Chemistry Project
Ascorbic Acid
Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project.
Investigatory Project
Project Report File
Class 12 Project
Ascorbic Acid Project
Science Project
Vitamin C
Vitamin C Project.
Estimation of Vitamin C in fruit and vegetable juices.
Analysis of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) in citrus fruitsPrakhar Seth
Prakhar Seth completed a project analyzing the content of ascorbic acid in different citrus fruits to fulfill a chemistry course requirement. He titrated lemon juice, orange juice, and Citrus Maxima juice with an iodine solution using starch as an indicator. The results found that lemon juice contained 31.68% ascorbic acid, orange juice contained 49.28% ascorbic acid, and Citrus Maxima juice contained the highest amount at 70.4% ascorbic acid. Prakhar thanked his teacher, lab assistant, parents, and friends for their support and guidance throughout the project.
This document describes a student project to verify Ohm's law by measuring the current (I) and potential difference (V) across resistors and plotting their relationship on a graph. The student expresses acknowledgement and thanks to teachers and parents for their support. The introduction explains Ohm's law and its mathematical equation relating current, voltage and resistance. The objective is to determine resistance by varying voltage across a resistor and recording current. Equipment, theory, procedure, observations and results are presented, verifying the direct proportionality between voltage and current as predicted by Ohm's law.
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
AIM:-
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITORS IN R-C CIRCUIT
PURPOSE
THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO verify that 63% charge is stored in a capacitor in an R-C circuit at its time constant and 63% charge remains when capacitor is discharged and hence plot a graph between voltage and time
Alternating Current -12 isc 2017 ( investigatory Project) Student
In this file, we will study about the various types of ac circuits, how they work,their phasor diagrams,types of periodic form,analytical method and graphical method to find average value of alternating current.
This document is a project submitted by Ritu Kumari Mahato for their class 12 chemistry practical examination. It discusses drugs and their classification, the structures of some common drugs, how drug addiction begins, and the social impacts of smoking, drinking, and drug use. It also provides details on the sources and effects of tobacco, nicotine, and alcohol. The project contains acknowledgments, contents, and references sections.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach AcidAnkur Chaturvedi
The document describes an experiment to determine which antacid could neutralize the most stomach acid. Materials used included various antacid samples, hydrochloric acid solution, and sodium carbonate solution. The antacids were tested by adding them to hydrochloric acid and titrating with sodium carbonate. The amount of sodium carbonate solution required indicated how much acid was neutralized. The results showed that Ocid was the most effective antacid, neutralizing the most stomach acid as it required the least amount of sodium carbonate solution at 7 mL.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
Analysis of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) in citrus fruitsPrakhar Seth
Prakhar Seth completed a project analyzing the content of ascorbic acid in different citrus fruits to fulfill a chemistry course requirement. He titrated lemon juice, orange juice, and Citrus Maxima juice with an iodine solution using starch as an indicator. The results found that lemon juice contained 31.68% ascorbic acid, orange juice contained 49.28% ascorbic acid, and Citrus Maxima juice contained the highest amount at 70.4% ascorbic acid. Prakhar thanked his teacher, lab assistant, parents, and friends for their support and guidance throughout the project.
This document describes a student project to verify Ohm's law by measuring the current (I) and potential difference (V) across resistors and plotting their relationship on a graph. The student expresses acknowledgement and thanks to teachers and parents for their support. The introduction explains Ohm's law and its mathematical equation relating current, voltage and resistance. The objective is to determine resistance by varying voltage across a resistor and recording current. Equipment, theory, procedure, observations and results are presented, verifying the direct proportionality between voltage and current as predicted by Ohm's law.
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
AIM:-
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITORS IN R-C CIRCUIT
PURPOSE
THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO verify that 63% charge is stored in a capacitor in an R-C circuit at its time constant and 63% charge remains when capacitor is discharged and hence plot a graph between voltage and time
Alternating Current -12 isc 2017 ( investigatory Project) Student
In this file, we will study about the various types of ac circuits, how they work,their phasor diagrams,types of periodic form,analytical method and graphical method to find average value of alternating current.
This document is a project submitted by Ritu Kumari Mahato for their class 12 chemistry practical examination. It discusses drugs and their classification, the structures of some common drugs, how drug addiction begins, and the social impacts of smoking, drinking, and drug use. It also provides details on the sources and effects of tobacco, nicotine, and alcohol. The project contains acknowledgments, contents, and references sections.
Physics investigatory project for class 12 on the topic " to estimate charge induced on two styro foam / pith balls separated by a distance "
Just change the name and cover page.
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach AcidAnkur Chaturvedi
The document describes an experiment to determine which antacid could neutralize the most stomach acid. Materials used included various antacid samples, hydrochloric acid solution, and sodium carbonate solution. The antacids were tested by adding them to hydrochloric acid and titrating with sodium carbonate. The amount of sodium carbonate solution required indicated how much acid was neutralized. The results showed that Ocid was the most effective antacid, neutralizing the most stomach acid as it required the least amount of sodium carbonate solution at 7 mL.
Physics investigatory project on RECTIFIERNaveen R
This document describes a student's physics investigatory project to construct a full wave bridge rectifier. The aim is to show that an alternating current (AC) is rectified into a direct current (DC). The materials, circuit diagram, procedure, and working of the rectifier are explained. When tested, the rectifier output 12V of direct current, demonstrating that the AC input was successfully rectified. Common uses of rectifiers are also listed.
Class 12th Chemistry Project: Measuring solubility of Saturated SolutionsPridhumn Gaur
This document describes an experiment to measure the solubility of sodium chloride (table salt), magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and sucrose (table sugar) in water. The procedure involves adding measured amounts of each solute to 100mL of water until saturation is reached, where no more solute will dissolve. The amounts of each solute dissolved are recorded. Observations show that NaCl has the highest solubility, followed by MgSO4, with sucrose having the lowest solubility. This result aligns with the theory that ionic compounds and smaller molecules dissolve more readily than larger, polar molecules. Heating the solutions increased the solubility of all three substances.
Chemistry investigatory project on Antacids Vinay Gupta
This document appears to be a student's lab report analyzing different commercial antacid medications. It includes sections for the certificate, acknowledgements, aim, introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, results, precautions, and bibliography. The student standardized a sodium hydroxide solution and then used it to titrate samples of various antacids that had been mixed with hydrochloric acid. The results showed that Gelucil required the least amount of sodium hydroxide to reach the endpoint, meaning it was the most effective at neutralizing stomach acid. The order of effectiveness for the other antacids tested was also provided.
When light passes through a hollow prism containing different media, it undergoes minimum deviation at a particular angle of incidence. This project aims to determine the angle of minimum deviation for a hollow prism containing different media by plotting a graph of the angle of incidence versus the angle of deviation. The relationship between these angles will help identify the angle of minimum deviation.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report on determining the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. It includes an introduction on casein and milk composition, the theory behind casein precipitation using acid, the procedure where casein is precipitated from various milk samples using acetic acid and weighed, observations of the measured casein quantities, and a conclusion that the casein content varies between milk sources.
This document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 student. The project studies the variation in current flow in a circuit containing a light dependent resistor (LDR) due to variation in light. The 3-page report includes an introduction to LDRs and how they work, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed, observations made by varying the light source and interceptor material, and conclusions. The aim was to design a simple intruder alarm circuit using an LDR that triggers a buzzer when light is interrupted.
PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN MILK AND ITS COMPARISION WITH NATURAL MILKRajivSingh261
This document is a certificate certifying that Aditi Chauhan, a student of Class XII at D.A.V. Public School, has satisfactorily completed a required chemistry project on the preparation of soybean milk and its comparison to natural milk. The project included preparing soybean milk, comparing its taste to natural milk, examining the effect of temperature on curd formation in both milks, and analyzing the nutritional composition and health benefits of soybean milk versus natural milk. The document provides details of the project's procedure, observations, results, and conclusions drawn by Aditi in completing the required chemistry work.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
This document is a student project on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. It provides an introduction, discusses various STIs like chlamydia, herpes, HPV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. It describes their causes, symptoms, transmission routes, and treatment or management. Tables are included that summarize transmission risks by different sexual acts and acknowledgements are provided thanking those who supported and guided the project.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
This document is a 22 page physics project file submitted by a student on the topic of a light dependent resistor (LDR). It includes an acknowledgement, aim, introduction, theory, apparatus required, procedure, observations, conclusions, and precautions. The project demonstrates how an LDR can be used to create a simple intruder alarm system that triggers a buzzer when a light beam is interrupted. Various applications of LDRs are discussed such as in street lamps, elevators, and light intensity meters.
“To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (o...VanshPatil7
This document is a certificate certifying that Vansh Patil of class 12th at SNBP International School completed a physics project on estimating the charge induced on two identical Styrofoam balls suspended vertically using Coulomb's Law, in partial fulfillment of a CBSE exam. The student thanks their physics teachers Miss Luna and Miss Ruchita for guidance. The project report includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind them, sample circuit diagrams, observation tables showing measurements taken, results discussing relationships between voltage ratios and coils, and applications of transformers such as in voltage regulators.
This chemistry project determined the quantity of caffeine in different tea samples. The procedure involved boiling tea leaves to extract caffeine, precipitating other compounds, and extracting the caffeine using chloroform. Caffeine quantities were highest in red label tea at 60mg/50gm sample, followed by yellow label tea at 55mg/50gm, and lowest in green label tea at 45mg/50gm. The project followed standard procedures to precisely measure and compare caffeine levels across tea varieties.
This is my Biology Investigatory Project on the topic "Does Vitamin C Affects How Fast A Fruit will rot????". I have here presented you how to do the experiment and the conclusion and results... this one is a fun-wanting experiment telling thee beauty of scientific experiments.
Hope you will enjoy doing the experiments...
Both for class 11th and 12th...
Thank You... Hope You find this Usefulll...
Physics project on frictional electricityVidhiBhutia
This document discusses the topic of frictional electricity through 15 sections. It begins with an introduction on how rubbing certain materials like amber can cause them to attract dust. It then covers key topics like positive and negative electricity, insulators and conductors, the gold leaf electroscope, electrostatic induction, and how friction causes the transfer of electrons. It discusses experiments that can be done with an electroscope and how charge distributes over conductor surfaces. The document concludes by listing some uses of frictional electricity, like in photocopying machines, and provides a bibliography.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report submitted by a student. It examines the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. The introduction provides background on milk composition and casein. The experiment's aim was to study casein quantity in various milks. Samples of cow, goat, buffalo and Amul milk were tested. After precipitating and weighing the casein, observations showed the percentage of casein varied between samples, from 3.00% in cow milk to 4.20% in buffalo milk. The conclusion was that different milk sources contain different casein percentages.
Physics Investigatory project on Diffractionsaurabh yadav
Physics investigatory project on Diffraction. Kendriya Vidyalaya physics investigatory project on Diffraction made by Saurabh Yadav a student of class 12.
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane mirror, an ...AnkitSharma1903
1. Ankit Sharma completed a physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable needle under the guidance of his teacher Mr. P.K. Sha.
2. The project involved using the lens formula to calculate the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with water or oil, then using these values and the radius of curvature of the lens to determine the refractive indices.
3. The refractive indices calculated were 1.0831 for water and 1.2886 for oil.
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
This document is a project report submitted by V. Shri Rajalakshmi of class 12 on discoveries in the field of chemistry. It includes certificates from her teacher and the school principal certifying the project. It also acknowledges those who helped and supported her. The introduction outlines some of the major discoveries that will be discussed in the report, including oxygen gas, vaccines, the periodic table, drugs/medicines for diseases, fertilizers, protons, and plastic. The body of the report then provides 1-2 paragraphs on each of these topics, giving background on their discovery and importance. It focuses on the key scientists and findings involved in establishing these important discoveries in chemistry.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It was historically used to treat scurvy in sailors. The document discusses the history, chemistry, structure, functions, sources, deficiency, toxicity, and recommendations for vitamin C. It plays important roles as an antioxidant and in collagen synthesis, and sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, and leafy greens. A deficiency results in scurvy, while toxicity is rare but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides an overview of vitamins presented by three students. It defines vitamins as organic compounds needed in small quantities to sustain life that humans obtain from food. The document discusses the characteristics, classifications, functions and examples of various vitamins including Vitamin A, D, E, C. It also explains the mechanisms of action, sources, deficiencies and daily allowances of these vitamins.
Class 12th Chemistry Project: Measuring solubility of Saturated SolutionsPridhumn Gaur
This document describes an experiment to measure the solubility of sodium chloride (table salt), magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), and sucrose (table sugar) in water. The procedure involves adding measured amounts of each solute to 100mL of water until saturation is reached, where no more solute will dissolve. The amounts of each solute dissolved are recorded. Observations show that NaCl has the highest solubility, followed by MgSO4, with sucrose having the lowest solubility. This result aligns with the theory that ionic compounds and smaller molecules dissolve more readily than larger, polar molecules. Heating the solutions increased the solubility of all three substances.
Chemistry investigatory project on Antacids Vinay Gupta
This document appears to be a student's lab report analyzing different commercial antacid medications. It includes sections for the certificate, acknowledgements, aim, introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, results, precautions, and bibliography. The student standardized a sodium hydroxide solution and then used it to titrate samples of various antacids that had been mixed with hydrochloric acid. The results showed that Gelucil required the least amount of sodium hydroxide to reach the endpoint, meaning it was the most effective at neutralizing stomach acid. The order of effectiveness for the other antacids tested was also provided.
When light passes through a hollow prism containing different media, it undergoes minimum deviation at a particular angle of incidence. This project aims to determine the angle of minimum deviation for a hollow prism containing different media by plotting a graph of the angle of incidence versus the angle of deviation. The relationship between these angles will help identify the angle of minimum deviation.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report on determining the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. It includes an introduction on casein and milk composition, the theory behind casein precipitation using acid, the procedure where casein is precipitated from various milk samples using acetic acid and weighed, observations of the measured casein quantities, and a conclusion that the casein content varies between milk sources.
This document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 student. The project studies the variation in current flow in a circuit containing a light dependent resistor (LDR) due to variation in light. The 3-page report includes an introduction to LDRs and how they work, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed, observations made by varying the light source and interceptor material, and conclusions. The aim was to design a simple intruder alarm circuit using an LDR that triggers a buzzer when light is interrupted.
PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN MILK AND ITS COMPARISION WITH NATURAL MILKRajivSingh261
This document is a certificate certifying that Aditi Chauhan, a student of Class XII at D.A.V. Public School, has satisfactorily completed a required chemistry project on the preparation of soybean milk and its comparison to natural milk. The project included preparing soybean milk, comparing its taste to natural milk, examining the effect of temperature on curd formation in both milks, and analyzing the nutritional composition and health benefits of soybean milk versus natural milk. The document provides details of the project's procedure, observations, results, and conclusions drawn by Aditi in completing the required chemistry work.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
This document is a student project on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV/AIDS. It provides an introduction, discusses various STIs like chlamydia, herpes, HPV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. It describes their causes, symptoms, transmission routes, and treatment or management. Tables are included that summarize transmission risks by different sexual acts and acknowledgements are provided thanking those who supported and guided the project.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
This document is a 22 page physics project file submitted by a student on the topic of a light dependent resistor (LDR). It includes an acknowledgement, aim, introduction, theory, apparatus required, procedure, observations, conclusions, and precautions. The project demonstrates how an LDR can be used to create a simple intruder alarm system that triggers a buzzer when a light beam is interrupted. Various applications of LDRs are discussed such as in street lamps, elevators, and light intensity meters.
“To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (o...VanshPatil7
This document is a certificate certifying that Vansh Patil of class 12th at SNBP International School completed a physics project on estimating the charge induced on two identical Styrofoam balls suspended vertically using Coulomb's Law, in partial fulfillment of a CBSE exam. The student thanks their physics teachers Miss Luna and Miss Ruchita for guidance. The project report includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind them, sample circuit diagrams, observation tables showing measurements taken, results discussing relationships between voltage ratios and coils, and applications of transformers such as in voltage regulators.
This chemistry project determined the quantity of caffeine in different tea samples. The procedure involved boiling tea leaves to extract caffeine, precipitating other compounds, and extracting the caffeine using chloroform. Caffeine quantities were highest in red label tea at 60mg/50gm sample, followed by yellow label tea at 55mg/50gm, and lowest in green label tea at 45mg/50gm. The project followed standard procedures to precisely measure and compare caffeine levels across tea varieties.
This is my Biology Investigatory Project on the topic "Does Vitamin C Affects How Fast A Fruit will rot????". I have here presented you how to do the experiment and the conclusion and results... this one is a fun-wanting experiment telling thee beauty of scientific experiments.
Hope you will enjoy doing the experiments...
Both for class 11th and 12th...
Thank You... Hope You find this Usefulll...
Physics project on frictional electricityVidhiBhutia
This document discusses the topic of frictional electricity through 15 sections. It begins with an introduction on how rubbing certain materials like amber can cause them to attract dust. It then covers key topics like positive and negative electricity, insulators and conductors, the gold leaf electroscope, electrostatic induction, and how friction causes the transfer of electrons. It discusses experiments that can be done with an electroscope and how charge distributes over conductor surfaces. The document concludes by listing some uses of frictional electricity, like in photocopying machines, and provides a bibliography.
This document is a chemistry investigatory project report submitted by a student. It examines the quantity of casein present in different milk samples. The introduction provides background on milk composition and casein. The experiment's aim was to study casein quantity in various milks. Samples of cow, goat, buffalo and Amul milk were tested. After precipitating and weighing the casein, observations showed the percentage of casein varied between samples, from 3.00% in cow milk to 4.20% in buffalo milk. The conclusion was that different milk sources contain different casein percentages.
Physics Investigatory project on Diffractionsaurabh yadav
Physics investigatory project on Diffraction. Kendriya Vidyalaya physics investigatory project on Diffraction made by Saurabh Yadav a student of class 12.
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane mirror, an ...AnkitSharma1903
1. Ankit Sharma completed a physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable needle under the guidance of his teacher Mr. P.K. Sha.
2. The project involved using the lens formula to calculate the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with water or oil, then using these values and the radius of curvature of the lens to determine the refractive indices.
3. The refractive indices calculated were 1.0831 for water and 1.2886 for oil.
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
This document is a project report submitted by V. Shri Rajalakshmi of class 12 on discoveries in the field of chemistry. It includes certificates from her teacher and the school principal certifying the project. It also acknowledges those who helped and supported her. The introduction outlines some of the major discoveries that will be discussed in the report, including oxygen gas, vaccines, the periodic table, drugs/medicines for diseases, fertilizers, protons, and plastic. The body of the report then provides 1-2 paragraphs on each of these topics, giving background on their discovery and importance. It focuses on the key scientists and findings involved in establishing these important discoveries in chemistry.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It was historically used to treat scurvy in sailors. The document discusses the history, chemistry, structure, functions, sources, deficiency, toxicity, and recommendations for vitamin C. It plays important roles as an antioxidant and in collagen synthesis, and sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, and leafy greens. A deficiency results in scurvy, while toxicity is rare but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
This document provides an overview of vitamins presented by three students. It defines vitamins as organic compounds needed in small quantities to sustain life that humans obtain from food. The document discusses the characteristics, classifications, functions and examples of various vitamins including Vitamin A, D, E, C. It also explains the mechanisms of action, sources, deficiencies and daily allowances of these vitamins.
A vitamin is an organic chemical compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts for promoting healthy physiological functions of the body and cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism, and must be obtained from the diet.Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized
Every individual needs to know some important things, especially about nutrition to our health.
Vitamin C is one of the important nutrient that helps in increasing immune response.
It also helps in growth and development of the body by acting as Co- enzymes in various metabolisms.
Even most of the cosmetic products containing Vitamin C.
Vitamin C is essential for preventing scurvy and plays key roles in collagen and norepinephrine synthesis. While humans cannot produce it, it is found in fruits, vegetables, and organ meats. The student estimated vitamin C content in guava through titration with dichlorophenolindophenol dye. Results showed 100g guava contained 0.0501g vitamin C. Variations from standards could be due to production factors, maturity, handling, and storage affecting vitamin C levels. The experiment allowed the student to determine guava's vitamin C content through chemical analysis.
This document summarizes an experiment determining vitamin solubility and content. Vitamins were tested for solubility in water and methylene chloride to classify them as water-soluble or fat-soluble. Vitamin C content was measured in fruit juices through redox titration with iodine. Heating a sample for 10 minutes destroyed over 90% of its vitamin C content, demonstrating vitamin C's instability to heat. The experiment showed the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and importance of vitamin C for nutrition and disease prevention.
This document discusses vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. It provides information on the chemical and physical properties of vitamin C, its structure, production sources, functions in the body, recommended dietary intake, deficiency, excess intake, and references. Key functions of vitamin C include its role in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and aiding iron absorption. Vitamin C helps support tissue growth and repair, immune function and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can result in scurvy while excess intake in the long term can potentially lead to oxalate or urate kidney stones.
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is an essential micronutrient that serves as a cofactor for many enzyme reactions in the body. The document discusses the structures and functions of various B vitamins, including their roles in metabolism and as coenzymes. It also covers fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water-soluble vitamins C and B vitamins. Common deficiency diseases are mentioned along with sources and recommended daily intake of different vitamins.
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans. It plays important roles in collagen formation, antioxidant activity, and iron absorption. The recommended daily allowance is 90 mg for adult men and 75 mg for women, though smokers may need an additional 35 mg. While deficiency can cause scurvy, too much vitamin C intake above 2000 mg daily can cause gastrointestinal issues.
Vitamins are organic compounds that are needed in small quantities to sustain life. They are classified as either fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (C, B vitamins). Vitamins act as coenzymes and are involved in many important biochemical reactions. Deficiencies can result in diseases like scurvy, beriberi, or rickets. The document provides details on the structure, functions, dietary sources and deficiencies of several key vitamins.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is activated through sunlight exposure and involved in calcium regulation and bone formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A and D can lead to night blindness, infections and rickets/osteomalacia, while toxicity of vitamin D is associated with hypercalcemia.
This document discusses vitamins A and D. It begins by defining vitamins and categorizing them as either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Vitamin A exists in active and provitamin forms, with beta-carotene being the most common provitamin converted to vitamin A in the body. Sources of vitamin A include liver, fish, eggs and brightly colored vegetables. Vitamin D is formed from sunlight exposure and found in dietary sources. Both vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues, playing important roles in vision, immune function, bone growth and calcium regulation. Deficiencies can result in night blindness and rickets, while toxicity of vitamin D can cause hypercalcemia.
Shubham Sharma presented on vitamins A, C, and E. The presentation covered the chemistry, classification, physiological significance, deficiencies, and daily requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and important for vision, immune function, and growth. Vitamin C is water-soluble and essential for collagen formation and acting as an antioxidant. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and prevents lipid peroxidation.
The naming of vitamins began with Funk's isolated concentrate called vitamin B which cured Beri beri disease. Vitamins were then named alphabetically, with vitamin A discovered in 1913-1914, followed by vitamin C, vitamin D which cured rickets, and vitamin E which was important for fertility. The later discovery of a vitamin required for blood clotting led to vitamin K being named for koagulation.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet since humans cannot synthesize it endogenously. It acts as a strong antioxidant and is important for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C can cause scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, bruising, and poor wound healing. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, bell peppers, broccoli, and strawberries.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, can be produced through two main methods - the traditional Reichstein process involving chemical and microbial steps, or a newer two-stage fermentation process. The two-stage fermentation process replaces chemical reactions with a second fermentation step using Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus spp. to convert L-sorbose to the intermediate 2-keto-L-gulonic acid. Vitamin C finds many uses as a food additive and dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties and role in immune function and collagen production. Biosynthesis of vitamin C is now favored over extraction from natural sources due to lower production costs and more sustainable production methods.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients that humans must obtain through their diet. There are two classes of vitamins - fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble. Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with fat and can accumulate in the body, while water soluble vitamins are not readily stored. Vitamins function as coenzymes and precursors for important metabolic processes. Deficiencies can lead to diseases like rickets, osteomalacia and night blindness. Common dietary sources of vitamins and requirements are also discussed.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
This document provides information on Vitamins D and K. It discusses the sources, structures, functions, recommended daily intake and deficiency symptoms of each vitamin. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels and bone mineralization, while Vitamin K is required for blood clotting through the gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. Both vitamins are fat-soluble and absorbed through the intestine with dietary fats and bile salts.
Similar to Class 12 Chemistry Investigatory project .pdf (20)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
1. 1
Academic Session – 2023.24
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
“Estimation of vitamin C in fruit and vegetable juices”
Class and Section: XII A
Roll No:
Board Roll no:
Submitted by: Anonymous
Submitted to:
2. 2
CONTENTS
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Certificate 3
2. Acknowledgment 4
3. Objectives 5
4. Introduction 6-14
5. Apparatus and Chemicals Required 15
6. Theory 16-17
7. Procedure 18-21
8. Observations 22-24
9.
Analysis of data and discussion of
result
25-28
10. Conclusion 29
11. Photographs 30
12. Limitations 31
13. Bibliography 32
3. 3
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that, I, _____, a student of class XII-A Science
Stream at Akshara international School, hereby declares that the Chemistry
project work submitted to the Chemistry teacher , _____is a record of an
original work done by me to serve as the project in Chemistry for the
AISSCE-2024 conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE).
Signature of the Subject Teacher
Signature of the Principal
Signature of the External Examiner
6. 6
INTRODUCTION
Ascorbic acid is known as vitamin C, but it also goes by the
chemical name’s ascorbate and antiscorbutic vitamin. The
structure of the l-ascorbic acid molecule (C6H8O6), which has
six asymmetrical carbon atoms, is similar to that of glucose.
Chemical Structure of Vitamin C
7. 7
Ascorbate, an ion of ascorbic acid, functions as an antioxidant
in living things by defending the body against oxidative
stress.
Forms of Vitamin C occurring in organisms
The central nervous system (CNS) uses vitamin C for a
variety of non-antioxidant purposes. It works as an enzymatic
co-factor in the manufacture of compounds such collagen,
carnitine, tyrosine, and peptide hormones. It is involved in
many processes in the human body, including: the
production of collagen in the connective tissue; the synthesis
of dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline in the nervous
system; and the synthesis of carnitine, which is important in
the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria. A deficiency
in vitamin C causes scurvy, a disease that affected sailors in
the 16th - 18th Centuries. Furthermore, it has been
suggested that ascorbic acid could stimulate the
development of myelin in Schwann cells. Due to its high
8. 8
quantities of unsaturated fatty acids and rapid cell
metabolism, the brain is one organ that is particularly
vulnerable to oxidative stress and free radical activity. Being
an antioxidant, ascorbic acid works directly by absorbing
reactive oxygen and nitrogen species created during normal
cell metabolism.
Additionally, it serves as a cofactor in at least eight enzyme
processes. Vitamin C improves iron absorption and
detoxifying. Vitamin C supports the preservation of bone,
denin, cartilage, and healthy blood vessels. Rodents and
humans are unable to synthesize vitamin C, although the
majority of other species can.
Therefore, vitamin C consumption promotes a healthy
lifestyle.
9. 9
Vitamin C is a water-soluble (hydrophilic) vitamin. This means
it dissolves in water. It is because of the presence of several
polar -OH groups in ascorbic acid. These -OH groups will react
with the water molecules to form hydrogen bonding.
Since vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, the human body
cannot store it. Heat and light have the ability to degrade
vitamin C. The vitamin can be destroyed by high cooking
temperatures or extended cooking durations. Due to its
water-soluble nature, the vitamin can potentially seep
into cooking liquids and disappear if the liquids are not
consumed. Using quick heating techniques, such as stir-frying
or blanching, or using the least amount of water feasible
while cooking can help to keep the vitamin. Vitamin C
10. 10
content is highest in foods consumed raw at the height of
maturity.
The benefits and RDI (Recommended Dietary Intake) of
vitamin C, which ranges from 45 to 95 mg per day, are still up
for discussion. The liver is where you'll find the most vitamin
C, whereas muscles have the least. Animal products are not a
trustworthy source of the vitamin as animal muscle makes up
the majority of the meat consumed in the western human
diet. Compared to raw cow's milk, mother's milk contains
vitamin C. The urinary system eliminates any extra vitamin C.
Fruits that are strong in vitamin C include apricots, apples,
bananas, blackberries, cherries, kiwis, grapes, lemons, limes,
mangoes, lychees, melon, oranges, peaches, pears,
pineapples, plums, pumpkins, raspberries, strawberries,
tomatoes, and watermelons.
On the other hand, vegetables with high vitamin C content
include artichokes, asparagus, avocado, broccoli, cabbage,
maize, paprika, mushroom and spinach.
11. 11
IUPAC name:
(5R)-[(1S)-1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one
Acidity:
Ascorbic acid has hydroxyl groups (-OH) which can donate
protons (H+) in aqueous solutions, making it an acid.
Ascorbic acid is a vinylogous acid. The double bond ("vinyl")
transmits electron pairs between the hydroxyl and
the carbonyl. There are two resonance structures for the
deprotonated form, differing in the position of the double
bond.
The pH of ascorbic acid in water is less than or equal to 3.
Due to its extremely high acidity, ascorbic acid can have
severe adverse effects on the digestive system when
ingested on an empty stomach. Because ascorbic acid has a
low pH, calcium ascorbate (vitamin C that has been
12. 12
neutralized) was created to lessen the unfavorable effect on
the epigastric region. The pH of calcium ascorbate is 7.1.
Redox Properties:
Ascorbic acid is a strong reducing agent, due to the presence
of enediol group in its structure. It is crucial in a variety of
metabolic processes because it contributes electrons instead
of taking them.
13. 13
Tautomerism: Tautomers are isomers of a compound which
differ only in the position of the protons and electrons. The
carbon skeleton of the compound is unchanged. A reaction
which involves simple proton transfer in an intramolecular
fashion is called a tautomerism.
Although it is most stable in the enol form, ascorbic acid also
quickly interconverts into two unstable diketone tautomers
by proton transfer. To create a diketone, the enol proton is
lost and then reacquired by electrons from the double bond.
An enol reaction has occurred. 1,2-diketone and 1,3-diketone
are both potential forms.
Tautomers of ascorbic acid: (a) enol form, (b) diketone form,
and (c) dehydroascorbic acid
14. 14
Isoascorbic acid:
Structure of Isoascorbic acid
The antioxidant properties of isoascorbic acid, D-ascorbic
acid, and erythorbic acid are identical to those of ascorbic
acid and can be employed for same oenological purposes.
The solubility and appearance of this acid are identical to
those of ascorbic acid.
Optically speaking, it is the opposite of ascorbic acid.
15. 15
APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Apparatus: Burette, pipette, conical flask, beakers, measuring
flask, funnel.
Chemicals: Potassium Iodide solution.
Orange juice, Lemon Juice and Sweet Lime (Mosambi) juice.
16. 16
THEORY
Vitamin C is a water-soluble, antioxidant vitamin. It is crucial
for the production of collagen, a protein that gives shape to
blood vessels, muscles, cartilage, and bones. Additionally
helping the body absorb iron, vitamin C supports healthy
capillaries, bones, and teeth. It is one of the most widely
used vitamins ever found and the most frequent
electroactive biological substance. Blackcurrant, citrus fruit,
leafy vegetables, tomatoes, and green and red peppers are a
few examples of rich sources. The reductive abilities of
ascorbic acid are well established. As a result, it is widely
employed as an antioxidant in food and beverages. Vitamin C
serves as an essential quality indicator that adds to the
antioxidant qualities of food due to its concentration change
brought on by thermal lability.
Titration with an oxidant solution, such as potassium iodate,
dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP), or bromate, is a common
practice for assessing ascorbic acid. Chromatographic
techniques, especially HPLC with electrochemical detection,
have shown to be a selective and sensitive approach for
determining the amount of ascorbic acid in meals and bodily
fluids.
A different technique uses iodine and a starch indication.
Iodine combines with ascorbic acid, and once all of the
17. 17
ascorbic acid has reacted, the excess iodine forms a blue-
black combination with the starch indicator. This denotes
where the titration's end point is. Instead, ascorbic acid can
be reacted with excess iodine, then titrated with sodium
thiosulfate while utilizing starch as an indicator.
18. 18
PROCEDURE
To determine the concentration of ascorbic acid in fruits and
vegetable juices by titrating M/100 solution of Iodine against
Vitamin C juices.
Vitamin C the antioxidant
In biological systems, reactive oxidants are often produced
from metabolic processes. They have the ability to react with
other molecules (e.g., DNA), thus damaging the cell. The
body protects its cells by utilising another group of molecules
called antioxidants (to which vitamin C belongs) to reduce
(and hence detoxify) the oxidants. This experiment uses this
phenomenon in a reduction/oxidation (redox) titration,
where vitamin C reduces the orange solution of iodine to the
colorless iodide ion as shown in Figure.
19. 19
Indicators
Indicator used: Starch
I2 forms a blue complex in the presence of starch and hence
can act as its own indicator. Whilst the ascorbic acid is in
excess, the I2 which is being added from the burette is being
reduced and is decolourising. As soon as all the ascorbic acid
present has been oxidised, the added I2 will no longer be
reduced and, due to the starch that has been added, the
solution shows dark violet colouration.
Solutions Needed:
Iodine Solution:
1. To prepare Iodine solution take 3 grams of solid Iodine
and pure in a clean dry beaker.
2. Then take 2 grams of solid Potassium Iodide and add it
to the beaker.
3. Then add distilled water, and allow the potassium and
iodine to dissolve.
4. Transfer this given solution to a clean 100ml volumetric
flask and add the required amount of distilled water to
suffice. The Iodine solution is prepared.
20. 20
5. This Iodine solution has a molarity of 0.01 M
Calculations:
Weight = Molarity x Molecular weight x Volume in ml
1000
3 g of Iodine in 100ml
3g = Molarity x Molecular weight of I2 x 100ml
1000
3g = Molarity x 253.81 x 100
1000
Molarity= 1000 x 3 = 0.0118 M = 0.01 M
253.81 x 100
Starch Solution:
1. To prepare starch solution, take a spatula of salt, and
add to aqueous solution of 100ml.
Procedure:
1. Fill the 50ml burette with Iodine solution, using a funnel.
21. 21
2. Fruit juices, are extracted and filtered using cheese
cloth.
3. 5ml of fruit juice is pipetted out in a conical flask.
4. Add starch dropwise (1ml) , to the conical flask as an
indicator.
5. The solution of fruit juice, is titrated against iodine
solution.
6. The process is stopped, when the colour of the solution
in conical flask is changed from fruit juice to violet
colour.
7. Repeat for 3 concordant readings of respective juices.
22. 22
OBSERVATIONS
Observation table for Lemon Juice
Sr.
no.
Initial
Burette Reading
Final
Burette Reading
Vol of Iodine
Solution Used.
1
2
3
4
5
Concordant Reading of Volume of Iodine =
23. 23
Observation table for Orange Juice
Sr.
no.
Initial
Burette Reading
Final
Burette Reading
Vol of Iodine
Solution Used.
1
2
3
4
5
Concordant Reading of Volume of Iodine =
24. 24
Observation table for Sweet Lime (Mosambi) Juice
Sr.
no.
Initial
Burette Reading
Final
Burette Reading
Vol of Iodine
Solution Used.
1
2
3
4
5
Concordant Reading of Volume of Iodine =
25. 25
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT
For Lemon Juice
Volume (V2)=
n1M1V1=n2M2V2
n1 = 1 n2 = 1
M1=? M2= 0.001 M
V1= 10ml V2=
Molarity of Vit C sol. M 1= n2M2V2 = 1x0.001xV2 =
n1V1 1x10
26. 26
Calculation of Vitamin C in Juice
Strength = Molarity x Molecular weight = mol/L x 176.12 g/mol
Strength = g/L
Strength = x1000mg/1000ml
Strength = mg/ml
For Orange Juice
Volume (V2)=
n1M1V1=n2M2V2
n1 = 1 n2 = 1
M1=? M2= 0.001 M
V1= 10ml V2=
Molarity of Vit C sol. M 1= n2M2V2 = 1x0.001xV2 =
n1V1 1x10
Calculation of Vitamin C in Juice
Strength = Molarity x Molecular weight = mol/L x 176.12 g/mol
Strength = g/L
Strength = x1000mg/1000ml
Strength = mg/ml
27. 27
For Sweet lime (Mosambi) Juice
Volume (V2)=
n1M1V1=n2M2V2
n1 = 1 n2 = 1
M1=? M2= 0.001 M
V1= 10ml V2=
Molarity of Vit C sol. M 1= n2M2V2 = 1x0.001xV2 =
n1V1 1x10
Calculation of Vitamin C in Juice
Strength = Molarity x Molecular weight = mol/L x 176.12 g/mol
Strength = g/L
Strength = x1000mg/1000ml
Strength = mg/ml
31. 31
LIMITATIONS
• Use of small samples of fruit juices.
• Personal errors, i.e., Calculation errors.
• Faults in taking required measurements.
• Faulty apparatus arrangement/set-up.