Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
❑Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of
RA.
❑It has long been thought that RA may be triggered by an infectious agent in a
genetically susceptible host, but a specific pathogen has not been identified.
❑ Periodontal disease and oral pathogens have been implicated, as have
gastrointestinal organisms, and viruses such as Epstein–Barr and cytomegalovirus.
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common systemic inflammatory disease characterized by symmetrical joint involvement.
Extraarticular involvement, including rheumatoid nodules, vasculitis, eye inflammation, neurologic dysfunction, cardiopulmonary disease, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly, can be manifestations of the disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common systemic inflammatory disease characterized by symmetrical joint involvement.
Extraarticular involvement, including rheumatoid nodules, vasculitis, eye inflammation, neurologic dysfunction, cardiopulmonary disease, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly, can be manifestations of the disease.
Definitions, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical presentation/Clinical features/Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment: Non pharmacological treatment and Pharmacological treatment. All you need to know about Rheumatoid Arthritis. References. Pharm D 3rd year syllabus.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is a long-term disease. It can also affect other organs.
RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men.
Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA.
A Power Point Presentation on the Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis covering everything from explanation and history to causes, effects, treatments, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Lymphomas is a group of blood disorders that affect the lymph nodesRaphaelChitalima
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.
Definitions, Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical presentation/Clinical features/Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment: Non pharmacological treatment and Pharmacological treatment. All you need to know about Rheumatoid Arthritis. References. Pharm D 3rd year syllabus.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It is a long-term disease. It can also affect other organs.
RA can occur at any age, but is more common in middle age. Women get RA more often than men.
Infection, genes, and hormone changes may be linked to the disease. Smoking may also be linked to RA.
A Power Point Presentation on the Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis covering everything from explanation and history to causes, effects, treatments, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Lymphomas is a group of blood disorders that affect the lymph nodesRaphaelChitalima
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).[7] The name typically refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours.[7] Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired.[1][2] The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.[1] The sweats are most common at night.
A tracheostomy (also called a tracheotomy) is an opening surgically created through the neck into the trachea (windpipe) to allow air to fill the lungs. After creating the tracheostomy opening in the neck, surgeons insert a tube through it to provide an airway and to remove secretions from the lungs.
The most common types of mood disorders are major depression, dysthymia (dysthymic disorder), bipolar disorder, mood disorder due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced mood disorder. There is no clear cause of mood disorders.
Normal labor usually begins within 2 weeks (before or after) the estimated delivery date. In a first pregnancy, labor usually lasts 12 to 18 hours on average; subsequent labors are often shorter, averaging 6 to 8 hours. Management of complications during labor requires additional measures (eg, induction of labor.
During pregnancy, the volume of blood in your body increases, and so does the amount of iron you need. Your body uses iron to make more blood to supply oxygen to your baby. If you don't have enough iron stores or get enough iron during pregnancy, you could develop iron deficiency anemia.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure (ARF), is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours
CKD is a condition in which the kidneys are damaged and cannot filter blood as well as they should. Because of this, excess fluid and waste from blood remain in the body and may cause other health problems, such as heart disease and stroke.
What are gastrointestinal diseases? Gastrointestinal diseases affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the mouth to the anus. There are two types: functional and structural. Some examples include nausea/vomiting, food poisoning, lactose intolerance and diarrhea.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Appendicitis is when your appendix becomes sore, swollen, and diseased. It is a medical emergency. You must seek care right away. It happens when the inside of your appendix gets filled with something that causes it to swell, such as mucus, stool, or parasites.Appendicitis typically starts with a pain in the middle of your tummy (abdomen) that may come and go.
feeling sick (nausea)
being sick.
loss of appetite.
constipation or diarrhoea.
a high temperature
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. INTRO
The musculoskeletal system is responsible for:
✓ movement of the body,
✓ provides a structural framework to protect internal organs,
✓ acts as a reservoir for storage of calcium and phosphate in the regulation of
mineral homeostasis.
3. BONES
Bones fall into two main types based on their embryonic development.
✓Flat bones, such as the skull, develop by intramembranous ossification, in which
embryonic fibroblasts differentiate directly into bone within condensations of
mesenchymal tissue during early fetal life.
✓Long bones, such as the femur and radius, develop by endochondral ossification
from a cartilage template.
4. ..
The normal skeleton has two forms of bone tissue;
✓Cortical bone, formed from Haversian systems is dense and forms a hard envelope
around the long bones
✓Trabecular or cancellous bone, fills the centre of the bone and consists of an
interconnecting meshwork of trabeculae, separated by spaces filled with bone
marrow.
5. MAIN CELL TYPES IN BONE
Osteoclasts: multinucleated cells of haematopoietic origin, responsible for bone
resorption.
Osteoblasts: mononuclear cells of mesenchymal origin, responsible for bone
formation.
Osteocytes: these differentiate from osteoblasts during bone formation and become
embedded in bone matrix.
6. JOINTS
Bones are linked by joints.
There are three main subtypes:
✓fibrous,
✓ fibrocartilaginous
✓synovial
7. TYPES OF JOINTS
Type Range of movement Examples
Fibrous Minimal Skull sutures
Fibrocartilaginous Limited Symphysis pubis
Costochondral junctions
Intervertebral discs
Sacroiliac joints
Synovial Large Most limb joints
Costal vertebral
Temporal-mandibular
9. INTRO..
❑Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common persistent inflammatory arthritis,
occurring throughout the world and in all ethnic groups.
❑The prevalence is lowest in black Africans and Chinese, and highest in Pima Indians.
❑It is an auto immune condition.
10. ..
❑The clinical course is prolonged, with intermittent exacerbations and remissions.
❑Patients with RA have an increased mortality when compared with age-matched
controls, primarily due to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
❑This is most marked in those with severe disease, with a reduction in expected
lifespan by 8–15 years.
❑Around 40% of RA patients are registered as disabled within 3 years of onset, and
around 80% are moderately to severely disabled within 20 years.
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
❑Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of
RA.
❑It has long been thought that RA may be triggered by an infectious agent in a
genetically susceptible host, but a specific pathogen has not been identified.
❑ Periodontal disease and oral pathogens have been implicated, as have
gastrointestinal organisms, and viruses such as Epstein–Barr and cytomegalovirus.
12. ..
❑ Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for developing RA, especially in people
with HLA-DR4, and is also associated with greater disease severity and reduced
responsiveness to DMARD and biological treatment.
❑ Susceptibility is increased postpartum and by breastfeeding, indicating that
hormone/immune interactions may be important.
13. ..
❑The clinical onset of RA is characterised by infiltration of the synovial membrane
with lymphocytes, plasma cells, dendritic cells and macrophages.
❑CD4+ T lymphocytes, including Th1 cells and Th17 cells play a central role by
interacting with other cells in the synovium.
❑ Lymphoid follicles form within the synovial membrane in which T cell–B cell
interactions lead B cells to produce cytokines and autoantibodies, including RF and
ACPA.
14. ..
❑Synovial macrophages are activated by immune complexes and local damage-
associated molecules acting to produce proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF, IL-
1, IL-6 and IL-15.
❑These act on synovial fibroblasts, to promote swelling of the synovial membrane and
damage to soft tissues and cartilage.
15. ..
❑The RA joint is hypoxic and this promotes new blood vessel
formation(neoangiogenesis).
❑Thus the inflamed synovium becomes vascularised, with highly activated endothelial
cells supporting the recruitment of yet more leucocytes to perpetuate the
inflammatory process.
❑Amongst the range of inflammatory mediators present in the RA joint, TNF plays an
important role by regulating production of other cytokines.
16. CLINICAL FEATURES
The typical presentation is with;
✓ joint pain
✓joint swelling
✓stiffness affecting the small joints of the hands, feet and wrists
✓Large joint involvement, systemic symptoms and extra-articular features may also
occur.
17. O/E
❑Typical features of symmetrical swelling of the MCP and PIP joints.
❑Joints are tender on pressure when actively inflamed and have stress pain on
passive movement.
❑ Erythema is unusual and its presence suggests coexistent sepsis.
18. DEFORMITIES- HAND
❑Swan neck’ deformity
❑The boutonnière or ‘button hole’ deformity
❑ The Z deformity of the thumb
❑Dorsal subluxation of the ulna at the distal radio-ulnar joint
22. DEFORMITIES- FOOT/LEG
❑Dorsal subluxation of the MTP joints may result in ‘cock-up’ or hammer toe
deformities.
❑In the hindfoot, calcaneovalgus (eversion).This is often associated with loss of the
longitudinal arch (flat foot) due to rupture of the tibialis posterior tendon.
❑Popliteal (‘Baker’s’) cysts may occur
27. INVESTIGATIONS
❑The diagnosis of RA is based on clinical grounds but investigationsare useful in confirming the
diagnosis and assessing disease activity
❑ The ESR and CRP are usually raised but normal results do not exclude the diagnosis.
❑ACPA are positive in about 70% of cases and are highly specific for RA, occurring in many
patients before clinical onset of the disease.
❑RF is positive in about 70% of cases, many of whom also test positive for ACPA.
❑Ultrasound examination and MRI are not routinely required in patients with obvious clinical
signs
❑Plain X-rays of the hands, wrist and feet are of limited value in early RA but certain changes
are characteristic, including periarticular osteoporosisand marginal joint erosions.
28. EUROPEAN LEAGUE AGAINST RHEUMATISM/AMERICAN
COLLEGE OF RHEUMATOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
Criterion Score
Joints affected
1 large joint 0
2–10 large joints 1
1–3 small joints 2
4–10 small joints 5
Serology
Negative RF and ACPA 0
Low positive RF or ACPA 2
High positive RF or ACPA 3
29. CONT..
Duration of symptoms Score
<6 wks 0
>6 wks 1
Acute phase reactants
Normal CRP and ESR 0
Abnormal CRP or ESR 1
Patients with a score>=6 are considered to have definite RA
30. TREATMENT
❑The mainstay of treatment in RA comprises the early use of small-molecule disease-
modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and corticosteroids for induction of
remission.
❑Early use of DMARD therapy improves clinical outcome in RA.
❑Partial or nonresponse to DMARD therapy should prompt escalation of the dose or
use of an additional DMARD, with progression to biological drugs if necessary
31. ..
❑Regular monitoring of DMARD therapy is essential because of the risk of liver and
haematological toxicity.
❑Some DMARDs are contraindicated in pregnancy especially during the first trimester
❑ Patients who wish to become pregnant should be counselled to stop DMARD
treatment while they try to conceive.
32. DMARDS
❑Methotrexate is the anchor DMARD in RA.
❑Sulfasalazine (SSZ) is widely used, both alone and in combination with methotrexate
and other drugs.
❑Hydroxycholoroquine is given usually in combination with other DMARDs.
❑Leflunomide can be used alone or in combination with other drugs.
33. CORTICOSTEROIDS
❑Systemic corticosteroids have disease-modifying activity, but their primary role is in
the induction of remission in patients with early RA who are starting synthetic DMARD
treatment.
❑Intramuscular steroids are often used to treat flares of disease activity in patients
who are established on DMARD therapy.
❑In the context of RA, osteoporosis is probably the most important SE since this is a
known complication of RA
34. BIOLOGICS
❑The use of biological agents (often abbreviated to ‘biologics’)is reserved for the
treatment of patients who have high disease activity despite having had an
adequate trial of traditional DMARDs.
❑These agents are targeted towards specific cytokines and other cell surface
molecules regulating the immune response.
❑Biological treatment is more effective than standard DMARD therapy, treatment but
costs are significantly greater and increase chances of infection since they suppress
the immunity
36. OTHER TREATMENT MEASURES
Surgery
General measures;
✓ Physical rest,
✓ analgesics and NSAID may be required to control symptoms.
✓Passive exercises and joint protection measures
✓ In the vast majority, management is outpatient but hospital admission can be helpful in
patients with very active disease for a period of bed rest, multiple joint injections, splinting,
regular hydrotherapy, physiotherapyand education.
37. PROGNOSIS
Factors that associate with a poorer prognosis are;
✓ disability at presentation,
✓female gender,
✓ involvement of MTP joints,
✓radiographic damage at presentation,
✓smoking
✓positive RF or ACPA.