clients speak the applicant's
completed a course in a business native language. He is a sympathetic
school, has bookkeeping skills, person, but wants a bookkeeper
and can do light typing at about who will give him a good day's
thirty-five words per minute. work.
3. This man is a college student, This man is 52, very strong, big, and
age 20, who wants to work over serious. He owns a construction
the summer vacation. He wants company and sometimes employs
a job that requires a lot of summer workers for heavy jobs
physical work. like pouring cement, etc.
Take turns. Act out a job interview between the two people.
After each interview, let the students decide if the applicant will get the job.
Language Development
Exercise 1. Preparing for the Interview
Interviews can be nerve-wracking and preparation is very important. You will be
better equipped to answer questions and you will walk in to the interview feeling
more confident. Here are some tips for preparing for an interview. Read the text
below and select the best option from the words in brackets.
If you have (gained; reached; arrived; achieved) the interview stage, your CV and
letter of application must have been (effective; important; impressive; significant)!
The company now wants to know more about you. But there is still more work to do
if you want to get that job! Make sure you have (researched; discovered; inquired;
examined) the company as thoroughly as possible – use the Internet, company
reports, recruitment literature etc. (remember; remind; imagine; summarise) yourself
of why you applied to this company. Make a list of the skills, experience, and

40
interests you can (show; present; offer; demonstrate) the organisation. Finally, try to
(ask; suggest; give; predict) the questions you will be expected to answer – imagine
you are the interviewer!
Vocabulary
Match the words and expressions on the left with the definitions on the right.
1. nerve-wracking a. show
2. impressive b. to guess
3. effective c. find out a lot of information about something
4. research d. admirable
5. demonstrate e. it makes you feel nervous, scared
6. to predict f. to do what is meant to be done well
Exercise 2. Interview tips
How you look and behave at an interview can sometimes be even more important
than what you say! There are lots of things you can do to make a good impression on
interviewers.
Here are some tips relating to your appearance and body language. For each one
select the correct missing word from the options
1. Make sure your clothes are clean, but _____wear obvious logos or designer names.
a. do
b. don't
c. must
2. Don't use _____ much deodorant or perfume!
a. to
b. too
c. two
3. Don't wear too much jewellery. Interviewers don't _____ like nose rings!
a. never
b. sometimes
c. usually
4. Wear _____ that are smart, but comfortable.
a. cloths
b. clothes
c. covers
5. Arrive well ____ the interview time.
a. before
b. after
c. later than
6. Make eye ______ with the interviewer when you are introduced.
a. contactation
b. look
c. contact

41
7. Give a firm handshake, and make sure you _____!
a. grin
b. smile
c. snigger
8. Don't ____. This will distract the interviewer from what you're saying.
a. fidget
b. twist
c. move about
9. Don't appear over-confident, for example by leaning too far back in your chair,
but do try to _____.
a. relax
b. relapse
c. collapse
10. Answer each question _____.
a. concisely and promptly
b. at large and slowly
c. concisely after thinking it over
11. _____ your mobile phone before you enter the company.
a. Turn in
b. Turn on
c. Turn off
12. During the interview ____.
a. chew gum but do not smoke
b. do not chew gum or smoke
c. do not chew gum but it is OK to smoke
13. Use body language to show _____.
a. relaxation
b. interest
c. excitement
14. At the end of the interview, the interviewer asks if you have any questions. The
worst thing to say is to say that you have _____ questions.
a. a few
b. no
c. a lot of
15. Thank the interviewer when you leave and, as a follow-up, _____.
a. in person in two day’s time
b. by telephone
c. in writing
Vocabulary
logos pictures or designs which symbolise a particular company.
designer names famous and expensive fashion brands
eye contact when you look at someone directly in the eyes
fidget to make small movements with your hands or feet, especially if
you are bored or nervous

42
Exercise 3. FAQs
It's always a good idea to try to predict what questions you will get asked in an
interview and prepare some answers before you go in. Here are some examples of
quite common interview questions. Match the common interview question on the left
with the suitable response from the list on the right.
1. Why did you choose this company?
2. What are your strengths/
weaknesses?
3. How would your friends describe
you?
4. What is your greatest achievement?
5. How well do you work in a team?
6. Where will you be in 5 years?
a. People say I'm sociable, organised,
and decisive.
b. My aim is to have a position in the
Management Team.
c. I have excellent time management,
but I can be impatient for results.
d. Because I think I will find the work
environment both challenging and
rewarding.
e. I always support my colleagues and
believe we should work towards a
common goal.
f. Leading the University football team
to the national Championships.
Vocabulary
Match the words and expressions on the left with their definitions on the right.
1. an achievement a. what I want to do/achieve
2. to be sociable b. an aim or objective shared with other people
3. decisive c. good at making decisions quickly
4. my aim d. to dislike having to wait
5. to be impatient e. something good that you have managed to do
6. common goal f. to enjoy being with people
Exercise 4. Responding positively
During the interview, always be positive about your previous experiences. Never
offer negative information! Instead, sell yourself using active, positive words. In the
exercise below, match the words on the left to the words on the right to make 'power
phrases' for interviews. (NOTE: words on the right can't be used twice)
1. showing a. colleagues
2. presenting b. initiative
3. solving c. ideas
4. controlling d. objectives
5. achieving e. deadlines
6. motivating f. budgets
7. meeting g. problems
8. creating h. information

43
Vocabulary
power phrases strong expressions that show how good you are at what you do
colleagues the people you work with
objectives aims, goals
Exercise 5. Vocabulary check
There are lots of expressions using the word 'career' that you might come across. The
following nouns all make word partners with career.
plan
ladder
career break
move
prospects
Match each definition below to the correct phrase above:
1. Chances of future success in your career
2. The direction you hope your career will take
3. A change you make in order to progress
4. Time when you are not employed, perhaps when travelling or looking after
children
5. A series of promotions towards more senior positions

44
Module 2 Main Business Documents
Unit 1 Resume/CV
When you apply for a job, most employers ask for 2 important documents:
1. A resume or CV
2. A Cover(ing) Letter
Your résumé and letter are usually the first impression that an employer has of
you. And because an employer may have hundreds of job applications to consider,
you have about 15 seconds to make sure that first impression is a good one.
Résumé
In the USA people write a short biography
called Résume A résumé is a self-marketing tool,
designed with the goal of obtaining a job
interview. Résumé information is targeted
succinctly [briefly] to a career field and addresses
the needs of a specific employer. Your résumé
should market your relevant skills, knowledge,
and accomplishments.
The word résumé is a French word, now used in
English, that means summary. In the American
job market, you must represent yourself on paper. The résumé is your calling card. Its
purpose is to attract the interest of the prospective employer. It can be your ticket into
the interview. That is why people often have more than one résumé. They choose the
most appropriate one for each job that they apply for.
Preparation
It will be difficult to begin the process of writing your résumé unless you identify
the career field and types of employers that will be the focus of your job search.
When you know how you will use the résumé, then you will be able to write an
effective, targeted résumé that gets results. You will likely spend a considerable
amount of time developing your résumé, choosing the right words and phrases to
describe your marketable skills and experiences. It is not uncommon to write several
revisions before arriving at the final version.
One-page résumés are preferred for most entry-level positions. Two-page résumés
are acceptable if the information on both pages demonstrates the skills and/or
experience relevant to your profession. Well-designed résumés will be visually
appealing and free from any spelling, typographical, punctuation, or grammatical
errors. All résumés should be written concisely in an organized format that presents
the most important information first.
Employers who read individual résumés spend very little time on each résumé - in
most cases, only twenty to thirty seconds. Many large employers are now using
optical scanning machines and various software programs to assist them with this
initial review.Types of Résumés

45
There is no correct résumé format. Your résumé format should be appropriate to
your situation.
Information related to skills and experiences can be presented in a chronological
format, a functional format, or a combination of the two. Each format has its
advantages and disadvantages. To select the type which best supports your strategy,
review the following descriptive information.
Chronological Résumé
In the chronological résumé, job history is organized chronologically with the
most recent job listed first. Job titles and employers are emphasized and duties and
accomplishments are described in detail. A chronological résumé is easy to read, and
can highlight career growth. It is suited to those whose career goals are clearly
defined and whose job objectives are aligned with their work history.
A chronological résumé is advantageous when:
· your recent employers and/or job titles are impressive;
· you are staying in the same career field;
· your job history shows progress;
· you are working in a field where traditional job search methods are utilized
(e.g., education, government).
A chronological résumé is not advantageous when:
· you are changing career fields;
· you have changed employers frequently;
· you want to de-emphasize age;
· you have been recently absent from the job market or have gaps in
employment.
Functional Résumé
In a functional résumé, skills and accomplishments developed through work,
academic, and community experiences are highlighted. Your skills and potential can
be stressed and lack of experience or possible gaps in work history de-emphasized.
The functional résumé is advantageous when:
· you want to emphasize skills not used in recent work experience;
· you want to focus on skills and accomplishments rather than a lengthy
employment history;
· you are changing careers/re-entering the job market;
· you want to market skills and experience gained through coursework and/or
volunteer experience;
· your career growth in the past has not been continuous and progressive;
· you have a variety of unrelated work experiences;
· your work has been free-lance, consulting, or temporary in nature.
The functional résumé is not advantageous when:
· you have little work experience or leadership experience;
· you want to emphasize promotions and career growth;
· you are working in highly traditional fields, such as teaching, accounting, and
politics, where employers should be highlighted.

46
Combination Résumé
This format combines the elements of the chronological and functional types. It
presents patterns of accomplishments and skills in categorical sections or a single
section called "Qualifications Summary." It also includes a brief work history and
education summary. This format is advantageous for those who wish to change to a
job in a related career field or strategically promote their most marketable skills.
Both chronological and functional résumés must be succinct, emphasizing your
experience and accomplishments. Résumés are often your first introduction to the
employer and dramatically impact the screening process. Invest the time to create an
excellent marketing tool – your résumé – to increase job opportunities and career
advancement.
Constructing Your Résumé
Categories of information you include on your résumé should provide answers to
these questions:
Contact section Who are you and
how can you be
reached?
· Begin your résumé with your name by capitalizing
and using bold type.
· Include street address, city, state, and zip code.
· Include phone number(s) where you can be reached
weekdays, 9 a.m.-5 p.m. Designate your home phone
with an "H," and work number with "W," or a
"Messages" number.
· Add an e-mail address if it is checked regularly.
Objective
statement
What do you want
to do?
The purpose of the objective statement is to inform the
employer of your career goal and targeted interests. The
statement should describe the focus of your job search. A
good objective includes type and/or level of position, type
and style of organization, and skills/qualifications.
Experience
section
What can you do? A summary of qualifications can condense an extensive
background by emphasizing experiences and
accomplishments in brief keyword phrases. The
qualifications summary is accomplishment-oriented and
provides an overview of your work experience. It can also
serve to summarize relevant academic, volunteer and
leadership experience for those who have limited work
experience. A summary is most appropriate for someone
with substantial experience, for someone who is changing
careers and wants to demonstrate transferable skills, or for
someone with a varied background.
Example: Accomplished editor, news reporter and
promotional writer. Demonstrated skills in project
management and staff development.
Education
section
What have you
learned?
If your education relates to your objective and is within the
past three years, it should be the first section. If not,
education should follow the work experience section of
your résumé.
· Start with your most recent degree or the program in

47
which you are currently enrolled. List other degrees or
relevant education in reverse chronological order.
· Highlight your degree by using bold type or capital
letters.
If the degree is relevant to your job objective, begin with
degree and emphasis, followed by university, location of
university, and date of graduation or anticipated date of
graduation.
Example: May 1996 M.S., Communications Engineering,
The George Washington University, Washington, DC
Employment
section
What have you
done?
Employment Experience (Chronological)
· Begin with your current/most recent position and work
backward, chronologically. Devote more space to recent
employment.
· Use the first and last month and year to describe dates of
employment.
· If your job titles relate to your current job objective, start
each position description with job titles. If not, begin
with the organization.
· Follow job title and organizational information with the
organization's city and state.
Example: September 1990-January 1996
Telecommunications Engi-neering Aide, Center for
Telecommunications Studies, Washington, DC
· Describe the last three to five positions in detail.
Summarize earlier positions unless relevant to your
objective.
· Do not show every position change with each employer.
Only list in detail the most recent job and briefly
summarize promotions.
· Do not repeat skills that are common to several
positions.
· Within each listed position, stress the major
accomplishments and responsibilities that demonstrate
your competency. It is not necessary to include all
responsibilities, as they will be assumed by employers.
· Tailor your position descriptions to future job/career
objectives.
· If writing a two-page résumé, make sure the most
marketable information is on the first page.
Employment Experience (Functional)
· Use two to four sections to summarize each area of
functional skill or expertise.
· Develop the functional skill headings based on the skills
you want to market to employers and/or that are most
related to your targeted objective.
· Describe your skills in short phrases and place under the
appropriate functional skill categories.
· Rank the phrases within each category and place the
most important skill or accomplishment first.
Examples: WRITING
- Reported on-the-spot news stories for suburban

48
Washington newspapers.
- Provided in-depth coverage of Capitol Hill issues,
including unemployment compensation and merit pay
for teachers.
- Edited and marketed a brochure for a
cultural/educational program designed to focus on life
in London. Resulted in a 30% increase in program
attendance.
· Do not identify employers within functional skills
sections.
· List a brief history of your actual work experience at the
end of the section, giving job title, employer and dates.
If you have had no work experience or a very spotty
work record, leave out the employment section entirely
or summarize the nature of your jobs without providing
specific details. If you do this, be prepared to discuss
your specific jobs in more detail at the job interview.
Employment section of your résumé chould list your contributions to the
organization i.e., ways your work helped increase profit, membership publicity,
funding, motivation, efficiency, productivity, quality; saved time or money; improved
programs, management, communication, information flow etc. better with qualitative
characteristics i.e., "increased sales by $50,000"; "reduced staff turnover by 25%";
"significantly improved staff ability to access data".The following is an outline for
an effective Résumé:
Heading
Name, address, and telephone number in the upper left/right hand corner or
upper middle of the page. Include zip code and telephone area code.
City, Zip
Home Phone Number
Cellular Number (optional)
Fax Phone Number (optional)
E-mail Address (optional but strongly recommended)
Professional Objective and Summary
This can be very important. This is your goal around which all other items in the
résumé revolve. Include only your immediate goal. Be specific with a job title or a
clear description of your area of interest. Sometimes a brief summary of your
qualifications is helpful. Sample objectives:
Position Stated:
Seeking a position as an entry-level electrical engineer.
Position and interest areas stated:
Seeking a position as an electrical engineer in research and design.
Skills and organization type stated:
Seeking to obtain a position in investment banking using excellent
quantitative and analytical skills.

49
Education
Recent graduates should list their educational background first.
· List your most recent educational information at the beginning of this section.
· Include your degree (B.A., B.S., etc.) and graduation date. Also, be sure to
list your major and minor concentrations and the college or university you
attended.
· Be sure to list academic honors, sororities, fraternities and any volunteer
work you may have done as a student.
· Use the comparable American degrees wherever possible.
Professional Experience
List by chronology or function, according to what is most appropriate for your
background. Always list your jobs in reverse chronological order—put your last job
first and work backward from there. Give a description of what you did, materials or
products used or worked on, your accomplishments, a sample of something
significant that you did. Concentrate on the skills you’ve developed. Use active verbs
(action words) to describe your job duties like planned, organized, developed, and
managed.
Give a brief overview of the work you’ve done while a student. Include the
following:
· Job title
· Company name
· Job location (city, state)
· Dates of employment
· Job tasks with emphasis on specific skills and achievements
Some résumé action verbs:
A
Accomplished
Achieved
Acquired
Analyzed
Assessed
Audited
B
Balanced
Brainstormed
Built
C
Changed
Classified
Coached
Completed
Composed
E
Empathized
Ensured
Explored
F
Facilitated
Forecasted
Formulated
Founded
G
Generated
Guided
I
Identified
Implemented
Improved
Increased
O
Organized
P
Performed
Persuaded
Planned
Presented
Presided
Projected
R
Redesigned
Reduced
Reorganized
Represented
Restructured
S
Saved

50
Conducted
Contributed
Controlled
Coordinated
Corrected
Created
D
Decided
Demonstrated
Designed
Developed
Diagnosed
Initiated
Investigated
L
Led
M
Maintained
Managed
Marketed
Monitored
Motivated
N
Negotiated
Simplified
Sold
Solved
Structured
Succeeded
Additional Information (optional)
This section can include languages, computer skills, interests, sports, extracurricular
activities, volunteer experiences, etc. However, if one of these areas is especially
relevant to your objective, you may choose to put it into a separate section
Other Possibilities for Sections
Choose your headings based on your background and the qualifications you believe
will be important or of interest to the employer. Be descriptive in your selection of a
heading. Sample headings include the following:
· Computer Skills
· Lab Skills
· Languages
· Leadership or Teamwork Activities
· Honors and Awards
· Professional Affiliations
· Community Service
· Outstanding Accomplishments
· Qualifications Summary
· Scholarships
· Publications
· Training
· Interests
Be prepared to rewrite your résumé on the basis of information you gain from
your first few interviews or contacts. Pay attention to the questions you are asked
and any comments about your experience. Use this information to improve your
résumé. Remember, your résumé is you.
Sample Chronological Résumé

51
Janet Campbell
P.O. Box 2738
Winter Park, FL 32789
407.646.1000
janet@rollins.edu
Education
2004 Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida
Crummer Graduate School of Business
Master of Business Administration, Marketing, May
GMAT 720, GPA 3.7/4.0
2001 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Bachelor of Arts, Economics, May 2001
GPA 3.9/4.0, President’s List (all terms)
Honors: Presidential Scholar, Phi Eta Sigma Freshman Honor Society
Experience
June 2004 – Present The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH
Product Manager
· Hired, trained, and supervised staff.
· Established and maintained clients' files.
· Increased sales by 10%.
Summer 2003 United States Trade Council, Washington, DC
Research Assistant, Internship
· Researched Latin American trading blocs.
· Analyzed trade patterns and produced summary briefs on trade
developments.
· Maintained database using FileMaker.
1999 –2001 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Resident Assistant, Madera House,
· Worked with a staff of four resident assistants in an 88-student dorm.
· Created, planned, and organized activities for the students.
· Encouraged and facilitated social, political, and ethical student discussions.
· Coordinator for “Madera Makes Music,” a weekly educational program.
· Scheduled performances, developed and monitored budget, and created
publicity.
Skills Proficient in Microsoft Windows, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and FileMaker
Pro. Knowledge of Adobe PageMaker and Photoshop.
Fluent in Spanish, working knowledge of French.
Trained in making presentations, conducting research, writing, and editing.
Personal: Health: excellent; single.
Interests: swimming, tennis, reading.

52
Sample Functional Résumé
Terry Q. Chan
P.O. Box 1234
1444 Walnut Drive
407.646.1000
terryq@rollins.edu
OBJECTIVE Seeking a position with an advertising agency in the area of graphic
art/photography.
EDUCATION
May 2004 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Winter Park, FL
Rollins College
Master of Business Administration, Marketing Emphasis
SKILLS
Conceptualizing Conceived designs for various publications including newsletters, brochures,
booklets, and university publiciations.
Initiating Assisted with educational costs through self-initiated moneymaking projects.
Designed and printed silk-screen T-shirts for University residence halls;
machine-engraved name plaques and key chains, which were displayed and
sold at the student bookstore; made framed photographs that were sold at
University craft fairs. Studio art portfolio containing 40 slides of recent work
completed.
Printing Coursework in publications production. Experience in preparing layouts, using
copy camera, making plates, and running printing press. Familiar with
typesetting, running various machines, and collating.
Photography Coursework and self-acquired knowledge in black and white and color
photography. Shoot both indoor and outdoor candids, groups, nature, and
sports pictures. Strong interest in darkroom work, especially darkroom
graphics. Familiar with drymounting and matting. Knowledge of photo silk-
screen techniques.
Computer Proficient with Macintosh. Familiar with Microsoft Word, Excel, and Adobe
PageMaker.
EXPERIENCE
9/XX – present Rollins College, Winter Park, FL
Library Assistant, Olin Library
Summer 19XX Franklin Frame Shop, Sunnyvale, CA
Sales Associate
9/XX – 6/XX William Carpenter & Associates (Architectural Firm), Palo Alto, CA
Clerical Assistant
ADDITIONAL Fluent in Italian, working knowledge of Spanish. Hobbies include calligraphy
and ceramics.

53
Sample Combination Résumé
Dana Jackson
PO Box 12345
407.646.9999
SUMMARY
- Excellent written communication skills and ability to work with a team.
- Proficient with CricketGraph, MSWord, Excel, FileMaker, and PageMaker.
- Experienced lab technician executing DNA sequencing and gene analysis.
EDUCATION
June 19XX Crummer Graduate School of Business, Winter Park, FL
Rollins College
Master of Business Administration, Finance Emphasis
TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE
6/XX – 9/XX University of Illinois, Chicago, IL
Research Assistant, Chicago Cancer Center
Quickly learned complicated laboratory procedures. Conducted experiments
involving DNA sequencing and gene analysis. Learned gel electrophoresis
techniques. Maintained detailed records for procedural and statistical purposes.
Gained significant independent research and writing experience.
WRITING EXPERIENCE
9/XX – present Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Public Relations Intern, Hoover Institute Public Affairs Office
Compiled articles from an array of journals, magazines, and newspapers. Used
PageMaker to create mastheads and produce opinion editorials. Developed
efficient proofreading methods and innovative talent for pasting up difficult
articles.
9/XX – 6/XX Rollins College, Winter Park, FL
Feature writer, The Sandspur
Developed journalistic writing style and interviewing skills. Successfully met
all deadlines and consistently published front-page articles.
LEADERSHIP and TEACHING EXPERIENCE
10/XX – present Self-employed, Winter Park, FL
Math and English Tutor
Tutor two seventh grade students. Employ the Socratic method to develop their
analytical skills and help them with their homework. Design tests to chart their
ability. Create interactive games to increase their understanding of math and
grammar and to develop their communication skills.
9/XX – 6/XX Rollins College, Winter Park, FL
Officer’s Core, Black Student Union
Worked with a team to plan, organize, and publicize a range of activities and
programs designed to bond, motivate, and educate Rollins’ African-American
community. Established alumni contacts via newsletter to secure financial and
mentoring support.

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