The document discusses concepts related to temperature and heat measurement. It explains that temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, and rises when heat is added to increase particle motion. It describes common temperature scales like Celsius and Kelvin, and how temperature is measured using properties like expansion. Methods for determining heat transfer and changes of state are also covered, including concepts like heat capacity, latent heat, and phase transitions.
An introductory outline of the Physics of Heat. I created this presentation at Curtin Sarawak Malaysia as a basis for Foundation Physics students and others to edit and expand. A Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
An introductory outline of the Physics of Heat. I created this presentation at Curtin Sarawak Malaysia as a basis for Foundation Physics students and others to edit and expand. A Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Temperature
Temperature and Gas Laws
Heat is a form of energy and when heat is supplied to an
object it increases the internal energy of the object
The internal energy of an object is made up of the kinetic
end potential energies of its atoms and molecules
Atom and molecules have kinetic energy because of their
vibrational, rotational, and translational motions
Potential energy of atoms and molecules are associated
with their relative states or positions
Potential energy of a system is greater when objecta are
father apart
3. Temperature
When heat energy is supplied to an object,
its temperature rises
The rise in temperature is purely due the
increase in the translational kinetic energy
of the molecules of the object
If the same quantity of heat is supplied
to different quantities of water, their
increase in temperature will not be the
same despite the fact that the total
increase in kinetic energy is the same
in all cases
4. The larger quantity will have a smaller
increase in temperature while the
smaller quantity will have a larger
increase in temperature
In case of the larger quantity, more
number of molecules share the
additional energy, while in the case of
the smaller quantity, less number of
molecules share the same increase
and so the increase in kinetic energy
per molecule will be larger in the
smaller mass
Temperature of an object is
proportional to the average kinetic
energy of its molecules.
5. Measuring Temperature
In order to measure temperature, we make use of properties
of materials that change with temperature.
For example, most subtance expand when heated, and the
increase in volume is very nearly proportional to the change
in temperature
Therefore, the increase in volume of a substance can be
used to measure temperature
Mercury or alcohol in glass
thermometer is an exampe of this
6. Temperature Scales
There are two main scales of temperature used
in measuring temperature
One scale called the Celcius scale uses an
arbitrary temperature, namely the temperature
at which ice melts at atmospheric pressure, as
its zero
The other scale called the Kelvin scale uses
the temperature at which the molecular energy
is zero as its zero
In the celcius scale, temperature is measured
in a unit called degree Celcius (oC), while in
Kelvin scale the unit temperature is a Kelvin(K)
7. We use t to represent temperature in
Celcius scale and T for temperature in
Kelvin scale.
A relation between T and t is given by :
T K = toC + 273,15
0oC = 273,15 K
The temperature at which water boils at
atmospheric pressure is 100oC =373,15
K
8. Mercury in glass thermometer
Mercury thermometer used in the laboratory are marked
in degree Celsius and used the property of expansion of
mercury with temperature
The length of mercury column in the stem of the
thermometer varies linearly with the temperature of the
mercury in the bulb
Two fixed points are marked on the stem
The lower fixed point corresponds to the temperature of
melting ice at atmospheric pressure and the upper fixed
point corresponds to temperature of boiling water at
atmospheric pressure
The interval between these two fixed points is divided
into 100 equal parts
9. Constant volume gas
thermometer
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas
enclosed at constant volume changes
linearly with temperature
The pressure of the gas enclosed in
the bulb can be measured by keeping
its volume always the same by using a
mercury manometer
10. Triple point temperature
The ice point and steam point are not very easily
reproducible all the time
A reference point which is more precisely
reproducible than the ice point and the steam is the
tripple point of water
The tripple point is the unique temperature and
pressure at which water, water vapoor and ice will
coexist in equilibrium
The ideal gas temperature scale is defined such that
the temperature of the triple point is 273,16 K
The temperature of any other state is then
proportional to the pressure in the constant volume
thermometer
11. Measuring Heat
Heat capacity and specific heat
Specific heat of a substance is the amount of
heat needed to raise temperature of 1 kg of a
substance by 1K .
Spesific heat measured in J.Kg-1 .K-1 and is
represented by c.
4180 J of heat energy is required to raise the
temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1 K.
390 J of heat energy is required to raise the
temperature of 1 Kg of copper by 1 K.
Spesific heat of copper 390 J.Kg-1 K-1
12. The quantity of heat Q required to raise the temperature of
m Kg of a substance from an initial temperature θ1 to a final
temperature θ2 is given by:
Q = m c Δθ Δθ = θ2- θ1
Heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of the object by 1 K.
Heat capacity is measured in JK-1 an is represented by C.
If m is the mass of an object then the heat capacity of that
object is :
C = m c
Molar heat capacity (Cm) is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1 K.
Molar heat capacity is measured in J mol-1K-1.
13. Latent Heat and Change of State
When heat is supply to a solid, the vibrational kinetic energy
of it molecules in increas, and hence the temperature of the
solid increases.
This continues until the solid reaches its melting point and
any additional heat added does not increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules, instead it is used to overcome the
intermolecular forces to free molecules from one another so
that they are free to move about.
During this change of state, the molecules do not speed up,
but the extra energy given is used in gaining potential energy.
When heat is supplied to a liquid, the translational kinetic
energy of its molecules increas, and its temperature
increase.
14. This continues until the liquid reaches its bolling point and
any additional heat added does not increase the kinetic
energy of the molecules,instead it is used to evercome the
intermolecular forces to free molecules from one another
so that they are free to escape the liquid.
This is the time when a liquid turns into a gas of vapor.
During this change of state, the molecules do not speed
up, but the extra energy given is used in gaining potential
energy.
When a vapor condenses back to liquid, heat energy is
given out, but it does not lower the temperature because it
is the potential energy that lost and not kinetic energy.
Since the amount of heat absorbed or liberated during a
change of state does not manifest in a change the
temperature, this heat is called the latent (hidden) heat.
We use L to represent latent heat and it is measured in
J.Kg-1
15. Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is a measure of
the amount of heat absorbed or liberated by 1 Kg of a
substance at its melting point to convert either from a solid to
liquid or from a liquid to solid without a change in temperature.
We use L, to represent latent heat of fusion and it is measured
in J.Kg-1
For water, Lf = 333.5 kJ Kg-1 = 3.34 x 103 J.Kg-1
Spesific latent heat of vaporization (Lv) of a substance is a
measure of the amount of heat absorbed of liberated by 1 kg of
a substance at its boilling point to convert either from liquid to
vapor or from vapor to liquid without causing a change in
temperature.
For water, Lv = 2257 kJ kg-1 = 2.26 x 106 J kg-1
The amount of heat Q required to convert m kg of a solid at its
melting point to liquid at the same temperature is : Q = m Lf
The amount of heat Q required to convert m kg of a liquid at
its boilling point to vapor at the same temperature is : Q = m Lv
16. • Let us heat 1 kg of ice at -50oC until it
becomes steam at 100oC
• As heat is supplied to it, its temperature
increases to 0oC
• Q1 = m c Δθ
= 1 kg x 4180 J Kg-1 K-1 x 50 K
= 2.09 x 105 J
• As further heat is supplied, ice at 0oC
changes to water at 0oC
• Q2 = m Lf
= 1 Kg x 3.34 x 10-5 J kg-1
= 3.34 x 105 J
17. • Once all the ice is melted, the temperature
rises until it reaches the boiling point,
100oC.
• Q3 = m c Δθ
= 1 kg x 4180 J kg-1 K-1 x 100 K
= 4.18 x 105 J
• As further heat is supplied, water at 100oC
changes to steam at 100oC
• Q4 = m Lv = 1 kg x 2.26 x 106 J kg-1 = 2.26 x
106 J
• Total heat = Q1 + Q2 +Q3 +Q4
= 3.22 x 106 J
19. Istilah istilah fisika
Kinetic end potential
energies
Vibrational, rotational, and
translational motions
Relative states
Temperature rises
Additional energy
Measuring Temperature
Celcius
At atmospheric pressure
Equilibrium
Molar heat capacity
To raise the temperature
Heat capacity
The translational kinetic
energy
Specific latent heat of
fusion
Mercury in glass thermometer