This document discusses various classes of beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, and penicillins combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, classifications, indications, dosages, and side effects of common antibiotics in each class. These include penicillins like benzyl penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin; cephalosporins; and combinations of penicillins with clavulanic acid or sulbactam that provide activity against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.
2.1 Chemotherapy and antimicrobial agentsSaroj Suwal
This document discusses chemotherapy and antimicrobial agents. It defines chemotherapy as treatment of disease using chemicals that kill cells or microorganisms. Antibiotics fall under chemotherapy and are used to treat infections caused by microbes. The document outlines general principles of chemotherapy including diagnosis, drug selection, administration, and duration of treatment. It also discusses mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, and types of action for antimicrobial agents.
2.4 antimicrobial agents ( macrolides and floroquinolones)Saroj Suwal
Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are classes of antibiotics. Macrolides like erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin are bactericidal and inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase. They have activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Common uses include respiratory infections, skin infections, and UTIs. Adverse effects can include nausea, rash and joint pain.
The document discusses antibiotic prescribing and resistance, focusing on ceftriaxone, aminoglycosides like gentamicin, vancomycin, and their appropriate use, dosing, and monitoring. It notes restrictions on certain antibiotics at JHH and recommendations for surgical prophylaxis and treating CAP/HAP.
3. prophylactic use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for "an advance guard," an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence
This document discusses principles of antibiotic therapy in ophthalmology. It outlines different classes of antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. It describes how each class works and common pathogens they target. Dangers of antibiotic overuse like bacterial resistance and toxicity are also covered. The document provides guidance on selecting antibiotics based on the organism, disease severity, and patient factors. It concludes by describing various methods of antibiotic administration for ophthalmic conditions like topical, subconjunctival, intracameral, and systemic delivery.
The document discusses antibiotics and analgesics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of various antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, and others. It also discusses analgesic classification into opioid and non-opioid categories and pain management strategies. The document provides an overview of commonly used antibiotics and analgesics for treating odontogenic infections and dental pain.
1. The document provides guidelines for antibiotic treatment of common infections in New Zealand, including respiratory infections like COPD, pneumonia and pertussis, as well as ear, nose and throat infections including otitis externa, otitis media and sinusitis.
2. It emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to limit antibiotic use and slow the development of antibiotic resistance. First-line antibiotic options are provided for each condition.
3. Individual circumstances may alter treatment choices, and local resistance patterns should be checked with the local laboratory. The guidelines are intended as a consensus guide for typical patients commonly seen in general practice.
This document discusses various aminoglycoside antibiotics including streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and tobramycin. It describes their sources, mechanisms of action, clinical uses in treating various bacterial infections, and common adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The antibiotics are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are often used in combination with other drugs to treat serious infections and prevent resistance. However, their use can cause hearing loss, kidney damage, and other toxicities.
2.1 Chemotherapy and antimicrobial agentsSaroj Suwal
This document discusses chemotherapy and antimicrobial agents. It defines chemotherapy as treatment of disease using chemicals that kill cells or microorganisms. Antibiotics fall under chemotherapy and are used to treat infections caused by microbes. The document outlines general principles of chemotherapy including diagnosis, drug selection, administration, and duration of treatment. It also discusses mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, and types of action for antimicrobial agents.
2.4 antimicrobial agents ( macrolides and floroquinolones)Saroj Suwal
Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are classes of antibiotics. Macrolides like erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin are bactericidal and inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase. They have activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Common uses include respiratory infections, skin infections, and UTIs. Adverse effects can include nausea, rash and joint pain.
The document discusses antibiotic prescribing and resistance, focusing on ceftriaxone, aminoglycosides like gentamicin, vancomycin, and their appropriate use, dosing, and monitoring. It notes restrictions on certain antibiotics at JHH and recommendations for surgical prophylaxis and treating CAP/HAP.
3. prophylactic use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
Prophylactic: A preventive measure. The word comes from the Greek for "an advance guard," an apt term for a measure taken to fend off a disease or another unwanted consequence
This document discusses principles of antibiotic therapy in ophthalmology. It outlines different classes of antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones. It describes how each class works and common pathogens they target. Dangers of antibiotic overuse like bacterial resistance and toxicity are also covered. The document provides guidance on selecting antibiotics based on the organism, disease severity, and patient factors. It concludes by describing various methods of antibiotic administration for ophthalmic conditions like topical, subconjunctival, intracameral, and systemic delivery.
The document discusses antibiotics and analgesics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of various antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, and others. It also discusses analgesic classification into opioid and non-opioid categories and pain management strategies. The document provides an overview of commonly used antibiotics and analgesics for treating odontogenic infections and dental pain.
1. The document provides guidelines for antibiotic treatment of common infections in New Zealand, including respiratory infections like COPD, pneumonia and pertussis, as well as ear, nose and throat infections including otitis externa, otitis media and sinusitis.
2. It emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial stewardship to limit antibiotic use and slow the development of antibiotic resistance. First-line antibiotic options are provided for each condition.
3. Individual circumstances may alter treatment choices, and local resistance patterns should be checked with the local laboratory. The guidelines are intended as a consensus guide for typical patients commonly seen in general practice.
This document discusses various aminoglycoside antibiotics including streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, and tobramycin. It describes their sources, mechanisms of action, clinical uses in treating various bacterial infections, and common adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The antibiotics are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are often used in combination with other drugs to treat serious infections and prevent resistance. However, their use can cause hearing loss, kidney damage, and other toxicities.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses the germ theory of disease, the timeline of antibiotic discovery, and classifications of antimicrobial agents. It describes different types of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical, and definitive therapy. Key concepts covered include bacteriostatic vs bactericidal agents, minimum inhibitory concentration, and principles of antibiotic dosing. The document also addresses factors influencing antimicrobial choice, problems with antimicrobial use including resistance, and Schedule HX regulations in India.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, and side effects. It discusses several specific aminoglycosides - streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and framycetin. All aminoglycosides are bactericidal, acting by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Resistance can occur via enzymatic modification or decreased drug accumulation in bacteria. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document discusses antibiotics used in pediatrics, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It provides details on specific antibiotics like tetracycline, streptomycin, and amikacin. It describes the sources, mechanisms of action, indications, absorption and excretion, adverse effects, and contraindications of these important antibiotic classes used to treat pediatric infections.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, examples within each class, and how bacteria can develop resistance. It discusses six classes: penicillins and cephalosporins which act on the bacterial cell wall; macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; metronidazole and fluoroquinolones which act on bacterial DNA; and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis. It also outlines several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, and destruction or inactivation of antibiotics.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, erythromycins, and penicillins. It provides details on the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and precautions for each class. The main classes of antibiotics covered are defined by their chemical structure and each class generally has a different range of antibacterial activity. Common examples of drugs within each class are also listed along with their dosages and routes of administration.
Ceftriaxone 500 mg, 1g powder for solution for injection smpc taj pharmaceut...Taj Pharma
Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ceftriaxone Dosage & Rx Info | Ceftriaxone Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ceftriaxone - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ceftriaxone dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ceftriaxone interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ceftriaxone contraindications, Ceftriaxone price, Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma Ceftriaxone 500 mg,1g Powder for solution for injection SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ceftriaxone Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
After a tooth extraction, several options are available for administering antibiotics or antimicrobial drugs. Oral administration is generally the most convenient and economical route but may result in incomplete drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous and intramuscular injection allow for more rapid and precise dosing but are more invasive and require more medical skill. Topical administration can help minimize systemic side effects. Selection of the appropriate antibiotic considers the infection severity, ability to drain the infection source, and patient's immune status, aiming to use the narrowest spectrum drug with the lowest toxicity. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem promoted by misuse and overuse of antibiotics.
Antitubercular antibiotics
Tuberculosis is caused by either mycobacterium tuberculosis (in Humans) or by mycobacterium bovis (in animals)
Tuberculosis is a disease of respiratory transmission.
A person gets infected when it comes in contact with the environmental contaminated with viable tubercle Bacilli.
This bacilli are expelled by coughing , sneezing , shouting and singing of a patient with active tuberculosis.
Tubercles are formed in the infected organs during the course of the disease , hence the disease is known as tuberculosis.
Main symptoms are :- cough, tachycardia ,respiratory failure, cynosis (Bluish or greyish colour of the skin, nails, lips or around the eyes.)
The agents or antibiotics which are used to treat tuberculosis these are known as the antitubercular antibiotics.
Drugs includes :-
Rifampicin , streptomycin , cycloserine , capreomycin sulfate and Refabutin
Rifampicine
Orally active bactericidal semi synthetic derivative of Rifamycin B.
This antibiotic is produced by the streptomyces Mediterranei.
It is the first line agent.
Mechanism of Action :-
DNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (DDRP) enzyme is required for the synthesis of RNA.
- Rifampicin binds to Beta subunit of enzyme DDRP and make it inactive.
- so it causes inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis.
hence there is tuberculocidal effect
SAR
Free OH group is required at C-1, C-8, C-21, and C- 23 .
These group must be in one plane.
Opening of ring will destroy the activity of antibiotic.
Rifampicin is active against both Gram Negative and Gram Positive Bacteria.
resistance is developed when mutation occurs in beta subunit of DDRP.
bacterial resistance develop rapidly if rifampicin taken alone, though the combination with Isoniazid or ethambutol are preferable used.
Adverse effects :
Nausea, Vomiting, headache, erythema, nervousness, emotional disturbances , pulmonary edema, increased cardiac output and cardiac arrythmias
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
1.Antibiotics and analgesics in pediatric dentistryAminah M
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in dentistry. It begins with a quick review of pediatric physiology and important considerations for dosing antibiotics in children. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and uses of various classes of antibiotics commonly used in dentistry, including beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. The document concludes with sections on antibiotic resistance, newer antimicrobials, guidelines for antibiotic usage and prophylaxis, managing drug allergies and toxicity.
Prophylaxis and empirical uses of antibioticsAman Ullah
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic prophylaxis. It defines antimicrobials as agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial produced by one microbe to harm others. The document classifies different types of antimicrobials and notes a wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used. It describes antibiotic prophylaxis as using antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection, especially before surgical procedures to reduce risks. Key aspects of choosing appropriate prophylactic antibiotics include the procedure type, drug kinetics, microbiology of the site, and hospital-specific antibiotic resistance patterns. Empirical therapy involves starting treatment based on clinical observations before lab results to identify the specific pathogen.
This document provides information on various gentamicin injection products available in Pakistan made by different pharmaceutical companies. It discusses gentamicin's mechanism of action as an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. It also provides dosing, administration, contraindications and precautions for gentamicin treatment. The document then shifts to discussing cloxacillin products in Pakistan and information about cloxacillin as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin antibiotic.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics consist of amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. This class includes drugs like streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. They act by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and causing defective or non-functional proteins. Their use requires monitoring due to risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. They are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and are used to treat infections like pneumonia, UTIs, and tuberculosis. Individual drugs have varying spectrums of activity, with gentamicin and tobramycin being effective against pseudomonas.
The document provides guidelines for prescribing antibiotics for dental infections, noting that acute infections present for less than 3 days should be treated with a narrow spectrum penicillin like penicillin VK or amoxicillin, while chronic infections present for over 3 days may require the addition of an anaerobic coverage drug like metronidazole. It also outlines alternatives for patients allergic to penicillin such as clindamycin, cephalosporins, or macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin.
This document provides information about antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and a brief history of their discovery. It then discusses classifications of antibiotics based on mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity. The principles of antibiotic therapy and factors considered in antibiotic selection are explained. Commonly used antibiotics in dentistry are outlined, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, metronidazole, and clindamycin. Clinical uses and properties of penicillin and amoxicillin are described in more detail.
Antibiotics are commonly used therapies in critical care to optimize patient outcomes. Antibiotic stewardship programs aim to optimize antibiotic use to improve patient care while minimizing unintended consequences like antibiotic resistance. Such programs typically establish antimicrobial management teams to implement interventions like guidelines for appropriate antibiotic selection, dosing, and duration to reduce inappropriate use. However, inappropriate antibiotic use remains common, contributing to increased patient morbidity, costs and antibiotic resistance.
1. The document provides information on various classes of antimicrobial drugs including penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines.
2. It describes the indications, mechanisms of action, drug interactions, and side effects of these commonly used antibiotic classes.
3. The document emphasizes that doctors should be familiar with the side effects and interactions of these drugs when treating patients.
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses the germ theory of disease, the timeline of antibiotic discovery, and classifications of antimicrobial agents. It describes different types of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical, and definitive therapy. Key concepts covered include bacteriostatic vs bactericidal agents, minimum inhibitory concentration, and principles of antibiotic dosing. The document also addresses factors influencing antimicrobial choice, problems with antimicrobial use including resistance, and Schedule HX regulations in India.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, and side effects. It discusses several specific aminoglycosides - streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and framycetin. All aminoglycosides are bactericidal, acting by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Resistance can occur via enzymatic modification or decreased drug accumulation in bacteria. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
This document discusses antibiotics used in pediatrics, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It provides details on specific antibiotics like tetracycline, streptomycin, and amikacin. It describes the sources, mechanisms of action, indications, absorption and excretion, adverse effects, and contraindications of these important antibiotic classes used to treat pediatric infections.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides information about different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, examples within each class, and how bacteria can develop resistance. It discusses six classes: penicillins and cephalosporins which act on the bacterial cell wall; macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; metronidazole and fluoroquinolones which act on bacterial DNA; and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis. It also outlines several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, and destruction or inactivation of antibiotics.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, erythromycins, and penicillins. It provides details on the mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, therapeutic uses, and precautions for each class. The main classes of antibiotics covered are defined by their chemical structure and each class generally has a different range of antibacterial activity. Common examples of drugs within each class are also listed along with their dosages and routes of administration.
Ceftriaxone 500 mg, 1g powder for solution for injection smpc taj pharmaceut...Taj Pharma
Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ceftriaxone Dosage & Rx Info | Ceftriaxone Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ceftriaxone - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ceftriaxone dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ceftriaxone interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ceftriaxone contraindications, Ceftriaxone price, Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma Ceftriaxone 500 mg,1g Powder for solution for injection SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ceftriaxone Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
After a tooth extraction, several options are available for administering antibiotics or antimicrobial drugs. Oral administration is generally the most convenient and economical route but may result in incomplete drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Parenteral routes like intravenous and intramuscular injection allow for more rapid and precise dosing but are more invasive and require more medical skill. Topical administration can help minimize systemic side effects. Selection of the appropriate antibiotic considers the infection severity, ability to drain the infection source, and patient's immune status, aiming to use the narrowest spectrum drug with the lowest toxicity. Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem promoted by misuse and overuse of antibiotics.
Antitubercular antibiotics
Tuberculosis is caused by either mycobacterium tuberculosis (in Humans) or by mycobacterium bovis (in animals)
Tuberculosis is a disease of respiratory transmission.
A person gets infected when it comes in contact with the environmental contaminated with viable tubercle Bacilli.
This bacilli are expelled by coughing , sneezing , shouting and singing of a patient with active tuberculosis.
Tubercles are formed in the infected organs during the course of the disease , hence the disease is known as tuberculosis.
Main symptoms are :- cough, tachycardia ,respiratory failure, cynosis (Bluish or greyish colour of the skin, nails, lips or around the eyes.)
The agents or antibiotics which are used to treat tuberculosis these are known as the antitubercular antibiotics.
Drugs includes :-
Rifampicin , streptomycin , cycloserine , capreomycin sulfate and Refabutin
Rifampicine
Orally active bactericidal semi synthetic derivative of Rifamycin B.
This antibiotic is produced by the streptomyces Mediterranei.
It is the first line agent.
Mechanism of Action :-
DNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (DDRP) enzyme is required for the synthesis of RNA.
- Rifampicin binds to Beta subunit of enzyme DDRP and make it inactive.
- so it causes inhibition of bacterial RNA synthesis.
hence there is tuberculocidal effect
SAR
Free OH group is required at C-1, C-8, C-21, and C- 23 .
These group must be in one plane.
Opening of ring will destroy the activity of antibiotic.
Rifampicin is active against both Gram Negative and Gram Positive Bacteria.
resistance is developed when mutation occurs in beta subunit of DDRP.
bacterial resistance develop rapidly if rifampicin taken alone, though the combination with Isoniazid or ethambutol are preferable used.
Adverse effects :
Nausea, Vomiting, headache, erythema, nervousness, emotional disturbances , pulmonary edema, increased cardiac output and cardiac arrythmias
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agentsJagirPatel3
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
1.Antibiotics and analgesics in pediatric dentistryAminah M
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in dentistry. It begins with a quick review of pediatric physiology and important considerations for dosing antibiotics in children. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and uses of various classes of antibiotics commonly used in dentistry, including beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. The document concludes with sections on antibiotic resistance, newer antimicrobials, guidelines for antibiotic usage and prophylaxis, managing drug allergies and toxicity.
Prophylaxis and empirical uses of antibioticsAman Ullah
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic prophylaxis. It defines antimicrobials as agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial produced by one microbe to harm others. The document classifies different types of antimicrobials and notes a wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used. It describes antibiotic prophylaxis as using antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection, especially before surgical procedures to reduce risks. Key aspects of choosing appropriate prophylactic antibiotics include the procedure type, drug kinetics, microbiology of the site, and hospital-specific antibiotic resistance patterns. Empirical therapy involves starting treatment based on clinical observations before lab results to identify the specific pathogen.
This document provides information on various gentamicin injection products available in Pakistan made by different pharmaceutical companies. It discusses gentamicin's mechanism of action as an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. It also provides dosing, administration, contraindications and precautions for gentamicin treatment. The document then shifts to discussing cloxacillin products in Pakistan and information about cloxacillin as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin antibiotic.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics consist of amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. This class includes drugs like streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. They act by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and causing defective or non-functional proteins. Their use requires monitoring due to risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. They are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and are used to treat infections like pneumonia, UTIs, and tuberculosis. Individual drugs have varying spectrums of activity, with gentamicin and tobramycin being effective against pseudomonas.
The document provides guidelines for prescribing antibiotics for dental infections, noting that acute infections present for less than 3 days should be treated with a narrow spectrum penicillin like penicillin VK or amoxicillin, while chronic infections present for over 3 days may require the addition of an anaerobic coverage drug like metronidazole. It also outlines alternatives for patients allergic to penicillin such as clindamycin, cephalosporins, or macrolides like azithromycin and clarithromycin.
This document provides information about antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and a brief history of their discovery. It then discusses classifications of antibiotics based on mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity. The principles of antibiotic therapy and factors considered in antibiotic selection are explained. Commonly used antibiotics in dentistry are outlined, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, metronidazole, and clindamycin. Clinical uses and properties of penicillin and amoxicillin are described in more detail.
Antibiotics are commonly used therapies in critical care to optimize patient outcomes. Antibiotic stewardship programs aim to optimize antibiotic use to improve patient care while minimizing unintended consequences like antibiotic resistance. Such programs typically establish antimicrobial management teams to implement interventions like guidelines for appropriate antibiotic selection, dosing, and duration to reduce inappropriate use. However, inappropriate antibiotic use remains common, contributing to increased patient morbidity, costs and antibiotic resistance.
1. The document provides information on various classes of antimicrobial drugs including penicillins, cephalosporins, and tetracyclines.
2. It describes the indications, mechanisms of action, drug interactions, and side effects of these commonly used antibiotic classes.
3. The document emphasizes that doctors should be familiar with the side effects and interactions of these drugs when treating patients.
This document discusses penicillin antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, spectra, forms, indications, and adverse effects. It covers natural penicillins, penicillinase resistant penicillins, aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, and ureidopenicillins. Key indications for penicillin use include syphilis, gonorrhea, streptococcal infections, and prophylaxis for rheumatic fever. Adverse effects can include rashes, seizures, and bleeding disorders. Aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin are also discussed, along with their absorption, interactions, dosing, and common indications for urinary tract infections and respiratory infections.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy. It begins by defining chemotherapy as the treatment of disease using cytotoxic drugs, especially for cancer. It then lists the topics to be covered, including penicillin, broad spectrum antibiotics, anti-TB drugs, anti-cancer drugs, and more. The document focuses on describing various types of penicillin, their mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. It also discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors that are often combined with penicillin to prevent bacterial resistance.
This document discusses antibiotics that are commonly used in pediatric dentistry. It provides formulas for calculating drug dosages for pediatric patients based on their age and weight. It then describes several classes of antibiotics including penicillin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, and macrolides. For each drug class and individual drug, it discusses indications, contraindications, dosages, side effects, and formulations. The document aims to guide practitioners in appropriately prescribing antibiotics to pediatric patients for odontogenic infections and other dental conditions.
The document discusses the role of antibiotics in dentistry. It provides background on the history and discovery of antibiotics. It describes different classifications of antibiotics based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. Specific antibiotics commonly used in oral infections are discussed in detail, including penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and tetracyclines. Their uses, dosages, side effects and other pharmacokinetic properties are summarized. The document overall examines the importance and applications of different antibiotics in treating dental infections and conditions.
Antibiotics used in dentistry
Terminologies
History
Classification of antibiotics
Principles of antibiotics use
Commonly used antibiotics
Drug interaction
Drug combination
Antibiotic resistance
Summary
The document summarizes several classes of penicillin antibiotics including natural penicillin, beta-lactamase resistant penicillin, aminopenicillin, and macrolides. It provides information on their mechanism of action, indications, dosages, side effects, drug interactions and brands. Mechanisms generally involve inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Common indications are respiratory, skin, and ear infections. Side effects include gastrointestinal issues. Drug interactions can occur with methotrexate, oral contraceptives, and vaccines. Brand examples provided are penicillin V, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin.
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated using a combination of drugs over several months. The RNTCP in India aims to eliminate TB by 2025 through a strategy of detecting, treating, preventing, and building systems. First line drugs include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol while second line drugs are used to treat drug resistant forms of TB like MDR-TB and XDR-TB. Treatment involves a two month intensive phase using multiple drugs followed by a four month continuation phase with fewer drugs.
Sulfonamides are a class of antimicrobial drugs that were the first effective against bacterial infections. They work by inhibiting bacterial folate synthesis and competing with PABA, impairing DNA formation. Common indications include UTIs, streptococcal infections, and conjunctivitis. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal against many gram-negative bacteria through inhibition of protein synthesis. Gentamicin is most commonly used. Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of activity through chelating calcium and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are indicated for cholera, dysentery, UTIs, and other infections.
The document discusses various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics), including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and common side effects. It covers sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. For each class, it provides one to three examples of commonly used drugs and briefly outlines their antimicrobial spectrum, dosing routes, and adverse effect profiles.
This document provides an overview of various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics) including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It discusses sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. Nursing implications for each class focus on monitoring for effectiveness and potential adverse drug reactions.
Penicillin : Dr Rahul Kunkulol's Power point PresentationsRahul Kunkulol
1. The document discusses different classes of beta-lactam antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.
2. All beta-lactams work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptide chains in the cell wall causing the cell to burst.
3. Specific types of penicillins are discussed including natural penicillins, aminopenicillins, anti-staph penicillins, and anti-pseudomonal penicillins. Their spectrums of activity and uses are described.
Here are the key steps I would follow in selecting an appropriate antibiotic for a patient:
1. Determine if antibiotic treatment is truly necessary based on diagnosis, severity of symptoms, risk factors for complications, etc. Not all infections require antibiotics.
2. Consider the most likely causative organism(s) based on infection type, patient factors, local resistance patterns. Select an antibiotic with appropriate spectrum of activity.
3. Check for any antibiotic allergies and select an agent from a different class if needed.
4. Adjust for special populations like pregnancy, renal dysfunction, liver disease - may need to avoid certain drugs, lower doses, or extend intervals.
5. Determine dosage, administration route, frequency and treatment
Here are the step-by-step solutions to the math problems:
1) A dose of 200 mcg is ordered. The strength available is 0.3 mg in 1.5 mL.
- Convert mg to mcg: 0.3 mg = 300 mcg
- Set up ratio: 200 mcg/300 mcg = X mL/1.5 mL
- Cross multiply: 200 * 1.5 = 300X
- Solve for X: 300X/300 = 1.5/1.5 = X = 1 mL
2) A dosage of 0.7 g has been ordered. Available is a strength of 1000 mg in 1.5 mL.
- Convert g to mg
Penicillin was the first discovered antibiotic, found accidentally by Alexander Fleming in 1928 when a mold inhibited Staphylococcus bacteria growth. It works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis in bacteria. There are now natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic penicillins that are administered for various bacterial infections and come in different forms depending on acid resistance and ability to resist penicillinase enzymes produced by some bacteria. Beta-lactamase inhibitors like clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are often combined with penicillins to restore their effectiveness against bacteria that produce these enzymes.
The document summarizes key information about penicillins including their structure, classification, mechanism of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, treatment of reactions, contraindications and drug interactions. It describes the core structure of penicillins including the thiazolidine and β-lactam rings. It classifies penicillins into natural, anti-staphylococcal, extended spectrum, and anti-pseudomonal categories. It explains their mechanism of inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and common resistance mechanisms like β-lactamase production.
Penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis. This disrupts cell wall formation and causes cell lysis and death. While effective against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, resistance can develop through beta-lactamase production or modifications of PBPs. Different penicillins have varying spectra of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and resistance profiles that determine their clinical applications.
Beta-lactam antibiotics are one of the largest classes of antibacterial drugs. They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to transpeptidases. There are various subclasses of beta-lactam antibiotics defined by their chemical structure, including penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins, and monobactams. Resistance to beta-lactams has increased due to production of beta-lactamase enzymes that inactivate the antibiotics.
This document discusses several classes of antibacterial drugs including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides. It provides information on their history, uses, mechanisms of action, common drugs in each class, dosages, side effects, and nursing considerations. Penicillins and cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that are effective against certain gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is important for patients to finish their full antibiotic course and be aware of potential drug interactions and side effects like allergic reactions.
Similar to 2.2 antimicrobial agents beta lactam drugs (20)
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2. Anti bacterial Drugs
A.Beta Lactam Drugs
B. Supha Drugs
C.Aminoglycoside
D. Tetracycline
3. A.Beta Lactam Antibiotics
have beta lactam ring nucleus in molecular structure
Nitrogen is attached to beta carbon relative to carbonyl ring
Sub classes
Penicillin
cephalosporins
carbapenems
monobactams
Beta-lactam ring Antibiotics (PCCM)
➢Penicillin
➢Cephalosporins
➢Carbapenems
➢Monobactams
4. Characteristics of Beta lactams
Same MOA:
inhibit cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Short half life
Primarily renally eliminated
cross allergenicity
5. General Mechanism of action of beta lactams
Cell Death
interfere with cell wall synthesis
inhibit of peptidoglycan synthesis
binding to penicillin binding proteins ( PBPs)
located in bacterial cell walls
6. Penicillin
Beta lactam antibiotics
Used in treatment of bacterial infection caused by staphylococci and
streptococci
Usually gram positive organism
Hypersensitivity is the most important adverse effect of the penicillins.
7. Mechanism of actions
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics
The synthesis of cell wall of bacteria
is completely depended upon an
enzyme named as transpeptidase.
Penicillin
inhibits the cell
wall synthess of
bacteria
Destroy of
bacteria
9. 1. Natural Penicillin
Active against gram positive cocci
But ineffective against staphylococcus aureus
Drugs:
Benzathine penicillin (injection)
injection,6,00000 IU, 1.2 million units and 2.4 million units per vail
Penicillin G potassium (injection)
injections, 1,2,3,5 million per vail
Penicillin G Procaine (injection)
injection, 600000, 1.2 million, 2.4 million units
Penicillin V (tablet)
tablets/suspension→250mg, 500mg, 125mg/5ml, 250mg/5ml
10. 2. Penicillinase Resistant penicillin
Effective against penicillinase producing staphylococcus aureus
Less effective against gram positive cocci than natural penicillin
E.g.
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin
Cloxacillin→
capsule, injection →250mg, 500mg,
Suspension →125mg/5ml
Are in capsule, suspension, injection form
12. 4. Extended spectrum Penicillin
Effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Enterobacter, proteus species
Drugs
Carbenicillin→tablet, 382 mg
Piperacillin/Tazobactam→injection 2.25gm,
3.375gm, 4.5 gm
Ticaracillin or plus clavulanate→injection->1,3,5
gm per vail
13. Benzyl Penicillin ( Penicillin-G)
Oldest narrow spectrum antibiotics
Gram positive bacterial coverage
Comes in powder for injections in vail
IV or IM
Penicillin G injection
300,600 mg x 6 Hrly
Or 5 00000, or 100000 units or 5000000 units
600mg➔1000000 units
Penicillin G potassium Tablets→2 , 4,8 lack
15. Usual dose
2.4- 4.8 gm( 4to 8 lac units) per day in 4 divided dose
IM or IV ( slow infusion)
Child →100mg /kg/day in 4 divided dose
Contraindication
Hypersensitivity
Sever anaphylaxis can occur so give after skin test
17. Nursing Management
Access history of drug allergy
Skin test should be done before systematic
administration
Hyperkalemia or hyper natremia if high dose to
renal disease patient
So, RFT regularly monitered
18. Benzathine Penicillin(Pendura)
Long acting
Not soluble so, must given by
intramuscular route only
600000 units, 1.2 million, 2.4
million units per vail
19. Indications
Streptococcal and post streptococcal infection(pharyngitis,
tonsillitis)
Prophylaxis for prevention of rheumatic heart disease
Upper and lower respiratory tract infection
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Diptheria
Tetanus
Rheumatic arthritis
Syphillis
20. Dose
For streptococcal → 12 lack I/M single dose
Rhumatic fever prophylaxis→ 12 lac I/M
every 3 weekly
Syphilis→ sing dose 24 lac I/M
21. Nursing management
Should be skin test before administration
Should be given deep I/M in large gluteal
muscle
Need ready for the emergency resuscitation
equipments to manage possible prophylaxis
22. Penicillin V
Pheno oxymethyl penicillin
Better for oral use
Use for gram positive bacteria
Dose
250-500mg QID for 7 days
Prophylaxis for rheumatic heart disease→ 250mg BD for long period( 6
months about)
Child → 25-50 mg per kg per day QID
25. Nursing Management
Neomycin and Penicillin V shouldn’t be give at some
time
Coz can cause malabsorption of pen V. occur
Store in refrigerator
Discard unused portion after 14 days
Other same as benzathine penicillin
26. Amoxicillin
For gram positive and less gram negative
TID given
Has less incidence of diarrhea
MOA
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
27. Indications
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia
Peptic ulcer
UTI
Gonorrhea
Typhoid fever
Prophylaxis of endocarditis
Listeria meningitis
28. Dose
Tab. Amoxacillin 250-500 mg PO x
TDS
Inj. Amoxacillin 500mg IV QID for
severe infections
Child upt ot 12 yrs→20-40mg/lg/day
x TDS
29. Adverse effect
Dizziness, lethargy, diarrhea, nausea,
abdominal pain, skin rash
Steven johson syndrome
Super infections
30. Nursing Management
Keep suspension at room temperature
stable for 2 weeks at 2-8 deg. Cetigrate
Pediatric drops directly on children Tongue
for swallowing
Can be added in milk , water, fruit juice
31. Ampicillin
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Similar to amoxycillin but highly effective against H.influenza and shigella bacteria
Bioavibility less than amoxycillin so need to give QID
Indications→ same as amoxycillin but has broad coverages
Dose→250,500 mg in capsule
100mg 250mg , 500mg in IV/IM x 6 hrly
For meningitis→ combined with other antibiotics
Child → 100-200mg /kg/day
33. Cloxacillin
Highly penicillinase as well as acid resistant so can be given orally
For
Infections caused by penicillinase producing staphylococci, pneumococci,
group A beta hemolytic streptococci
Dose
250-500 mng POxQID
Child→ 50-100mg/kg/day x QID(IV,IM,PO)
34. Flucloxacillin
Used for infections due to beta lactamase producing
staphylococci in
Otitis media , pneumonia, impetigo , cellulitis,
osteomyelitis , staphylococcal endocarditis
Dose
250-500 mg xqid at least 30 mins before food
IV/IM/PO
35. Side effect
Same to benzyl penicillin
GI disturbance
Very rarely hepatitis and cholestatic
jaundice on prolonged used
36. Penicillin combined with beta lactamase inhibitor
Beta lactamase inhibitor
resemble beta lactamase antibiotic structure
bind to beta lactamase and protect antibiotic from destruction
most successful when they bind beta lactamase
Three important in medicine
clavulanice acid
sulbactum
tazobactam
Penicillin + beta lactamase inhibitors
• Amoxacillin + Clavunic Acid(
• Ampicillin + Salbactum
• Piperracilin + Tazobactam
• Ticaracillin + Clavunic acid
37. Amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate
Augmentin, CLAVAM,INDICLAV, MOXICLAV
Amoxicillin against gram positive
Clavulanate establish the activity of amoxicillin against
beta lactamase production resistant bacteria
staphylococcus aureus ,
H. influenza,
N. gonorrhea,
E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, salmonella
38. Mechanism of actions( amoxiclav)
Amoxicillin is bactericidal
clavulanic → protect from enzymatic degradation
Clavulanate
inhibit beta
lactamase
protect
amoxicillin
from
enzymatic
degradation
40. Prepration,Dose, s/E , CI
Prepration
Tab: 357mg( amox/clavunate→250/125mg), 625mg(500/125)
Injction : 500/100( amox 500 as sodium salt and clavunic acid 100mg as potassium), 1.2
gm vail
Dose
Amox 250-500 mg /clavunate 375-625mg PO/IV TDS
IV 1.2 gm
Side effects
Hepatis, cholestatic jaundice, Steven Jonson syndrome, dizziness, exfoliative
dermatitis
C/I
Hypersensitive
41. Cephalosporin
Semi Synthetic Antibiotics
are similar to Beta lactam antibiotics
From fungus Acremonium
Are effective against bacteria which are resistant to
ampicillin like pseudomonas
V Generations
42. Cephalosporin
First Generations
(moderate
Spectrum)
Cephalexin ,
Cephadroxil,
Cephazolin
Second Generation
(moderate
Spectrum)
Cefuroxime,
Cefmetazole,
Ceforanide
Third Generation
(Broad Spectrum)
Cefotaxime,
Ceftriaxone,
Ceftazidime,
Cefeperazone,
Cefixime
Fourth Generation
(Broad Spectrum)
Cefepime,
Cefpodoxime
Each newer
generation has
increased
activity
against
G-ve rods
and
decreased
activity
against G+ve
cocci
43.
44. Mechanism of Action
All are Bactericidal ( same as Penicillin)
Peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall
structural integrity
The final step in synthesis of
peptidoglycan(Transpeptidation) is facilitated by
transpeptidases(penicillin binding proteins)
Cephalosporins competitively inhibit PBP and
disrupt synthesis of peptidoglycan
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
45. THERAPEUTIC USES
Pharyngitis
Tonsillitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
UTI
Skin and bone
infections(cefazolin and
ceftriaxone have good
penetration into bone)
Meningitis( 3rd generation
cephalosporins)
Surgical prophylaxis
46. Adverse Effect
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
Pain and inflammation at injection site
Pseudomembranous colitis
Allergic reactions
Bleeding(cefamandole, cefeperazone,
ceftriaxone) ->anti vit-k effect)
47. Parental and Oral Preparations
Crosses placenta and secreted in breast milk
Elimination occurs through tubular
secretion/glomerular filtration
Cefeperazone and ceftriaxone are excreted through
bile (can be administered in renal insufficiency)
48. First Generations
Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cephalexin,
Cephradine
Strongly for G+Cocci, strep. pneumonia,,
S.pyogenes
Moderately active against a few G-
ve:E.coli,P.mirabilis,K.pneumonia
No activity against: Enterococci , MRSA and
B.fragilis
49. Cefazolin
Mainly used for Skin Infections
Narrow spectrum but Good Gram Positive
Coverage
Used for Moderate to severe bacterial
infections of lungs, bone, joint, stomach,
blood , valve and urinary tract
50. Preparations and Dose
IM and IV preparations
Powder for Injection:125 mg, 250 mg, 500mg, 1gm in vail
Adult → 250-500mg TDS
Child over month→25-50 mg/Kg in TDS or QID
Perioperative Prophylaxis→
1gm single dose half an hour before surgery
If surgery is prolonged more than 2 hour→ 500 to 1 gm every 6-8 hours
51. Adverse Effect
High does in renal patient may have extreme
confusion
Tonic colonic seizure
Increase risk of bleeding when used with
anticoagulants
52. Cefadroxil
Active against beta lactamase producing bacteria
E.Coli and Streptococci
Well absorbed in GI tract
Crosses placenta and appears in breast milk
Indications:
UTI by E.coli, Klebsiella
Skin and skin structure infection due to staph or strep cocci
Phyrangitis, tonsillitis due to group A beta hemolytic streptococci
53. Preprations and dose
Capsule →500mg and 1gm
Dispersible tablet→ 125mg, 250mg
Oral Suspension→ 5m=125 and 250mg
Dose
Adult→ 1-2 gram in single or divided dose
Children below one yr→30mg /body weight
1-6 yrs→ 250mg BD
Overr 6 Years→ 500mg BD
54. Cephalexin
Oral administrations
RTI due to strep Pneumonia ,Group A beta Hemolytic streptococci
Otitis Media
GU and Bone infections
Skin Infections
Prepratons:
• Capsule→ 250mg, 500mg
• Dispersible Tablet→125mg
• Suspension→125mg/5ml, 250mg/5ml
• Dose
• 250-500mg QID
• Child→ 75-100mg/kg/day in QID
56. Cefuroxime axetil
Oral and injection form
URTI (Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis
LRTI( bronchitis, Pneumonia)
Uncomplicated UTI
Uncomplicated gonorrhea
Skin infections
57. Preparations and Dose
Tablet→ 125mg, 250mg, 500mg
Suspension→ 125mg/5ml, 250mg/5ml,
Injection→250mg/50ml
Powder for injection→ 750mg, 1.5 mg
Dose
Adult/children/over 18→125-250mg BD for 7-10 days
Children→ 20mg/kg/day BD for 10 days
58. Nursing Management
SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE if suspension
If I/M→ choose large muscle mass → watch for pain
Dissolve medicine with sterile water or Nacl solution and Shake well until it
dissolves
For I/V→Dissolve in 5 ml minimum and give slowly over 3-5 mins to prevent
vein irritation
Discard reconstituted medicine after 24 hours room temp and after 96 hrs
when refrigeration
59. Third Generation Cephalosporin
Extended or Broad Spectrum
Inferior activity to gram + cocci
Enhanced activity against
gram –ve organism Including N.Gonorrhea Enterobacter E.Coli
K.Pneumonia And Pseudomonas aeruginosa
60. Cefixime
Bactericidal
Effective against
Ecoli, H. Influenza, S. Pyrogenes, Strep
pneumonia, beta lactamase positive and
negative strains
Tablet→200mg, 400mg
Power for injection→100mg/5ml
Dose
Adult → 200mg BD or 400 mg Once
Child→ 8mg/kg OD or 4mg/kg BD
For uncomplicated gonorrhea→ 400mg
OD
Adult dose for children above 12 years
and more than 50 kg
Indications:
Uncomplicated UTI cause by E.coli
Otitis media
Phyrangitis and tonsillitis
Acute and chronic bronchitis
Uncomplicated cervical and urethral
gonorrhea
61. Nursing Management
Ask for cephalosporin and penicillin hypersensitivity
reaction before starting medicine
OD should take at same time to maintain
bioavailability
W/F GI upset eps diarrhea
Once reconstituted → keep in room temp
62. Cefotaxim
Active against beta lactamase production Bactria and gram positive
IV route especially in Life threating infections,
post surgery,
trauma patients,
malignancy,
diabetes,
shock
Indications
• GI Infections
• Lower RTI
• Skin infections
• Bone and Joint infection
• Meningitis and other CNS infections
• Intra-abdominal infection (peritonitis)
• Gynecological infection(endrometrosis,PID)
• Septicimia, bacterima
• Prohylaxis in Surgery
63. Preparations and dose
Powder for injection→25omg, 500 mg, 1gm, 2gm
Dose
Adult→ 1gm BD for moderated infection and TDS for severe
infection
For life threatening→ 2gm TDS
For renal dose→ dose halved.
Child→ neonates→ 50mg/kg BD or TDS
64. Nursing Mgmt.
Discontinue other iv during cefotaxim
Don’t mix with other drugs especially with
aminoglycosides→ give separately
IM→ deeply in Muscle
When High dose like 2gm→ give alternate site
Give mixing with 10 ml sterile water for injection and
shake well
Administer slowly→ 3-5 mins
If particle present or discoloration→ don’t administer
Record I/O , if decrease→ Infrom ASAP, and diarrohea
Avoid with alcohol→ disulfiram type reaction
65. Ceftriaxone
Active against b-lactamase producing bacteria
IV use only no oral
Streptococci Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, H. Influenza para
influenza, Klebsiella, E coli, Proteus Mirabilis, S. pyogenes,
Enterobacter, pseudomonas
Indications
• LRTI, Skin infections
• Uncomplicated cerival/Urethral and rectal gonorrhea
• Bacterial septicemia
• Bone and joint infections
• Intraabdominal infections
• Surgical prohylaxis
• Meningitis
66. Preparations
Ceftriaxone sodium injections: 250mg, 500mg, 1gm,
2gm in vail
Dose
Adult→1-2 gm single dose or BD
Child→ 100mg/kg day not exceed 4gm daily , BD or OD
Preoperative→1-2 gm single dose half an hour before
surgery
68. Fourth Generation
modified form of third generation
Effective against Styph and strep bacteria
Extended spectrum
69. Cefepime
Gram negative and positive spectrum
Including those resistant to other b-lactam
antibiotics
injections powder
250,500mg,1,2gm
Indications
• Uncomplicated UTIs
• Skin infection by staphylococcus aureus or pyogenes
• Moderate to severe pneumonia
• Complicated intraabdominal infection due to E-coli,
streptococci, Enterobacter species
• Mono therapy for empiric treatment for Febrile
neutropenia