The Bar-Lock Typewriter was introduced in 1889 with a double keyboard and mechanism that locked the type-bars while printing. In 1896 its name was changed to Columbia Bar-Lock in the US and it was widely used by offices and the Navy. It was sold as the Royal Bar-Lock in Britain and by 1905 had over 50,000 users including large companies and government offices in Britain. It remained a popular and successful typewriter through the early 20th century.
The document discusses the history and evolution of typewriters from their invention in the 1860s to their replacement by word processors in the 1980s. Early typewriters had mechanical keys that printed characters on paper. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, typewriters became indispensable business tools. Inventions like the first electric typewriter and the IBM Selectric helped automate functions and standardize designs. By the 1980s, word processors incorporated into personal computers largely replaced typewriters.
The document provides a history of several important inventions including the typewriter, telephone, air conditioner, bicycle, flute, and photograph. It describes some of the early inventors and key developments for each invention. For the typewriter, it mentions Christopher Sholes inventing the first successful typewriter in 1867. For the telephone, it discusses Alexander Graham Bell obtaining the patent in 1876. And for photographs, it notes Joseph Nicéphore Niépate beginning experiments with light and reproducing images as early as 1793.
For a typography class, we had to take a plain text and create a magazine layout for it. We also had to ensure our design emphasized the theme of the text.
The document discusses the development of typewriters over the last century to help determine the time period for a film sequence. Research showed that Madeleine's typewriter, a Smith-Corona, would be most appropriate for the 1950s rather than the originally proposed 1920s, as typewriters significantly changed between the 1940s-1960s, becoming smaller and incorporating new materials like plastic. The group decided to set their opening sequence in the 1950s based on this research.
The document discusses the development of typewriters over the last century to help determine the time period for a film sequence. Research showed that Madeleine's typewriter, a Smith-Corona, would be most appropriate for the 1950s rather than the originally proposed 1920s, as typewriters significantly changed between the 1940s-1960s, becoming smaller and incorporating new materials like plastic. The group decided to set their opening sequence in the 1950s based on this research.
The document discusses the history and invention of the typewriter. It details that while the typewriter had multiple inventors who contributed ideas and prototypes in the early and mid-1800s, the first typewriter that was successfully commercialized was invented in 1868 by Christopher Sholes. The typewriter is a mechanical or electronic device that uses a keyboard to stamp characters onto paper. Typewriters were indispensable office tools from the late 19th century through much of the 20th century before being largely replaced by personal computers.
Pre History Of Call ( Part 1 And 2 )FuentesIamthebest
The document summarizes key developments in the pre-history of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It describes inventions like the Difference Engine (1833), which could compute polynomials and approximations of logarithmic and trigonometric functions. The Analytic Engine (1835) was an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. Other developments included the typewriter (1873), telephone (1876), phonograph (1877), and technologies that helped bring photography and film to wider audiences. Figures like Herman Hollerith developed early tabulating machines in the late 1800s that helped process census data, leading to the founding of IBM. The BBC began television broadcasts in 1932 and early educational programs aired in the US.
The document summarizes key developments in the pre-history of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It describes inventions like the Difference Engine (1833), which could compute polynomials and approximations of logarithmic and trigonometric functions. The Analytic Engine (1835) was an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. Other developments included the typewriter (1873), telephone (1876), phonograph (1877), and technologies that helped bring photography and film to wider audiences. Figures like Herman Hollerith developed early tabulating machines in the late 1800s that helped process census data, leading to the founding of IBM. The BBC began television broadcasts in 1932 and early educational programs aired in the US.
The document discusses the history and evolution of typewriters from their invention in the 1860s to their replacement by word processors in the 1980s. Early typewriters had mechanical keys that printed characters on paper. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, typewriters became indispensable business tools. Inventions like the first electric typewriter and the IBM Selectric helped automate functions and standardize designs. By the 1980s, word processors incorporated into personal computers largely replaced typewriters.
The document provides a history of several important inventions including the typewriter, telephone, air conditioner, bicycle, flute, and photograph. It describes some of the early inventors and key developments for each invention. For the typewriter, it mentions Christopher Sholes inventing the first successful typewriter in 1867. For the telephone, it discusses Alexander Graham Bell obtaining the patent in 1876. And for photographs, it notes Joseph Nicéphore Niépate beginning experiments with light and reproducing images as early as 1793.
For a typography class, we had to take a plain text and create a magazine layout for it. We also had to ensure our design emphasized the theme of the text.
The document discusses the development of typewriters over the last century to help determine the time period for a film sequence. Research showed that Madeleine's typewriter, a Smith-Corona, would be most appropriate for the 1950s rather than the originally proposed 1920s, as typewriters significantly changed between the 1940s-1960s, becoming smaller and incorporating new materials like plastic. The group decided to set their opening sequence in the 1950s based on this research.
The document discusses the development of typewriters over the last century to help determine the time period for a film sequence. Research showed that Madeleine's typewriter, a Smith-Corona, would be most appropriate for the 1950s rather than the originally proposed 1920s, as typewriters significantly changed between the 1940s-1960s, becoming smaller and incorporating new materials like plastic. The group decided to set their opening sequence in the 1950s based on this research.
The document discusses the history and invention of the typewriter. It details that while the typewriter had multiple inventors who contributed ideas and prototypes in the early and mid-1800s, the first typewriter that was successfully commercialized was invented in 1868 by Christopher Sholes. The typewriter is a mechanical or electronic device that uses a keyboard to stamp characters onto paper. Typewriters were indispensable office tools from the late 19th century through much of the 20th century before being largely replaced by personal computers.
Pre History Of Call ( Part 1 And 2 )FuentesIamthebest
The document summarizes key developments in the pre-history of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It describes inventions like the Difference Engine (1833), which could compute polynomials and approximations of logarithmic and trigonometric functions. The Analytic Engine (1835) was an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. Other developments included the typewriter (1873), telephone (1876), phonograph (1877), and technologies that helped bring photography and film to wider audiences. Figures like Herman Hollerith developed early tabulating machines in the late 1800s that helped process census data, leading to the founding of IBM. The BBC began television broadcasts in 1932 and early educational programs aired in the US.
The document summarizes key developments in the pre-history of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It describes inventions like the Difference Engine (1833), which could compute polynomials and approximations of logarithmic and trigonometric functions. The Analytic Engine (1835) was an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. Other developments included the typewriter (1873), telephone (1876), phonograph (1877), and technologies that helped bring photography and film to wider audiences. Figures like Herman Hollerith developed early tabulating machines in the late 1800s that helped process census data, leading to the founding of IBM. The BBC began television broadcasts in 1932 and early educational programs aired in the US.
The Biro brothers, Ladislas and Georg, invented the ballpoint pen in the 1930s as an improvement over the leaky fountain pen. Their design used a rotating ball at the tip that was constantly bathed in quick-drying ink to smoothly deliver it to the page. In 1938, they fled to Argentina and patented their pen. After World War II, an American company paid for manufacturing rights but was slow to produce the pens. Meanwhile, an American saw the pen's potential, copied the design since the original patent had expired, and began mass producing pens, causing the first ballpoint pen frenzy when sold in New York in 1945.
New inventions transformed daily life in the United States in the late 19th century. The number of patents granted increased dramatically from an average of 60 patents per day in the late 1880s to over 21,000 patents granted in 1897 alone. Important innovations like the telephone, light bulb, cash register, and assembly line helped businesses and the American economy grow as new technologies were developed and patented. Inventors like Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers developed groundbreaking devices and systems that shaped modern society.
New inventions transformed daily life in the United States in the late 19th century. The number of patents granted increased dramatically from an average of 60 patents per day in 1897 to over 21,000 patents by the end of that year. Important innovations like the telephone, light bulb, cash register, and assembly line helped businesses and the American economy grow as new technologies were developed and adopted. Inventions that improved communication and transportation especially benefited businesses that traded overseas.
The historical significance of printer's devices extends beyond their technical purpose as logos. Since the 15th century, printers have used devices as symbols representing their craft, location, philosophies, and family histories. While devices served to identify quality products and protect copyright, they also provided clues about printers as individuals. Through studying devices, scholars can gain insights into printers' influences, travels, and backgrounds. The tradition of printers' devices has evolved over time, from simple symbols to more elaborate artistic designs during revivals in the 19th century. Even unsolved mysteries in some devices have value in questioning assumptions about printers.
Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1866 to provide an easier alternative to writing by hand or with a quill pen. While Sholes' typewriter was difficult to sell initially due to its high price of around $12,000, engineers later improved the design which led to skyrocketing sales when the price dropped to around $2,000 in 1874. Sholes helped invent the telegraph early in his career and died in 1890 at the age of 71 after making significant contributions to the development of communication technologies.
This document provides information about several historic typewriter manufacturers including Olivetti, Smith Corona, Imperial, Royal, Underwood, and Oliver. It notes that Olivetti is an Italian company founded in 1908 that produced typewriters and other office equipment. Smith Corona expanded aggressively in the 1960s beyond typewriters. Imperial was a British company founded by an American engineer in Leicester. Royal was founded in 1904 in New York and produced machines in Connecticut. Underwood produced the first widely successful modern typewriter. Oliver lasted until 1959 but faced financial troubles. The document ends by thanking the reader and noting it was produced by a 6th grade student in Croatia.
This document provides a brief timeline history of important developments in computing from 500 BC to 1941. Some key events and inventions include: the abacus (500 BC), Napier's bones for multiplication and division (1614), Wilhelm Schickard's early mechanical calculator (1623), Charles Babbage's conceptualization and early work on analytical engines (1822-1834), Ada Lovelace's work programming the analytical engine (1843), Herman Hollerith's use of punched cards for census data processing (1890), the development of vacuum tubes enabling digital electronics (1906, 1937), Konrad Zuse's completed the first programmable, fully automatic digital calculating machine, the Z1 (1938), and John Atanas
Beloit Corporation traces its origins to 1855 when Orson E. Merrill founded an iron works in Beloit, Wisconsin. Over time, the company evolved to focus on building paper machines, becoming a leading manufacturer. In 1885, after changing ownership multiple times, the company was reorganized as Beloit Iron Works. It prospered by building paper machines across the Midwest and expanding internationally in the early 1900s. Beloit Iron Works continued innovating, growing significantly under the leadership of Elbert H. Neese in the mid-1900s as it diversified manufacturing and opened sales offices worldwide.
This document provides a history of writing instruments from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans scratched on clay tablets with bone or bronze tools around 4000 BC. The Egyptians developed writing with pictures on papyrus scrolls using thin reed brushes around 3000 BC. During the Roman era from 1300 BC, wax tablets were used with metal styli to write and erase. From 600-1800 AD, quill pens became popular in Europe for writing on parchment. In the 1800s, metal nib pens replaced quill pens and fountain pens were invented in the 1880s. The modern ballpoint pen was invented in the 1940s. New writing instruments like felt tip pens, rollerballs, and ergonomic designs were
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of printing from 3000 BC to the 20th century. Key developments include the earliest forms of printing using seals and stamps in ancient Mesopotamia and China, the invention of paper in China in the 2nd century AD, the development of movable type in China in the 11th century, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century, which accelerated the spread of printing in Europe, and major printing innovations and techniques introduced over subsequent centuries such as lithography, photography, and offset printing.
A comprehensive look at the history and development of the computer. Links to YouTube videos that can enhance student learning or expand the depth and time spent on the topic are included.
This document provides a brief history of graphic design from 1500 BC to present day. It discusses important developments like Egyptian hieroglyphics, the printing press, photography, computers, and digital technology. Key figures mentioned include Johannes Gutenberg, Leonardo Da Vinci, Albrecht Durer, William Morris, Bauhaus founders, Paul Rand, Andy Warhol, and contemporary designers. Major events covered are World War II propaganda posters, computer innovations like the mouse and graphics tablet, and the rise of digital design tools like Photoshop. The document traces the evolution of graphic design through the centuries.
- The earliest known postcards date back to 1848-1860 in the US, though they were treated as letters and few examples exist. Postcards became more common after the 1861 law permitting privately printed cards under 1oz to be mailed.
- The golden age of postcards was from 1898-1913, when regulations changed and larger images were allowed on the front. Billions of postcards were mailed worldwide in 1905, fueling a major postcard craze.
- Technological advances like lithography, photography, and rotogravure printing enabled mass production of high quality postcard images in the early 20th century. However, the 1909 Payne-Aldrich tariff act hurt the industry by imposing
The document discusses the history and features of several typewriter models from Olivetti and Smith Corona. It provides details on the size, weight, and key features of classic typewriter models like the Olivetti Lettera 32 and Smith Corona Sterling, which were popular for their portability. Background is also given on Christopher Sholes, who invented the first commercially successful typewriter, and the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout.
The document summarizes several Spanish inventions and inventors throughout history. It describes Isaac Peral inventing the first military submarine in 1887, though he did not receive recognition. It also discusses Ignacio Urresti inventing the pencil sharpener in 1945 and Enric Bernat inventing Chupa Chups lollipops and pioneering branding techniques. Finally, it briefly mentions Alejandro Campos Ramirez inventing foosball while recovering from war injuries in the hospital.
Chapter 1a of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
From the October 2007 "Machine Cancel Forum", an article on facer-cancellers. Early mail canceling machines required an operator to position (face) the mail. Inventors have, over the years, designed machines that not only cancel the mail, but also position it correctly for marking.
Charles Weisenthal took out the first patent for a needle to be used for mechanical sewing in 1755 in London. However, it took another 34 years before Thomas Saint invented what is considered the first real sewing machine in 1789, though critics argue Saint may have only patented an idea and never built a working machine. Throughout the early 19th century, several inventors including Balthasar Krems, Josef Madersperger, John Adams Doge, and John Knowles produced early sewing devices, but it was not until 1830 when Barthelemy Thimonnier was granted a patent for a practical machine that could sew uniforms for the French army at a factory scale.
Sewing machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution to increase efficiency of sewing. Early inventors developed various prototypes of sewing machines in the 18th and 19th centuries, with Thomas Saint inventing the first design in 1790. However, it was Elias Howe's sewing machine, patented in 1846, that used a needle with the eye at the pointed end that became the basis for modern sewing machines. Throughout the late 19th century, various inventors improved on existing sewing machine designs, developing new stitching mechanisms and features. By the early 20th century, electric sewing machines became widespread as more homes had power, revolutionizing home sewing.
In this class we consider the invention of type, moveable type, paper, parchment, the codex format, and the use of different systems of record-keeping.
To what extent is Shylock the villain of the play? - GCSE English .... Shylock - Victim or Villain? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Shylock- Villain or Victim? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com.
Essay On Swami Vivekananda In English | Swami Vivekananda Essay In .... Paragraph on Swami Vivekananda [100, 150, 200, 250 Words]. Short Essay on Swami Vivekananda. Essay on Swami Vivekanand | Swami Vivekananda : Essay, Biography .... Short Biography of Swami Vivekananda | PDF | Swami Vivekananda .... Swami Vivekananda Essay | Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English for .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda | Swami Vivekananda Essay for Students and .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda for Students in 1000 Words. 412 words essay on swami vivekananda. Easy Essay On Swami Vivekananda || Paragraph On Swami Vivekananda .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English - YouTube. Essay on swami vivekananda in english || vivekananda essay in english .... Swami Vivekananda On India - VivekaVani. Swami Vivekananda Essay & Biography : 10 Interesting Facts And Famous .... Interesting Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English for Kids - FREE PDF .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda-700+Words - Education and Career.
The Biro brothers, Ladislas and Georg, invented the ballpoint pen in the 1930s as an improvement over the leaky fountain pen. Their design used a rotating ball at the tip that was constantly bathed in quick-drying ink to smoothly deliver it to the page. In 1938, they fled to Argentina and patented their pen. After World War II, an American company paid for manufacturing rights but was slow to produce the pens. Meanwhile, an American saw the pen's potential, copied the design since the original patent had expired, and began mass producing pens, causing the first ballpoint pen frenzy when sold in New York in 1945.
New inventions transformed daily life in the United States in the late 19th century. The number of patents granted increased dramatically from an average of 60 patents per day in the late 1880s to over 21,000 patents granted in 1897 alone. Important innovations like the telephone, light bulb, cash register, and assembly line helped businesses and the American economy grow as new technologies were developed and patented. Inventors like Thomas Edison and the Wright Brothers developed groundbreaking devices and systems that shaped modern society.
New inventions transformed daily life in the United States in the late 19th century. The number of patents granted increased dramatically from an average of 60 patents per day in 1897 to over 21,000 patents by the end of that year. Important innovations like the telephone, light bulb, cash register, and assembly line helped businesses and the American economy grow as new technologies were developed and adopted. Inventions that improved communication and transportation especially benefited businesses that traded overseas.
The historical significance of printer's devices extends beyond their technical purpose as logos. Since the 15th century, printers have used devices as symbols representing their craft, location, philosophies, and family histories. While devices served to identify quality products and protect copyright, they also provided clues about printers as individuals. Through studying devices, scholars can gain insights into printers' influences, travels, and backgrounds. The tradition of printers' devices has evolved over time, from simple symbols to more elaborate artistic designs during revivals in the 19th century. Even unsolved mysteries in some devices have value in questioning assumptions about printers.
Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter in 1866 to provide an easier alternative to writing by hand or with a quill pen. While Sholes' typewriter was difficult to sell initially due to its high price of around $12,000, engineers later improved the design which led to skyrocketing sales when the price dropped to around $2,000 in 1874. Sholes helped invent the telegraph early in his career and died in 1890 at the age of 71 after making significant contributions to the development of communication technologies.
This document provides information about several historic typewriter manufacturers including Olivetti, Smith Corona, Imperial, Royal, Underwood, and Oliver. It notes that Olivetti is an Italian company founded in 1908 that produced typewriters and other office equipment. Smith Corona expanded aggressively in the 1960s beyond typewriters. Imperial was a British company founded by an American engineer in Leicester. Royal was founded in 1904 in New York and produced machines in Connecticut. Underwood produced the first widely successful modern typewriter. Oliver lasted until 1959 but faced financial troubles. The document ends by thanking the reader and noting it was produced by a 6th grade student in Croatia.
This document provides a brief timeline history of important developments in computing from 500 BC to 1941. Some key events and inventions include: the abacus (500 BC), Napier's bones for multiplication and division (1614), Wilhelm Schickard's early mechanical calculator (1623), Charles Babbage's conceptualization and early work on analytical engines (1822-1834), Ada Lovelace's work programming the analytical engine (1843), Herman Hollerith's use of punched cards for census data processing (1890), the development of vacuum tubes enabling digital electronics (1906, 1937), Konrad Zuse's completed the first programmable, fully automatic digital calculating machine, the Z1 (1938), and John Atanas
Beloit Corporation traces its origins to 1855 when Orson E. Merrill founded an iron works in Beloit, Wisconsin. Over time, the company evolved to focus on building paper machines, becoming a leading manufacturer. In 1885, after changing ownership multiple times, the company was reorganized as Beloit Iron Works. It prospered by building paper machines across the Midwest and expanding internationally in the early 1900s. Beloit Iron Works continued innovating, growing significantly under the leadership of Elbert H. Neese in the mid-1900s as it diversified manufacturing and opened sales offices worldwide.
This document provides a history of writing instruments from ancient times to modern day. It describes how early humans scratched on clay tablets with bone or bronze tools around 4000 BC. The Egyptians developed writing with pictures on papyrus scrolls using thin reed brushes around 3000 BC. During the Roman era from 1300 BC, wax tablets were used with metal styli to write and erase. From 600-1800 AD, quill pens became popular in Europe for writing on parchment. In the 1800s, metal nib pens replaced quill pens and fountain pens were invented in the 1880s. The modern ballpoint pen was invented in the 1940s. New writing instruments like felt tip pens, rollerballs, and ergonomic designs were
This document provides a high-level overview of the history of printing from 3000 BC to the 20th century. Key developments include the earliest forms of printing using seals and stamps in ancient Mesopotamia and China, the invention of paper in China in the 2nd century AD, the development of movable type in China in the 11th century, Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in the 15th century, which accelerated the spread of printing in Europe, and major printing innovations and techniques introduced over subsequent centuries such as lithography, photography, and offset printing.
A comprehensive look at the history and development of the computer. Links to YouTube videos that can enhance student learning or expand the depth and time spent on the topic are included.
This document provides a brief history of graphic design from 1500 BC to present day. It discusses important developments like Egyptian hieroglyphics, the printing press, photography, computers, and digital technology. Key figures mentioned include Johannes Gutenberg, Leonardo Da Vinci, Albrecht Durer, William Morris, Bauhaus founders, Paul Rand, Andy Warhol, and contemporary designers. Major events covered are World War II propaganda posters, computer innovations like the mouse and graphics tablet, and the rise of digital design tools like Photoshop. The document traces the evolution of graphic design through the centuries.
- The earliest known postcards date back to 1848-1860 in the US, though they were treated as letters and few examples exist. Postcards became more common after the 1861 law permitting privately printed cards under 1oz to be mailed.
- The golden age of postcards was from 1898-1913, when regulations changed and larger images were allowed on the front. Billions of postcards were mailed worldwide in 1905, fueling a major postcard craze.
- Technological advances like lithography, photography, and rotogravure printing enabled mass production of high quality postcard images in the early 20th century. However, the 1909 Payne-Aldrich tariff act hurt the industry by imposing
The document discusses the history and features of several typewriter models from Olivetti and Smith Corona. It provides details on the size, weight, and key features of classic typewriter models like the Olivetti Lettera 32 and Smith Corona Sterling, which were popular for their portability. Background is also given on Christopher Sholes, who invented the first commercially successful typewriter, and the development of the QWERTY keyboard layout.
The document summarizes several Spanish inventions and inventors throughout history. It describes Isaac Peral inventing the first military submarine in 1887, though he did not receive recognition. It also discusses Ignacio Urresti inventing the pencil sharpener in 1945 and Enric Bernat inventing Chupa Chups lollipops and pioneering branding techniques. Finally, it briefly mentions Alejandro Campos Ramirez inventing foosball while recovering from war injuries in the hospital.
Chapter 1a of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
From the October 2007 "Machine Cancel Forum", an article on facer-cancellers. Early mail canceling machines required an operator to position (face) the mail. Inventors have, over the years, designed machines that not only cancel the mail, but also position it correctly for marking.
Charles Weisenthal took out the first patent for a needle to be used for mechanical sewing in 1755 in London. However, it took another 34 years before Thomas Saint invented what is considered the first real sewing machine in 1789, though critics argue Saint may have only patented an idea and never built a working machine. Throughout the early 19th century, several inventors including Balthasar Krems, Josef Madersperger, John Adams Doge, and John Knowles produced early sewing devices, but it was not until 1830 when Barthelemy Thimonnier was granted a patent for a practical machine that could sew uniforms for the French army at a factory scale.
Sewing machines were invented during the Industrial Revolution to increase efficiency of sewing. Early inventors developed various prototypes of sewing machines in the 18th and 19th centuries, with Thomas Saint inventing the first design in 1790. However, it was Elias Howe's sewing machine, patented in 1846, that used a needle with the eye at the pointed end that became the basis for modern sewing machines. Throughout the late 19th century, various inventors improved on existing sewing machine designs, developing new stitching mechanisms and features. By the early 20th century, electric sewing machines became widespread as more homes had power, revolutionizing home sewing.
In this class we consider the invention of type, moveable type, paper, parchment, the codex format, and the use of different systems of record-keeping.
To what extent is Shylock the villain of the play? - GCSE English .... Shylock - Victim or Villain? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Shylock- Villain or Victim? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com.
Essay On Swami Vivekananda In English | Swami Vivekananda Essay In .... Paragraph on Swami Vivekananda [100, 150, 200, 250 Words]. Short Essay on Swami Vivekananda. Essay on Swami Vivekanand | Swami Vivekananda : Essay, Biography .... Short Biography of Swami Vivekananda | PDF | Swami Vivekananda .... Swami Vivekananda Essay | Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English for .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda | Swami Vivekananda Essay for Students and .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda for Students in 1000 Words. 412 words essay on swami vivekananda. Easy Essay On Swami Vivekananda || Paragraph On Swami Vivekananda .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English - YouTube. Essay on swami vivekananda in english || vivekananda essay in english .... Swami Vivekananda On India - VivekaVani. Swami Vivekananda Essay & Biography : 10 Interesting Facts And Famous .... Interesting Essay on Swami Vivekananda in English for Kids - FREE PDF .... Essay on Swami Vivekananda-700+Words - Education and Career.
Evaluation Essay - 9+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. How to Write an Evaluation Essay: Examples and Format. FREE 7+ Evaluation Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. Examples Of An Evaluation Essay – Telegraph. Expert Tips on How To Write a Thoughtful Evaluation Essay | YourDictionary. Evaluation Essay Sample | Master Template. 019 Critical Evaluation Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. Evaluation Essay Example | Template Business. FREE 16+ Sample Essay Templates in PDF. PPT - Evaluation Essay PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:2158184. Critical Evaluation Essay Example. Evaluation of an essay, Evaluative Essay: Examples, Format .... What Is an Evaluation Essay? Simple Examples To Guide You | YourDictionary. Evaluation Essay - Example & How To Write | Pro Essay Help. Evaluation Essay Example Using Effective Reasoning. Expert Advice on How to Write a Successful Evaluative Essay. 002 Evaluation Essays Free Pdf Format Download Justifying An Student .... Evaluation Essay Sample | Master of Template Document. 003 Essay Example Critical Evaluation ~ Thatsnotus. Writing an evaluation essay. How do you write a evaluation essay?. 2022 .... How to Write an Evaluation Essay: Step-by-Step Guide Evaluation Essay Samples Evaluation Essay Samples
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The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have writing assignments completed. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password; 2) Complete a form with assignment details and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the site's guarantee of original, high-quality work or a full refund.
Courts PLC began expanding internationally in the 1960s. It was established in Singapore in 1974 and Malaysia in 1987. In the early 2000s, Courts PLC went bankrupt and its subsidiaries were sold to repay debts. Courts Asia Limited is now a leading Southeast Asian retailer of furniture, appliances, and IT products. Unlike normal retailers, Courts Asia earns most of its income through financing purchases rather than direct sales.
The Great Depression had a major impact on American homes in the 1930s, which are remembered as extremely difficult times financially for many families. During this era, the economic crisis caused by the stock market crash in 1929 led to widespread poverty and hardship for homeowners across the country. Resources were scarce as unemployment rose sharply, leaving many struggling just to afford basic necessities like food, clothing and shelter.
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5 step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources and deadline, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction and receive a refund if plagiarized.
Critical Appraisal Example 2020-2022 - Fill And SignYasmine Anino
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net platform. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email; 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
The document discusses the steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It involves creating an account, completing a 10-minute order form providing instructions and deadlines, and choosing a writer based on their bid, qualifications, and reviews. The customer can then request revisions until satisfied with the paper. HelpWriting.net promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Superhero Writing Worksheet By Jill KatherinYasmine Anino
The document discusses the humanitarian crisis in Aleppo, Syria resulting from the ongoing civil war between government and anti-government rebel forces. The city is divided between western areas controlled by the Assad government and eastern areas controlled by rebels. Frequent air and chemical attacks have left civilians in constant fear and taken a massive toll, with nearly 470,000 lives lost directly or indirectly over five years of conflict. The Assad government is accused of using terrorist tactics against its own people.
Printable Writing Paper Vintage Christmas Holly BYasmine Anino
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining writing help services, ensuring their needs and expectations are met.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the website HelpWriting.net. It describes a 4-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment or request revisions. It emphasizes that the site offers revisions, original content, and refunds for plagiarized work.
Position Paper Mun Examples - Position PaperYasmine Anino
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request for an assignment writing service on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the company guarantees original, high-quality work or a full refund.
Hook C Lead C Attention Grabber Beginning An EssYasmine Anino
Here is a SWOT analysis for Walgreens:
Strengths:
- Large retail pharmacy chain with over 9,000 locations across the US
- Strong brand recognition and reputation for quality services
- Expansive product selection including pharmacy, health and wellness products
- Growing e-commerce business and online ordering capabilities
- Strategic partnerships and acquisitions that expand service offerings
Weaknesses:
- Heavy reliance on prescription drug sales makes it vulnerable to reimbursement changes
- Faces increasing competition from online retailers and discount stores
- Higher costs than some competitors due to larger store footprint
- Transitioning to more healthcare services presents operational challenges
Opportunities:
- Expanding into healthcare services
Princess Themed Writing Paper Teaching ResourcesYasmine Anino
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The service utilizes a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
How To Write Essays Faster - CIPD Students HelpYasmine Anino
The document analyzes William Blake's poems "The Tyger" and "The Lamb" by explaining that "The Tyger" questions the creator of the tiger to determine if they are demonic or godlike, while focusing on the character's reaction rather than the tiger itself, with the character inquiring about the location of the creator. In contrast, "The Lamb" presents a gentle, innocent lamb and focuses on its relationship with its creator to represent the innocence of Christianity. The two poems contrast to illustrate Blake's exploration of the relationship between humanity and divinity.
Research Paper Step By Step Jfk Research Paper Outline ResearcYasmine Anino
This documentary analyzes Mark Twain's complex life in depth. It addresses questions about how interesting and significant his life truly was by showing the immense hardships and successes he endured. These included financial struggles early in his career, contemplating suicide, and the death of his daughter while traveling. The documentary provides needed context for understanding elements of his famous work Huckleberry Finn that seem racist by highlighting the difficulties of his upbringing and life experiences before widespread fame.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. The Bar-Lock Typewriter, which had a double keyboard, was introduced in 1889. The name of the
machine refers to a mechanism that locked the type-bars in position while they printed.
In 1896, the Bar-Lock type writer's name in the U.S. was changed to Columbia Bar-Lock. During 1896-
99, U.S. ads claimed that the machine was widely used in offices and by the Navy. See illustration to the
right.
The machine was sold as the Royal Bar-Lock in Great Britain. A c. 1898 English ad for the Royal Bar-
Lock stated that the machine had "fifty thousand users." The ad stated that over 200 of the machines were
being used by Lever Brothers Ltd., over 60 in total by the London, Glasgow, and Liverpool municipal
governments combined, over 40 by the London and Lancashire Fire Insurance Co., and over 30 each by
the Secretary's Department of the General Post Office, by Arthur Guinness, Sons & Co., by the Eastern
and Associated Telegraph Cos., and by the English offices of the Mutual Life Insurance Co. of
New York. In 1899, an ad claimed that the Sunlight Soap Co. was using over 160 Royal Bar-Locks. In
1901, an ad claimed that 150 Royal Bar-Locks were used in post offices in the UK. E. H. Beach, Tools of
Business, 1905, states that the British royal palaces used five times as many Bar-Locks as all other makes
combined, that the three largest British city governments (London, Glasgow, and Liverpool) used eight
times as many Bar-Locks as all other makes combined, and that the three largest companies (The Bank of
England, the Eastern Telegraph Co., and Messrs. Dever Brothers, Ltd.) used nine times as many Bar-
Locks as all other makes combined. Beach also states that the British war office and admiralty used over
400 Bar-Locks. The photo to the right shows a number of Bar-Locks in an English office.
Other downstrike typewriters were the Horton Typewriter (1886) and Salter Typewriter (1892). The
earlier of the two Horton models weighs 19 lb. The 1892 Franklin weighs 11.5 lb.
2. Single element machines used type-shuttles, type-wheels, or type-sleeves rather than
type-bars. These type-elements rotated and moved either up and down or side to side
to position the correct letter. One of the selling points of most single-element
typewriters was that the type-elements could be changed to permit typing in different
fonts and languages. Both Hammond and Blickensderfer sold over 100 different type-
elements. Key tops could be changed to facilitate typing in different languages. It is
reported that most single-element machines were slower than typebar machines
because the single-element returned to its base position between characters.
The most successful early single-element machine, the Hammond type-shuttle
typewriter, is described in our Antique Office Typewriters gallery.
3. Index typewriters do not have keyboards. Generally, one hand operates a pointer that
selects a letter from an index while the other hand depresses a lever that moves the
type to the paper.
The first practical index typewriters, the American Hall Type Writer (1881) and the
German Hammonia Typewriter, were introduced in the early 1880s, several years
after the first keyboard typewriter. Index typewriters were much cheaper than
keyboard typewriters during the 1880s and 1890s, and advertisements for index
typewriters stressed this fact. Index typewriters generally sold for $10-$20, although
the Hall was $40. (See advertisement to the left and table below.) In 1895 the
Champion Typewriter Co. advertised that over 9,000 Champions were in use in the
U.S.
4. Malling Hansen's Writing Ball c. 1870
The Hansen Writing Ball was invented in 1865 by the reverend and principal of the Royal Institute for
the deaf-mutes in Copenhagen, Rasmus Malling-Hansen, 1835-1890. The writing ball was first patented
and entered production in 1870, and was the first commercially produced typewriter. In Danish it was
called theskrivekugle. The Hansen ball was a combination of unusual design and ergonomic innovations,
but like most of the early 19th century typewriters, it did not allow the paper to be seen as it passed
through the device.
Its distinctive feature was an arrangement of 52 keys on a large brass hemisphere, causing the machine
to resemble a giant pin cushion. From the book Hvem er Skrivekuglens Opfinder, written by Malling-
Hansen's daughter Johanne Agerskov, we know how Malling-Hansen made experiments with a model of
his writing ball made out of porcelain. He tried out different placements of the letters on the keys, to work
out the placement that led to the quickest writing speed. He ended up placing the most frequently used
letters to be touched by the fastest writing fingers, and also placed most of the vowels to the left and the
consonants to the right. This, together with the short pistons which went directly through the ball, made
the writing speed of the writing ball very fast.
The first models typed on a paper attached to a cylinder, and included an electromagnetic escapement
for the Ball, thus making Malling-Hansen's machine the first electric typewriter. He made several
improvements on his invention throughout the 1870's and -80's, and in 1874 he patented the next model,
and now the cylinder was replaced by a flat mechanical paper-frame. The electromagnetic battery was
still used to move the paper along as the Ball typed upon it, and the design led to a lower possibility for
error. Malling-Hansen improved further on his design, and created a semi-cylindrical frame to hold one
sheet of paper. This best known model was first patented in 1875, and now the battery was replaced by a
mechanical escapement. All these improvements made for a simpler and more compact writing
apparatus.
5. The IBM Selectric typewriter (occasionally known as the IBM Golfball typewriter) was
an influential model line of electric typewriters. It was introduced in 1961.
Instead of a "basket" of pivoting typebars the Selectric had a pivoting type element
(frequently called a "typeball") that could be changed so as to display different fonts in
the same document, resurrecting a capacity that had been pioneered by the moderately
successful Blickensderfer typewriter sixty years before. The Selectric also replaced the
traditional typewriter's moving carriage with a paper roller ("platen") that stayed
stationary while the typeball and ribbon mechanism moved from side to side.
Selectrics and their descendants eventually captured 75 percent of the United States
market for electric typewriters used in business.
6. Sholes was a U.S. mechanical engineer who invented the first practical modern typewriter,
patented in 1868. Sholes invented the typewriter with partners S. W. Soule and G. Glidden,
that was manufactured (by Remington Arms Company) in 1873. He was born February 14,
1819 in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, and died on February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Before the computer, the typewriter may have been the most significant everyday business
tool. Christopher Latham Sholes and his colleagues, Carlos Glidden and Samuel Soulé,
invented the first practical typewriting machine in 1866. Five years, dozens of experiments,
and two patents later, Sholes and his associates produced an improved model similar to
today's typewriters.
The type-bar system and the universal keyboard were the machine's novelty, but the keys
jammed easily. To solve the jamming problem, another business associate, James
Densmore, suggested splitting up keys for letters commonly used together to slow down
typing. This became today's standard "QWERTY" keyboard.
7. It was called the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer," and it was produced by the
gunmakers E. Remington & Sons in Ilion, NY from 1874-1878. It was not a great
success (not more than 5,000 were sold), but it founded a worldwide industry, and it
brought mechanization to dreary, time-consuming office work.
.
The idea began at Kleinsteuber's Machine Shop in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in the year
1868. A local publisher-politician-philosopher named Christopher Latham Sholes spent
hours at Kleinstuber's with fellow tinkerers, eager to participate in the Age of Invention
to produce devices to improve the lot of Mankind.
.
It's said Sholes was working on a machine to automatically number the pages in books,
when one of his colleagues suggested the idea might be extended to a device to print
the entire alphabet. An article from "Scientific American" was passed around, and the
gentlemen nodded in agreement that "typewriting" (the phrase coined in SA) was the
wave of the future.
.
Sholes thought of a simple device with a piece of printer's type mounted on a little rod,
mounted to strike upward to a flat plate which would hold a piece of carbon paper
sandwiched with a piece of stationery. The percussive strike of the type should produce
an impression on the paper. Sholes' demonstration model looked like this:
8. Keyboard typewriters
Keyboard typewriters are typewriters that are operated by pushing a key, or combination of keys in
order to print a letter or character onto the paper.
Between the 1880s and 1910s many people favored the so-called full keyboard that had individual
keys for each individual letter, capital, figure and symbol (for samples, see Upstrike typewriters). The
best knowns full keyboard machines were the Caligraph and the Smith Premier.
The division we use here between different sorts of keyboard typewriters is not based on the keyboard
itself, but on the way the characters are actually typed onto the paper. The difference is explained on
each of the linked index pages, that can be found when you click the links on the left.
9. Upstrike Keyboard typewriters
If you put type on the end of a typebar, and print by swinging the bar
against the paper, the typebar needs to fall back into its original position.
Otherwise, you would have to pull it back manually, before striking the next
key. The easiest way to achieve this is by using gravity.
It wasn't even Christopher Latham Sholes who followed this train of thought
for the first time. He was just the first to build such a machine that was
actually mass-produced.
The Austrian carpenter Peter Mitterhofer had built a typewriter with the
same odd upstrike system ten years earlier. The only difference was that his
machine was made completely out of wood, and nobody was interested in
mass production.
Obvious as it may seem today that you can see what you writer, the 'blind
writing' upstrike typewriter was the benchmark machine for more than 20
years and the Remington Typewriter Company kept up production of this
clumsy system until 1915, despite the fact that the first truly visible writers
had already appeared in 1895.
This section of the museum presents only upstrike typewriters, with single
keyboards and a shift key, and with 'full keyboards' where each character
had its own key.
10. Downstrike keyboard typewriters
If you can't read what you write when the letters hit the paper from below,
the most logical thing to do would be to have the letters strike the paper
from above. So there they are: the downstrike typewriters.
Striking down onto the paper creates new design problems, because the
upright typebars are inevitably in the way. And so the designers came up
with every possible solution. Downstriking from the front, from the side,
from the back, from above, with a grasshopper jump and at an angle.
11. Frontstrike Keyboard Typewriters
The most comfortable way to type of course, is with the written text at a
pleasant angle in front of you. But it took 20 years after the introduction of
the Sholes & Glidden until the Daugherty appeared, the first 'modern'
typewriter.
The typebars lay backwards in the type basket, swung up when a key was
hit, printed a letter on the front of the platen and fell back. The Daugherty
failed miserably in the market, but next came the Underwood that set a
standard for mechanical typewriters that would last a century.
But there were other frontstrike typewriters also, like the so-called thrust-
action machines, that actually pushed the type against the paper. Good
examples are the Ford, the Wellington/Empire, the Adler and the Kanzler.
12. Single element machines
When IBM introduced the famous golf ball system on its electric typewriters
in the 1950s, this was generally regarded as a major breakthrough in
typewriter technology. Few people realized that the concept of the single
element typewriter was already 70 years old at the time.
It was James Hammond, inventor of the Hammond typewriter who was the
first to combine all the characters he needed on his typewriter on a single
piece of metal.
The advantage of this was that the rest of the mechanism would be used
only to bring the right character to the front.
The advantages were obvious. Single element machines never jammed, their
alignment was perfect, type faces could easily be changed and they didn't
need as many parts and regular machines, which meant that they were also
usually cheaper.
There were disadvantages also. Unless the actual type element struck the
paper (as on the Blickensderfer), a hammer system had to be used to strike
the paper against the type. And this led to strange contraptions to hold the
paper (Hammond and Fitch).
13. Thürey
First year of production: 1909
Company: Thürey Schreibmaschinen Gesellschaft, Cologne, Germany
Serial nr: n.a.
The Thürey typewriter is one of these rare attempts to completely break with
conventions that were already in place in 1909 and build a machine that was
one of kind. And it is. It was also a commercial failure.
The keyboard of the Thürey consists of six vertical rows of keys attached to
bars that are positioned sideways on the top of the machine. By pressing a
key a typewheel is turned into position with the correct character facing
forward, while a hammer swings forward from behind the paper (see pic 6).
The hammer however, is not spring-driven as it is on the Hammond, but
receives its momentum from the force with which a key is struck. Inking is
done with two ink rolls.
The machine, with a charming wooden handle on the right for lifting, is
exactly twice as wide as the carriage, and one of the flattest designs around.
14. Travis Typewriter
First year of production: 1895
Company: Philadelphia Typewriter Company, Philadelphia, USA
Serial nr: 2006
Information is scarce about the Travis Typewriter. Different sources date this
machine in 1905. However, documentation exists that shows that the Travis
was invented by Byron Brooks who had, in 1885, developed the Brooks
typewriter, a backstroke machine with a double shift.
Brooks sold the patents for his new machine to William Travis of the
Philadelphia Typewriter Company. The PTC built the machine and put it on
the market locally. The company apparently ceased to exist by 1900. Very
few Travis Typewriters were produced. The machine is extremely rare today.
The Travis featured a four-row keyboard and a horizontally placed
typewheel. The paper was struck by a hammer from behind and pressed
against the typewheel, much like the Chicago and Hammond. The paper had
to be rolled into a cylinder under the hammer.
15. Sterling (improved)
First year of production: 1905
Company: Sterling Typewriter Co, New York, USA
Serial nr: 3309
The Sterling typewriter was a three-row swinging sector typewriter,
developed by C.J. Paulson. The machine was produced with the name Eagle
in 1905. Production was apparently resumed in 1910 or 1911 as the
Sterling.
The principle of the Sterling is very similar to that of the Hammond, with a
single type element swinging around a vertical rod (see pic 6).
Not many details are known about its production history.
16. Postal 3
First year of production: 1902
Company: Postal Typewriter Co.,New York, USA
Serial nr: 10619
The Postal seems like a cross breed between the Blickensderfer and the
Hammond. The machine had a typewheel almost identical to the Blick and
the way it turned was controlled by a series of upright pins, similar to the
Hammond turret.
The Postal printed through a ribbon, that was fixed to two parallel ribbon
spools, right behind the platen. With the typewheel striking down onto the
platen, with the ribbon under it, the writing was in effect invisible.
There are said to be 8 different models of the Postal, but in fact only three
have been reported, of which the number 7 is very rare.
The Postal 3 (presented here) and 5 (with a raised scale above the platen)
are the relatively most common Postals.
The Postal was exported to Germany, Austria, Russia and France.
17. Phönix
First year of production: 1908
Company: Gesellschaft fur Apparate-und Maschinenbau, Berlin,
Germany
Serial nr: n.a
The Phönix was originally called Merkur but the name was changed to Phönix
(the firebird) after the producer changed its name to 'Company for the
production of machines and appliances'. With the Lambert, the Phönix is the
only machine with a fixed keyboard. But the first comparison of course is
with the Blickensderfer.
The raised typewheel that strikes down onto the platen is very close to the
system that made the Blick great. But the keyboard on this machine is very
odd. When a key is pushed, the entire keyboard tilts and goes down, while
turning the typewheel into position and printing the paper. The keyboard has
28 keys and there are two shift keys for capitals and characters.
The machine was produced for a very short time only and few examples
survive.
18. Munson 2
First year of production: 1890’s
Company: Munson Typewriter Company, Chicago, USA
Serial nr: 7877
The Munson 2 is the machine that was re-released after a couple of years as
the Chicago typewriter. It was a covered version of the Munson 1, a machine
introduced in 1890 of which the mechanism was virtually identical to that of
the later Chicago.
The Munson was designed by S.J. Siefried and J.E. Munson of New York. The
machine was produced in a factory in Chicago, owned by Fred and Louis
Munson.
The Munson 2 had a horizontal type sleeve with the hammer that struck the
paper from behind to push it against the sleeve, similar to the Hammond.
Before the machine could be used, the typist would have to slide the rail
holding the hammer out to the left to bring the hammer into position.
The Munson company produced the machine until 1897, when the patents
for the machine were sold to Edgar Hill of Chicago who took up production of
the Chicago typewriter.
19. Moya Visible 3
First year of production: 1906
Company: Moya Typewriter Company.,Leicester, UK
Serial nr: 3979
Hidalgo Moya was a Spanish-American who married a girl from Leicester, England.
When he moved back to Europe, he brought an interesting invention with him: the
Moya Typewriter. He went into business with his father-in-law and built a factory in
Leicester.
The Moya typewriter, that operated with a typesleeve similar to the Crandall, was
not a very successful machine. Not too many were sold between 1902 and 1905,
when the improved Moya Visible 2 appeared.
The type sleeve with six rows of characters was turned and shifted by an intricate
system of gears and levers. Printing was done by the sleeve that moved forward
onto the platen. Some further improvements to the mechanism were made and in
1906 the Moya 3 appeared, that is presented on this page.
Although few machines were built and sold, the Moya was exported to several
countries, where it appeared with different names, such as Sekretar, Ideal and
Baka (see Pic 6-Mantelli coll.)
In 1908 production of the Moya was stopped in favor of a new invention by Hidalgo
Moya, a downstrike machine that would become a major success: the Imperial. The
Imperial Typewriter Company of Leicester would continue to produce typewriters
until well into the 1960s.
20. McCool 2
First year of production: 1909
Company: Acme-Keystone Manufacturing Co.,Beaver Falls, Pa, USA
Serial nr: 1718
The Acme-Keystone Manufacturing Co. of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, was
not the most successful of typewriter producers. The three machines it
produced, the Keystone, the Sterling and the McCool 2 (there is no McCool
1) are all very rare today.
The McCool was a relatively cheap 3-bank keyboard typewriter. It used a
typewheel similar to the Blickensderfer, a hammer that strikes from behind
from a sliding rail like the Chicago, and an impression strip along the
carriage, similar to the Hammond (photo 3).
Very little is known about the history of the machine. It was invented by
William A. McCool who was granted a patent in 1910. The machine was
apparently for sale in 1909. Not many were made.
21. Lambert
First year of production: 1902
Company: Lambert Typewriter Company, New York, USA
Serial nr: 3205
Frank Lambert was a French immigrant to the United States. He started work on his
typewriter in the 1880s, with the earliest patent dating back to 1884. The machine wasn't
marketed until 1902 and it was a remarkable success.
The Lambert typewriter is unique in shape and technology. It is the only keyboard typewriter on which
the keyboard consists of one single piece. On pushing a key, the entire keyboard and the attached
type stamp (pic 6) swivelled into position and printed the correct letter onto the paper. The Lambert is
often mistaken for an index typewriter.
There were three models of the Lambert Typewriter. The first 3000 machines had a keyboard that
could be rotated to the left and right, to allow it to write a crude form of italic letters. In fact they
were normal, Roman style letters printed at an angle.
This feature was dropped on the Lambert 2 (after serial number 3000) that had a fixed keyboard. The
machines were otherwise identical, with the embossed name on the base plate.
A small handle to the left, under the keyboard (pic 5) allowed for 'shifting' - it put the stamp in
position to print either lower case, capitals or figures.
Later, a Lambert 3 appeared with a slightly wider carriage and a non-embossed base. That machine
bore a decal with the name Lambert. The difference in size of the carriage and body is clearly visible in
the next picture:
The Lambert 3 also appeared as the Butler and the Garden City. Outside the United States the
machine was produced in London by the Gramophone and Typewriter Company, and in Lambert's
home country France.