The document discusses components and concepts related to gas turbines. It begins with an introduction to fluid machines, dimensional analysis, and maps of compressor behavior. It then covers topics like compressors, turbines, combustion chambers, rotor characteristics, and dimensional analysis in turbine selection. Dimensional concepts are reviewed throughout, including quasi-dimensional parameters. Turbine components, classifications of fluid machines, and basic equations are also summarized.
This document provides guidance on conducting a morphometric analysis of watersheds using QGIS and SAGA. It describes key morphometric characteristics to analyze, including watershed area, perimeter, stream order, length and frequency, bifurcation ratio, slope, and more. Calculation methods are provided for various indices that can help classify watershed shape and drainage density. The overall aim is to understand watershed characteristics that influence runoff volume and flow velocity.
This document discusses evaluating pumping stations for irrigation. The evaluation aims to: verify current operating conditions through energy efficiency analysis; analyze suitability of pumps for irrigation equipment; assess vibration levels; and provide a detailed report with recommendations. It describes the methodology for determining pump efficiency, including measurements of energy consumption, flow rate, total head, and rotation speed. Formulas are provided to calculate actual and relative efficiency, excess energy consumed, and potential cost reduction. Factors like suction conditions, net positive suction head, and mechanical condition are also assessed to evaluate pump performance and suitability for the irrigation system.
This document summarizes an undergraduate thesis on the design and analysis of a reversible pump turbine (RPT). The thesis was submitted by 8 students under the supervision of Dr. Subhas Chandra Rana. The thesis covers hydraulic design issues of RPTs including Euler's equation, stability, cavitation, and net positive suction head. It also describes the design process involving determining main dimensions, maximum efficiency point, and modeling the RPT housing using CAD software. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to simulate the RPT in turbine mode.
Guide to the selection of UNIQA electric pumps - Zenit GroupZenit Group
The introduction of UNIQA® pumps requires sales technicians and resellers to be able to select and ex-plain their constructional and functional characteristics. They must therefore be familiar with the basic technical concepts applicable to all pumps, as well as those which apply specifically to the UNIQA® range:
- Basic concepts of hydraulics
- Q-H curve (duty point)
- Pump - Motor (P1 - P2 - P3)
- Efficiency
- Concept of hydraulics
- Applying motors of various power ratings to a given impeller
- Operation with frequency variator
- Other selection criteria (materials, versions, etc.)
Centrifugal pumps work by spinning fluid inward and then flinging it outward via vanes, converting some of the kinetic energy into fluid pressure as the fluid exits the impeller and passes through a spiral volute casing. The capacity and pressure developed by centrifugal pumps are strongly dependent on each other. Key parameters like capacity, head, power, and efficiency can be calculated and vary based on changes to the impeller's speed of rotation or diameter.
Hydraulic Actuation System modeling for developmental Gas Turbine EnginePREMNATH N
This document presents a hydraulic actuation system modeling using bond graph techniques. It summarizes the modeling of a two-stage servo valve and hydraulic actuator. The key steps are:
1. The two-stage servo valve and hydraulic actuator are modeled using bond graphs. Differential equations are derived from the bond graphs.
2. The differential equations are transformed into state-space form.
3. Simulation results are analyzed for the electro-hydraulic system model under conditions of underlap and critical lap servo.
The document outlines the component modeling using bond graphs, derivation of differential equations, and state-space representations to analyze the hydraulic actuation system dynamics.
This document discusses gas turbine operation outside of design conditions. It begins by explaining how the turbine is designed for a specific pressure ratio, component efficiencies, and maximum cycle temperature. While a turbine will achieve expected performance at the design point, it must also operate for prolonged periods outside design conditions due to changes in ambient conditions, loading, and other factors. The document then provides details on how to simulate off-design performance using dimensionless maps of the compressor and turbine. It describes how changes in ambient temperature and loading impact turbine output power and efficiency. Correction factors are also discussed for accounting for pressure losses and non-standard ambient conditions.
1. The document analyzes and compares the energy efficiency of three variants of an electrohydraulic closed-loop control system for driving electric generators using wave energy.
2. It calculates the hydraulic losses at maximum and minimum flow rates for each variant, finding the highest losses of 5.4 kW for Variant 1 and lowest of 1.6 kW for Variant 2.
3. An analysis of energy efficiency shows Variant 2 is the most efficient at 93.6%, followed closely by Variant 3 at 93.3%, while Variant 1 has the lowest efficiency at 78.4%.
This document provides guidance on conducting a morphometric analysis of watersheds using QGIS and SAGA. It describes key morphometric characteristics to analyze, including watershed area, perimeter, stream order, length and frequency, bifurcation ratio, slope, and more. Calculation methods are provided for various indices that can help classify watershed shape and drainage density. The overall aim is to understand watershed characteristics that influence runoff volume and flow velocity.
This document discusses evaluating pumping stations for irrigation. The evaluation aims to: verify current operating conditions through energy efficiency analysis; analyze suitability of pumps for irrigation equipment; assess vibration levels; and provide a detailed report with recommendations. It describes the methodology for determining pump efficiency, including measurements of energy consumption, flow rate, total head, and rotation speed. Formulas are provided to calculate actual and relative efficiency, excess energy consumed, and potential cost reduction. Factors like suction conditions, net positive suction head, and mechanical condition are also assessed to evaluate pump performance and suitability for the irrigation system.
This document summarizes an undergraduate thesis on the design and analysis of a reversible pump turbine (RPT). The thesis was submitted by 8 students under the supervision of Dr. Subhas Chandra Rana. The thesis covers hydraulic design issues of RPTs including Euler's equation, stability, cavitation, and net positive suction head. It also describes the design process involving determining main dimensions, maximum efficiency point, and modeling the RPT housing using CAD software. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed to simulate the RPT in turbine mode.
Guide to the selection of UNIQA electric pumps - Zenit GroupZenit Group
The introduction of UNIQA® pumps requires sales technicians and resellers to be able to select and ex-plain their constructional and functional characteristics. They must therefore be familiar with the basic technical concepts applicable to all pumps, as well as those which apply specifically to the UNIQA® range:
- Basic concepts of hydraulics
- Q-H curve (duty point)
- Pump - Motor (P1 - P2 - P3)
- Efficiency
- Concept of hydraulics
- Applying motors of various power ratings to a given impeller
- Operation with frequency variator
- Other selection criteria (materials, versions, etc.)
Centrifugal pumps work by spinning fluid inward and then flinging it outward via vanes, converting some of the kinetic energy into fluid pressure as the fluid exits the impeller and passes through a spiral volute casing. The capacity and pressure developed by centrifugal pumps are strongly dependent on each other. Key parameters like capacity, head, power, and efficiency can be calculated and vary based on changes to the impeller's speed of rotation or diameter.
Hydraulic Actuation System modeling for developmental Gas Turbine EnginePREMNATH N
This document presents a hydraulic actuation system modeling using bond graph techniques. It summarizes the modeling of a two-stage servo valve and hydraulic actuator. The key steps are:
1. The two-stage servo valve and hydraulic actuator are modeled using bond graphs. Differential equations are derived from the bond graphs.
2. The differential equations are transformed into state-space form.
3. Simulation results are analyzed for the electro-hydraulic system model under conditions of underlap and critical lap servo.
The document outlines the component modeling using bond graphs, derivation of differential equations, and state-space representations to analyze the hydraulic actuation system dynamics.
This document discusses gas turbine operation outside of design conditions. It begins by explaining how the turbine is designed for a specific pressure ratio, component efficiencies, and maximum cycle temperature. While a turbine will achieve expected performance at the design point, it must also operate for prolonged periods outside design conditions due to changes in ambient conditions, loading, and other factors. The document then provides details on how to simulate off-design performance using dimensionless maps of the compressor and turbine. It describes how changes in ambient temperature and loading impact turbine output power and efficiency. Correction factors are also discussed for accounting for pressure losses and non-standard ambient conditions.
1. The document analyzes and compares the energy efficiency of three variants of an electrohydraulic closed-loop control system for driving electric generators using wave energy.
2. It calculates the hydraulic losses at maximum and minimum flow rates for each variant, finding the highest losses of 5.4 kW for Variant 1 and lowest of 1.6 kW for Variant 2.
3. An analysis of energy efficiency shows Variant 2 is the most efficient at 93.6%, followed closely by Variant 3 at 93.3%, while Variant 1 has the lowest efficiency at 78.4%.
The document discusses thermodynamic cycles in gas turbines. It begins with a review of mass, energy and momentum balance equations. It then covers simple cycles, how pressure ratio, maximum temperature and gas properties affect thermal efficiency and specific power. Real cycle aspects and ISO conditions are discussed. Comparative operation of real cycles at design point and behavior maps at design point are addressed. The remainder of the document provides further review of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics concepts including balance equations.
The document discusses gas turbines and axial flow turbines. It covers:
1) The two basic types of turbines - radial flow and axial flow. Axial flow turbines are more widely used and efficient except for very low powers.
2) Impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines only expand gas in nozzles while reaction turbines expand gas in both nozzles and rotors. Reaction turbines are more efficient.
3) Velocity triangles which describe the flow geometry at turbine stages using absolute, relative and peripheral velocities.
4) Work output calculations and definitions of loading and flow coefficients which characterize turbine performance.
This document provides a summary of the author's summer training report on workshop practices and mechanical activities at the Central Workshop in Gevra. It describes several mechanical shops visited, including the electrical repair shop, engine shop, heavy repair shop, and machine shop. The electrical repair shop repairs AC/DC motors and transformers. The engine shop performs maintenance on various engine parts and systems. The heavy repair shop repairs large equipment like magnetorques and compressors. The machine shop contains lathe and shaper machines used for machining cylindrical parts.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN SHAPE OF SUCTION MANIFOLD TO...ijiert bestjournal
Centrifugal pumps are used extensively for pumping water over short to medium distance through pipeline where the requirements of head and discharge are moderate. The design and optimization of turbo machine impellers such as tho se in pumps and turbines is a highly complicated task due to the complex three-dimension al shape of the impeller blades and surrounding devices. Small differences in geometry can lead to significant changes in the performance of these machines. The efficiency of th e centrifugal pump can be increased by number of ways such as modifying the geometry of th e sump,increasing the diameter of the suction pump,having multiple pumps working in seri es,etc. This paper is part of research work carried out to improve efficiency of a centrifugal pump through changing shapes of the manifolds.
Dynamic Analysis and Testing of on-load tap changerLeonardo Nicolini
The dynamic resistance measurement (DRM) was developed to analyze the switching process of on-load tap changers (OLTCs), which have a high failure rate of around 30%. DRM allows detection of issues like arcing contacts or switching interruptions by measuring the fast switching process. To properly analyze DRM results, it is important to know the OLTC type and construction. DRM analysis focuses on features of the current curve during switching, like amplitude, which indicates contact resistance, and timing, which may show mechanical problems. Proper test currents around 3-5A provide a stable measurement. Shorting the secondary side increases sensitivity. Switching direction and tap position can impact results due to differences in winding configuration.
Numerical Investigation of Single Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor for Effec...IJERA Editor
In present work, a compressor configuration is taken from literature which will be studied for aspect ratio (ratio between length of blade to chord length) influence over performance. Performance in the sense is pressure ratio of compressor. The aspect ratio of the blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. There are so many literatures available on influence of design parameters of axial flow compressor over its performance. Few literatures only are available for effects of aspect ratio of blade over performance of compressor. A study is proposed to be carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of single stage subsonic compressor through ANSYS-CFX software. The analysis will be carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and to obtain the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. Further increase in aspect ratio will lead to structural problem of compressor. Therefore, there will be optimum aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Simulation will be conducted to aspect ratios of 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 to find optimum ratio using ANSYS-CFX commercial CFD software.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate the loss coefficient (K) for different pipe components, including pipe bends, branches, and changes in cross-section.
2. Tests were conducted to measure the minor losses through pipe elbows at various angles, double elbows, and a single elbow.
3. The loss coefficients were calculated based on measurements of pressure difference, flow velocity, and component geometry. Loss coefficients ranged from 0.548 to 2.345 depending on the pipe component.
This document provides a summary of a presentation about turbomachines. It discusses the classification of turbomachines as either compressible or incompressible fluid machines that either transfer energy from or to a fluid using a rotating shaft. It also describes the components of turbomachines like compressors, turbines, bearings and systems used. The document discusses off-design and on-design analysis of turbomachines using the Euler turbine equation and the energy transfer between the rotor and fluid.
This document summarizes experimental work characterizing two-phase flow in centrifugal pumps. Small pressure sensors were used to measure pressure distributions in an impeller, diffuser, and volute under varying air-water flow conditions. High-speed photography was also used. Analytical models were developed to predict single- and two-phase pressure distributions, and compared to test data. Previous related pump test programs are also summarized. Equations for analyzing single-phase pump performance and predicting pressure rises in the suction, impeller, diffuser, and volute are provided.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Performance prediction of a turboshaft engine by using of one dimensional ana...ijmech
Performance estimation of the axial flow gas turbines under variety of operating conditions like different speeds and pressure ratios has been hampered by lack of reliable experimental data and experiments cost.Simulation of gas turbine is a simple way to reduce testing costs and complexity.One-dimensional (1D).Simulation is a simple, fast and accurate method for performance prediction of turbine with different geometries. In this approach, inlet flow conditions and turbine geometry are known and by considering loss model, the turbine performance characteristics are predicted. In following work, that is based on one dimensional modelling method, after the presentation of solution algorithm by trial and error method and introduction of different loss models for modelling, this method were examined for a turbo shaft engine and
compared with experimental results. Comparison of the results with experimental data shows so good adaptation. Also according to these results, Kacker and Okapuu’s developed model gave the closest results to the reference data.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
This document summarizes the results of a laboratory experiment on hydraulic energy losses. The experiment measured losses due to pipe length and fittings. For pipe length losses, results were obtained for both turbulent and laminar flow regimes. Pressure drops were measured and compared to theoretical calculations. Significant errors were found between experimental and theoretical values, especially for laminar flow losses. Losses due to fittings were also measured and compared to theory, with very large errors observed. The results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
The document discusses thermodynamic cycles in gas turbines. It begins with a review of mass, energy and momentum balance equations. It then covers simple cycles, how pressure ratio, maximum temperature and gas properties affect thermal efficiency and specific power. Real cycle aspects and ISO conditions are discussed. Comparative operation of real cycles at design point and behavior maps at design point are addressed. The remainder of the document provides further review of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics concepts including balance equations.
The document discusses gas turbines and axial flow turbines. It covers:
1) The two basic types of turbines - radial flow and axial flow. Axial flow turbines are more widely used and efficient except for very low powers.
2) Impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines only expand gas in nozzles while reaction turbines expand gas in both nozzles and rotors. Reaction turbines are more efficient.
3) Velocity triangles which describe the flow geometry at turbine stages using absolute, relative and peripheral velocities.
4) Work output calculations and definitions of loading and flow coefficients which characterize turbine performance.
This document provides a summary of the author's summer training report on workshop practices and mechanical activities at the Central Workshop in Gevra. It describes several mechanical shops visited, including the electrical repair shop, engine shop, heavy repair shop, and machine shop. The electrical repair shop repairs AC/DC motors and transformers. The engine shop performs maintenance on various engine parts and systems. The heavy repair shop repairs large equipment like magnetorques and compressors. The machine shop contains lathe and shaper machines used for machining cylindrical parts.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN SHAPE OF SUCTION MANIFOLD TO...ijiert bestjournal
Centrifugal pumps are used extensively for pumping water over short to medium distance through pipeline where the requirements of head and discharge are moderate. The design and optimization of turbo machine impellers such as tho se in pumps and turbines is a highly complicated task due to the complex three-dimension al shape of the impeller blades and surrounding devices. Small differences in geometry can lead to significant changes in the performance of these machines. The efficiency of th e centrifugal pump can be increased by number of ways such as modifying the geometry of th e sump,increasing the diameter of the suction pump,having multiple pumps working in seri es,etc. This paper is part of research work carried out to improve efficiency of a centrifugal pump through changing shapes of the manifolds.
Dynamic Analysis and Testing of on-load tap changerLeonardo Nicolini
The dynamic resistance measurement (DRM) was developed to analyze the switching process of on-load tap changers (OLTCs), which have a high failure rate of around 30%. DRM allows detection of issues like arcing contacts or switching interruptions by measuring the fast switching process. To properly analyze DRM results, it is important to know the OLTC type and construction. DRM analysis focuses on features of the current curve during switching, like amplitude, which indicates contact resistance, and timing, which may show mechanical problems. Proper test currents around 3-5A provide a stable measurement. Shorting the secondary side increases sensitivity. Switching direction and tap position can impact results due to differences in winding configuration.
Numerical Investigation of Single Stage of an Axial Flow Compressor for Effec...IJERA Editor
In present work, a compressor configuration is taken from literature which will be studied for aspect ratio (ratio between length of blade to chord length) influence over performance. Performance in the sense is pressure ratio of compressor. The aspect ratio of the blade is an important parameter and has a strong influence on the performance of axial flow compressor. There are so many literatures available on influence of design parameters of axial flow compressor over its performance. Few literatures only are available for effects of aspect ratio of blade over performance of compressor. A study is proposed to be carried out to verify the effect of aspect ratio on the performance of single stage subsonic compressor through ANSYS-CFX software. The analysis will be carried out for the constant tip diameter of the compressor rotor blade having an aspect ratio 1, 2 and 3 and to obtain the pressure loss and flow parameters of the compressor stage. Further increase in aspect ratio will lead to structural problem of compressor. Therefore, there will be optimum aspect ratio between 2 and 3. Simulation will be conducted to aspect ratios of 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 and 2.9 to find optimum ratio using ANSYS-CFX commercial CFD software.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate the loss coefficient (K) for different pipe components, including pipe bends, branches, and changes in cross-section.
2. Tests were conducted to measure the minor losses through pipe elbows at various angles, double elbows, and a single elbow.
3. The loss coefficients were calculated based on measurements of pressure difference, flow velocity, and component geometry. Loss coefficients ranged from 0.548 to 2.345 depending on the pipe component.
This document provides a summary of a presentation about turbomachines. It discusses the classification of turbomachines as either compressible or incompressible fluid machines that either transfer energy from or to a fluid using a rotating shaft. It also describes the components of turbomachines like compressors, turbines, bearings and systems used. The document discusses off-design and on-design analysis of turbomachines using the Euler turbine equation and the energy transfer between the rotor and fluid.
This document summarizes experimental work characterizing two-phase flow in centrifugal pumps. Small pressure sensors were used to measure pressure distributions in an impeller, diffuser, and volute under varying air-water flow conditions. High-speed photography was also used. Analytical models were developed to predict single- and two-phase pressure distributions, and compared to test data. Previous related pump test programs are also summarized. Equations for analyzing single-phase pump performance and predicting pressure rises in the suction, impeller, diffuser, and volute are provided.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Performance prediction of a turboshaft engine by using of one dimensional ana...ijmech
Performance estimation of the axial flow gas turbines under variety of operating conditions like different speeds and pressure ratios has been hampered by lack of reliable experimental data and experiments cost.Simulation of gas turbine is a simple way to reduce testing costs and complexity.One-dimensional (1D).Simulation is a simple, fast and accurate method for performance prediction of turbine with different geometries. In this approach, inlet flow conditions and turbine geometry are known and by considering loss model, the turbine performance characteristics are predicted. In following work, that is based on one dimensional modelling method, after the presentation of solution algorithm by trial and error method and introduction of different loss models for modelling, this method were examined for a turbo shaft engine and
compared with experimental results. Comparison of the results with experimental data shows so good adaptation. Also according to these results, Kacker and Okapuu’s developed model gave the closest results to the reference data.
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
Analysis of symmetrical & asymmetrical pwm based three phase ac to ac con...eSAT Journals
Abstract
A Three phase bidirectional AC to AC buck converter circuit using power MOSFET operating in high frequency chopping mode is simulated and analyzed for electrical parameters such as output phase voltage, input line current, input power factor, harmonic profile and efficiency using MATLAB/simulink software package. The various PWM techniques such as symmetrical ramp-DC PWM (SRDPWM), asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM (ARTPWM), asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-1 [ASPWM1] and asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM type-2 [ASPWM2] techniques are adopted to analyze the harmonic profile, input power factor and efficiency of the converter. The rms value of the output phase voltage, output line current and source current can be significantly increased by varying the duty ratio K in case of symmetrical PWM control strategy and modulation index MI in case of asymmetrical PWM control strategies independent of variation in switching frequency. It is observed from the simulation results that the ASPWM1 switching strategy gives more output phase voltage, input power factor, efficiency by increasing modulation index MI and reduced low order harmonics of output voltage and source current by increasing the number of pulses per half cycle P compared to other PWM techniques rendering easy and economical filteration.
Keywords: Three phase AC chopper, symmetrical ramp-DC PWM, asymmetrical ramp-triangular PWM, asymmetrical sinusoidal PWM technique, harmonic profile, power factor, efficiency
This document summarizes the results of a laboratory experiment on hydraulic energy losses. The experiment measured losses due to pipe length and fittings. For pipe length losses, results were obtained for both turbulent and laminar flow regimes. Pressure drops were measured and compared to theoretical calculations. Significant errors were found between experimental and theoretical values, especially for laminar flow losses. Losses due to fittings were also measured and compared to theory, with very large errors observed. The results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
2. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPONENTES MAYORES:
Introducción: Máquinas de fluidos Conceptos y Clasificación. Parámetros
adimensionales(repaso)
Compresores. Funcionamiento de compresores centrífugos (sera visto en módulo 5).
Compresores de flujo axial. Teoría de alabes. Oleaje y “Stall”. Sistema de Alabes Guía y
Válvulas de Alivio. Características de funcionamiento de compresor de flujo axial.
Turbinas. Turbina de flujo Axial. Turbinas de impulso y reacción. Conceptos de
enfriamiento de alabes de turbinas.
Cámaras de combustión. Combustión. Combustores. Atomización de combustible e
ignición. Arreglos típicos de combustores. Tubos Cruzallama. Piezas de Transición. Bujías
de Encendido. Detectores de Llama. Problemas de contaminación, Inyección de agua,
vapor; Combustores DNE. Combustión catalítica. Combustibles Gas, Líquido y Dual,
especificación, Propiedades y Tratamiento.
CONTENIDO
CONTENIDO
3. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Parámetros adimensionales considerando efectos de compresibilidad
Considerando que el fluido, γ y D no varían, se tiene Parámetros cuasi- adimensionales
La relación de Parámetros cuasi- adimensionales se simplifica
En Los módulos de nivelación, se revisaron las representaciones del comportamiento de las
turbomáquinas en función de parámetros adimensionales o en función de parámetros cuasi
adimensionales.
ANÁLISIS DIMENSIONAL
REPASO
∆𝑇0
𝑇01
𝑃02
𝑃01
𝜂
𝑷𝟎𝟐
𝑷𝟎𝟏
, 𝜼,
𝚫𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝟎𝟏
= 𝒇
𝒎 𝑹𝑻𝟎𝟏
𝑫𝟐𝑷𝟎𝟏
,
𝑵 𝑫
𝑹𝑻𝟎𝟏
, 𝑹𝒆, 𝜸
4. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
𝒘 =
𝒘
𝝆𝟎𝟏𝑵𝟑𝑫𝟓 = 𝑭
𝒎
𝝆𝟎𝟏𝑵 𝑫𝟑 ,
𝛁𝒉𝟎
𝑵𝟐𝑫𝟐 ,
𝑵𝑫
𝒂𝟎𝟏
,
𝝆𝟎𝟏𝑵𝑫𝟐
𝝁
,
𝜺
𝑫
, 𝜼 , 𝜸 , 𝑵𝒔
Mapa de comportamiento de un Compresor
Se puede establecer una relación funcional entre los parámetros adimensionales
Al hacer una
simplificación,
considerando un
tipo de máquina
específica los
parámetros se
reducen a los
cuasiadimensional
mostrados en el
mapa de la figura
ANÁLISIS DIMENSIONAL
REPASO
5. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
5
Características del rotor según Ns
4
/
3
2
/
1
H
Q
g
s
4
/
3
2
/
1
H
Q
N
Ns
ψ
H
1 g
N
D
Diámetro
Aproximado
min
/
Galones
en
Q
ft
H en
rpm
en
N
s
en /
m
Q 3
m
H en
81
.
9 2
s
m
g
radianes/s
en
ANÁLISIS DIMENSIONAL (selección de Tipo de máquina)
REPASO
6. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Se definen las máquinas de fluidos como sistemas mecánicos que
interacciona, en forma de trabajo, con un fluido.
Analizando la interacción de trabajo se pueden clasificar las máquinas
de fluidos como Conductoras (aquellas en la que la máquina recibe el
trabajo cedido por el fluido, trabajo positivo) y Conducidas (aquellas en
que es el fluido de trabajo el que recibe el trabajo cedido por la maquina,
trabajo negativo). Además si se considera la forma de como se realiza la
interacción de trabajo podemos hacer otra clasificación : Máquinas de
desplazamiento positivo o volumétricas y Turbomáquinas
DEFINICIÓN:
REPASO
7. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
El área bajo la curva en un
diagrama p-v representa el
trabajo de borde o de
desplazamiento.
TRABAJO DE BORDE O de Desplazamiento
X
Proceso de cuasi-equilibrio:
Proceso en el cual el sistema
permanece cerca del equilibrio todo
el tiempo.
𝛿𝑊𝑏 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡ó𝑛𝑑𝑥
𝑊 =
1
2
𝛿𝑊𝑏 =
1
2
𝐹𝑑𝑥 =
1
2
𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡ó𝑛𝑑𝑥
v
v
v
v
Trayectoria del
proceso
F
v
X1 X2
dx
apistón
Sistema
𝑊 =
1
2
𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡ó𝑛𝑑𝑥 =
1
2
𝑝𝑑v = A
𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡ó𝑛𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑v
REPASO
8. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Máquinas Desplazamiento, principio de funcionamiento
t
ciclos
ciclo
W
W #
*
Donde:
W es el trabajo realizado
P es la presión dentro de la máquina
v es el volumen del fluido dentro de la
máquina
Donde:
W Es la potencia
Máquinas de fluidos.
𝑾 =
𝟏
𝟐
𝑷 ∗ 𝒅𝒗
REPASO
9. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Máquinas Desplazamiento, características de funcionamiento
Máquinas de fluidos.
REPASO
10. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Clasificación Máquinas de fluidos según el Sentido del intercambio de
energía
¨Consumidoras de
Potencia Mecánica¨, la
energía del fluido
aumenta con la
interacción
¨Generadoras de
Potencia Mecánica¨,
la energía del fluido
disminuye con la
interacción
MAQUINAS
DE
FLUIDOS
Bombas
Compresores
Ventiladores y sopladores
Turbinas hidráulicas
Turbinas de vapor
Turbinas de gas
Motores alternativos
Máquinas de fluidos.
Conducidas:
Conductoras:
REPASO
11. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Clasificación de máquinas de fluidos según forma de intercambio
de energía
DESPLAZAMIENTO
POSITIVO
(Será estudiado con mas detalles
en el módulo 5)
TURBOMÁQUINAS
Según la dirección del
flujo respecto al eje
MAQUINAS
DE
FLUIDOS
ALTERNATIVAS
ROTATORIAS
Axial
Radial
Mixta
Máquinas de fluidos.
REPASO
12. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Máquinas Desplazamiento alternativas
Fig. 3 Máquinas de desplazamiento positivo alternativas
Máquinas de fluidos.
REPASO
13. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
ECUACIÓN BÁSICA
1
1
2
2 C
*
R
C
*
R
*
m
A
A
es el torque aplicado sobre el eje AA
C es la componente tangencial de la velocidad
a la entrada o a la salida del impulsor.
R = es radio a la entrada o a la salida del impulsor
W
C
U
C
U
m
A 1
1
2
2 *
*
*
*
R
*
U
= Velocidad angular
U = Velocidad lineal del rotor
g
C
U
C
U 1
1
2
2 *
*
H
H = Cabezal (energía por unidad de peso)
Q = caudal
dt
dm
dt
dW
/
/
C
*
U
C
*
U 1
1
2
2
g
dt
dm
dt
dW H
/
/
=>
=>
TURBOMÁQUINAS:
REPASO
14. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
14
Máquinas CONDUCTORAS
REPASO
15. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Máquinas CONDUCIDAS
REPASO
16. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Curva H Vs. Q (Turbo bomba)
REPASO
17. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Comparación de Máquinas Desplazamiento, con centrífugas
REPASO
18. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
y
t
l
a
b
El perfil del álabe se define en una tabla de
valores de x, y, t
Donde se tiene que para x=a , y=b la
curvatura es máxima
Usualmente los perfiles se expresan en
función de la cuerda l , i.e la forma de la
linea de curvatura se define con valores de a
b y tmax como fracción de l
Borde de ataque
Borde de estela
x
y
Línea de curvatura
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL
REPASO
20. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
1
1
01
02
01
P
P
C
T p
C
U
1
2
2
1
1
x
C
)
,
,
,
( 2
1
01
02
x
C
U
función
P
P
2
1
2
1 tan
tan
x
C
U
W
C
U
C
2
1
2
tan
tan
x
UC
U
1
01
2
1
2
01
02
1
tan
tan
p
x
C
T
UC
U
P
P
2
1
2
tan
tan
x
UC
U
m
UC
U
m
W x }
tan
tan
{ 2
1
2
Rotor
U
C
W 1
1
1
2
U
W
C
2
2
1
2
1
C
2
C
2
W
2
W
𝑪𝜽𝟏
Δ𝐶𝜃
𝑼
1
x
C
1
x
C
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (Cantidad de movimiento en el rotor)
21. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Estator
Rotor
Alabe de Rotor
Alabe de Estator
T
R
P
A
C
A
C
m x
x
*
*
*
x
C
x
C
T
R
A
C
P
T
T
R
P
A
C
P
T
m x
x
*
*
*
*
*
Rm
m
R
U P
A
T
R
m
Cx
*
*
*
Area anular
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
22. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Rotor
Estator
Estator
2
2 W
U
C
U
C
W 1
1
0
1
2
3
xa
C
T
R
A
C
P
T
m x
*
*
02
02
P
P
a
1
C
1
W
U
2
W
U
2
C
𝑃𝑜2
𝑃𝑜1
=
∗ 𝑈2
− 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛼1 + tan 𝛽2
𝑇𝑜1 ∗ 𝐶𝑝
+ 1
𝛾
𝛾−1
𝐶𝑥𝑎 =
𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇
𝐴 ∗ 𝑃
∆𝜔𝑚𝑎
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
23. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Rotor
Estator
Estator
1
1 W
U
C
U
C
W 2
2
0
1
2
3
i-
T
R
A
C
P
T
m x
*
*
02
02
P
P
a
b
xb
C
𝑃𝑜2
𝑃𝑜1
=
∗ 𝑈2
− 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛼1 + tan 𝛽2
𝑇𝑜1 ∗ 𝐶𝑝
+ 1
𝛾
𝛾−1
𝐶𝑥𝑏 =
𝑚𝑏 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑇
𝐴 ∗ 𝑃
u
u
∆𝜔𝑚𝑎
∆𝜔𝑚𝑏
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
24. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Rotor
Estator
Estator
0
1
2
3
i+
1
1 W
U
C
U
C
W 2
2
x
C
T
R
A
C
P
T
m x
*
*
02
02
P
P
a
b
c
P
A
T
R
m
C
b
xb
*
*
*
∆𝜔𝑚𝑐
u
∆𝜔𝑚𝑎
∆𝜔𝑚𝑏
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
25. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
)
tan(
)
tan( 2
1
t
Comportamiento fuera de diseño ideal de etapa de compresión
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
26. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
27. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
28. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
29. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
T
R
A
C
P
T
m x
*
*
02
02
P
P
a
b
c
Estrangulamiento
Oleaje
Comportamiento ideal
Comportamiento real
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (CURVA DE OPERACIÓN)
30. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CARACTERISTICAS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL
31. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
P
A
T
R
m
C
a
xa
*
*
*
a
m
a R
U
b
m
b R
U
Primeras ETAPAS
Ultimas ETAPAS
Ai As
Pi
Ai
Ti
R
m
C
a
xi
*
*
*
Ps
As
Ts
R
m
C
a
xs
*
*
*
Rotor
Estator
U
C
W 1
1
xa
C
Ca
a
W
a
U
b
U
xb
C
Rotor
Estator
U
C
W 1
1
xas
C
Ca
a
W
a
U
b
U
xbs
C
i
Baja rpm
Baja rpm
Alta rpm Alta rpm
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL
32. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Pi
Ai
Ti
R
m
C
a
xi
*
*
*
Ps
As
Ts
R
m
C
a
xs
*
*
*
As<<Ai
xi
xs C
C
Ai As
xi
C xs
C
CONDICIONES DE DISEÑO
rpm diseño
rpm diseño a
rpm baja
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL CARACTERISTICAS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO
33. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Rotor
Estator
Estator
0
1
2
3
i+
La incidencia i disminuye por lo que se
Aleja de la zona de oleaje
x
C
i+
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (Control de oleaje)
34. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
ESTATOR DE INCLINACION VARIABLE
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL (Control de oleaje)
35. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL(Control de oleaje)
36. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
1
x
C
%
50
Re
%
1
2
acción
%
50
Re
%
1
2
acción
%
50
Re
%
1
2
acción
1
1
GRADO DE REACCIÓN
Dado el triangulo de velocidades en la entrada, el grado de reacción quedará definido por el triangulo de
velocidades a la salida según:
2
2
2
COMPRESORES DE FLUJO AXIAL
37. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
38. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
U
C
W 2
2
3
3 W
U
C
𝛼2
𝛽3
𝛼2
𝛼3
𝛽2
𝜔 = 𝑈 𝐶𝜃3 + 𝐶𝜃2
𝜔 = 𝑈 𝐶𝜃3 − 𝐶𝜃2
𝜔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛼2 + tan 𝛼3
𝜔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛽2 + tan 𝛽3
𝜔 = 𝑈 𝐶𝜃3 + 𝐶𝜃2 = 𝐶𝑝𝑔 ∗ 𝑇𝑜3 ∗ ∗ 1 −
𝑃𝑜4
𝑃𝑜3
𝛾−1
𝛾
= 𝑈 𝐶𝜃3 + 𝐶𝜃2
𝜔 = 𝐶𝑥 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑈 𝐶𝜃3 + 𝐶𝜃2 = 𝐶𝑥 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑔 ∗ 𝑇𝑜3 ∗ ∗ 1 −
𝑃𝑜1
𝑃𝑜3
𝛾−1
𝛾
39. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
U
C
W 2
2
3
3 W
U
C
𝜔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛽2 + tan 𝛽3
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
40. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
U
C
W 2
2
3
3 W
U
C
𝜔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑥 tan 𝛽2 + tan 𝛽3
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
41. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
MAPA ADIMENSIONAL DE COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA TURBINA DE GAS
42. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
43. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMPORTAMIENTO DE UNA ETAPA DE TURBINA
44. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
SITEMA DE ENFRIAMIENTO DE LOS ALABES DE LAS TURBINAS
45. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCION DE LAS TG
SITEMA DE ENFRIAMIENTO DE LOS ALABES DE LAS TURBINAS
46. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCION DE LAS TG
SITEMA DE ENFRIAMIENTO DE LOS ALABES DE LAS TURBINAS
47. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS TG
48. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
49. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
50. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCION DE LAS TG
CICLO COMBINADO
51. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCION DE LAS TG aumento de la t max.
52. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
MATERIALES EN LAS TURBINAS DE GAS
53. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
54. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
EVOLUCION DE LAS TG
55. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Fundición de alabe tipo mono crista
56. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
El proceso de combustión Consiste en la oxidación exotérmica del combustible en presencia de aire,
produciendo CO2, agua y otros gases inertes a elevada temperatura. La combustión incompleta se produce
debido a la formación de radicales y especies tales como CO y radicales hidrocarbonados (H-C) que pasan a los
gases de escape denominándose hidrocarburos no quemados. Además de bajar la eficiencia, la presencia de
estos compuestos contribuyen a la contaminación ambiental ya que son tóxicos. Las condiciones que
promueven la formación de UHC también promueven el CO. A diferencia del CO, que es un gas incoloro e
inodoro, los UHC tienen el olor característico que suelen encontrarse en los entornos aeroportuarios. La zona
intermedia de combustión normalmente reduce estos radicales mediante la adición de más aire, forzando la
reacción química hacia la producción de dióxido de carbono y agua.
Otro contaminante formado durante la combustión se debe a la oxidación del nitrógeno que se encuentra en
el aire de combustión. Normalmente el nitrógeno no participa en la combustión; Sin embargo, las presiones y
temperaturas que prevalecen en la zona primaria dan lugar a su oxidación. El impacto de la presión y la
temperatura es exponencial. Los óxidos que se forman, NO y NO2, de los cuales NO es dominante, se
denominan normalmente NOx térmico. Los NOx son tóxicos y también participan en la formación de smog
químico, y aumentan el agotamiento del ozono en la estratosfera. Otra fuente de nitrógeno para la formación
de NOx proviene de ciertos combustibles y a menudo se denomina NOx combustible.
La formación de contaminantes depende de la presión de combustión, temperatura y mezcla del combustible y
aire de combustión. Cuanto mayor es la temperatura y la presión, mayor es la velocidad de reacción que
resulta en CO y UHC más bajos, pero también en un aumento en la formación de NOx. La presión de
combustión y la temperatura varían con la carga del motor, disminuyendo cuando se reduce la carga. Por lo
tanto, observamos niveles crecientes de CO y UHC y una disminución en el nivel de NOx con la reducción en la
carga del motor, por lo que se han diseñado varios métodos para su control (Ver Control de nox)
PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN
57. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN
(ESTABILIDAD DE LA LLAMA)
58. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN
(Formación de Contaminantes)
59. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
PROCESO DE COMBUSTIÓN
(Formación de Contaminantes)
Diferencia entre llama difusiva y llama premezclada para el metano
60. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
COMBUSTIBLES
• Combustibles convencionales
Gas natural
Aceite de Combustible Líquido
• Combustibles no convencionales
Petróleo crudo
Gas de refinería
Propano
CARBON
• Combustibles sintéticos
Proceso químico
Proceso físico
61. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Cámara de Combustión
El aire que abandona el compresor ingresa A CADA UNO DE LOS QUEMADORES
Tres tipos posibles: *TUBULAR
* SILO
* TUBO-ANULAR
* ANULAR
Con el flujo de aire (estabilizado) que sale del compresor y con suministro continuo de
combustible se PRODUCE la combustión de la mezcla.
La longitud de la cámara de combustión QUEDA determinada en función de flujo involucrado
en el ciclo.
Se puede reducir utilizando más cámaras en paralelo, produciendo mayor número de llamas
más cortas.
Las paredes de la cámara de combustión están sometidas elevadas temperaturas, debiendo
tener una excelente refrigeración para evitar dilataciones de los materiales.
Pueden estar refrigerados por agua o aire (compresor)
La inyección de Agua es utilizada para la reducción de los NOx originados por los puntos
calientes de la llama.
62. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
SISTEMA DE IYECCIÓN DE COMBUSTIBLE
63. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
SISTEMA DE IYECCIÓN DE COMBUSTIBLE
64. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
1) difusor
(2) boquilla de
combustible
(3) zona primaria
(4) zona intermedia
(5) zona de dilución
8%
40% 40%
12%
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – TUBULAR
65. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – TUBULAR (Flujo Directo)
66. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Camara de combustion tubular
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – TUBULAR (Contra Flujo)
67. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CORTE DE CAMARAS TUBULAR , TUBO ANULAR, ANULAR
68. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – TUBULAR (Flujo Directo)
• Una serie de cámaras tubulares
distribuidos alrededor del eje de
forma uniforme conforman este
diseño de cámara de combustión.
• Normalmente están interconectadas
con tubos llamados cruza llama para
minimizar el uso de bujías de
encendido.
• Tienen mejor resistencia estructural
que las anulares, pero menor
rendimiento y mayor peso. Además
si una de ellas deja de funcionar y no
es detectado, pueden producirse
grandes diferencias de temperaturas
en la estructura.
69. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – TUBOANULAR
70. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION –ANULAR
71. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION –ANULAR
72. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTIÓN - ANULAR
En este caso la cámara consiste en un cilindro
orientado axialmente instalado alrededor del
eje. Tiene un único tubo de llama y entre 15 y
20 inyectores.
Consiguen una buena refrigeración de los gases de combustión y bajas perdidas de carga,
aunque su distribución de temperaturas y mezcla combustible/comburente es menos
uniforme que en cámaras tuboanulares.
Este diseño se utiliza en general en turbinas aeroderivadas.
73. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CAMARA TIPO SILO
74. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTIÓN – SILO
75. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION – SILO
76. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CÁMARA COMBUSTION TIPO SILO–DUCTOS DE TRANSICIÓN
(compresor cámara y cámara turbina)
77. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
78. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
DISTRIBUCION DE TEMPERATURA USANDO QUEMADORES PREMEZCLADO Y
CONVENCIONALES
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
79. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
80. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
81. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Combustor de LM 6000
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
82. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Combustible
Descarga del difusor
Del Compresor
Aire
Aire
Aire
Pre mezclador
Liner del
Combustor
Carcasa exterior
Tobera
de
Turbina
Corte Esquemático de Combustor LM 6000
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
83. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
Configuración de arranque
Zona B de Reacción
5-25% de Carga
Zona BC de Reacción
25-50% de Carga
Zona AB de Reacción
50% a Plena Carga
Zona ABC de Reacción
Esquema de funcionamiento de combustor de LM 6000
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
84. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
85. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería
CONTROL DE CONTAMINANTES
86. JJGL
TURBINAS DE GAS TEMA 2
Componentes mayores en la TG
RepúblicaBolivariana deVenezuela
UniversidaddelZulia
Facultadde Ingeniería