Iodometric Quantitative Analysis Method of Ascorbic Acid in Tablets
Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin provided with strong antioxidant action, that fulfills an important immune protective role of the body against infections and prevents various cancers appearance. The main goal of this study was to exactly quantify pure ascorbic acid in tablets of two pharmaceuticals. Proposed
objective consisted in improvement and application of a iodometric titration method in ascorbic acid quantitative analysis. Ascorbic acid content per tablet in both studied pharmaceuticals was 173.84 mg, very close to official stated amount of active substance (180 mg). Allowed percentage deviation from declared content of pure ascorbic acid was only 3.42 %, below maximum value of ± 5 % imposed by Romanian Pharmacopoeia 10-th Edition, according to European and International standards. Statistical analysis confirmed experimental obtained results and revealed low Standard Error value SE = 0.214476, which has fallen within normal limits. Confidence Level value (95.0 %) = 0.551328 and Standard Deviation SD = 0.525357. were within normal range of values. Relative Standard Deviation (Coefficient of variation or homogeneity) RSD = 26.268% was found below maximum range of accepted values (30-35%). P value = 7.44. 10-6 was located within normal limits, P < 0.001, so the experimental obtained results has shown highest statistical significance. Thus, studied titration method can be successfully used in quantitative
analysis of ascorbic acid from different samples.
Kinetic Modeling of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Degradation in Blanched Commonl...IOSRJAC
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the most important and popular vitamins, and is contained in most fruits and vegetables; the problem with vitamin C is its easy degradation during processing. In this study, the degradation kinetics of vitamin C was determined in Lettuce and Cabbage, and the processing treatment considered was blanching at 700C of water differently for 5, 10, 15, 20,25,30,35 and 40 minutes. Samples were dried in mild temperature (15–200C) and ground to find dust and High Pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) was used for determination of the AA of vegetable salad samples which consisted of an isocratic elution procedure with UV-Visible detection at 245nm. The rate constants were calculated for both vegetable salad samples under the same processing method using the integrated law method; half-life was also calculated. Degradation of ascorbic acid in Lettuce and Cabbage under the same pretreatment procedure followed the firstorder kinetic model, as the coefficient of determination (R2 -value) were 0.8981 and 0.9785 respectively. The rate constant of ascorbic acid degradation for Lettuce and Cabbage under the same blanching conditions were 0.099 min-1 and 0.088 min-1 respectively. The half-life of Lettuce and Cabbage were 420.0892 and 472.6004 seconds respectively. The most appropriate vegetable salad under the blanching pretreatment procedure is the cabbage because its rate constant depicted from the model equations was lower, and the half life longer, hence, slower rate of degradation. The first order forecast (Ln(C)), was 0.657964 for Lettuce and 1.330017 for Cabbage, which further authenticate that blanched Lettuce degradation was higher than Cabbage under the same pretreatment conditions.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
This study investigated the effects of consuming Andean Berry Juice (ABJ) for 14 days on plasma antioxidant capacity and inflammatory biomarkers in 19 healthy adults with dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer. The results showed that after ABJ consumption, plasma antioxidant capacity significantly increased and levels of the lipid peroxidation marker isoprostane and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 significantly decreased. Total phenol content in plasma decreased slightly after juice intake. The study suggests that daily intake of ABJ can improve antioxidant status and reduce inflammation associated with colorectal carcinogenesis in individuals with dietary risk factors.
Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project .pdfAnonymous
Chemistry Project
Ascorbic Acid
Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project.
Investigatory Project
Project Report File
Class 12 Project
Ascorbic Acid Project
Science Project
Vitamin C
Vitamin C Project.
Estimation of Vitamin C in fruit and vegetable juices.
Antioxidants treatment for diabetes mellitus.pptxPraveen kumar S
Diabetes mellitus causes oxidative stress through increased production of reactive oxygen species. This damages cells and tissues over time. The document discusses several pathways by which ROS are generated in diabetes and damage occurs, including advanced glycation end products, the polyol pathway, and activation of protein kinase C. It also describes the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway which regulates the body's antioxidant response. Various natural and synthetic antioxidants that can help reduce oxidative stress in diabetes are reviewed, such as alpha-lipoic acid, vitamins C and E, flavonoids, and plant extracts. Targeting specific pathways like the polyol pathway or AGE formation with inhibitors or antioxidants may help prevent complications of diabetes.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Kinetic Modeling of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Degradation in Blanched Commonl...IOSRJAC
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is one of the most important and popular vitamins, and is contained in most fruits and vegetables; the problem with vitamin C is its easy degradation during processing. In this study, the degradation kinetics of vitamin C was determined in Lettuce and Cabbage, and the processing treatment considered was blanching at 700C of water differently for 5, 10, 15, 20,25,30,35 and 40 minutes. Samples were dried in mild temperature (15–200C) and ground to find dust and High Pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) was used for determination of the AA of vegetable salad samples which consisted of an isocratic elution procedure with UV-Visible detection at 245nm. The rate constants were calculated for both vegetable salad samples under the same processing method using the integrated law method; half-life was also calculated. Degradation of ascorbic acid in Lettuce and Cabbage under the same pretreatment procedure followed the firstorder kinetic model, as the coefficient of determination (R2 -value) were 0.8981 and 0.9785 respectively. The rate constant of ascorbic acid degradation for Lettuce and Cabbage under the same blanching conditions were 0.099 min-1 and 0.088 min-1 respectively. The half-life of Lettuce and Cabbage were 420.0892 and 472.6004 seconds respectively. The most appropriate vegetable salad under the blanching pretreatment procedure is the cabbage because its rate constant depicted from the model equations was lower, and the half life longer, hence, slower rate of degradation. The first order forecast (Ln(C)), was 0.657964 for Lettuce and 1.330017 for Cabbage, which further authenticate that blanched Lettuce degradation was higher than Cabbage under the same pretreatment conditions.
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
This study investigated the effects of consuming Andean Berry Juice (ABJ) for 14 days on plasma antioxidant capacity and inflammatory biomarkers in 19 healthy adults with dietary risk factors for colorectal cancer. The results showed that after ABJ consumption, plasma antioxidant capacity significantly increased and levels of the lipid peroxidation marker isoprostane and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 significantly decreased. Total phenol content in plasma decreased slightly after juice intake. The study suggests that daily intake of ABJ can improve antioxidant status and reduce inflammation associated with colorectal carcinogenesis in individuals with dietary risk factors.
Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project .pdfAnonymous
Chemistry Project
Ascorbic Acid
Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project.
Investigatory Project
Project Report File
Class 12 Project
Ascorbic Acid Project
Science Project
Vitamin C
Vitamin C Project.
Estimation of Vitamin C in fruit and vegetable juices.
Antioxidants treatment for diabetes mellitus.pptxPraveen kumar S
Diabetes mellitus causes oxidative stress through increased production of reactive oxygen species. This damages cells and tissues over time. The document discusses several pathways by which ROS are generated in diabetes and damage occurs, including advanced glycation end products, the polyol pathway, and activation of protein kinase C. It also describes the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway which regulates the body's antioxidant response. Various natural and synthetic antioxidants that can help reduce oxidative stress in diabetes are reviewed, such as alpha-lipoic acid, vitamins C and E, flavonoids, and plant extracts. Targeting specific pathways like the polyol pathway or AGE formation with inhibitors or antioxidants may help prevent complications of diabetes.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
This document discusses diarrhoea, its causes, symptoms, and treatments. It notes that diarrhoea is caused by contaminated food/water or diseases like cholera. It kills many children annually but can be prevented and treated. The document discusses traditional Ayurvedic treatments for diarrhoea that work by restoring intestinal flora, maintaining electrolyte balance, and inhibiting pathogens. It provides details on the ingredients of one such treatment and their antimicrobial properties.
Vitamin C, glutathione, and various enzymes have radioprotective effects against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can scavenge reactive oxygen species produced by radiation and protect DNA and membranes. Glutathione is also a free radical scavenger that protects against radiation damage. Various enzymes also help scavenge free radicals produced by radiation. The presentation concludes that vitamin C, glutathione, and enzymes play an important role in mitigating the effects of ionizing radiation exposure.
Ascorbic acid, corticosteroids, and thiamineKaveh Kazemian
The document discusses ascorbic acid (vitamin C), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone), and thiamine and their potential roles in treating sepsis both individually and in combination. It notes that sepsis patients often have low vitamin C levels and outlines vitamin C's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It describes trials testing high-dose hydrocortisone in sepsis and notes risks of high doses. The document discusses thiamine deficiency in sepsis and trials of thiamine supplementation. It summarizes a study showing reduced mortality with combination hydrocortisone, vitamin C and thiamine (HAT) therapy in sepsis and notes ongoing randomized controlled trials are testing HAT therapy in severe sepsis and se
Antioxidants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of garlic in managing high cholesterol. It discusses how elevated cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis and how garlic may help lower cholesterol levels. The presentation covers an overview of garlic's composition and chemistry. It describes allicin, garlic's main bioactive compound, and its role in cholesterol reduction. The presentation also reviews garlic's potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-aging, and anti-cancer effects. It concludes that garlic can significantly help manage high cholesterol based on literature reviews.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a glycoprotein purified from the seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. The key findings are:
1) The purified glycoprotein (UPGP) consisted of 42.53% carbohydrate and 57.47% protein.
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities in various assays both before and after simulated digestion, though activities decreased in the gastric phase and increased in the duodenal phase.
3) UPGP also showed protective effects against oxidative DNA damage both before and after certain phases of simulated digestion.
The document summarizes the phytochemistry, nutritional, and medicinal value of kiwifruit. Kiwifruit contains various antioxidants and phytochemicals that are beneficial for heart health, digestion, immunity, skin health, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. It is a highly nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamins C and E, folate, dietary fiber, and other minerals. Regular consumption of kiwifruit may help improve heart health, digestive health, immunity, sleep, and skin health as well as help reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases.
LACTOWHEY powder: Provides body’s defense against cancerSriramNagarajan18
Lactowhey powder is a whey protein supplement that provides several potential health benefits. It contains amino acids that help stimulate immunity and increase glutathione levels, which enhances the body's defense against cancer, free radicals, and carcinogens. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that Lactowhey powder may help prevent muscle loss and weight loss in cancer patients by improving nutritional status and appetite. The whey proteins and other components in Lactowhey powder are easily absorbed and can promote muscle strength and immune function.
This document summarizes a presentation about the importance of vitamin C in metabolic reactions. It discusses the structure of vitamin C, its daily recommended intake, dietary sources like citrus fruits and peppers, and key functions like aiding collagen formation and serving as an antioxidant. It also covers vitamin C's roles in defending against cancer and heart disease by protecting against oxidative damage. Deficiency results in scurvy due to impaired collagen synthesis. The presentation concludes that vitamin C plays an essential role in daily metabolic reactions in living organisms.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRU...mujahid hussain
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRUS (CITRUS SINENSIS, CITRUS LIMETTA) COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT TEHSILS OF DISTRICT SARGODHA
This document provides an overview of vitamin C, including its history, structure, functions, stability, sources, extraction methods, deficiency symptoms, and references. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin produced by plants and some animals. It acts as an antioxidant, aiding in collagen production, immune function, and iron absorption. Though stable, it is easily destroyed by heat and light. Key sources include citrus fruits and peppers. Extraction methods like ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction are more sustainable alternatives to conventional solvent extraction. Deficiency can cause scurvy, with symptoms like bleeding gums, joint pain, and slow wound healing.
ABSTRACT- Oxidative stress resulting from enhances free-radical formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defences has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the initiation, progression and pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A cross sectional study conducted during the period from January 2015 to June 2015 to assessment the serum levels of malondialdehyde (as a marker of lipid peroxidation), antioxidant vitamin (C) in Sudanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to normotensive persons. In all subjects were Men and Women, age fall between the 25-74 years individuals. Exclusion criteria were chronic disease, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum samples. The aim was to determine the oxidative stress status and plasma vitamin antioxidant (Vitamin C) level in diabetes and apparently healthy indviduals. . In134 subjects out 67 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 67 diabetic patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in diabetic patients and normotensive individuals (4.36± 1.17 µmol/l vs 1.72±0.68 µmol/l and p < 0.0001). Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients and normotensive individuals (0.29± 0.15 mg/dl vs 0.37±0.18 mg/dl and p <0.0001). These findings demonstrate a strong association MDA and Vitamin C level, antioxidant level decrease and increase level of MDA in diabetic patients. Supplementary vitamin C may be helpful in decreasing blood glucose type 2 diabetes and thus reducing the risk of complications, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Diabetes, Oxidative stress, Dietary antioxidants, Malondialdehyde
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses oxidative stress and antioxidants. It provides information on:
1. Indian Dental Academy which offers online and offline dental courses and is a leader in continuing dental education.
2. How free radicals can damage cells, proteins, lipids, DNA and cause diseases. Antioxidants help prevent this damage.
3. Various antioxidants found in foods and their roles in reducing oxidative stress and preventing diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Clinical trials on antioxidants have had inconsistent results.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Antidiabetic,antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of oxalis cornicula...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by alloxan injection, then mice were treated with O. corniculata extract or glibenclamide for 10 days. Biochemical parameters like blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidants were analyzed. Oral administration of O. corniculata extract significantly reduced blood glucose, lipid levels except HDL-C, liver enzymes and increased antioxidants. It also reduced lipid peroxidation. The extract showed antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties against
Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis Method of Sodium Metamizole in Tablets
The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure sodium metamizole from tablets , using a
spectrophotometric analysis in Visible range. The method applied has been subjected to a validation protocol which consisted in analyzing the following parameters: linearity of the method, detection limit (LD) ,
quantitation limit (LQ), Sandell’s sensitivity, interference of excipients, stability of prepared solutions, method and system precision, accuracy of the method. Following actual dosing, pure sodium metamizole amount
in tablet of pharmaceutical was found to be 477.477 mg assigned to a percentage content of 95.495 %, very close to official declared amount (500 mg), with an maximum average percentage deviation of only 4.505 % from the official declared active substance content. This value was situated below the maximum admissible percentage deviation from stated active substance content (± 5%), established by Romanian Pharmacopoeia, X-th Edition rules.
Investigation of linearity, detection limit (LD) and quantitation limit(LQ) of active substance from pharmaceutical tablets
The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure sodium metamizole from tablets , using a
spectrophotometric analysis in Visible range. The method applied has been subjected to a validation protocol which consisted in analyzing the following parameters: linearity of the method, detection limit (LD) ,
quantitation limit (LQ). Following actual dosing, pure sodium metamizole amount in tablet of pharmaceutical was found to be
477.477 mg assigned to a percentage content of 95.495 %, very close to official declared amount (500 mg), with an maximum average percentage deviation of only 4.505 % from the official declared active substance content. This value was situated below the maximum admissible percentage deviation from stated active substance content (± 5%), established by Romanian Pharmacopoeia, X-th Edition rules.
This document discusses diarrhoea, its causes, symptoms, and treatments. It notes that diarrhoea is caused by contaminated food/water or diseases like cholera. It kills many children annually but can be prevented and treated. The document discusses traditional Ayurvedic treatments for diarrhoea that work by restoring intestinal flora, maintaining electrolyte balance, and inhibiting pathogens. It provides details on the ingredients of one such treatment and their antimicrobial properties.
Vitamin C, glutathione, and various enzymes have radioprotective effects against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can scavenge reactive oxygen species produced by radiation and protect DNA and membranes. Glutathione is also a free radical scavenger that protects against radiation damage. Various enzymes also help scavenge free radicals produced by radiation. The presentation concludes that vitamin C, glutathione, and enzymes play an important role in mitigating the effects of ionizing radiation exposure.
Ascorbic acid, corticosteroids, and thiamineKaveh Kazemian
The document discusses ascorbic acid (vitamin C), corticosteroids (hydrocortisone), and thiamine and their potential roles in treating sepsis both individually and in combination. It notes that sepsis patients often have low vitamin C levels and outlines vitamin C's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It describes trials testing high-dose hydrocortisone in sepsis and notes risks of high doses. The document discusses thiamine deficiency in sepsis and trials of thiamine supplementation. It summarizes a study showing reduced mortality with combination hydrocortisone, vitamin C and thiamine (HAT) therapy in sepsis and notes ongoing randomized controlled trials are testing HAT therapy in severe sepsis and se
Antioxidants /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The study investigated the potential cardio- and hepato-protective effects of methanolic extracts of Syzygium cumini seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Rats were given 100 or 200 mg/kg of the extract daily for 2 weeks, with blood glucose and organ function monitored. Extracts lowered blood glucose and improved heart and liver markers. Histological analysis found the 200 mg/kg extract reversed cardiac and liver damage from diabetes. The results support S. cumini's ability to control diabetes complications like cardiovascular and liver diseases.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of garlic in managing high cholesterol. It discusses how elevated cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis and how garlic may help lower cholesterol levels. The presentation covers an overview of garlic's composition and chemistry. It describes allicin, garlic's main bioactive compound, and its role in cholesterol reduction. The presentation also reviews garlic's potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-aging, and anti-cancer effects. It concludes that garlic can significantly help manage high cholesterol based on literature reviews.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of a glycoprotein purified from the seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. The key findings are:
1) The purified glycoprotein (UPGP) consisted of 42.53% carbohydrate and 57.47% protein.
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent antioxidant activities in various assays both before and after simulated digestion, though activities decreased in the gastric phase and increased in the duodenal phase.
3) UPGP also showed protective effects against oxidative DNA damage both before and after certain phases of simulated digestion.
The document summarizes the phytochemistry, nutritional, and medicinal value of kiwifruit. Kiwifruit contains various antioxidants and phytochemicals that are beneficial for heart health, digestion, immunity, skin health, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. It is a highly nutritious fruit that is rich in vitamins C and E, folate, dietary fiber, and other minerals. Regular consumption of kiwifruit may help improve heart health, digestive health, immunity, sleep, and skin health as well as help reduce the risk of cancer and other diseases.
LACTOWHEY powder: Provides body’s defense against cancerSriramNagarajan18
Lactowhey powder is a whey protein supplement that provides several potential health benefits. It contains amino acids that help stimulate immunity and increase glutathione levels, which enhances the body's defense against cancer, free radicals, and carcinogens. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that Lactowhey powder may help prevent muscle loss and weight loss in cancer patients by improving nutritional status and appetite. The whey proteins and other components in Lactowhey powder are easily absorbed and can promote muscle strength and immune function.
This document summarizes a presentation about the importance of vitamin C in metabolic reactions. It discusses the structure of vitamin C, its daily recommended intake, dietary sources like citrus fruits and peppers, and key functions like aiding collagen formation and serving as an antioxidant. It also covers vitamin C's roles in defending against cancer and heart disease by protecting against oxidative damage. Deficiency results in scurvy due to impaired collagen synthesis. The presentation concludes that vitamin C plays an essential role in daily metabolic reactions in living organisms.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRU...mujahid hussain
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ASCORBIC ACID CONCENTRATION IN TWO VARIETIES OF CITRUS (CITRUS SINENSIS, CITRUS LIMETTA) COLLECTED FROM DIFFERENT TEHSILS OF DISTRICT SARGODHA
This document provides an overview of vitamin C, including its history, structure, functions, stability, sources, extraction methods, deficiency symptoms, and references. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin produced by plants and some animals. It acts as an antioxidant, aiding in collagen production, immune function, and iron absorption. Though stable, it is easily destroyed by heat and light. Key sources include citrus fruits and peppers. Extraction methods like ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction are more sustainable alternatives to conventional solvent extraction. Deficiency can cause scurvy, with symptoms like bleeding gums, joint pain, and slow wound healing.
ABSTRACT- Oxidative stress resulting from enhances free-radical formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defences has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the initiation, progression and pathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). A cross sectional study conducted during the period from January 2015 to June 2015 to assessment the serum levels of malondialdehyde (as a marker of lipid peroxidation), antioxidant vitamin (C) in Sudanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to normotensive persons. In all subjects were Men and Women, age fall between the 25-74 years individuals. Exclusion criteria were chronic disease, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum samples. The aim was to determine the oxidative stress status and plasma vitamin antioxidant (Vitamin C) level in diabetes and apparently healthy indviduals. . In134 subjects out 67 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 67 diabetic patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in diabetic patients and normotensive individuals (4.36± 1.17 µmol/l vs 1.72±0.68 µmol/l and p < 0.0001). Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients and normotensive individuals (0.29± 0.15 mg/dl vs 0.37±0.18 mg/dl and p <0.0001). These findings demonstrate a strong association MDA and Vitamin C level, antioxidant level decrease and increase level of MDA in diabetic patients. Supplementary vitamin C may be helpful in decreasing blood glucose type 2 diabetes and thus reducing the risk of complications, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Diabetes, Oxidative stress, Dietary antioxidants, Malondialdehyde
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses oxidative stress and antioxidants. It provides information on:
1. Indian Dental Academy which offers online and offline dental courses and is a leader in continuing dental education.
2. How free radicals can damage cells, proteins, lipids, DNA and cause diseases. Antioxidants help prevent this damage.
3. Various antioxidants found in foods and their roles in reducing oxidative stress and preventing diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Clinical trials on antioxidants have had inconsistent results.
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
Antidiabetic,antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of oxalis cornicula...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by alloxan injection, then mice were treated with O. corniculata extract or glibenclamide for 10 days. Biochemical parameters like blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidants were analyzed. Oral administration of O. corniculata extract significantly reduced blood glucose, lipid levels except HDL-C, liver enzymes and increased antioxidants. It also reduced lipid peroxidation. The extract showed antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties against
Visible Spectrophotometric Analysis Method of Sodium Metamizole in Tablets
The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure sodium metamizole from tablets , using a
spectrophotometric analysis in Visible range. The method applied has been subjected to a validation protocol which consisted in analyzing the following parameters: linearity of the method, detection limit (LD) ,
quantitation limit (LQ), Sandell’s sensitivity, interference of excipients, stability of prepared solutions, method and system precision, accuracy of the method. Following actual dosing, pure sodium metamizole amount
in tablet of pharmaceutical was found to be 477.477 mg assigned to a percentage content of 95.495 %, very close to official declared amount (500 mg), with an maximum average percentage deviation of only 4.505 % from the official declared active substance content. This value was situated below the maximum admissible percentage deviation from stated active substance content (± 5%), established by Romanian Pharmacopoeia, X-th Edition rules.
Investigation of linearity, detection limit (LD) and quantitation limit(LQ) of active substance from pharmaceutical tablets
The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure sodium metamizole from tablets , using a
spectrophotometric analysis in Visible range. The method applied has been subjected to a validation protocol which consisted in analyzing the following parameters: linearity of the method, detection limit (LD) ,
quantitation limit (LQ). Following actual dosing, pure sodium metamizole amount in tablet of pharmaceutical was found to be
477.477 mg assigned to a percentage content of 95.495 %, very close to official declared amount (500 mg), with an maximum average percentage deviation of only 4.505 % from the official declared active substance content. This value was situated below the maximum admissible percentage deviation from stated active substance content (± 5%), established by Romanian Pharmacopoeia, X-th Edition rules.
Method Development for Visible
Spectrophotometric Analysis of Ibuprofen in Pharmaceuticals
Ibuprofen is a prominent member of the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with good anti-inflammatory
action, a very effective analgesic, with increased antipyretic effect. The aim of this research was to exactly quantify pure Ibuprofen content in tablets of a pharmaceutical, by a spectrophotometric analysis method in the Visible range. Ibuprofen was quantitatively converted to a bright orange dye
with a yellowish shade, by a color reaction with alpha-naphthylamine
in the presence of sodium nitrite, in an absolute ethanol medium. Following the analysis, it was found 397.952 milligrams of pure Ibuprofen content / film-coated tablet of the pharmaceutical product. This value was very close to Ibuprofen content declared by the pharmaceutical manufacturer (400 milligrams), with a mean deviation of only 0.512 percent from the officially declared amount of active substance. The value found fits perfectly within the normal limits provided by the European and International Pharmacopoeias standards, taken over by the Romanian Pharmacopoeia, 10th Edition. The spectrophotometric analysis method was then successfully subjected to statistical analysis.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE OXIDIZED POLYSACCHARIDES
Bio-reactive polysaccharides have been most commonly used as drugs or drug delivery systems. The present paper describes the biological activity of some artificial and natural polyanionic polysaccharides.
Results regarding oxidized cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose
modified with benzocaine or N – hydroxy – 3,4-dihydroxybenzamide
(Didox) complete the picture of antiviral and antitumoral effects of polysaccharides. The biological tests regarding antiviral and antitumor activity showed that the introduction of benzocaine as a spacer unit between the main chain and a CMC carboxylic group enhances the antiviral and antitumor activity of carboxymethylcellulose.
The keyboard remains the least ergonomically designed computer device
Ergonomic devices are often designed to provide more comfort and to increase productivity but they can also help avoid pain and specific injuries. The ergonomic design of a computer keyboard needs expertise in ergonomics and biomechanics. The existence of a large category of typists with slow typing skills, visually searching the seemingly random keyboard, including novice users and the analysis of existing standards and keyboards leads to the conclusion that existing QWERTY based keyboards still remain the least ergonomically designed computer devices and need to be improved. This paper discusses the existing standards in ergonomics and the various commercial keyboards and makes observations about the ergonomic design features and the wrong recommendations of some standards.
Particularities of Statin Therapy in Diabetic Patients
The purpose of conducted study was to determine which of the different types of statins ensure a better control of biological markers in diabetic patients and which of the lipid molecules studied, could be a first choice of lipid-lowering therapy in people suffering from diabetes. The measurement of blood glucose
levels depending on type of statin used, was another target of this research. Dyslipidemia was a major risk factor for cardiovascular complications in people with diabetes. It was found that atorvastatin was the most
effective statin in controlling dyslipidemia in diabetic, because has ensured optimum control of HDL, LDL - cholesterol, triglycerides and glycemic values, effect which was resulted from the particular chemical structure of atorvastatin. Atorvastatin was discovered to be the best predictor in diabetes mellitus type 2 treatment, with a sensitivity about 78% and specificity to 45%., the most highest values compared to Rosuvastatin and Simvastatin. Area Under the Curve (AUC = 0.610; AUC >0.600)
Pharmacological Principles Used in Patient Monitoring with Type 2 Diabetes
This study assessed the medication used in type 2 diabetes treatment, depending on the glycaemia level and set out the oral anti-diabetics which are recommended, in three study stages: admission, hospitalization
and discharge. Eighty patients were selected and diagnosed with diabetes mellitus 2 type, who were registered in the diabetes and nutrition diseases department within Sf. Apostol Andrei Galati Hospital. They
were subjected to a series of laboratory tests: blood count, glycosylated haemoglobin, glycaemia level. It were established main classes of anti-diabetic drugs outpatient used and the main types of anti diabetic agents administrated to patients requiring hospitalization, compared to high glycaemia values. It was given also, the medication used to normalize blood glucose levels during hospitalization and also at discharge. The biguanides associated with sulphonylureas drugs did not provide an adequate glycaemia control, so insulin must be combined with Metformin to normalize blood glucose levels as soon as possible. Glycaemia control was improved and the hypoglycemia risk was reduced regarding obese patient undergoing treatment
with insulin, to whom biguanides were administered.
Photochemical Stability of a Cotton Fabric Surface Dyed with a Reactive TriphenodioxazIne Dye
The paper describes the photochemical stability of a commercial triphenodioxazine dye (Reactive Blue_204) linked onto a cotton fabric. Preliminary studies have shown that as a result of irradiation, the dye and its photodegradation products can pass directly onto the skin under conditions that mimic human perspiration and cause side-effects. The cotton dyed fabric was photo irradiated at different time intervals. Standard methods were employed to evaluate the color strength
at various levels of pH, temperature, dyeing contact time, and salt concentration. The influence of UV radiation at different doses ( > 300 nm) on the structural and color modifications of the dyed cotton
fabrics was studied. Structural modifications before and after irradiation were compared by applying FTIR, UV–Vis, and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR–CI) techniques. Color modifications were investigated with the CIELAB system. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose. High irradiation doses caused changes in the dye structure.
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ABOUT INSTITUTIONALIZED ELDERLY LIFE CONDITIONS IN THREE SOCIAL CARE CENTERS
A retrospective study was made on 195 institutionalized elderly people and was carried out between 2002-2006 in three social care centers from Galati county: “Sf. Spiridon” retirement home (A), “Stefan cel Mare” social care center (B) and Medicalsocial center (C). The aim of this study is to find out the real social life conditions of institutionalized elderly, the shortcomings and positive aspects of their existence, in order to design future measures to improve quality of elderly life in all aspects. Actual quality of life was assessed by, taking into account physical and psychosocial environment,
quality of elderly social care, satisfaction degree of assisted persons in relation to living
conditions and existing relationships, their health state, as well as to identify the causes
that led institutionalization of such persons As working tools were used: individual questionnaire, training manual, sampling lists, summary tables. The study undertaken in Romania confirmed that elderly coming from “Sf. Spiridon “retirement home have the highest average age (up to 75 years old). Loneliness was the main reason which caused elderly admission for institutionalization in three nursing homes (49.6% among the elderly in the Sf. Spiridon retirement home (A), 43.2% for those from “Stefan cel Mare” social care center (B) and 38.1% of the elderly from Medical-social center (C). Other important reasons were represented by lack of housing and insufficient storage house space. The highest elderly percentage who came into social care centers A, B, C on their self will is 85.3%, 64.9% and 45.2%, respectively.
Photochemical stability of cellulose textile surfaces painted with some reactive azo-triazine dyes
The influence of ultraviolet irradiation of different doses (k[300 nm) on the structural and color modifications of cotton fabrics painted with four different
azo-triazine dyes (Reactive Yellow 143, Reactive Orange 13, Reactive Red 183, and Reactive Red 2) was studied. High irradiation doses up to 3500 J cm-2 led to changes in
the dyes structures. Structural changes before and after the
complete irradiation were compared by applying FTIR,
UV–Vis, and near infrared chemical imaging techniques.
Color modifications were also investigated. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose for all the studied samples.
DIETARY SURVEY IN AN OBESE POPULATION
The body mass index (BMI) shows a rate of 17.4% patients suffering from first degree fatness and 56.5% from second degree fatness. The frequency of the illness increases with age, the differences established being statistically important for a p of O. 001. 45. 6 % persons were diagnosed with HTA, with differences statiscally important at a p of 0.01, so the number of cases increases with age. The same situation is to be found in cardiovascular illnesses (angina pectoris, ischaemic cardiopathy). The high level of cholesterol is more frequent at older people, and still the differences established are statistically not important. In these conditions, the food diet must be adapted to the patient's condition. A comparative study was made on groups of age, using the following groups of food: cereal derivatives, vegetables, fruits, dairy produce, meat, fish. In most of the cases, the differences established are statistically non important. So, even if the diagnosis is known, the patient doesn't give up his feeding habits.
SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE RED 2 DYE
Reactive Red 2 is a reactive red dye used for textile painting and printing. Before using in chemical laboratory analysis, this reactive dye must be evaluated through validation methods, which consists of: linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and stability of solutions. The aim of this study is to present co-linearity method, which is a little part of validation methods. It is graphical represented the dependence of absorbances obtained through spectroscopy analysis in visible domain (544 nm), under some values of concentrations. Statistical parameters and the concentrations domain, for which the method presents linearity, will be calculated.
SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS METHOD OF TWO REACTIVE DYES USED IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Reactive Blue 204 and Reactive Red 183 are two reactive dyes
frequently used for textile painting and printing. Before using in chemical laboratory analysis,
these reactive dyes must be evaluated through validation methods which consists of linearity, stability of solutions, specificity, precision and accuracy. The purpose of this study is to present the validation process of these two reactive dyes. First of all it is graphical represented the dependence of absorbances obtained through spectroscopy analysis in visible domain (636 nm and 503 nm), under some values of concentrations. Statistical parameters and the concentration
domains for which the method presents linearity will be calculated. After that, stability of
solutions, specificity, precision and accuracy including some statistical parameters, will accomplish the validation of process.
RESEARCHES ON IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE, SKIN AND HEPATIC REACTIVITY IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AFTER RETRO-AURICULAR TOPICAL ADMINISTRATION OF TWO REACTIVE TEXTILE DYES
Ergonomic devices are often designed to provide more comfort and to increase productivity but they can also help avoid pain and specific injuries. The ergonomic design of a computer keyboard needs expertise in ergonomics and biomechanics. The existence of a large category of typists with slow typing skills, visually searching the seemingly random keyboard, including novice users, and the analysis of existing standards and keyboards leads to the conclusion that existing QWERTY-based keyboards still remain the least ergonomically designed computer devices and need to be improved. This paper discusses the existing standards in ergonomics and the various commercial keyboards and makes observations about the ergonomic design features and the wrong recommendations of some standards.
Reactive dyes are synthetic organic compounds used on a wide scale in the textile industry, for painting materials of different types and compositions (e.g. 100% cotton, wool, natural satin, viscose, synthetic fibers). Reactive dyes are solid compounds (powders) completely water-soluble at normal temperature and pressure conditions. Their structures contain chromophore groups, which generate color, and autochrome groups, which determine the compound's water solubility and the capacity to fix the textile fiber. Such organic compounds absorb UV-Vis radiations at specific wavelengths, corresponding to maximum absorption peaks, in both solution and dyed fiber. The human organism, through the dyed clothing, comes in direct contact with those dyes which can undergo modifications once exposed to UV radiations, having the possibility to reach the organism via transdermal transport. As it is known, the provoked negative effects are stronger during summer when UV radiations are more intense and in order to reduce their intensity dark-colored clothing is avoided. Dyes can be transformed into compounds that are easily absorbed into the skin. Some of these metabolites can be less toxic than the original corresponding dye, whilst others, such as free radicals, are potentially cancerous. Knowledge of the biological effects of the organic dyes, reactive dyes in particular, correlated with their structural and physical characteristics, permanently consists an issue of high scientific and practical interest and its solution may contribute to the diminishing of risk factors and improving population health. UV radiation's influence on the structural and color modifications of textile materials was studied. Color modifications are due to structural changes in aromatic and carbonyl groups. In most cases, photo-oxidative processes were identified in the dye structure. Dyeing was performed using non-irradiated and irradiated cotton painted with reactive blue dye 204.
Textile dyes have been reported as causing various stages of contact dermatitis. Reactive dyes are widely applied in dyeing cellulose fiber-based textiles (100% cotton), skin fibers (hemp, flax), regenerated cellulose (cellulose acetate, viscose), protein fibers (natural silk, wool). The human body comes in contact daily with such compounds. This aspect is important for elucidating their biological effects on the human body, in correlation with Physico-chemical properties. Dyes are chemical compounds containing chromophore and autochrome groups. The authors herein report results concerning the influence of UV irradiation with λ > 300 nm on the structure and properties of different colored textiles. Subjects to study were textiles painted with four azo-triazine-based dyes which were exposed to 100 h UV irradiation time and irradiation dose values up to 3500 J cm-2. The five azo dyes were: reactive orange 13, reactive red 183, reactive yellow 143, reactive blue 204, and reactive red 2. Structural modifications as a result of irradiation were undertaken by UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was observed that during UV exposure there occurred partial dyes detachment from the textiles, accompanied by glucosidic units and dye photodecomposition by C–N bond scission and degradation of aromatic entities and azo-based chromophores. Color modifications were also investigated. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose for all the studied samples.
Chimie Anorganica - Curs 2, Sef Lucr. Dr. Farm. Gavat Cristian-Catalin, Facultatea de Bioinginerie Medicala, Departamentul de Stiinte Biomedicale, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie GRIGORE T. POPA, Iasi, Str. Universitatii nr. 16, Cod Postal 700115, Romania
More from Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, Iasi, 700115, Romania (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
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Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
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With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
1. REV.CHIM.(Bucharest)♦70♦No. 10 ♦2019 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 3555
Iodometric Quantitative Analysis Method of Ascorbic Acid in Tablets
COSTINELA VALERICA GEORGESCU1
, CRISTIAN CATALIN GAVAT2
*, DOINA CARINA VOINESCU1
1
Dunarea de Jos of Galati University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Department,
47 Domneasca Str.,800008, Galati, Romania
2
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
16 Universitatii Str., 700115, Iasi, Romania
Ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin provided with strong antioxidant action, that fulfills an important
immune protective role of the body against infections and prevents various cancers appearance. The main
goal of this study was to exactly quantify pure ascorbic acid in tablets of two pharmaceuticals. Proposed
objective consisted in improvement and application of a iodometric titration method in ascorbic acid
quantitative analysis. Ascorbic acid content per tablet in both studied pharmaceuticals was 173.84 mg, very
close to official stated amount of active substance (180 mg). Allowed percentage deviation from declared
content of pure ascorbic acid was only 3.42 %, below maximum value of ± 5 % imposed by Romanian
Pharmacopoeia 10-th Edition, according to European and International standards. Statistical analysis
confirmed experimental obtained results and revealed low Standard Error value SE = 0.214476, which has
fallen within normal limits. Confidence Level value (95.0 %) = 0.551328 and Standard Deviation SD =
0.525357. were within normal range of values. Relative Standard Deviation (Coefficient of variation or
homogeneity) RSD = 26.268% was found below maximum range of accepted values (30-35%). P value =
7.44. 10-6
was located within normal limits, P < 0.001, so the experimental obtained results has shown
highest statistical significance. Thus, studied titration method can be successfully used in quantitative
analysis of ascorbic acid from different samples.
Keywords: ascorbic acid, antioxidant action, quantitative analysis, iodometric titration, statistic study
Ascorbic acid is a potent reducing and antioxidant agent
that functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying
reactions, and in the formation of collagen in fibrous tissue,
teeth, bones, connective tissue, skin, and capillaries [1,2].
Vitamin C is a water-soluble compound with powerful
antioxidant action that fulfills a significant immune
protective role of the body against infections and various
diseases. It increases general immunity of the human body
and prevents different cancers appearance. Ascorbate
supplementation in cancer patients, either enhances the
antitumor effects of chemotherapy or reduces its toxicity
[1-4].
This vitamin possesses powerful antioxidant action by
making a redox oxidation-reduction system in the cells,
which contributes to the non-enzymatic transport of
hydrogen to the tissues. Antioxidant action is represented
by the neutralization and destruction of free peroxide
radicals and nitrosamines in the body. Also prevents free
peroxide radicals synthesis and promotes enzymatic
activity. Vitamin C functions, as a proton carrier in
oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions in human body
(catalase, peroxidase, cytochrome-oxidase, various
dehydrogenases) are important aspects of all biochemical
processes based on electron redox transfers. Ascorbic acid
has antitoxic action by effective body protection against
harmful effects of organochlorinated, organo-mercury
compounds, lead, cadmium, arsenic compounds [3-5].
Vitamin C is also referred to as hexuronic acid.
Structurally,itisL-gulonicacidorL-glucuronicacidgamma-
lactone. It is absorbed by active transport or passive
diffusion and enters to the cells through a specific transport
system that requires a glucose transporter. Insulin causes
vitamin C entry into the cell. Patients with unbalanced
hyperglycemia and diabetes have low levels of vitamin C
in the cell, which causes increased oxidative stress with
high risk of atherosclerosis This vitamin is brought to the
body exclusively by food intake, especially by daily
consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables [1-5].
Fruits with the highest concentration of ascorbic acid
are represented by sea buckthorn (2500 mg%, calculated
per 100 g of fresh fruit), rosehip (1000 mg%), fresh green
pepper (184 mg%), black blueberry (181 mg %), green
leaves of parsley (133 mg%), tomatoes dried in the sun
(112 mg %), broccoli (89.2 mg %), kiwi fruits (75 mg %),
fresh cauliflower (70 mg%), berries (strawberries,
blackberries, raspberries) 63 mg %, citrus fruits (lemons,
oranges grapefruits) with 53 mg % content, green spinach
(52 mg %) [5-7].
Ascorbic acid is directly involved in corticosteroids
production and certain neurotransmitters synthesis
(substances that allow nervous influx transmission). It is
known ascorbic acid active involvement in glucose
metabolism, collagen synthesis (by converting proline to
hydroxyproline, the core component of collagen), folic acid
and some amino acids metabolism and in immunological
reactions that facilitate iron absorption in digestive tract.
Vitamin C is directly involved in glycosaminoglycans
biosynthesis (polysaccharides present at the cell surface
and in the extracellular matrix), Hyaluronic acid, present
in the connective, epithelial and nervous tissue, fulfills an
important biological moisturizing role of the skin, in
maintaining the suppleness, elasticity and tonicity of the
epidermis [1-3, 5].
Presence of vitamin C in the body prevents fat deposition
in the liver and ensures normal liver cell function. Ascorbic
acid has antiallergic action and significantly decreases the
incidence of clots in the blood vessels. It keeps glutathione
in reduced form, actively protects vitamins A, B, E against
oxidation and converts (reduces) Fe3+
to Fe 2+
ions. Also
activates folic acid (vitamin B9) in the body. Vitamin C is
directly involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism,
increases resistance to infections by leukocyte activation,
*email : ccgavat70@yahoo.com; Phone: 0743-782544
2. http://www.revistadechimie.ro REV.CHIM.(Bucharest)♦70♦ No. 10 ♦2019
3556
interferon production and maintains mucosal integrity [1-
6].
Ascorbic acid deficiency causes a disease calledscurvy
(scurvy disease), that manifests itself through frequent
gingival bleeding, severe changes in connective tissue.
Some of the characteristic signs consists of atypical
structures involving collagen and glycosaminoglycans
formation, blurry spots on the skin, frequently on thighs
and legs, soft gums and bleeding of virtually all mucous
membranes. There are also known disturbances of the
osteogenesisprocess,withtheappearanceofspongyforms
[3-7].
Recommended intake of vitamin C to the human body
is 60 mg /Kg body weight/day in adults. This value is the
safety limit that prevents scurvy symptoms occurrence.
Minimum required ascorbic acid intake to prevent scurvy
is about 10 mg /Kg body weight/day [4-7].
The main goal of this study was to exactly quantify pure
ascorbic acid in tablets of two pharmaceuticals. Pursued
objectives consisted in the improvement and application
of a iodometric titration method for pure ascorbic acid
quantitative analysis. Another objective was to compare
obtainedresultsforthetabletsof twoproducingcompanies
one with each other and then referring to the Romanian
Pharmacopoeia Rules, 10-th Edition and European
Pharmacopoeia, 9-th Edition, with regard to permissible
percentage deviations from the stated official amount of
active substance on pharmaceuticals tablets [8].
Experimental part
Required chemical reagents and equipment
-iodine I2
solution, 0.1 N;
·sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N;
-standard solution of potassium dichromate K2
Cr2
O7
,
0.1 N;
-freshly prepared starch solutions, 1% and 2%;
-sulfuric acid H2
SO4
, 40%;
-ascorbic acid tablets coming from two pharmaceutical
manufacturing companies Fiterman® and Labormed® ;
-300 mL volumetric flasks;
-graduated glass pipettes 1 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL;
-Pellet Precisa 50 mL automated burette.
A first step in volumetric quantitative analysis of ascorbic
acid consisted in Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N calibration on K2
Cr2
O7
0.1
N standard solution.
Description of standardization methods
Calibration procedure of iodine I2
, 0.1 N solution was
carried out in two different steps. The first stage consisted
in :
Calibration of sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N on a
standard solution of potassium dichromate K2
Cr2
O7
0.1 N.
Potassium dichromate K2
Cr2
O7
, in strongly acidic
medium (H2
SO4
, 40 %), stored in a dark place during 25
minutes in iodometric brown vials , has oxidized existing
iodide I-
anion from potassium iodide KI and has released
an amount of iodine I2,
equivalent to potassium dichromate
quantity taken into experiment, in six titration beakers.
Then, the iodine released was titrated with a 0.1 N sodium
thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
solution from burette, until a
yellowish-green coloration has appeared in titration
beakers, in presence of 1 mL starch freshly prepared 1%.
Titration process took place until the color of the solution
has changed to transparent blue - greenish in equivalence
point. Volumes of Na2
S2
O3
, 0,.1 N (V) consumed from
burette to equivalence point were measured (table 1).
Chemical reaction has taken place as follows:
Fig. 1 Sodium thiosulphate 0.1 N standardization- chemical
reactions
Required volumes of 0.1 N potassium dichromate taken
into beakers (V’) and 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate consumed
from burette to equivalence point (V), were written in table
1. A series of important improvements have been made to
initial titration method: increased corresponding amounts
of 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0 g KI solid salt (a greater excess)
were weighed and brought progressively (table 1) with
corresponding increased distilled water volumes into six
iodometric brown glasses., compared to the basic method
in which only 1 g KI solid salt was weighed constantly.
Sulfuric acid concentration was increased from 25% in
classical method, to 40 % , absolutely necessary to create
a much stronger acidity. Gradually, increasing volumes of
H2
SO4
, 40% were added into each iodometric brown flask,
over existing solutions (table 1). Storage time in a dark
place was increased from 5 min in basic method, to 25
min nin curent proposed procedure, so the entire amount
ofexistingiodideanions(I-
)beoxidizedtoelementaliodine
(I2
). Three titrations were made for each studied volume
(table 1) of potassium dichromate (V’).
Calculation method
(1)
where: Tr = real titer of Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N; Tr’ (real titer of
K2
Cr2
O7
, 0.1 N) = Tt’ (theoretical titer of K2
Cr2
O7
, 0.1 N) =
(Eg K2
Cr2
O7
. N) / 1000 (g/mL); Eg Na2
S2
O3
= gram-
equivalent of Na2
S2
O3
= M Na2
S2
O3
; Eg K2
Cr2
O7
= gram-
equivalent of K2
Cr2
O7
= M K2
Cr2
O7
/6, V = sodium
thiosulphate ( Na2
S2
O3
) 0.1 N volumes conumed from
burette to equivalence point. V’ = potassium dichromate
(K2
Cr2
O7
) 0.1 N volumes taken for analysis into six titration
beakers (table 1) ; M Na2
S2
O3
= molecular weight of
sodium thiosulfate = 248.18 g; M K2
Cr2
O7
= molecular
weight of potassium dichromate = 294.177 g. Theoretical
titer of sodium thiosulfate Tt
(Na2
S2
O3
) = (Eg (sodium thiosulfate)
Na2
S2
O3
. N)/ 1000. (g/mL).
According to ecuation (1), six real titers (Tr) of Na2
S2
O3
0.1 N were calculated and average real titer (Tr average
) of
sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N was obtained. Thus,
the normality factor of Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N was determined:.
f = Tr average
/ Tt Na2
S2
O3
(2), Tt Na2
S2
O3
has represented
theoretical titer of Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N solution, Tt Na2
S2
O3
=
(Eg Na2
S2
O3
. N) / 1000 (g/mL). For accurate
measurements, 0.9 ≤ f ≤ 1.1.
The second step was consisted of iodine I2
0.1 N
calibration process and has been represented by:
Standardization of iodine I2
0.1 N on a calibrated solution
of sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N
Volumes of iodine I2
0.1 N solution from six titration
beakers were titrated with a standardized 0,1 N Na2
S2
O3
from burette, until the solutions color has changed from
reddish-brown to light-pale yellow. Titration process
continued, in the presence of 1 mL starch 1% , until the
color of the six solutions has changed from dark blue-
gray to complete colorless at equivalence point. Different
3. REV.CHIM.(Bucharest)♦70♦No. 10 ♦2019 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 3557
volumes of Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N (V1
) from burette consumed to
equivalence, were measured and described in table 2.
Fig. 2 Iodine 0.1 N standardization- chemical reaction
Experimental volumes of 0.1 N iodine taken into
beakers (V2
) and 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate consumed
from burette to equivalence point (V1
), have been
mentioned in table 2 .Three titrations were made for
each studied volume of iodine I2
, 0.1 N.
Calculation procedure
(3)
where: Tr2
= real titer of iodine I2
, 0.1 N; Tr average
= average
real titer of sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N; Eg Na2
S2
O3
= gram-equivalent of Na2
S2
O3
; Eg I2
= gram-equivalent of
I2
= M I2
/ 2; M I2
= molecular weight of I2
= 253.81 g; V1
= sodium thiosulphate 0,1 N ( Na2
S2
O3
) volumes conumed
from burette to equivalence point, V2
= iodine 0.1 N (I2
)
volumes taken for analysis in six titration beakers (table
2). Using ecuation (3), six real titers (Tr2
) of I2
0.1 N solution
werecalculatedandanaveragerealtiter(Tr2 average
)ofiodine
I2
, 0.1 N has been calculated. Thus, the normality factor of
I2
, 0.1 N was calculated:. f’’= Tr2 average
/Tt I2
(4). Tt I2
has
represented theoretical titer of I2
, 0,1 N solution, Tt I2
=
(Eg I2
. N) / 1000 (g/mL). Normality factor f ‘’
had to be
between: 0.9 ≤ f’’ ≤ 1.1.
Study of proposed dosing method was described by:
Volumetric quantitative analysis of pure ascorbic acid
in two brands of pharmaceutical tablets
Pure ascorbic acid in samples volumes (V4
) added into
six titration beakers of each of two pharmaceuticals, was
oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid by a standardized I2
0.1 N
solutionfromburette(V5
)instronglyacidicmedium(H2
SO4
,
40%), while elemental iodine (I2
) was reduced to iodide
(I-
) anion. Titration process was carried out in presence of
starch, 2% with color change from colorless to persistent
darkblue-graytoequivalencepoint.Chemicalreactiontook
place as follows (fig. 3).
Vitamin C volumes of two samples solutions taken into
beakers (V4
) and iodine I2
, 0.1 N standardized solution
volumes consumed from burette to equivalence point (V5
),
were written in table 3. Three titrations have been done
for each studied volume of ascorbic acid sample.
Samples preparation. Average tablet weight of each of
two pharmaceutical products was mc
= 0.5977 g. Active
substance (pure ascorbic acid) content in pharmaceutical
tablet was reported to be 180 mg, the same value in both
pharmaceuticals.
Two samples made up of a = 0.5926 g vitamin C
powder has been obtained from each of two
pharmaceuticals, which were weighed and completely
dissolved with 15 mL of 1,4-dioxane p.a. into two tightly-
closed volumetric flasks V3
= 500 mL each of them. Both
contents were stirred well about 3-4 min, until complete
dissolution of vitamin C powder.
The volumetric flasks were filled out with distilled water
to the mark. Different sample volumes of vitamin C were
added in six titration beakers for each of two
pharmaceuticals (V4
), according to table 3. In equivalence
point (dark blue-gray color of solutions), titration processes
were stopped and volumes of iodine I2
, 0.1 N consumed
from burette to equivalence point (V5
) were measured. Six
titrations were performed for each pharmaceutical product
powder sample and mean ascorbic acid (Z1
%) percent
concentration was determined. Then, average
concentration of ascorbic acid calculated on
pharmaceutical tablet (T%) and corresponding ascorbic
acid amount measured in tablet of two pharmaceuticals
(X1
mg) were calculated.
Some important improvements have been made to the
original volumetric dosing method: both solid vitamin C
powder samples were first completely dissolved in a small
volume (15 mL each) of 1,4-dioxane p.a. as a polar solvent,
compared to the original method. Then, the volumetric
flasks were filled out to the mark with distilled water.
During titration, 2% freshly prepared starch and H2
SO4
40%
solutions were used, two and four times more
concentrated respectively, than those applied in the initial
dosing procedure. Appropriate increasing volumes of
starch 2% and concentrated H2
SO4
40% solutions were
measured into six titration beakers, as shown in table 3,
compared to the original dosing method in which the
volumes of added reagents were constant for all
measurements ( 1 mL starch 1% and 5 mL H2
SO4
2 N
which has corresponded to 9.8 %. solution ).
Calculation procedures
A.Percentage concentrations (Z %) of pure ascorbic acid
fromtwopharmaceuticalproductssamplesanditsaverage
concentration (Z1
%).
From chemical reaction (3), it was observed:
Fig. 3 Titrimetric analysis of ascorbic acid - chemical reaction
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3558
Romanian Pharmacopoeia, 10-th Edition according to
European and International in force rules, has confirmed
the following percentage deviations from the declared
active substance content [8].
Statistic analysis
A series of statistic parameters have been determined,
using Microsoft Office Excel 2016 software: Standard
Deviation (SD), Standard Error (SE), Sample Variance (SV),
Relative Standard Deviation (Coefficient of variation or
homogeneity) RSD % , Confidence Level value (for 95%
degree of freedom ) and P parameter value [9-13].
StandardDeviation(SD).This parameter was a measure
of how widely individual values (measured V5
volumes of
iodine I2
from burette) are dispersed from the average
value (the mean), how closely the data are clustered about
the mean. Standard Deviation was a measure of the width
of the distribution .
StandardError(SE), has represented a measure of errors
amount in y values prediction (measured V5
iodine I2
0.1 N
from burette) for an individual x (V4
mL acid ascorbic
samples taken into titration beakers) [9-11].
Sample Variance (SV). expressed the relative distance
between each data value and the mean and it has
measured how the data (measured volumes V5
of iodine
I2
, 0.1 N) distributes itself about the mean (expected
value). It has represented the square of the standard
deviation [13-15].
Relative Standard Deviation (Coefficient of variation or
homogeneity) RSD % . Relative standard deviation
(standard deviation divided by the mean), consisted in the
deviation measurement about how different numbers in
a particular data set (measured volumes V5
of iodine I2
, 0.1
N), have been scattered around the mean. This formula
showed the spread of data in percentage.. It is also known
as measure of variability of a series of numbers (Iodine
I2
,0.1 N consumed volumes from burette) , independently
of the unit of measurement used for these numbers.
Formula was given as: RSD % = (SD / X mean
) . 100 (10) ,
5. REV.CHIM.(Bucharest)♦70♦No. 10 ♦2019 http://www.revistadechimie.ro 3559
whereas SD = standard deviation and X mean
= average of
the measured values. In this case, maximum range of
allowed values was between 30 – 35% [9-15].
Confidence Level (95% degree of freedom) has been
described by the expression stating that the true mean
was likely to lie within a certain distance from the
measured mean of values.
All statistical parameters described above were
calculated using Data → Data Analysis →Descriptive
Statistics menu in Microsoft Office Excel 2016.
P value, probability value or asymptotic significance
used in context of null hypothesis, has been performed in
order to exactly quantify, to assess statistical significance
of measured values. This parameter highly expressed the
veracity of obtained results. If P < 0.001 , than the results
were highest statistically significant (less than one in a
thousand chance of being wrong). For values ranged
between 0.001 < P < 0.05, the obtained results has
presented a high statistically significance . If 0.05 < P <
0.1, than the result values had a much lower statistical
significance. For P values ranged within P > 0.1 , the
resulting values presented lowest statistical significance
[16-19]. P value was established using Data →Data
Analysis →Anova Single Factor test.
Results and discussions
Standardization of sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
0.1 N
by titration on a potassium dichromate K2
Cr2
O7
0.1 N pure
standard solution
Inclosecorrelationwithequations(1)and(2),individual
real titers, average titer value and normality factor of
Na2
S2
O3
0.1 N solution were calculated. The obtained
results were described in table 1.
Eg (potassium dichromate)
K2
Cr2
O7
= 49,030 g K2
Cr2
O7
. Potassium
dichromate K2
Cr2
O7
0,1 N standard solution titer was: Tr
’
= Tt
’ = 0,0049030 g/mL, whereas N = normal
concentration of the solution = 0.1 . Eg (sodium thiosulfate)
Na2
S2
O3
= 248.18 g. Theoretical titer of sodium thiosulfate Tt
(Na2
S2
O3
) = 0.024818 g/mL
Normality factor (table 1) of Na2
S2
O3
0,1 N solution f =
1.0130 was located within the normal range of values (0.9
≤ f ≤ 1.1).
Calibrating iodine I2
0.1 N solution by titration on
standardized sodium thiosulphate Na2
S2
O3
, 0.1 N
According to relations (3) and (4), six real titers, average
titer value and normality factor of iodine I2
, 0.1 N solution
were investigated. The obtained results were written in
table 2.
Eg (iodine)
I2
= 126.905 g I2
.; Eg (sodium thiosulfate)
Na2
S2
O3
=
248,18 g. Theoretical titer of iodine I2
, 0,1 N Tt
(I2
) =
0.0126905 g/mL. In correlation with table 2, the normality
factor of I2
0.1 N solution f’’ = 0.9694 was within the
normal range of values (0.9 ≤ f ≤ 1.1).
Volumetric quantitative analysis of pure ascorbic acid in
two pharmaceuticals
Ascorbic acid that came from Fiterman® and
Labormed® tablets , was titrated with exactly the same
volumes of iodine I2
, 0.1 N solution from burette. Thus, the
calculations values presented in table 3 were identical for
vitamin C tablets which has belonged to both producing
companies.
According to equations (5)-(9), percentage
concentrations (Z %) of pure ascorbic acid from powder
samples (a = 0.5926 g) of two pharmaceuticals and its
related average value (Z1
%) were calculated, as well as
ascorbic acid pure content (X1
mg) assigned to tablets of
two pharmaceutical products. The obtained results were
highlighted in table 3.
Mean percent concentration of pure ascorbic acid in
weighted sample (a = 0.5926 g) was 95.76 % and average
percent concentration of ascorbic acid in vitamin C tablet
( mc
= 0.5977 g.) has been assigned to 96.58% in both
pharmaceuticals, with a maximum percent allowed
deviation of 3.42 %, to the declared active substance
content (180 mg).
Table 2
STANDARDIZATION OF IODINE I2
, 0.1 N
Table 1
STANDARDIZATION OF
SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
Na2
S2
O3
0.1 N
Table 3
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PURE ASCORBIC ACID IN BOTH BRANDS OF VITAMIN C TABLETS
6. http://www.revistadechimie.ro REV.CHIM.(Bucharest)♦70♦ No. 10 ♦2019
3560
Statistic study
Following statistical analysis, the obtained results were
presented in table 4. All studied parameters ranged within
normal limits.
Average of studied values, which were represented by
volumes V5
of iodine I2
, 0.1 N consumed (table 3) from
burette to equivalence point , was found to be 2 .
Standard Deviation SD = 0.525357 and Sample Variance
SV = 0.276 (table 4), as direct measures of dispersion,
were very low which meant that the experimental
individual obtained values were tightly close one to each
other and by the mean (expected value).
Conclusions
Following the iodometric dosing method of ascorbic
acid in two pharmaceuticals, it was found, in both cases,
that the average percent concentration of ascorbic acid in
tablets was 96.58% , the same in both pharmaceutical
products. The amount of pure ascorbic acid in tablets was
173.84 mg, an identical value for both branded
pharmaceutical products, which was very close to the
stated amount of active substance by the producing
companies (180 mg). Maximum percent deviation from
declared active substance content in both pharmaceuticals
has been only 3.42 %, which was located below
maximum allowed value of ± 5% imposed by Romanian
Pharmacopoeia X-th Edition, according to European and
International Standards.
Performed statistical analysis has confirmed the
experimental obtained results. Relative standard deviation
RSD = 26.268 % was within the normal range of values,
below maximum range of accepted values (30-35%)..
Standard error SE = 0.214476, was found to be within the
normal limits, for a confidence level of 0.551328. Standard
Deviation SD = 0.525357. and Sample Variance SV =
0.276 were also in normal range of values.
Statistical P parameter P = 7.44.10-6
has reported a
very small value. It has been observed that P< 0.001, so
all the experimental obtained results has shown highest
statistical significance.
The iodometric dosing method can be successfully
applied in quantitative analysis of ascorbic acid from
different samples.
Acknowledgments. This paper is simply a scientific research study
that does not aim to confirm or deny the official results obtained by
pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, nor to cause any image
damage or to trigger conflicts of interest.
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Manuscript received: 2.09.2018
Table 4
OBTAINED VALUES OF SOME STATISTICAL PARAMETERS