1. Sustainability Checks:
five year
annual sustainability audits of the
water supply and ODF status in the
One Million Initiative, Mozambique
Godfrey, S. van der Velden, M., Muianga, A. Xavier, A.
1
Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF
04/18/13

2. Introduction 1
1. LOW WATER SUSTAINABILITY - UN Water GLASS (2012) indicates ODA
for WASH increased in absolute terms by 3% from 2008 to 2011 to
USD 7.8 billion (UN Water 2012) - only 7% of the overall investment
was allocated to maintaining and sustaining existing infrastructure.
2. LIMITED INFORMATION ON SANITATION SUSTAINABILITY
1. WSP (2011) 90% of households in 53 Union Parashads in Bangladesh
owned and used a latrine 6 years after being declared ODF
2. Chakma et al (2008) evaluated ODF under the Government of India Total
Sanitation Campaign (TSC) and noted 79% of households continued to
use latrines one year after being declared ODF
3. Pattanayak et al (2009) notes that increasingly donors and aid agencies
have broadened their narrow focus on physical infastructure to
sustainable service provision.
4. WaterAid (2011), who note in their Frameworks for Sustainability broader
definition of sustainability which notes that to ensure lasting impact on the
public health of beneficaries of water supply and sanitation services, a
greater emphasis on the “service” component of service delivery is
required.
2 04/18/13

3. Introduction 2
1. SUSTAINABILITY CLAUSE
 Government of the Netherlands – UNICEF partnership with
aim of 90% sustainability of water supply and ODF
communities 2 years post programme
 Discussion on potential sustainability clause for 10 years post
programme sustainability
1. GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS
 Government of Mozambique and Development Partners
SWAp (PRONASAR) enforces SWA High Level Meeting (2012)
commitments to increase % of functioning rural water supply
schemes from 50% to 70%.
04/18/13

4. Case Study
Government of the
Netherlands –
Government of
Mozambique
UNICEF
ONE MILLION
INITIATIVE
90% Sustainability > 2
years post programme
Case Study: ONE MILLION INITIATIVE
4 04/18/13

5. Case Study: The One Million Initiative
5 04/18/13

6. Water & sanitation infrastructure examined
Boreholes with Hand Pumps Open Defecation Free (ODF)
(‘Water Points’) Communities (triggered by CLTS)
6 04/18/13

7. Concurrent implementation monitoring Post-implementation
monitoring
7 2012 Water &Health Conference 04/18/13

8. Design of the Sustainability Check
8 04/18/13

9. Sample Selection
Statistical Frame adapted from Howard et al (2004) RADWQ
Primary Stratification: Secondary Stratification:
50% of target districts Random selection of villages
(18/2 = 9 districts) from district database
SI=Tc/N
N Province District
o Where:
1 Tete Zumbo, Marávia and Changara
2 Manica Manica, Mossurize and Machaze SI is the sampling interval
3 Sofala Dondo, Maríngue and Chemba
Tcis the total number of rehabilitated or
new water sources and ODF communities
N is the total number of applied districts
Year Total Number Number of Sample Sample Size
of Water Districts Interval
Sources
2008 141 9 16 52
2009 205 9 23 52
2010 241 9 27 55
9 2011 535 9 59 52 04/18/13
2012 769 9 85 75

10. Data Collection
TOOL 1 TOOL 2 TOOL 3 TOOL 4
Focus group Physical Physical Household
discussion and inspection of the inspection of the survey in 10%
semi-structured water supplies communities (max 35) of
interview with and meetings declared ODF - selected latrines
the district with the SANITATION in ODF
administrator community households -
and water SANITATION
government committees -
and non- SOCIAL,
government - TECHNICAL,
INSTITUTIONAL FINANCIAL
INDICATORS INDICATORS
10 04/18/13

11. Sustainability:
Outcomes & Determining Factors
11 04/18/13

12. Sustainability Check Report Card (2008-2012)
Iyer et al (2006); Muhkerjee et al Hoko et al (2006) Hoko et al (2006)
*WC =Water Committee; ODF = Open Defecation Free
SKAT (2007) (2003)
12 04/18/13

13. Data Scoring /Aggregation and Analysis
 The data collected for each sub group had a
determined weightage - e.g. district with 3
communities and results of 10 % of insufficient, 40
% of satisfactory and 50 % of good :
 2x10 % + 6x40 % + 8x50 % = 0,2+2,4+4 = 6,6
 The composite of thesecategorised into the following 5 percentage categories.
The composite of these indicators, were indicators, were
categorised into the following 5 percentage
categories.
5 4 3 2 1
Very
Good Fair Poor Very Poor
Good
Percentage >90% 76-90% 51-75% 51-75% <50%
13 04/18/13

14. Management Memo/ Audit Statement
• Annual external audit of constructed water points and open-
defecation-free (ODF)communities
• Measure multiple dimensions of sustainability – technological, financial,
socio-economic, institutional – ratings on five-point scale
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

15. Sustainability Check Results
Overall 2008-2012
(weighted)
15 04/18/13

16. Sustainability Check Results
SANITATION
16 04/18/13

17. Conclusions
 SC provides annual “snapshots” (not continuous) on
the functionality and use of water and sanitation
infrastructure and the ODF status of communities
 SC is both an “interprogramme” and “post-
programme” monitoring tool
 SC has proven to be an effective bottleneck analysis
instrument for achieving sustainability
 Off the Shelf tools required to enable integration into
PRONASAR and government systems using
SMS/smartphone technology
17 04/18/13

18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
UNICEF Mozambique
•The WASH section
•Dr. Sam Godfrey
•Matteus van der Velden
•Americo Muianga
•Angelina Xavier
18 2012 Water &Health Conference 04/18/13
© UNICCEF Mozambique/201