1. The document discusses principles of learning and educational technology, including Gagne's nine events of learning and the four revolutions in education. 2. It explains the Dale cone of experience which illustrates that direct, hands-on experiences are most effective for learning, followed by increasingly abstract aids like demonstrations and projected images. 3. General rules for using teaching aids are presented, such as preparing students for the experience, relating it to the lesson, and ensuring the aid is appropriate to the students' level. The aids should supplement, not replace, traditional teaching methods.

1. Learning and
Educational
Technology

2. Objectives
 To look into some principles of learning
relevant to educational technology
 To discuss the four revolutions in
education
 To explain the Dale cone of experience
 To list some general rules in use of the
teaching aids

4. Gagne events of instruction
 Gaining and controlling attention
 Informing of expected outcome in clear
specific terms
 Stimulating recall or reevaluate
capacities and information
 Providing feedback and assessing
terms and performance
 Making provisions for transferability of
and ensuring retention o learned
behavior

5. Gagne’s Nine Events of Learning
Instructional Event Internal Mental Process
1. Gain attention Stimuli activates receptors
2. Inform learners of objectives Creates level of expectation for learning
3. Stimulate recall of prior learning Retrieval and activation of short-term memory
4. Present the content Selective perception of content
5. Provide "learning guidance" Semantic encoding for storage long-term
memory
6. Elicit performance (practice) Responds to questions to enhance
encoding and verification
7. Provide feedback Reinforcement and assessment of
correct performance
8. Assess performance Retrieval and reinforcement of content as
final
evaluation
9. Enhance retention and Retrieval and generalization of learned skill to
new transfer to the job situation

6. Different modes of teaching
 Tutoring
 Lecturing
 Recitation
 Participatory
 Discussion
 Field assignment

7. Different Media
 Laboratory
 Oral communication
 Pictures, films, more media
•Educational technology
choice of effective the media
to suit instructional mode

8. Senses are the gateways
to acquiring knowledge
We learn
• 1.0 percent through taste
• 1.5 percent through touch
• 3.5 percent through smell
• 11.0 percent through hearing
• 83.0 percent through sight

9. We remember
 20 percent of what e hear
 30 percent f what we see
 50 percent of what we see
and hear
 80 percent of what we say
 90 percent of what we say
and do

10. Visual literacy
 Group of vision
competencies one
can develop by
seeing an at the
same time hearing
and integrating other
sensory verbal and
learning
experiences

11.  Multimedia is
multisensory approach

12. Audio visual aids
 different types of tools that appeal
to sense of hearing and vision and
are used in classrooms for
presentation of variety of
information
Connotes both process or
experiences
Referred to as educational
communication technology, audio
visual media, learning resource,
instructional media education media

13. The four revolution in education
by Eric Ashby
The first revolution occurred
when societies began to
differentiate adult roles and
tasks of educating the
young was shifted from
parents to teachers, to
school to home

14. The second revolution was the
adoption of the written word as
a tool of education. Prior to that
time of oral instruction
prevailed and was with
reluctance that writing was
permitted to co exists with the
spoken word in the classroom

15.  Third revolution came
with the invention of
printing and the
subsequent wide
availability of books.

16.  Fourth revolution is the development
of electronic sets involving radio,
television tape recorder and
computer.
 Behavioural scientists have joined the
fourth revolution and have pointed to
the importance of defining leaning
objectives and suggesting ways in
which natural learning process can be
utilized in the presentation of subject
matter by employing vast resources

17. Definition of Educational Technology
 Educational technology is development
application and evaluation of systems
techniques and aids in the field of learning
 It encompasses educational objectives,
media and their characteristics, criteria for
selection of media and resources,
management of resources and evaluation.

18. Psychology of using Teaching Aids
I hear, I forget;
I see, I remember;
I do, I understand.
Effective learning emphasize the importance of first-
hand concrete experiences involving sensory
contacts as the starting point of learning which
later on proceeds towards greater and greater
abstraction

19. Dale cone of experience
Verbal
Chalk
Charts
Display models
Static models
Setional models
Working Modles
Diorama
Epidiascope
Black /white slide projection
Color slides
Filmstrip projection color
Overhead projector
Motion picture – silent, black white
Motion picture –sound-color
Loop color film
CTV, demonstration,TV
experiments
Individual doing experiments
Projects, excursions
Projected Aids more effective
than non projected aids
Effectiveness
increases
Direct
experience
most effective
Teaching Aids non projected
Words, words words
Least effective method

20. General Principles
in Use of Teaching Aids

21. Three stages in a learning process when an
education is used to supplement the ordinary
teaching
 Preparing the pupils for the learning experience
reinforcing the values while the pupils are sharing the
experience
 Relating the experience with the lesson and thus
stimulating further learning
 The aids must be adapted to the intellectual maturity
of the pupil and to the nature and extent of their
previous experience

22. There is no best aid which has all
the advantages; visual aids
suffer from some psychological
limitations.
The teacher should be familiar
with the advantages and
limitations of the various uses
of sensory aids

23. The visual aids should not
be considered as
substitute for oral and
written methods of
acquiring knowledge.
They should be used to
supplement the
classroom teaching

24. Visual instruction in the
classroom should no be
confused with entertainment,
the effective use of an aid
depends primarily on the
careful planning of the teacher

25. In all cases, the time and
effort on the use of a
particular aid in
presence to others
must always be
justified.