Immune injury[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
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Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and defend the host from tumors and virally infected cells. NK cells recognize changes in MHC class I on surface molecules to distinguish infected and tumor cells from normal cells. When activated by interferon cytokines, NK cells release cytotoxic granules to destroy altered cells. They were named "natural killer cells" because they can kill cells missing MHC class I without prior activation.
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Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
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The immune system protects organisms through layered defenses. The innate immune system provides an immediate response, while the adaptive immune system has immunological memory. The adaptive immune system is activated if pathogens evade the innate response and has both cell-mediated and humoral components. Cytokines allow communication between immune cells and help regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunosuppressive drugs target different parts of the immune activation cascade to suppress immune responses, such as by inhibiting cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation.
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The immune system consists of cells and molecules that respond to foreign substances. Innate immunity provides early defenses through physical barriers, phagocytic cells, complement proteins, and cytokines. Adaptive immunity develops specific responses through cellular immunity mediated by T cells and humoral immunity mediated by antibodies from B cells. Together, the innate and adaptive immune responses provide protection from pathogens while avoiding reactivity to self.
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Immunity
The document discusses immunity, describing it as the body's ability to defend against harmful foreign substances. Immunity is divided into innate (natural) immunity and acquired (adaptive) immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses like skin barriers and immune cells. Acquired immunity develops after exposure through antibodies and T cells and has immunological memory. The innate arm provides initial defense and activates the acquired arm, while acquired immunity provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection.
cancer immunotherapy
The document discusses cancer immunotherapy, specifically monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccines. It provides details on how monoclonal antibodies can be "naked" or conjugated to drugs/toxins to target specific antigens on cancer cells. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to reject tumors either by immunizing against viruses linked to cancer or by using cancer cells/antigens. Non-specific therapies like cytokines are also discussed as a way to generally boost immune response against tumors.
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This document discusses the basics of immunology and the different types of immunity. There are two main types of immunity: innate (non-specific) and acquired (specific). Acquired immunity has two components: humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity and cellular (cell-mediated) immunity. Humoral immunity involves antibodies that circulate in body fluids, while cellular immunity involves T cells that directly attack pathogens. Both systems work together to provide full protection against foreign invaders.
Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
Innate Immune System
This document summarizes the innate immune system. It discusses the first line of defense which includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. The second line of defense involves cells and proteins that attack pathogens if they breach the first line. Key cells of the innate immune system discussed are macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and phagocytes. Proteins of the innate immune system include complements and toll-like receptors.
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The document discusses the immune system and immunity. It defines immunity as protection against foreign microorganisms or antigens. The immune system includes both non-specific defenses that provide a general barrier against pathogens as well as specific defenses involving lymphocytes and antibodies that provide targeted protection. Lymphocytes play a key role in the specific immune response through antibody production, cytotoxic attack of infected cells, immunological memory, and regulation. The document also distinguishes between passive immunity, which is temporary, and active immunity, developed through one's own immune response.
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This document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It discusses the key topics of innate immunity, adaptive immunity, antigens, antibodies, cells of the immune system, and the anatomy of the lymphoid system. Innate immunity is the non-specific first line of defense and includes physical barriers, chemical factors, cytokines, and cellular components like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity involves antigen-specific B cells and T cells and immunological memory. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus, where lymphocytes mature. Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes and facilitate immune cell interactions.
Cells and organs of immune system
This document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The main immune cells are lymphocytes (B, T, and NK cells), myeloid cells (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells), and the organs they develop and function in such as the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues. The immune cells work together to identify and eliminate pathogens and tumor cells through mechanisms like phagocytosis, antibody production, cytokine signaling, and cytotoxic killing.
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
The document summarizes the primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are where lymphocytes mature and develop. The secondary lymphoid organs, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), trap antigens and activate lymphocytes. In these organs, B cells are activated, differentiate into plasma cells, and secrete antibodies to help fight infection.
Lymphoid organs
Lymphoid organs are sites where immune cells develop and immune responses are initiated. There are two types of lymphoid organs: primary organs where lymphocytes originate and mature, including the bone marrow and thymus; and secondary organs where acquired immune responses occur, including lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In primary organs, T cells mature in the thymus after originating in the bone marrow, while B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow. Secondary organs initiate immune responses through interactions between T and B cells in follicles and T cell regions, leading to antibody production and the activation of B and T cells.
Organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the key organs of the immune system. It describes the thymus and bone marrow as the primary lymphoid organs where lymphocyte maturation occurs. The lymph nodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissues are described as the secondary lymphoid organs that trap antigens and allow immune cell interaction. The document also provides examples of how disruption or aging of the primary lymphoid organs like the thymus can impair immune function.
Lymphoid Organs
This document summarizes several lymphoid organs and tissues. It describes lymphoid tissue as connective tissue rich in lymphocytes with either a free or encapsulated structure. Lymph nodes are described as filtering particles and microorganisms from lymph and activating immune responses through interaction with lymphocytes. The spleen is summarized as the largest lymphoid structure, filtering blood and producing activated lymphocytes. Tonsils are located in the mouth and throat and contain lymph nodules and germinal centers to encounter antigens entering through these areas. The thymus is also briefly mentioned.
Cells and organs of the immune system
The document summarizes the cells and organs of the immune system. It describes how hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cells. These progenitor cells then differentiate into various immune cells including granulocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and others. It also outlines the primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues that support the development and activation of immune cells.
Lymphoid organs ppt
The document discusses the lymphoid organs of the immune system. It describes the bone marrow and thymus as the primary lymphoid organs, where lymphocytes develop and mature. The bone marrow is the site of generation for all blood cells including B lymphocytes, and is where B cell maturation occurs. The thymus is the site of T cell maturation and selection. Secondary lymphoid organs include the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, which harbor mature lymphocytes.
Primary and Secondary Lymphoid Organs
The document summarizes primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Primary lymphoid organs include the thymus and bone marrow, where lymphocytes develop and mature. Secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and Peyer's patches, where antigens are exposed to mature lymphocytes to initiate adaptive immune responses.
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ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
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Endocrine[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Endocrine[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Hemato[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Hemato[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Immune system[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Immune system[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Inflammation[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
Inflammation[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Immune injury[Pathophysiology] โดย รศ.พ.ต.อ.หญิง ดร.ศิริมา เขมะเพชร
- 16. Natural killer cells • NK cells are a part of the innate immune system and play a major role in defending the host from both tumors and virally infected cells. NK cells distinguish infected cells and tumors from normal and uninfected cells by recognizing changes of a surface molecule called MHC ( major histocompatibility complex) class I.
- 17. •NK cells are activated in response to a family of cytokines called interferons. Activated NK cells release cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules which then destroy the altered cells.[3] They were named "natural killer cells" because of the initial notion that they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I.