The document discusses strategies for teaching science, including the inquiry approach, problem solving, experimentation, demonstration, projects, and more. It emphasizes applying scientific processes for students to gain knowledge, skills, and positive attitudes and values. A variety of instructional resources are recommended, such as school-based exhibits, nature trips, and human resources. Assessment should appraise student achievement and identify learning difficulties to evaluate teaching methods.

1. The Teaching of
Science
Prepared by:
Mier, Rosemarie M.
Tabanas, Joce Ann M.
Rios, Nidelyn R.
Borres, Star Mae B.
--- Gloria G. Salandanan, Ph.D.---

2. A. Nature of Science
• Science is defined as organized knowledge,
sometimes referred to as empirical
knowledge.
• Science is a field of systematic inquiry.
• It is in itself a method, technique and a
system.

3. • It is about nature and natural
phenomena.
• It deals with real objects and events.
• It demands perseverance, diligence and
sacrifice.

4. B. Interest in Science
• Science deals with almost everything
in the environment.
• The principles and laws used in science
when applied enable us to come up
with new products and new ways of
doing things.

5. • The instructional materials that can be
used in teaching are within reach.
• Scientific knowledge and procedures
make us competent in explaining why
and how events occur and exist in the
environment and all over earth.

6. • Science brought us modernization and
better understanding among nations.
• Science teaching keeps us abreast with
discoveries and inventions.

7. A. Goals
• develop scientific attitudes and values
• acquire skill in employing the scientific
method
• gain functional knowledge and information
• arouse and sustain interest in future science-
based pursuits
• develop desirable social attitudes

8. B. Objectives of Science
Instruction
On Knowledge
Students should be able to gain
knowledge that they can apply in: a.)
explaining the occurrence of events in
their surroundings, b.) answering
questions they are confronted with, and
in c.) satisfying the curiosities of children.

9. On Skill in Employing the Science Processes
Students must be able to classify,
identify, predict and interpret things as
they investigate and search for
information.

10. On Values and Attitudes
Science instruction must be able to
arouse and sustain a variety of interest
that may lead to: a.) healthful and
enjoyable hobbies, b.) pursuit of science-
based daily activities, and c.) future plan to
pursue science professions

11. Method
--- stands for a system, oftentimes referred
to as a procedure
--- in teaching, it suggests an approach or a
technique used by a teacher in pursuing
a lesson objective

12. Strategies
 Inquiry Approach
 Problem Solving
 Experimenting
 Demonstration
 Projects
Visiting Community Resources
 Discussion
 Direct Instruction
 Using Audio - Visual Media

13. Inquiry Approach
--- a way of teaching that leads the
students to use the investigative
processes and procedure in searching for
information
--- a self-directed way of learning modeled
after the scientific approach of a scientist

14. --- it aims to motivate students to seek
answers/solutions to their own questions,
gather evidence, analyze and evaluate
data and draw conclusions
--- students learn to be independent
learners capable of managing their own
learning activities

15. Problem Solving
 problem --- a condition that must be
answered or a difficulty that is being
experienced
--- is a way of teaching that is patterned
after the way a scientists respond to a
puzzling situation

16. --- follows a procedure called scientific
method
a. Sensing and defining a problem
b. Formulating hypothesis
c. Choosing and testing hypothesis
d. Organizing, interpreting, and evaluating
collected data
e. Formulating conclusion

17. Experimenting
--- a way of teaching where students are
led to gain knowledge and information by
employing investigative techniques and
procedures
--- most effective in teaching science
concepts
--- also referred to as laboratory method

18. Demonstration
--- classified as a direct instructional
approach in teaching
--- lends best to lessons that require
expertise in operating expensive
equipment and materials
--- requires demonstrator’s technical
know-how

19. Projects
--- is a teaching strategy that involves
gathering and organizing information about a
concept and presenting it in a concrete form
--- emphasizes the application of what was
learned in noticeable, observable and visual
form

20. Interest Learning Centers
--- an innovative way of inviting students to
satisfy their curiosities, by performing
learning activities in a designated site
--- consists of assigning an area and
organizing a set of instructional materials,
tools, and writing paraphernalia that are
useful in collecting data by plain observing
the characteristics of objects present

21. Example:
a place where several potted flowering
plants are arranged, a card is in front with
the following questions:
 Write your observations about the plants
 How will you classify them?

22. Visiting Community Resources
--- promotes a link between the school and
the community
Examples:
botanical garden, mini-zoo, historical sites,
museum and art galleries

23. Discussion
--- a group-oriented teaching methodology
characterized by a free communication of
ideas and information between teachers
and students
--- may take a question-and-answer format

24. Direct Instruction
--- is a way of teaching which aims to help
students acquire some basic skills and
procedural knowledge
--- described as “straightforward done in
step-by-step fashion”

25. Steps to follow:
a. Provide the rationale
b. Demonstrate the skill
c. Provide guided practice
d. Check for understanding and provide
feedback
e. Provide extended practice and transfer

26. Using Audio-Visual Media
--- attracts young and instantly motivate
them to react, either positively or
negatively

27. Types of Media
• equipment, tools and instructional materials
• bulletin boards and chalkboards
• printed materials, books, charts, references
• models, miniatures and mock-ups

28. • projected still pictures , video tapes, films
• audio recordings
• overhead transparencies
• realia, chemicals
• computers
• dissecting tools

29. B. Instructional Resources
1. School-based Instructional Resources
- displays and exhibits of
collections,
- flower garden, vegetable garden
- mini-zoo, fish ponds, aquarium

30. 2. Community Resources
- city/town museum, library, reading
center
- parks, plazas
- weather station
3. Nature Trips
- hill, mountain, forest
- fall, spring, stream
- river, canal, lake, bay

31. 4. Human Resources
- mayor, barangay captain
- doctor, nurse, dentist
- businessmen

32. B. Learning Experiences
• Collections
- shell, gems, minerals
• Replicas
- globe, diorama, models,
miniatures
• Living things
- live pets, small animals, kind of
plants

33. • Devices
- laboratory tools, simple machines
• Learning activities that can be performed
- gardening, taking care of pets
• Information that can be Gathered
- role of civic leaders, municipal
officials

34. C. Setting Up Learning Resource Centers
and Activities
1. Preparing exhibits
2. Visiting natural history museums
3. Taking care of a mini-zoo, pond and
aviary
4. Growing plants in a home or school
garden

35. 5. Using videos and other electronic gadgets
6. Setting up a mini-reference section
7. Undertaking field studies
8. Familiarizing and linking with community
officials, experts industries and businesses
9. Joining interest clubs and professional
organizations
10. Regular visits to recreation centers in the
community provide motivation for
worthwhile hobbies and later to lifetime
careers

36. Assessment
-- mainly concerned with the collection
of information regarding the effectiveness
of the teaching methodology in relation to
the attainment of learning objectives
Evaluation
-- forms a judgment on the assessed
data

37. A. Purpose
• to appraise achievement
• to help identify the students’ learning
difficulties
• to determine the effectiveness of a teaching
strategy
• to serve as a guide in the choice of
appropriate assessment tools

38. B. Techniques
• administering pencil-and-paper tests
• analyzing work products
• oral assessment
• observing formally and informally the
students’ attitude and behavior
• performance-based assessment

39. • conducting personal interviews and
small group conferences
• portfolio assessment