This document discusses various digital image manipulation techniques including pixelation, color casts, picture damage, over/underexposure, panoramas, Hockney joiners, photo montages, and colorization. For each technique, the document discusses what could cause the issue, preventable measures, and how to fix it using Photoshop tools. It also includes evaluations of sample images created using several of these techniques.

1. Photography and Digital
Manipulation
Will Morgan
1
Image Processing and Techniques

2. Pixelation

3. What could cause this to occur?
Pixelation could occur when the camera taking the photo is not
up to a high enough quality to take the photo and so the images
become pixelated. Another reason pixelation could occur is that
the photographer isn't using the right zoom setting or other
camera settings so that the image will pixelate and look like it is a
lower quality.
What preventable measures are there?
One preventable measure of pixelation is to use a different , and
higher quality camera with more mega pixels so that the quality
is higher. Another preventable measure of pixelation is that you
can zoom in and take the photo without having to crop later.
Finally, how could you fix it?
One way we could fix this problem by using Photoshop is using
the by cubic smoother tool and resizing the image to include
more pixels which gives the image more detail.

4. Colour Casts

5. What could cause this to occur?
One reason why colour casts could occur is with the
photographer using the wrong setting which means the image
will completely be changed and the white balance will be
different. Another reason why white balance could occur is the
lighting settings when taking a photo could change the image.
What preventable measures are there?
One preventable measure of colour casts is to make sure that the
white balance setting is completely correct and is correct for the
light setting. Another preventable measure of colour casts is to
use the correct lighting when taking a photo. E.g. using the
wrong type of lights in a studio.
Finally, how could you fix it?
To fix the problem in Photoshop you could use the “photo filter”
tool which changes the main colour of the image which allows
you to get the effect you want.

6. Picture Damage

7. What could cause this to occur?
One thing that could of caused picture damage is that the lense
or camera sensor is damaged or has a scratch on it. This could
mean the camera only gets part of the image you want. Another
reason why picture damage could occur is that the lense is dirty
and/or not working from old age.
What preventable measures are there?
One measure to prevent picture damage is to keep you camera
and lense dirt free and to use lense covers to stop scratch's.
Another measure you could take to prevent picture damage is to
replace old parts and old cameras with new updated equipment.
Finally, how could you fix it?
One way in Photoshop that you could fix this problem is by using
the clone stamp tool and the spot healing brush tool , these
tools help fix picture damage because they cover up scars and
big differences in colour.

8. Over or Underexposed Images
Here we see a overexposed image on the left which is too
white. On the right we can see the altered image so that it
looks a lot more realistic and is better exposed.

9. What could cause this to occur?
One reason why over or underexpose could occur is because the
photographer has used the wrong camera setting so that under
or over exposure occurs. Another reason why over or
underexposure could occur is that there is a lack or too much
light in a image which affects the camera.
What preventable measures are there?
One method to prevent over or under exposure is to make sure
the camera is on the correct setting so that it does not occur.
Another method to prevent over or under exposure is too make
sure your image doesn’t have too much light or not enough light
Finally, how could you fix it?
You can fix this problem by using the layers tool in Photoshop.
This tool adds or takes away light so that the image then looks
natural.

10. Panorama

11. Evaluation
How did you create your image?
By taking pictures in a circle motion to get the whole view of
something. I made sure that my photos were level and that the
settings were on manual for the photos. Manual settings are important
to make sure all images have the same exposure and look similar. I
then used the photo merge tool on Photoshop. This put all the pictures
together and made them into a panorama. I then had to crop the
image so that it looked level and straight.
What would you improve if you did it again?
One thing I would improve if I did it again is to make sure that all my
settings are correct and the light bar is on zero so that I don’t get
under or exposed images.

12. Hockney Joiner

13. Evaluation
How did you create your image?
I created my image by taking lots of zoomed in pictures of the
same thing but in different areas and then putting the images
together to make all the images together show one thing. I put
the images together in Photoshop using the photo merge tool.
This tool arranges all the images in the correct order so that it
looks good.
What would you improve if you did it again?
One thing I would improve if I did this again would be being
more careful when taking my images and using reference points
more so that my images are straight and don’t overlap too much.

14. Photo Montage
I have done a simple sky replacement to improve the look of the
sky.
In this photo, I have added a death star to the picture. This is too show
that you can add what you want to any image using Photoshop.

15. Photo Montage
In this photo I have added a Dacia Sandero to the picture for
entertainment purposes.

16. Evaluation
How did you create your image?
I created my death star image by firstly , finding a death star pic on the
internet and using the quick selection tool in Photoshop to remove it
from its background. I then placed the image onto the mountain image
and placed it in the top left hand corner. I then changed the opacity to
fade it slightly and make it look like it was in the distance. Adding
things onto photos can be useful for humour or entertainment
purposes.
What would you improve if you did it again?
One thing that I would improve if I did it again is to utilise all the tools
available to me on Photoshop. A reason why I think this is that I
thought I may be using the wrong tool for the wrong job which means
it could of taken a lot longer to do a task then it should of.

17. Colourised Image

18. Colourised Image
The original image. The recolored version
version.
A real life picture in colour.
The colour of the engine that I have put the black and white image into and the real life
colour will be different because in the black and white photo , the engine will have be
oily , dirty and have faded paintwork , yet the real life picture of the engine is when the
engine will have been cleaned and polished so the paint looks a lot more shiny.

19. Evaluation
What tools did you use to create your images?
For the re-colourisation of the black and white photos I used a range of
different tools for different purposes. For adding colour to big areas
you could use the quick selection tool , this enables you to highlight
large areas to fill with colour. For small and precise areas you use the
magic wand tool. This enables you to re colourise small areas of a
image from black and white to colour.
How did you utilise file formats?
One way I utilised file formats is that I changed all my Photoshop files
into jpegs for use on PowerPoints and putting on USB’s. This is because
Jpegs are smaller file sizes and take quicker to load up which is a big
benefit. Also , anyone can open Jpeg files but you need Photoshop to
open a Photoshop file which means its not accessible for everyone
who wants to look at the file.

20. Evaluation
Was there any ethical issues?
No, I don’t believe there was any ethical issues concerning my
work. One place where an ethical issue may have come up is
when you add things onto other pictures using Photoshop. Some
images/graphics that can be added may have caused offence to
some people. When doing this part of the project , I tried not to
cause and offence to any race or religion.
What would you improve if you did it again?
One thing that I would improve if I did it again is too compare
black and white photos to coloured photos so that I colour in
parts of the pictures in the correct colour or shade so that it
looks as real as possible.