دراسة حول التفكير والتعبئة في حركة حماس والاخوان المسلمي للكاتب والمفكر بكر أبوبكر

1. ‫الكوادر‬ ‫لتدريب‬ ‫الوطين‬ ‫املعهد‬-‫فلسطين‬-‫اهلل‬ ‫ام‬‫ر‬-2014
‫أبوبكر‬ ‫بكر‬
‫يف‬‫والتعبئة‬‫الشياسي‬‫التفكري‬
"‫محاس‬"‫و‬"‫االخوان‬."
‫حماس‬ ‫وحركة‬ ‫المسلمين‬ ‫اإلخوان‬ ‫لدى‬ ‫التعبئة‬ ‫نماذج‬ ‫ثم‬ ،‫وآلياته‬ ‫التفكير‬ ‫في‬
‫لـ‬ ‫سنتعرض‬10‫أوآليات‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫الزمن‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫نظنها‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫هي‬ ‫نقاط‬
‫جماعة‬ ‫اتبعتها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والخطاب‬ ‫والتربية‬ ‫الداخلي‬ ‫والتحريض‬ ‫التعبئة‬ ‫وسبل‬ ‫أومضامين‬
‫منها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫وفروعها‬ ‫اإلخوان‬"‫حماس‬"‫لم‬ ‫السياسي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الدعوي‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫الخطاب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إذ‬ ،
‫لدى‬ ‫موحدا‬ ‫يكن‬"‫الجماعة‬"‫و‬"‫حماس‬"‫المستهدفة‬ ‫بالفئة‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫حقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ارتبط‬ ‫بل‬ ،
‫االخواني‬ ‫الفكر‬ ‫حقيقة‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫بسمات‬ ‫احتفظ‬ ‫وإن‬ ،‫وبالموقف‬.

2. 2
‫الشياسي‬‫التفكري‬‫يف‬‫والتعبئة‬"‫محاس‬"
‫بكر‬ ‫أبو‬ ‫بكر‬1
‫األول‬ ‫انجزء‬:ٍ‫انسُبس‬ ‫انخفكُر‬ ٍ‫ف‬
‫يقذيـت‬:
‫ٝ٧ٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُٔٞحٟ٤غ‬ ٌٙٛ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ُلٔخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظَح‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ،٬٣ٞ١ ‫ٝهظخ‬ ‫حٍُٞهش‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞح‬ ٍ‫حهظ٤خ‬ ٢٘ٓ ‫حٓظـَم‬
ْٜ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝه٘٤ش‬ ،٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ َ‫حُلؼ‬ ‫ط٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫ُِٞكيس‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٌٕٞٗ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫أكٞؽ‬ ٖ‫ٗل‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫هخٛش‬(‫حُ٘وي‬)
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫طٜـ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬(‫حُؼو٤يس‬)‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٕ‫ٗؤ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬(=ٚ٤‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬)‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬(‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬)ٝ‫أ‬‫ح٧ٛق‬(‫ح٫ٓ٬ٓٞ٣ش‬)٢‫ك‬
َِِٙ١‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٫ ،ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ّٞ‫ٛـ‬ ٚٗ‫ًٝؤ‬ ‫ٗخهي٣ٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫٣ٜي‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫طٜٞ٣َٛخ‬
ٍٙ‫ًٞحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍُٙٞٓ ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓخص‬ ٚ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓخط‬.
‫كًَش‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٓظظخُ٤ظ‬ ٖ٤‫هَحءط‬ ٌُٖٝ(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٫ ،ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫ُِظ٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُطز٤ؼ‬ ‫ح٫ٓظيحى‬ ،
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حؿظِحثٜخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلوخثن‬ ٚ٣ٞ٘‫ط‬ ٖٓ َ‫حُٜخث‬ ٌُْ‫ح‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٫‫ا‬ َٜ‫طظ‬(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)ٌَ‫حُل‬ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ‫حُطَ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رخ٫ٗلَحف‬
‫ٓغ‬ ٢١‫حُظؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫أٝهَحءس‬(‫حُـخ٣خص‬)"‫رؼ٤ي‬ ٍ٬ٟ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أُٝجي‬ ‫ػٞؿخ‬ ‫ٝ٣زـٜٞٗخ‬"(ْ٤ٛ‫حرَح‬3).
ٝ ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ّٜٞ‫ُٔل‬ ٢ٟ‫ٝحٓظؼَح‬ ،َ٣ٞ‫حُط‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬(٢‫ح٫٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬‫س‬)‫رٟٞٞف‬ َُ‫ر‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬
‫ُِـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٍَٝٓ(٢ٔ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫رَٔكِش‬)١‫ٝح٩كزخ‬ ّ‫حُ٤ؤ‬ َ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ٍ‫حٌُٞحى‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٟ‫ُٝي‬ ‫ؿخُزخ‬ ‫ي‬ُّٞ‫ط‬ ‫هي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُليع‬ ‫خع‬ُّ٘ٛ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلوي‬ ‫ٍٝرٔخ‬ ،‫ٝحُزٌخء‬ ‫حُ٘وخم‬ ٝ‫أ‬(ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ّ‫كَح‬)ٝ‫أ‬(ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫ٍح٣ش‬ ٢‫ٍحكؼ‬)‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬
(‫ؿخ٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫هللا‬)ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬ ٍٕٜٝٞ٣ ‫ًٔخ‬.٢‫كِر‬ ١‫حٍطزخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٬‫ٓٔظو‬ ‫ٓٔظ٘٤َح‬ ‫ٗخهيح‬ ‫رخكؼخ‬ ‫كٌَح‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫طُٞي‬ ‫ٍٝرٔخ‬
‫حُٞحٟلش‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َحطٜخ‬ ‫حُظـخٍد‬ َٛ‫ٝطٞح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٢‫رظَحر‬ ‫ٝطؼظَف‬ ‫ػٞؿخ‬ ‫طزـ٤ٜخ‬ ٫ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوِش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٟ‫ُي‬.ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٗي‬ ٫ ‫ٓٔخ‬
َ‫ح٧ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػخٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ػ٬ػ‬(1957-1987)ٖٓ(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬)ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٕ٫ ،‫ؿٌٍ٣خ‬ ‫طـ٤٤َح‬ ‫كووض‬ ‫هي‬1957ٕ‫أ‬
ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظـَهض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ،‫حُِٔٔق‬ ‫حٌُلخف‬ ٕ٬‫اػ‬ ‫رٞؿٞد‬ ‫ؿٜخى‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫حُوخثي‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫ًٌَٓس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫٣ظـخٝد‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ،٢‫حُ٬ٓ٘طو‬ ٞ‫رخَُك‬ ّ‫حُوظخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ُ٤ـ٤زٞح‬ ‫ٓظِٜش‬ ‫ػ٬ػخ‬ ‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬1987ٚ٘ٓ ‫ؿِء‬ ‫حهظ٘غ‬ ‫هي‬
ٌ٤‫حُظ٘ل‬ ‫َُٔكِش‬ ٍ‫رخ٫ٗظوخ‬.
1
‫هللا‬ ّ‫ٍح‬ ،ٌَ‫ر‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ٌَ‫ر‬-ٞ٠‫ػ‬ ،ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬، ‫كظق‬ ‫ُلًَش‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُؼ‬ ِْ‫حُٔـ‬ٝ ‫ًخطذ‬ٝ ‫أى٣ذ‬‫رخكغ‬‫حُٔئُلخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ُٚ ،

3. 3
ٖٓ ‫حُِٔز٤ش‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ظوِٜٞح‬ ُْ ٙ‫ٓـَح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُٔخث‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ،ٚ‫أٛٔ٤ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ،َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ‫ٍؿ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫ٗو‬(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫َٓكِش‬)‫ٓٞحء‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬ ‫هَحءس‬ ٢‫ك‬‫د‬َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬ ‫رخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ َ‫طيه‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ّ‫ح٧ٝٛخ‬ ‫ٝحهظ٬م‬ ‫ح٫ؿظِحء‬...َ‫ػز‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ‫ٝطؼَٟ٘خ‬
َٝ‫رـ‬ ٫‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ًَ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ٝه٤خىحص‬ ١ٌَ‫ٓل‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ‫رآٍحء‬ ٖ٤٘٤‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫ٝح٧ٓؼِش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬
‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫ًخكش‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٖٟٔ ٌٕٞ‫ُظ‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ‫١َم‬ ‫طلي٣غ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُلغ‬ ٍ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫طٜل٤ق‬(٬ُّ‫ز‬‫طو‬)ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ًَ ٖٓ
‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٕ‫ٗؤ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُلن‬ ‫ٝحىػخء‬ ‫حُٜٞحد‬ ٍ‫٫كظٌخ‬ ‫هخ١ؼخ‬ ‫ٍٝك٠خ‬ ،َ‫ح٥ه‬ ١‫َُِٝأ‬ ٚ٣‫َُأ‬ ‫ٝحكظَحٓخ‬ َ‫ُ٦ه‬
(‫ح٫ٓ٬ٓٞ٣ش‬)‫حُٔخٟٞ٣ش‬ ‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٍ‫أٌٗخ‬ ‫أكي‬.
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝاٗ٘خ‬2013ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬ ٙ٬‫أػ‬ ‫ٓخروخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ّ‫حُٔوي‬ ‫ٍُِٞهش‬ ‫ٗ٠٤ق‬ ً‫ا‬2000-َ٤ِ‫ه‬ ٖٓ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٙ‫ٗول٘خ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬
َ٤ِ‫حُو‬-ٝ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ٢١‫طؼخ‬ ‫٧ِٓٞد‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ َ٤٘‫ط‬ ‫ٗظٜ٘خ‬ ١‫ٗوخ‬ َ٘‫رؼ‬ ‫حُٔٔؼِش‬ َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ٖٓ ‫رؼ٠خ‬"ّ‫كٔخ‬"‫ٓغ‬
٢‫ؿخٗز‬ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞح‬ ‫طلض‬ ١ٞ‫طؼز‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ّ‫ٝحُ٘خ‬ ْٛ‫ٝهٞحػي‬ ٌَْٛ‫ك‬(٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظؼزجش‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ٓ٠خ‬"ّ‫كٔخ‬")َ‫آه‬ ٢‫ؿخٗز‬ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞح‬ ِٙٞ‫٣ظ‬
ٍٞ‫٣و‬(‫ٝح٫هٞحٕ؟‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫هَٔص‬ ‫ٓخًح‬)َ‫اػ‬ ‫حُِٔطش‬ ٕ‫أك٠خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػخٗٞٛخ‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًَِٓس‬ ‫ًوَحءس‬ ‫ٗويٜٓخ‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ،"ْٔ‫حُل‬
١ٌَٔ‫حُؼ‬"ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫كظق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٚ٤ٔٔ‫ط‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ح٫ٗو٬د‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿِس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙٞٔٓ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬2007ّ‫ػخ‬ َٜٓ ٌْ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ‫طـَرش‬ َ‫ٝاػ‬ ،
2012ْٜ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٫‫ٝرخ‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬ ‫حٜٗخٍص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.
‫وانفكر‬ ‫انخفكُر‬
‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حٍُٞهش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ َٝ‫ٓ٘ظؼ‬ ‫ىٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓخ‬(ٌَ‫ك‬)‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ،(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)‫ٗظؼَف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫هي‬ ٚٗ‫كخ‬ ،ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫أٛلخد‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫طظؼٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ػخٗ٤خ‬ ٚ‫١َٝكخط‬ ٞ‫ُزؼ‬ ٞ‫ٗو‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ُ٘يه‬ ،٫ٝ‫أ‬ ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٓخٛ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُِلوخثن‬ ‫ح٫ؿظِحء‬ َ‫ػز‬
ّ‫ٝح٩٣ٜخ‬ ‫ح٩٣لخء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،َ٣ِٝ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُظلَ٣ق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫كٞحىع‬.
‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،‫ػوِ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ا‬(‫ٓيه٬ص‬)ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُيٓخؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓخ‬(‫ٓؼخُـظٜخ‬)ٍٜٞ‫ُظ‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫ٓليى‬ ‫ؿٜي‬ ٍ٬‫ه‬ ٖٓ
ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫رخ٧كٌخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ٓوَؿخص‬.‫ٓغ‬ ‫ػٌٔ٤خ‬ ‫٣ظ٘خٓذ‬ ٢ِ‫ػو‬ ‫ؿٜي‬ ٌٍ‫ر‬ ٖٔ٠‫طظ‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫أِٓل٘خ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٝرخػظزخ‬
ٕ‫ٝحٌُٔخ‬ ٕ‫حُِٓخ‬ ‫طوِذ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ٝحُظٞٛؾ‬ ‫حُ٘يس‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ر‬ َ‫ٝ٣ظؤػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،٢ِ٠‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُـٜي‬.َٝ‫طلظ‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬
،ٌُٖٛ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَ٘٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٚٗٞٔ٠ٓٝ ٚ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼظ‬ ًٜٚ٘ ‫اىٍحى‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫ُٞؿٞى‬ ٙ‫ح٫ٗظزخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ١ٞ٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫رخُٞحهغ‬ ّ‫ح٩كٔخ‬ ّ‫رخ٧ٓخ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ح٧ُٝ٤ش‬ ‫حُظٍٜٞحص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُوِل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ٢‫حُٞػ‬ ٚ٤ٔٔٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ،‫ٝح٫ىٍحًخص‬ ‫ح٫كٔخٓخص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٓـٔٞع‬ ٖٓ
ٍ‫ُ٨كٌخ‬ ‫ح٫ٗظِحع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظُٞ٤ي‬ ٍ٬‫ه‬ ٖٓ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢٤‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٠١‫طظؼخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ح٧ػوي‬ ‫حُؼوِ٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٍ‫ُ٬ٗظوخ‬ ‫ٝؿٞىٛخ‬ َٝ‫٣لظ‬
‫حُـي٣يس‬(‫حُؼخٗٞ٣ش‬).
‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬.ّ‫٣ٔظوي‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ َ‫ٝحُؼو‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ٛخك‬ ١‫ُئ‬(١‫ٝحٓظ٘زخ‬ ‫ٝحٓظوَحء‬ ‫ٝطًَ٤ذ‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٖٓ ‫حٌُٛ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِي٫ُش‬
‫ًَٓزش‬ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫أُٝ٤ش‬ ‫ٝطٜي٣وخص‬ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫ُ٬ٗظوخ‬)(1)
َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫ا‬(٢‫حُٟٔٞٞػ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٌْ‫٣٘ؼ‬ ‫رٞحٓطظٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ح٩٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛٝ ٙ‫هخ‬ ١ٞ٠‫ػ‬ ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫ًٔخىس‬ ‫ُِيٓخؽ‬ ٠ِ‫ح٧ػ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬
‫ٝٗظَ٣خص‬ ّ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬...‫حُن‬)(2)‫حٗؼٌخٓخ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٫ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕ٫ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حهظ٬ك٘خ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َ٤‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫ػَٟ٘خ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ً٘خ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬

4. 4
َ‫طٔل‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ،‫حٗؼٌخٓخ‬ ْ٤ُ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫رطَم‬ ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ٚٗ‫كخ‬ ّ‫اكٔخ‬ ٚٗ٧ٝ ‫اكٔخٓخ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬
‫حًظٔخد‬ َٝ‫٣لظ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ،‫ُٔؼٞم‬ ١‫حُظٜي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ َ‫ك‬ ‫طظطِذ‬ ‫ٓٞحهق‬ ٢‫ك‬ َُ‫٣ز‬ ٚٗ٧ ‫اريحػ٤ش‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ،‫ٓخ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫حُيٝح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ح٫كظ٤خؿخص‬ ٚ‫ُظِز٤ظ‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤٤‫ُظـ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬.
ٕ‫ا‬(‫حُلٌَس‬)‫ُِٔؼَكش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٌَٗ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْٜ‫طل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ.ٍٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُٔؼَك‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُلٌَس‬
٢ٓ‫ٓ٤خ‬ ‫ٗ٢ء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُظخَٛس‬ ٢ِ‫حُؼو‬.(َ‫طٔؼ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫أكٌخٍح‬ ٠ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ٚ‫ك٠خٍحط‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٕ‫ح٩ٗٔخ‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫حُل٠خٍحص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخثيس‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝح٫ؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ح٫هظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼ٬هخص‬ ‫ح٧ٟٝخع‬)(3).
‫و‬ ‫انفكر‬‫انفكراَُت‬(ٍ‫األَذَىنىج‬‫ة‬)
‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓليىح‬ ‫ػوِ٤خ‬ ‫طٍٜٞح‬ ‫ط٘٘ت‬ ‫ػوِ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٍ٬‫ه‬ ٖٓ ‫ح٩ىٍحى‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ّ‫رخ٩كٔخ‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ َ‫حُٔؼز‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫ٌُٔٛذ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤ٛ‫ٝرَح‬ َٝٝ‫ك‬(٢ٓ‫ٓ٤خ‬)ٚ‫ر‬ ‫ٝ٣ظٔٔي‬ ‫ٌٓٛزخ‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫حُ٘و‬ ٌ‫٣ظو‬ ‫ٝهي‬(ٚ‫ر‬ ٖٓ‫٣ئ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬
٢ِٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ‫١زوخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ػو٬ٗ٤خ‬ ٚ‫رٔ٘خه٘ظ‬ ٠َٟ٣ ٫ٝ)(4)‫رٟٞٞف‬ َٟٗ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ح٫طـخٛخص‬ ‫ػي٣ي‬ ٟ‫ُٝي‬ ،َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ٍ‫ُ٨كٌخ‬ ‫حُٞحٟلش‬ ‫حُظلٞ٫ص‬(‫ٌٓحٛذ‬)ٖٓ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ ‫هي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫أٛلخرٜخ‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ٕ‫حُ٘وخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ّش‬٤ٜ‫ػ‬
‫حُٔلَٓخص‬.‫حُٔخًٍٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ َٕٝ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫٣ٞحؿٜٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜؼٞرش‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫اٜٗخ‬-٬‫ك‬ ٢‫حٌُٛز‬ ‫ػَٜٛخ‬ ٕ‫ارخ‬ ‫حُِ٤٘٤٘٤ش‬
‫ٝح٫ٗظٜخُ٣ش‬ ‫رخَُؿؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼٞص‬ ًَ ٫‫ا‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔظٌٛز‬ ‫ٛئ٫ء‬ ٖٓ ٠‫٣ِو‬..َ‫رخٌُل‬ ‫ح٧ٝٛخف‬ ًَ ّٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٙ‫ح٧ٗوخ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫٣٬ه‬ ‫هي‬ ،‫حُن‬
‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫٧كي‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٝٓؼخىحس‬ ‫ٝح٩ُلخى‬(ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ٝ‫٣ش‬)‫حُوط٤جش‬ ْ‫ُ٘ل‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ‫طِي‬ ٝ‫أ‬
‫حُويٓ٤ش‬ ‫آزخؽ‬ َٝ‫طلظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬-ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔٔظٔيس‬ ‫حُؼو٤يس‬ ‫هيٓ٤ش‬-ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ُٝػخٓخص‬ َ١‫أ‬ ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓخص‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
(ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ٝ١)2
‫ى‬ ‫حُٔؼَٝف‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ٌَ‫حُٔل‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬.ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ َٛ‫حُلخ‬ ٢ِ‫رخُو‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
‫ٝٝٓ٤ِش‬ ‫ًل٘ي‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ ،‫ٝؿخ٣ش‬ ‫ًٔؼظوي‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬(‫أك٤خٗخ‬ ٍ‫ٛخ‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٘‫ح٫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َٛ‫حُلخ‬ ٢ِ‫حُو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬
٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫ٝحُٔـظٔغ‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُوط‬ ٌٖٔٓ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ ،‫ًـخ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُللخظ‬ ‫رـ٤ش‬ ‫ًٞٓ٤ِش‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫٣ئى‬
ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٕ‫٣ظـخًرخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬.ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٫ٞ‫ٓوز‬ ْ٤ُ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ٍ‫ٛخ‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َٛ‫كخ‬ ٢ِ‫حُو‬ ٕ٫ ٌُٖ ،ٙ‫ر٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫حُوز‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٫ ٖ٣‫حُي‬
َ‫حُوط‬ ٌٖٔٓ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬)(5).
‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔٓ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫هِ٘خ‬‫١خثلش‬ ٝ‫أ‬٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬(‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)‫ٌُٝؼَس‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ًَ ٖٓ
ٖ٤٘‫حػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٌ‫ٓ٘ؤه‬ ‫أٗ٘خ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ‫حُٜٔطِق‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫١خُض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬.‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬(‫ٝحُٔؼظويحص‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓظٔن‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬
‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ظلن‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼظويحص‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ْٔ‫٣ـ‬ ‫حُِٔٞى‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗٔن‬ ‫٫ػظٔخى‬ ١‫ٝ٣ئى‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ح٩ٗٔخ‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬)(6)‫ًٌُي‬ ‫ٝ٧ٜٗخ‬-
١‫أ‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬-‫ٛلظٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝطلون‬ ٍ‫حهظزخ‬ ٖٓ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ُِزلغ‬ ‫ح٧ه٤َس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طو٠غ‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ ،‫ٓؼظويحص‬ ‫كٜ٘خى‬.٫ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
‫حُؼوخثي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫٣ٜق‬.
‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ١ِ٤ِ‫ح٩ٗـ‬ َ‫ٝرٔظ‬ ّٞٓ‫هخ‬ ‫ٝرلٔذ‬ ٚٗ‫كخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ‫أٓخ‬(‫طِي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ َٛ‫رخُظٞح‬ ٠٘‫طؼ‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓ٘ظٞٓش‬
‫حُطزوش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ِ٤ٔ٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٝرؤِٓٞد‬ ‫ح٫ؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫رخُل٤خس‬ ‫طظؼِن‬ ٢‫حُظ‬).ٌٕٞ٘ٓ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔيٗخ‬ ‫ٝاًح‬‫أ‬َ‫ًؼ‬
2

5. 5
‫حُؼوخثي٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ح٧كِحد‬ ٌَ‫ُل‬ َٝ‫حُظؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫هَرخ‬(‫ٝحُطخثل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ،‫ٝحُي٣٘٤ش‬ ،‫حُ٘٤ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬)‫رلٔذ‬ ٢ٛٝ
‫ط٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬‫كٌَحٗ٤ش‬(‫أ٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)ٝ ٕ‫ح٧ى٣خ‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ َ‫ٝ٣ؼظز‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤خص‬ٍٜٞ‫ٝظ‬ ‫ُ٬ٗؤخٓخص‬ ‫هٜزخ‬ ٫‫ٓـخ‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬
‫كَ٣ن‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫طٌظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كِد‬ ًَ ٢‫٣يػ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫حُؼ٘ق‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِـٞء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوط٤ؼش‬ ‫كي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬ َٜ٣ ‫هي‬ ‫ٓ٠خىس‬ ‫ٝكـؾ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫كَم‬
‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ٢‫حُو‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حٗلَحف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫َٓٝم‬ ٙ‫ػيح‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ‫حُٞك٤ي‬ ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٞٛ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٣‫ُِي‬ ٜٚٓٞ‫ٓل‬ ٕ‫أ‬.ٖٓ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬
‫ح٫ػظزخٍحص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٝ‫ح٫كظَح‬ ‫طـ٘ذ‬ ٖٔ‫حُٔٔظل‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬(=‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)ٍ‫ح٧كؼخ‬ ًَ ٢‫ك‬ ٌْ‫ٝطظل‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫كو‬.‫حُطٔٞف‬ َ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ٕ٫
َ‫ٓل‬ ‫أك٤خٗخ‬ َ‫طل‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ‫أ٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ٬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحَُؿزخص‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬(=‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٢‫ك‬
َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫هي‬ ‫كٔخٓش‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ًِ‫َٓح‬ ِٕٞ‫٣لظ‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٙ‫ُ٨ٗوخ‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حُيٝحكغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُيٍؿش‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫ِٓٞى‬
‫ح٧كيحع‬ َ٤ٓ(7).
‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫ٝ٣و‬(‫حُ٘وٜخٗ٤ش‬ ‫أهٜي‬)‫ى‬ ٞ‫ٝٛــ‬ ٖ‫حُِٔٔٔ٤ـــ‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ‫أكي‬.‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓظليػخ‬ ‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔخثي‬(‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ‫كٔذ‬ ٢‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬)ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫طٔٞى‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬(‫حُٔ٘خكٔخص‬ ‫ًؼَس‬
‫ه٤خى٣ش‬ ‫ٓئٛ٬ص‬ ١ًٝ ‫أكَحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ٝحَُٜحػخص‬-‫حُـٔخػش‬ ّ‫رٔو٤خ‬-ٕٞٔ‫٣ظ٘خك‬ ِْٜ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫١ٔٞف‬ ١ًٝ ‫ٍٝرٔخ‬
‫ٝحُظلٞم‬ َُٝ‫حُز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬)(8)١ٌُ‫ٝح‬(‫حُؼ٘ق‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِـٞء‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُٔحص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حهظَد‬)(9)‫ًُي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫رخُطزغ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ٝٗ٠٤ق‬
‫حٍُٔٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُيحٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحؿٜخص‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ًٝٔخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ْ٤‫ٝط٘ظ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫٫ٗ٘وخهخص‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٝ٧ٓزخد‬
ّ‫ػخ‬1983.‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫ٝ٣و‬.‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ح٩ٍٗخى‬ ‫ٌُٔظذ‬ ‫حُ٠ؤش‬ ّ‫حُٜٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼِوخ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
ٕ‫ا‬ ّ‫حُٜٔخ‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ُٜٝٞ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ‫ىٝحكؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬ َْٛ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ٙ‫ح٧ٗوخ‬(ٙٞ‫ٝٗو‬ ‫أٓٔخء‬ َٝ‫ٝ٣ٔظؼ‬ ‫حُ٠ؤش‬ ّ‫حُٜٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫٣وَأ‬ ٖٓ
١‫رخ٩كزخ‬ ‫٣ٜخد‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٚ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٫ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٪هٞح‬ ٢ُٝ‫حُي‬ ْ٤‫ُِظ٘ظ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ح٩ٍٗخى‬ ‫ٌٓظذ‬ ‫أػ٠خء‬)٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ ‫٣ـ٤ز٘خ‬ ‫ُٔخًح؟‬
‫ح١٬ع‬ ٖ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ٟٝٞف‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ٬‫هخث‬(‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ْٜ‫هيٍحط‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫رٌؼ‬ َ‫حًز‬ ّ‫حُٜٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ٫)(10)ْٜ٘ٓٝ ‫حُـَ٣يس‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫٣وَأ‬ ٫ ٖٓ ْٜ٘ٓ ٕ٫
‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ًٝٔخ‬ ‫ٝرزٔخ١ش‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫ٝح٫هظيح‬ ‫حٌُلخ٣ش‬ ‫٣ِٔي‬ ٫ ٖٓ.ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٚ٤‫٣ؼط‬ ٫ ‫حُ٘٢ء‬ ‫كخهي‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬(‫حٌُٛ٘٤ش‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬
ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ِٕٞٓ‫ٝ٣ظؼخ‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٍٕٜٝٞ‫٣ظ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ح٧ٝٛخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػخُٔخ‬ ٕٞ‫٣ٜ٘ؼ‬ ْٜٗ‫ح‬ ٢ٛ ٢ُ‫حُلخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ح٩ٍٗخى‬ ‫ٌٓظذ‬ ‫أػ٠خء‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لٔ٤ش‬
‫ًٌُي‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬:‫ٝحهؼ٤ش‬ ‫كؼِ٤ش‬ ‫كو٤وش‬ ١‫أ‬)(11)
‫رٜؼٞى‬ ْٜٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ َٕٜٝ‫٣ل‬ ‫حُـٔخػش‬ ‫ه٤خىس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣ٌ‫حُٔظ٘ل‬ ٕ٫ ‫ًُي‬ ًَٝ(َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬
‫حُيػٞس‬ َ‫ٓٔظوز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُوِوش‬ ،‫ٝٓ٤خٓ٤خ‬ ‫كٌَ٣خ‬ ‫حُٔئِٛش‬ َٛ‫ُِؼ٘خ‬ ‫ٝحرؼخىٛخ‬ ‫ٓطِوش‬ ‫١خػش‬ ‫طط٤غ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ،‫حُظ٘ل٤ٌ٣ش‬)(12)
.
ٚ٤‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ٢ٗ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ١‫حُو٤خى‬ ١ٝ‫حُوَرخ‬ ‫ػَٝص‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٫ٞ‫ٓط‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ٝك‬(‫حُٔؼزي‬ َٓ)ٝ(َُ٘‫ح‬ ‫أثٔش‬)‫ِٛحُش‬ ‫أػزض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬"‫حَُٔٗي‬"‫أٟٝق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،َْ‫ز‬ًِٝ ‫ٝػِ٤خث٤ش‬ ،‫حٗظوخرخص‬ َ٣ِٝ‫ٝط‬ ‫ًٌٝد‬ ‫هيحع‬ ٖٓ ‫ح٫ُظلخك٤ش‬ ‫ح٧ٓخُ٤ذ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ‫ُٝـٞء‬
ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ًٖٛ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫٣ٜزلخ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝح٫هٞح‬ ّ٬ٓ٫‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔوٜٞى‬ ْ‫ز‬ُُِ‫ح‬ ‫اكيحع‬ ‫طؼٔي‬ ‫حُـٔخػش‬ ٖٓ ‫هَؿٞح‬ ٖٔٓ َٙ٤‫ٝؿ‬
َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫ح٫ٓ٬ٓٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫كل٤ظش‬ ٍ‫أػخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٝحكيح‬ ‫ٗ٤جخ‬.

6. 6
ٍُُ‫انفهسط‬ ٍ‫انسُبس‬ ‫انفكر‬
ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٢ٛ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ‫ح٧ٍرؼ٤٘خص‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٕ‫ا‬(‫ٝ١٘٤ش‬ ٫)‫ُزش‬ٓ ْ٤ُ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،‫كِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ١‫أ‬
‫كـٔ٤غ‬ ،٢ُٔ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ٝح‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ‫ح٧كن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ َ‫ُِؼو‬ ‫ٝح٫ٗلظخف‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حَُؿزخص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼز٤َح‬ ٌَٗ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ‫ػخٍح‬ ٝ‫أ‬
‫هخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ،‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ٝحٗط٬هش‬ ‫حُٔظ٤٘خص‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ٓخىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫ح٧كِحد‬
ْٓ‫حُٔئ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫حُٔ٘٘ؤ‬١٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ١ٍُٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُلِد‬ ،٢ً‫ح٫ٗظَح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُزؼغ‬ ‫كِد‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ح٫ٓظيحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ
‫حُؼَد‬ ٖ٤٤ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ‫كًَش‬ ،ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ،٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢‫حُ٘٤ٞػ‬ ‫حُلِد‬ ،٢‫ح٫ؿظٔخػ‬.
ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫١َ٣وش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طَحٝكض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫آٌٗحى‬ ‫ٓخىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ،‫ػيس‬ ‫ٓٔخص‬ ٖٟٔ ،ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْٔ‫حط‬ ‫ُوي‬
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫١َٝكخطٜخ‬(٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ح‬)‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ٍٞٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ،ْ٤‫حُؼظ‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ِٕٝ‫حُٔو‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُٔيى‬ ٕٞ‫حُؼ‬ ‫٣ٔظٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
١‫حُٔظَى‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ َٛ‫حُِح‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔوخٍٗخص‬ ‫ػوي‬ َ‫ػز‬ ٫‫ا‬ ًٚ٘ٛ ٢٘٘٣ ٫ٝ ،‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬.
ٞٛٝ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ٝح‬(٢‫حُلِٔل‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ح‬)ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طظؼلق‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫ٝر٘ظَس‬ ٢‫حُلِٔل‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓل٤طٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞٓ٧‫ح‬ َٟ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ىٝٓخ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ُِظؼز‬ ‫حُٔليىس‬ ‫حُـخٓيس‬ ‫حُوٞحُذ‬ ّ‫ٝ٣ٔظوي‬ ،‫ٝحُٔظـ٤َحص‬ ‫حُـِث٤خص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢١‫حُظؼخ‬.
ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٝحٓخ‬(٢‫حُو٠خث‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ح‬)َ‫ػز‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحهق‬ ‫ٝحُلٞحىع‬ ‫ح٧ٗ٤خء‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬(ٌُْ‫ل‬ُ‫ح‬)‫ٛٞحد‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬
٫‫ٝٗٔخ‬ ‫٣ٔ٤٘خ‬ ‫ح٫طٜخٓخص‬ ‫ٝ٣ُٞع‬ ،٢‫هطؼ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ‫هطخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ٤‫ٝٗل‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ‫حُٜٞحد‬ ٝ‫ٝحكظَح‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤ٔ٘ش‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٓظِش‬ ٢ٛٝ ،
‫ٝٓغ‬ ٢ً‫ح٫ٗظَح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُزؼغ‬ ‫كِد‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫٣ي٣ٜخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ‫أٛزق‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ِّ٤ٓ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ْ٤‫ٍث‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٝحهٞح‬ ،ٖ٤٤‫حُ٘٤ٞػ‬2012.
‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫رخ٧ٛق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫أٓخ‬(٢‫حُٞحهؼ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ؾ‬)(13)
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ظليع‬ ٌَُ‫ح‬ ٕ٫ ‫َزؼيح‬‫ظ‬ُٔٓٝ ٬َ‫ل‬‫ـ‬ُٓ ٕ‫كٌخ‬(‫حُؼٞحرض‬)‫ٝحُؼٞحرض‬ ،(‫ٓويٓخص‬)،
‫كًَش‬ ‫حٗط٬هش‬ ‫ؿخءص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ،‫حُٔويٓخص‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫َٟٝد‬ ‫حُؼٞحرض‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫هَم‬ ‫رخُ٠ٍَٝس‬ َ٤‫حُٔظـ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢١‫ٝحُظؼخ‬(‫كظق‬)ّ‫ػخ‬
1965‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫اريحػخطٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ُٚ٬‫ه‬ ٖٓ ٠١‫طظؼخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ـخ‬ ‫حُظـخٍد‬ َ‫ػز‬ َ‫ٝحُٜو‬ ‫ٝح٩ريحع‬ ‫حُٔزخىٍس‬ ‫ٍٝٝف‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُلَحىس‬ ٖٓ ‫ُظٜ٘غ‬
ْٜ‫ُِل‬ ‫رخُ٠ٍَٝس‬ ‫هخٟؼش‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬ ‫اىحٍس‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬ ،‫حُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ٍ‫رٔويح‬ ‫ح٧ٛيحف‬ ّ‫ٝه٤خ‬ ‫ٝططٞ٣َٛخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ـِحص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫حُل‬ ‫رَٝف‬
‫طِي‬ ،‫حًٌٍُٔٞس‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ َ‫ٓخث‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخٍص‬ ٢‫ٝحهؼ‬ ٢ِٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫ٝٓويٍس‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ َٓ‫ُٝؼٞح‬ ‫حُٔظلظق‬
‫ٝحُؤٔ٤٘خص‬ ‫ح٧ٍرؼ٤٘خص‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أِٓل٘خ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫حُٞؿٞى‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.
‫حركت‬ ‫فكر‬(‫حًبس‬)
‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬ ‫كًَش‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ُْ(ّ‫كٔخ‬)٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔزخًٍش‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫ريء‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أػِ٘ض‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬ ‫ٍٛٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬
َ٣ُُٞ‫ح‬ َ٤ِ‫ه‬ َ‫حُزط‬ ‫حُوخثي‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫حُلـخٍس‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫حَُٛخ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ َ٤‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٜٓي‬(‫ؿٜخى‬ ٞ‫حر‬)‫كًَش‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ٍٝكخه‬(‫كظق‬).ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬
(ّ‫كٔخ‬)٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ُٝػظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حُز٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ظَٜص‬14/12/1987‫أؿ٘لش‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٘خف‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٛخىم‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أػِ٘ض‬ ‫ٝ٧ٜٗخ‬
‫أٗ٘ؤٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُلًَش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِءح‬ َ‫طؼظز‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫كلًَش‬ ٖ٤‫رلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬

7. 7
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬1928ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫حُٔ٤خٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَس‬ ٖٓ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َ‫٣٘ـظـو‬ ‫ٝريأ‬ ،َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬1939
ٌٖ٣ ٢‫كظل‬ ‫حُٔؼَٝف‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫حٌُخطذ‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ًٔخ‬(14)
.ّ‫ػخ‬ ّ‫حُوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُْٜ ‫كَع‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُٝ٤لظظق‬1945.‫ٓ٘خًٍش‬ ‫ٝرؼي‬
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬-َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٕ‫ٗؤ‬ ٚٗ‫ٗؤ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬(‫ٓ٘ظٔخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫هٞٓ٤ش‬ َ١‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫٧كِحد‬ ‫كَٝع‬
‫ٓلِ٤ش‬)‫كَد‬ ٢‫ك‬1948‫حُـٔخػش‬ ‫ػخٗض‬-ٖٓ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬)‫ٓـَ٣خص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ح٫رظؼخى‬ ْٜ‫ر‬ ‫حكظَٟض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٍ‫ٝح٫ٗظظخ‬ ‫ٝحُظَهذ‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ٍ‫٫ؿظَح‬ ًَُٕٞ‫ٝح‬ ‫رخ٧كيحع‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؤػ‬ َ‫حُلؼ‬1957ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬1987‫٣ٌٞٗٞح‬ ُْ ْٜٗ‫ح‬ ١‫أ‬ ،
‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫١ٞح‬-‫كًَش‬ ‫ٍأٜٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُِٔٔلش‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬ ْ‫ٗـ‬ ‫ٛؼٞى‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢ٛٝ(‫كظق‬)-٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َ‫حُظ‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٫‫ا‬
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫حٓظطخػض‬-ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫طؼِٔض‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ،ِٜ‫طـ٘ظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫كظَس‬)ٖ٤‫ُؼ٬ػ‬ ‫حٓظيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫ظٍٜٞٛخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٖ‫ُظؼ‬ ‫حُٔزخًٍش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ًخٗظلخٟش‬ ،‫ًٌُي‬ ٞٛٝ ،‫ػظ٤ٔخ‬ ‫ريح‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ِٜ‫ط٘ظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ،َ‫ح٧ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػخٓخ‬(‫ؿ٘خف‬
ٖ٤‫رلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫أؿ٘لش‬ ٖٓ)(15)
.
ٌَ‫ك‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ َٝ‫حُٔلظ‬ ٖٓ ٚٗ‫كخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫كٌَحٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬‫كًَش‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٞٛ
َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫رٔوَٛخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ًٝحص‬.
ًٍُ‫انخُظ‬ ٌ‫انسكى‬ ‫يرحهت‬
ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ا‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ‫رخُ٘و‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ُوٌف‬٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٢ٛ ،َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ،ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٝ‫أ‬
٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ َ‫حُلؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٕ‫ُلويح‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ،ٕ‫ٝحُ٘ٔ٤خ‬ ‫حُظِٔش‬ ‫ُٝح٣خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝرؼ٤يح‬ ،‫حُليع‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ‫هخٍؽ‬.‫ػخٗظٜخ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ‫اٜٗخ‬
‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ػي٣ي‬.
‫ٝرطجٜخ‬ ‫رؼوِٜخ‬ ٫‫ا‬ َ‫ط٘ؼ‬ ٫ٝ ،‫كُٞي‬ ٖٓ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝكٞحىع‬ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ٍَٝٔ‫ر‬ َ‫ط٘ؼ‬ ٫ ‫حٗي‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٖ٤‫طؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫رٜخ‬ ‫اكٔخٓي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ػِ٤ي‬ ‫ٝهٔٞطٜخ‬-‫ٝكؼخُ٤ظٜخ‬ ‫كًَ٤ظٜخ‬ ٖٟٔ ‫ٝؿٞىى‬ ّ‫ُؼي‬ ‫ٍرٔخ‬-‫ٓٞهلي‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٠ٗ‫ح٧ى‬ ٙ‫كي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٕٞ٣
ّ‫حُظ٘خإ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُلِع‬ ‫حُوٞف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ٝح٫ٗظظخ‬ ‫حُظَهذ‬ ‫ػوِ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخرؼخ‬ ‫ِٓز٤خ‬ ‫ٓٞهلخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ُلٞحىع‬ َٛ‫ٝحُظٞح‬ ‫حُٜ٤ٍَٝس‬ ‫ٟي‬
ٍ‫ٝح٫ٗؼِح‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞىحٝ٣ش‬.
ٖٓ ‫ؿِءح‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ٔزؾ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ،‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ‫رٌِٜ٘خ‬ ٍٞٓ٧‫ح‬ ‫ٝططٍٞحص‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬ ‫ٓـَ٣خص‬ ٍِّ‫ي‬‫ُو‬٣ ٫ ٌٙٛ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٝٗظخثـٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓويٓخطٜخ‬ ‫ِٝٓز٤خطٜخ‬ ‫رب٣ـخر٤خطٜخ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫٣و٤ٜٔخ‬ ٬‫ك‬ ًٖ‫حُٔخ‬ ٢‫حُِٔز‬ ٍٙٞ‫ٗؼ‬.،ٚ٣‫ُي‬ ‫ٗ٤جخ‬ ١ٝ‫طٔخ‬ ٫ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َ‫٣ظلخػ‬ ٫ ٚٗ٧ٝ
٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ١ ٖٓ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫آه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓٞهغ‬ ٖٓ ُٚ‫حٗظوخ‬ ٕ٫ ،‫أ٣٠خ‬ ٚ٤‫ٝك‬ ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ؿخء‬ ‫هي‬ ٢ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٫ ‫ٝهي‬
َ‫ػز‬ ٫‫ا‬ ١َ‫٣ـ‬ ٫ َ‫آه‬(‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬)ْ‫ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُــَحك‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ َ‫ػز‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ٗـو‬ ٍ‫حٗظوـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُلخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫طٔخٓخ‬
َ‫حُلؼـ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلًَـش‬ ّ‫ُٓخ‬ ‫٣ٔظـِي‬ ٫ٝ َ‫حُلخٟـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫٣ـي‬ ‫هي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٟٞغ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٞٛٝ ،َ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ِـش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ َ‫رظلخػ‬
‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫٣ظؼٜي‬ ‫هي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،٢ُ‫حُلخ‬ ٚ‫ُٔٞهؼ‬ ٚ‫أِٝٛظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ًَ ٌَٙ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ٢‫ك٤ٔو‬(‫حُؼٞؽ‬)ٝ‫أ‬(ٍ٬٠ُ‫ح‬)‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٍٜٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬
‫رٜخ؟‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ٖٓ ًٖ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫ًحى‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ٞٛ ،‫ٝطٜ٤جش‬ ‫ٝاػيحى‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ًَٔكِش‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬!‫آٌٗحى؟‬ ٚ‫ٝٛخٓ٘٤ظ‬ ٌٚٗٞٓٝ ٚ‫ِٓزـ٤ظـ‬ ْ‫ٍؿ‬ ،.!‫ٓخ‬ ٢‫رخُ٠ز‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
ٚ‫اكَحُحط‬ َ‫ٝآه‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬(‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬ ‫كًَش‬-ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٚ‫ر‬ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ْٛٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬.
ٌٖ٣ ُْ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٛ٘خػش‬ ٫ٝ‫ٓلخ‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬ ،‫حُٔلَ١ش‬ ‫ٝحُِٔز٤ش‬ َ‫ر‬ ٫ ،‫ٝحُٜخٓ٘٤ش‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ػخٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ػ٬ػ‬ ٖٓ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬
٢ٓ‫أٓخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫كخػ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ١‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ُٚ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٢‫ك‬.‫ى‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٗوخُق‬.‫ُلًَش‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫حػظز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ْٓ‫هخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔظخ‬ ‫ػزي‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)َٓ

8. 8
٫ٝ‫أ‬(ْ‫حُيػخث‬ ٖ٤‫ٝطٔظ‬ ‫حُٜخىة‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫رَٔكِش‬(1967-1976)(16)
‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ُلوظٜخ‬ َٟ‫ٝأه‬ ‫ٓزوظٜخ‬ ‫رٔ٘ٞحص‬ ‫كو٤وظٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٛ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫َٓكِش‬)ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫ٝح٫ٗ٘وخم‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وخم‬ ّ‫ٝحُ٤ؤ‬ ١‫ح٩كزخ‬ َٓ‫رؼٞح‬ ‫طؼؾ‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ‫أِٓل٘خ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رخُوَٝؽ‬
ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬.‫ى‬ ‫آٌٗحى‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٍٝ‫ٓٔئ‬ ٞٛ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ٝه‬.‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬.‫ى‬ ‫٣٠٤ق‬ ْ‫ػ‬.٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُٔظخ‬ ‫ػزي‬
ٌَ‫ُل‬ ٚ‫َٓكِظ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ٬‫رخ٩ػ‬ ‫حٗظٜض‬ ‫ٍٝحرؼش‬ ‫ػخُؼش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ػخٗ٤ش‬ ‫َُٔكِش‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)‫حؿظِحء‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫طخٍ٣وخ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫٣ٜ٘غ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ٝر‬
ٙ‫حٓٔخ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُلخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫طٔظلوٜخ‬ ٫ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝآزخؽ‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬(‫حُ٘٤ٞم‬ ‫ٓؼٌَٔحص‬)‫٫كوخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ َٝ‫ٓ٘ظؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ‫ٜٗخىحص‬ ٖٓٝ.
‫انخفسُر‬ ‫حبل‬
‫حُٔـظِأ‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ا‬-ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖٓ‫حُٜٞح‬ َٔٛ‫أ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ُِظخٍ٣ن‬-‫ٓغ‬ ‫ُٔؼط٤خص‬ ٟٜٞ‫ه‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫اػطخء‬ ‫رخُ٠ٍَٝس‬ ٢‫٣ٔظيػ‬
‫ٓظؼٔي‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ َ‫ح٧ًؼ‬ ٍ‫اؿلخ‬.ْ٤‫ُِظ٘ظ‬ ١ٌَٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٚ‫ُِظٞؿ‬ ‫ح٩ٍٛخٛخص‬ َ‫حػظز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ِٗح‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ٕ‫ٗؤ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٝٔخ‬
‫ٓغ‬ ‫حرظيأص‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬(‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔخؿي‬ ‫حٗظلخٟخص‬ ٍ‫اٗؼخ‬82،83٢‫ك‬ َ‫طظٔؼ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫ٛخثلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٍ‫هَح‬ ‫ػوذ‬ ‫ؿ٠زٜخ‬ ِٖ‫طؼ‬ ‫حُٔٔخؿي‬ ٖٓ ‫طوَؽ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ػخٍٓش‬ ‫ٓظخَٛحص‬1985-ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫٣وٜي‬
‫ٛ٘خ‬-ٞ‫َُك‬ ١َ٤ٛ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٢‫ؿٔخػ‬ ٜٝٞٗ ‫رؼِٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫ُِو٤خ‬ ‫ٝحٗظٜخُٛخ‬ ‫حُٔ٬ثٔش‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ‫ٝطَط٤ذ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٣ ٞ‫طؼ‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ‫رخػظٔخى‬
ٍ٬‫ح٫كظ‬).(17)
ٖٟٔ َ‫٣يه‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُٔطِٞرش‬ ‫رخُلخػِ٤ش‬ ‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْ َ١٧ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ُو٤خىس‬ ‫ح٧كيحع‬ ٚ‫طٜيه‬ ُْ ‫حىػخء‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
‫ى‬ ‫٣ٔٔ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ّ‫ح٧ٝٛخ‬ ‫ٛ٘خػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫حُٔـظِأس‬ ‫حُوَحءس‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٍٞٓ‫أ‬.‫رخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫٣يه‬ َٟ‫رخ٫ك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ،٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)َ‫حُ٘خؿ‬ َ‫حُ٘ـ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٝػٌَٔ٣خ‬ ‫ٝٓخُ٤خ‬ ‫ٝط٘ظ٤ٔ٤خ‬ ‫كٌَ٣خ‬ ‫حُيإٝرش‬ ‫ٝحُظٜ٤جش‬ ‫ح٩ػيحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ،ِّٞ‫ٓؼ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٝٔخ‬ ،‫ٓ٤ٔخ‬ ٫ٝ
َ‫حُٔير‬ َ‫ُِؼو‬(١َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ُِٜٝٞ٘)ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫حَُٛخ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿٜخى‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫حُوخثي‬ َ‫ػو‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُٔزخًٍش‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ١‫أ‬
َ‫حُيحه‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ٝحر٘خث‬ ٚ‫ٝحهٞط‬ ‫حُلـخٍس‬.
ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ْٛٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫كلخ‬ ‫كُٜٞخ‬ ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ‫ٝػظٔض‬ ‫ٓلٍٞح‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ُ٨كيحع‬ ‫حٗوطخػ٤ش‬ ‫روَحءس‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٍ‫ِٗح‬ ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ‫٣ظليع‬ ُْ
ٙ‫حٓٔخ‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫٣ٜٔي‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٖٓ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬(ٍ٬‫ح٫كظ‬ ٞ‫َُك‬ ١َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ُٜٝٞ٘‫ح‬)َ٤٘٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ى‬ ٚ‫ك٤ــــ‬.٢٣‫ه٤خى‬ ٖٓ ١ٍُٝ‫حُ٤خ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)‫حُٜ٘٤َس‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬ ٖٓ ّٞ٣ ‫رؼي‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫٣خ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ٍِ٘ٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ح٫ؿظٔخع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٢‫ك‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫كـَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬1987ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُ٘وخ‬ ٍ‫ىح‬(‫٩ػخٍس‬ ‫ٓٔخػيح‬ ٬ٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ح٩كخىس‬ ‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬
‫ؿٔخٛ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫رخكظـخؿخص‬ ّ‫ٝحُو٤خ‬ ‫ٝحُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ َ‫حُٔ٘خػ‬)(18)
.(‫؟‬!)
‫انخُظُى‬ ‫فكر‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ً‫األون‬ ‫انقراءة‬
‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫هَأص‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ً٘ض‬3
‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ْ‫أؿٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حٛي‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬1988ٍ‫أػخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ،
ٖٓ ‫حٗط٬هخ‬ ٚٓ‫طٔظوي‬ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ريأص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُوطخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٛ‫حُلخ‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ،ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝٗي‬ ٢ٛ‫حٗظزخ‬
ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٝر٤خٗخص‬ ‫حُٔ٤ؼخم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬.‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼٜٞىس‬ ‫ٝحُظِٜذ‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘يى‬ ‫حُـخٓيس‬ ‫حُوٞحُذ‬ ‫ٛ٤ؾ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬‫حُلٌَحٗ٤ش‬
3
20002013

9. 9
=(‫ح٧٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)‫رخُٞحهؼ٤ش‬ ٢‫طٞك‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٓطخ١٤ظٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝٓلخ‬ ‫ٛ٤ؾ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ،‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬(‫حُزَحؿٔخط٤ش‬)(19)
‫هطخد‬ ‫ريأ‬ ‫ٝحُظَٜ٣لخص‬ ‫ٝحُز٤خٗخص‬ ‫حُٔ٤ؼخم‬ ٖٓ ‫أؿِحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٞػع‬ ْ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظؼ‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ‫ػزخٍحص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٖٓ ٫‫ري‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ،‫ٝحَُٔٝٗش‬
‫٣طَكٜٞٗخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ح٧ٛيحف‬ ‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫َٝٓٝٗش‬ ٬ٛ‫طٔخ‬ ‫٣ٌظٔذ‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬.‫ى‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬.٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫ٗز‬ ٕ‫ػؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬
‫حُ٤ٜٞى‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُِٜق‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ٚ٣‫ٍأ‬(‫اٟؼخف‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬ ‫ٝحػ٤ش‬ ٚ٘ٓ‫ٓئ‬ ‫آ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫ه٤خىس‬ ‫طلض‬ ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬ ‫٣٘ظٔٞح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬
‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٍٝ٧ َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ح٫هظٜخى٣ش‬ ْٜ‫ٜٓخُل‬ ‫ٝطوَ٣ذ‬ ْٜ٤ِ‫ٓوخط‬ َ‫روظ‬ ‫حُ٤ٜٞى‬ ‫هٞس‬.‫هللا‬ ْٜ‫كٔ٤ؼٌر‬ ٫‫ٝا‬
‫ٗي٣يح‬ ْٜ٘٤‫ر‬ ْٜٓ‫رؤ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ـؼ‬)(20)
‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٞػ٢؟‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش؟‬ ‫حُو٤خىس‬ ٢ٛ ٖٓٝ ‫أٗلْٜٔ؟‬ ٕٞٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ًٝ٤ق‬ ‫٣وٜي؟‬ ٖ٤ِٔٔٓ ١‫كؤ‬
‫ٝحُظوَ٣ذ‬ َ‫رخُوظ‬ ‫حُٔوٜٞى‬...‫ٝٓ٤خٓخص‬ ‫ٝؿخ٣خص‬ ‫٧ٛيحف‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫طلظخؽ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َُ‫طز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ح٧ٓجِش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُن‬
ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫ٍٓخُش‬ ٚ‫طلظخؿ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫حُٔل٤ي‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝح٩١٬م‬ َ‫حُٔو‬ ْ٤ٔ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫طوز‬ ٫ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ٢‫ٝهط‬ ‫ٝحٓظَحط٤ـ٤خص‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ِْ‫حُٔـ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫حُـ‬ ٚ‫ىٍٝط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬19٢‫ك‬15/11/1988‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫أًيٝح‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬(‫رؼٔوٜخ‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ٢‫ٍر‬
‫حُٜخثِش‬ ‫ٝآٌخٗخطٜخ‬ ‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫ح٧ٓش‬ ‫١خهخص‬ ‫ك٘ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ،٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬(‫؟‬!)٠ٜ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُٔٔـي‬ َ٣َ‫طل‬ ‫ُٔؼًَش‬(‫؟‬!)َ‫ػز‬ ‫ًُٝي‬
َ‫حَُٔحك‬ ‫ٓليىس‬ ُْ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫هطش‬(‫؟‬!)(21)
‫٫كظض‬ ٢٘ٗ‫أ‬ ٍٞ‫أه‬-َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔخرو‬ ٖ٤ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌْ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬-‫ٓخ‬ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬
٢ٗ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ٌَ‫حُٔل‬ ُٚٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ْٜ‫٣وَر‬(ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬)ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٌٖ٣ ٢‫كظل‬(ٚ‫ٓزخىث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿٔيص‬ ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫حُٞحهؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَس‬)‫طؼز٤َحص‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬(‫كًَش‬( )ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؼ٤يح‬ ‫ٝططٍٞص‬ ‫ٝطـ٤َص‬ ‫طِح٣يص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٞحهؼ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهَ٣زش‬ ‫طٞك٤و٤ش‬
‫كًَش‬ ٍ‫ٌُٞحى‬ َ٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬ َ‫حُؼو‬ ًٍٚ‫ٝأى‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ َُٙ‫حك‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٝكن‬ ‫حُؼٞحرض‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬).
‫حُٞحٟلش‬ ‫رخ٫ٓظلخىس‬ ‫ح٫ٗطزخع‬ ٢‫طؼط‬ ‫ٝحُز٤خٗخص‬ ‫ُِٔ٤ؼخم‬ ٠ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ظَس‬ ٕ‫ا‬-‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كِٜض‬ ‫ري‬ ٫ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ٓخروخ‬ ‫أَٗٗخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
(٢ٔ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬)‫ُِـٔخػش‬-‫ُٞحء‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫حُٔ٘٠ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٍ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ٖٓ(ّ.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،(‫كظق‬)ٍ‫هخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫ى‬ ٢ٗ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ‫حُوخثي‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬.‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬(٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝكوخ‬ ،‫ٝح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٍ‫ه٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫ٓٔؼش‬ ‫حًظٔزض‬
٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼذ‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ١‫حُو٤خى‬ ًَُِٔ‫ح‬)(22)
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٓ٠٤لخ‬(٢‫ك‬ ‫أهلوض‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٝاًح‬ ،َٔ‫ٝطؼ‬ ٍ‫طزخى‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫أهطؤص‬ ‫كظق‬
‫حُٜيف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬"ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ َ٣َ‫طل‬"‫ٝحُؼ٘خء‬ َ٣‫رخُظوي‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫طلٔذ‬ ‫ح٩ٗـخُحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيىح‬ ‫كووض‬ ‫كوي‬.‫حُويٍس‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ًُٝي‬
‫ٝاٗ٘خء‬ ،٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ٟٞ‫ه‬ ‫طؼزجش‬ ٖٓ ‫طٌٜٔ٘خ‬ ‫ُلظق‬ ‫٣لظٔذ‬ ‫ًٌُي‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ ٢ٓٝ ‫حُظلَى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُويٍس‬ ،ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ّ‫اكٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫هيٍح‬ ‫ٝكَٟض‬ ،ٚ‫رٌحط‬ ٚٓ‫اكٔخ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼذ‬ ‫أػخىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬
‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬.(23)).
‫كًَش‬ ‫ُٔ٤ؼخم‬ ٠ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ظَس‬ ٕ‫ا‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)‫كًَش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ٖٓ ٚ٤‫ُٞحٟؼ‬ ‫حُٔليٝىس‬ ُٞٝ ‫رخ٫ٓظلخىس‬ ‫ح٫ٗطزخع‬ ٢‫طؼط‬(‫كظق‬)َ‫ػز‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ى‬ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ‫أكي‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬.،ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫ٝحُظـيى‬ ‫ٝحَُٔٝٗش‬ ‫ٝح٫ٗلظخف‬ ‫كخُٞحهؼ٤ش‬ ،‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
‫كًَش‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫ٝٓٔض‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ١‫حػظوخى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظـَ٣ز٤ش‬(‫كظق‬)‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ُ٘٠خ٫ص‬ ‫هخثيس‬ ٕ٥‫ح‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ‫ػخٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ػ٬ػ‬ ٖٓ َ‫٫ًؼ‬ ‫ٝؿؼِٜخ‬
٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬.ٚ‫١َكظ‬ ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫حُٔزخًٍش‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫ر٤خٗخطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٜٙٞٗ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ‫طوَؽ‬ ِْ‫ك‬(‫كظق‬)٢‫ك‬
‫ٝحُٔوخ١زش‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤خؿش‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫١َم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬ ‫حىر٤خطٜخ‬.
‫ا‬‫ٝػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫ح٫هظزخٓخص‬ ٌٙٛٝ ،‫ح٫ٓظلخىس‬ ٌٙٛ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫طليع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔلَف‬ ُٖٔ ٚٗ(َُّ‫ؼ‬ٔ‫حُظ‬)‫رخُ٘ظ٤ـش‬ ٌََُِّ٘‫ط‬ٝ ،ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫ٝطـخٍد‬ ٍ‫٧كٌخ‬
ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٍ‫ٌُٞحى‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُوِل٤ش‬(٢‫ٝك‬ ‫ح٧ُٝ٤ش‬ ‫حُظٍٜٞحص‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫أٓٔ٤٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫طِي‬
‫حُؼخٗٞ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ح٧ك٤خ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬)‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طلخػِٞح‬ ٍ‫١ٞح‬ ّ‫أػٞح‬ ٍ‫ٓيح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬(‫كٌَ٣خ‬)ٝ‫٣زي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬-َ‫حُلؼ‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ْٛ‫رؼي‬ ْ‫ٍؿ‬-‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬

10. 10
(٢ٔ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬)ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓغ‬(ٌ‫حُٔظ٘ل‬)ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ ِْ‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬(ٌ‫حُٔظ٘ل‬)‫كًَش‬ ‫طلذ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٍ‫حُ٤ٔخ‬ ‫ٝط٘ظ٤ٔخص‬
‫كًَش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫طٜق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫هزِٜخ‬(‫كظق‬).
‫حٗظوخم‬ ٖٓ َٜ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫أٛزق‬ ‫ُوي‬"ّ‫كٔخ‬"٢ٗ٬ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫ُلٌَٛخ‬(=٢‫حُزَحؿٔخط‬)٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِٔطش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حٓظ٤٬ثٜخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫كظق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٖٓ
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ؿِس‬2007‫ى‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ه٤خىحطٜخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫أكخى٣غ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػخرظخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ـخ‬.‫ٍى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ‫أؿٜيص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٍ‫حُِٛخ‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬"ّ‫ح٫طٜخ‬"‫ُٜخ‬
‫كظق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬2ُٕ‫أرٞٓخ‬ ْ٤‫َُِث‬ َ‫ٓ٘ؼ‬ ‫هخُي‬ ٚ‫ٓ٘ل‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ٬ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٞ٣ٞ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫ٓ٤ٔخ‬ ٫ ،‫ُحثيس‬ ‫ى٣٘٤ش‬ ‫رٜزـش‬ ‫كظق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٜٔخُلش‬ ‫ٓزخكؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬2012‫أٛزق‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝػيى‬ َ‫ٓ٘ؼ‬ ٍ‫حهَح‬ َ‫اػ‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ُٔيس‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫رخُظلَى‬
‫د‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬(‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٞحرض‬)‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫ح٫ٓ٬ٓٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬ ‫ه٬كخص‬ ‫حكيع‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،.
‫انفهسطُُُت‬ ‫انجًبهُر‬ ‫حركت‬
‫١َكض‬ ‫ُوي‬‫كًَش‬(‫كظق‬)‫حُٔ٘ظٔخص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫حُ٘خٍع‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ؼخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫هخىص‬ ‫كٌَح‬ ‫ٟٝٝؼض‬ ،‫طـخٍد‬ ‫ٝهخٟض‬ ،ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬
‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝأٜٗخ‬ ،٢٘٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢٘١ٝ َ٣َ‫طل‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫كطَكض‬ ،ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫ٝكًَش‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬
٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬.٠٘‫طظز‬ ٫ٝ ‫كٌَح‬ ‫طٜ٘غ‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝرٌح‬ ‫ؿزٜش‬ ٫ٝ ‫كِرخ‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬‫كٌَحٗ٤ش‬(=‫أ٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬)(‫كِر٤ش‬)‫كًَش‬ ٚ‫ٍىىط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،
(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ِ٤٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ْٜ٤٤‫ٝٓٔ٤ل‬ ْٜ٤ِٔٔٓ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫٫كوخ‬(24)
‫كًَش‬ ‫١َٝكخص‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫ٓٔظؼ٤َس‬(‫كظق‬).
‫١َف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ْ‫ٍؿ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٕ٫ ‫حُٔزخًٍش‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٍ‫ح٫ٗلؼخ‬ ‫ؿَٔس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُُش‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢٘‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ًٌَُ‫ح‬ ‫ح٥ٗق‬
َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُي٣خٗخص‬ ‫أٛلخد‬ ‫حٗظٔخء‬ َ‫طوز‬ ٫ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،‫ُٜخ‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ‫ُ٨ػ٠خء‬ ‫ٓليىس‬ ‫ٓٞحٛلخص‬ ١َ‫ط٘ظ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬(‫حُٔخىس‬ ‫طَحؿغ‬4
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٪هٞح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ٖٓ)(25).
‫كًَش‬ ‫طَٜ٣لخص‬ ‫ٝر٤خٗخص‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظ٠ٔ٘ش‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٌخ‬ َٔ‫ُٔـ‬ َٝ‫ٗظؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫َٗ٣ي‬ ٫ٝ(ّ‫كٔخ‬)‫اٗخٍحص‬ َ٤٘ٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٞى‬ ‫ٝحٗٔخ‬
‫طليى‬(‫ح٫ٓظلخىس‬)ْ‫ٍؿ‬ ‫ؿٜش‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ٖٓ(٬ٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓظٔخٌٓخ‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫أ٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫رَٗخٓـخ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٫ ‫حُٔ٤ؼخم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ّ َ‫كٜخث‬ ‫رَحٓؾ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُلًَخص‬ ‫ح٧كِحد‬ ‫رَحٓؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫رخُٔوخٍٗش‬.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)(26)ٟ‫ٓي‬ ‫ُٝ٘ليى‬(‫حُزَحؿٔخط٤ش‬)
‫حُٔ٤ؼخم‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٬كوش‬.
ٖٓ ٙ‫ًٔٞح‬ ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫ٍح٣ش‬ ‫رٌُي‬ ‫٣َكغ‬ ٖٓ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ِْٔٓ ٚٗ٧ٝ ٚٓ٬ٓ‫ا‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٞ‫رـ‬ ِْٔٓ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫رخُٜ٘خىط‬ ‫ٜٗي‬ ٖٓ ًَ ٕ‫ح‬
‫ٝحُٔ٘ظٔخص‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخػخص‬ ‫ح٧كَحى‬4
‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ر٘لٜٔخ‬ ‫ٍأص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬ ،(ٖٓ َ‫ٗز‬ ًَ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ٍح٣ش‬ ‫ٍكغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬
ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬)(27)‫ٌُح‬(ٚ‫رٜ٤َط‬ ‫ػٔ٤ض‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓ٘خَٛطٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٛللخ‬ ‫َٟٝد‬ ،‫كوٜخ‬ ‫ؿٔطٜخ‬ ٖٓٝ ،‫ريٍٝٛخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼظَف‬ ،‫هيٍٛخ‬ ٍ‫٣وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬
ٍ‫حُوي‬ ٍ‫٣ـخى‬ ًٖٔ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ْٔ١ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كخؿظٜي‬...‫ٓزن‬ ُٖٔ ‫ٝحُٔخروش‬)(28)‫حٌُزَ٣خء‬ ‫ٍحثلش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼزخٍحص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٔ٠‫طظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
٢٘ٔ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫رخُظٜي٣ي‬ ‫حُِٔٔٝؿش‬5
ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜٞحد‬ ٍ‫حكظٌخ‬ ‫ٝٓلخٝ٫ص‬ ‫حُـٔٞى‬ ‫رخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طيه‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٗؼَ٣ش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿخص‬ ٖٟٔ ‫كبٜٗخ‬ ،
‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤ٔخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ًؼ٤َح‬(‫ح٫ٓ٬ٓٞ٣ش‬)٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝحهظ٬كٜخ‬ ‫طؼيىٛخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬(٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ٌَُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٍٜٞ‫ط‬"‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬
4
5
2013

11. 11
‫حُلٌٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝح٧ؿِٜس‬"٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٫ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ٙ٬‫حُو‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ْ‫ىحث‬ ‫َٛحع‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ١‫ٝرخ‬ ‫كن‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬"ْٜ٣‫أ٣ي‬.")(29)‫ٌُُي‬ َ٤٘٣ ‫ًٔخ‬
٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ٌَ‫حُٔل‬.
‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٞحٍىس‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُٜ٤خؿخص‬ ٕ‫ح‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)َٓ‫ًخ‬ َ٣َ‫ٝطل‬ ،‫حُيُٝ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔئطَٔحص‬ ،‫حُِٔٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔزخىٍحص‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬ ٖٓ
‫حُـٜخى‬ ‫ٝحػظٔخى‬ ،٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫حُظَحد‬(‫حُِٔٔق‬ ‫حٌُلخف‬)‫كِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ َ‫ىٝحث‬ ‫ُؼ٬ػش‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫رخُو٠٤ش‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ َ‫حُيٝحث‬ ْ٤ٔ‫ٝطو‬ ،
‫ٝحٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝػَر٤ش‬...َ‫كٜخث‬ ‫ٝطلخػ٬ص‬ ‫ٝطـخٍد‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ‫ه٬ٛش‬ ٖٓ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫حُن‬(ّ.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُـي٣ي‬ َ٠‫ك‬ ٫ٝ ‫ػٔٞٓخ‬
ْ٣‫هي‬.‫كًَش‬ ‫ؿٔي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬ ‫َٝٛحػخص‬ ٫‫١ٞح‬ ‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ُِ٘ظ‬ ‫حُِٔلض‬ ٌُٖٝ(‫كظق‬)َ‫ٝكٜخث‬(ّ.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)٢١‫حُظؼخ‬ َ‫ُظوز‬
‫كو٢؟‬ ‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ‫ُز٠غ‬ َ‫حُٔوخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٖٓ ‫حكظخؿض‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ٍِٞ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓغ‬!ْ٤ِ‫ٝحُظؼ‬ ‫ؿٜش‬ ٖٓ ْٜ٠‫ُزؼ‬ ٕٞ‫حُٔـ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٕ‫ًٝؤ‬
٠ٔٔ٣ ‫رٔخ‬ ‫حُـخ٣خص‬ ‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخثؾ‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫حُ٘لؼ٤ش‬ َ‫طوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػٔوخ‬ ْٛ‫أػطخ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٝحُـَد‬ ٢‫حُٔ٘خك‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫كًَش‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫هزِض‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ُْٜٞ‫هز‬ ٍ٬‫ه‬ ٖٓ ‫حُزَحؿٔخط٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رخُٞحهؼ٤ش‬(‫كظق‬)ٍ‫حُ٘٠خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔكِ٤ش‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ٓخروخ‬.‫ٓلٔي‬ ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫ِٗح‬(٢ِ٤‫ح٩َٓحث‬ ٝ‫رخُؼي‬ ‫ح٫ػظَحف‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٌُٖٝ ٢ِ‫َٓك‬ َ‫ك‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٖ‫ٗل‬…٢ِ٤‫آَحث‬ ‫حٗٔلخد‬ ١‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫ٗؼخ‬ ٫ ‫أٗ٘خ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،
َ٤‫ربَٓحث‬ ‫ح٫ػظَحف‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ‫َٗ٣طش‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖٓ)(30)ٞ‫ُ٤٘خه‬ ٍ‫ِٗح‬ ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ‫ػخى‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٛيم‬ ٢ِ‫حَُٔك‬ َ‫ُِل‬ ُٚٞ‫هز‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
َ‫حًؼ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫٣خ‬ ‫حكٔي‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ،َ‫رخ٥ه‬ ‫حػظَحف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖٔ‫ػ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ْ‫ط‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٗٔلخد‬ ٫ ٕ٫ ّ‫ح٧ٝٛخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٠١‫ٝ٣ظؼخ‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬
ٚ‫١َك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝٞكخ‬(٢‫حُزَحؿٔخط‬)ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؼيح‬ َ‫ٝحًؼ‬(‫ػٞحرض‬)َ٤‫آَحث‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٚٗ‫ٛي‬ ‫حطلخم‬ ‫طٞه٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓخٗؼخ‬ ‫٣ـي‬ ٫ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٤ؼخم‬
"‫ٖ؟‬َٓ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓ٤ٞهغ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ‫رخُ٠ٍَٝس‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫رخُطَف‬ ‫٣ؼظَف‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬"!ٖٓ َ٤‫آَحث‬ ‫ط٘ٔلذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١َ٘‫ر‬ ‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫ػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤٘ٓ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ُٔيس‬
‫كيٝى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ؿِس‬ ‫ٝهطخع‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُ٠لش‬1967َٙ٤ٜٓ َ٣َ‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُخِٓش‬ ٚ‫كَ٣ظ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ٝ٣ظَى‬ ،١َٝٗ ٕٝ‫ري‬
ِٚ‫ٝٓٔظوز‬.(31).
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ؿِس‬ ‫هطخع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٤طَطٜخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫رُٜٔٞش‬ ‫ٓخُض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ْ‫ٍٝؿ‬2007‫ٝحُٔ٤طَس‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٫‫ح‬
‫أكَُص‬ ‫هي‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٜٔخُق‬ ًٞ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫َٝٛحػخص‬3‫ٗٔخًؽ‬:‫ٝػخُؼخ‬ ،‫هِوش‬ ‫ٓوخٝٓش‬ ‫ًٝٗٔٞؽ‬ ،‫ٌٝٓزِش‬ ‫كخط٘ش‬ ‫ٓلِ٤ش‬ ‫ِٓطش‬ ‫ًٗٔٞؽ‬ ٢ٛ
،ّ‫كٔخ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫ٌِٝٗض‬ ‫ؿٜش‬ ٖٓ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٢ِ‫حُيحه‬ ‫ح٫ٗ٘وخم‬ ‫طؼٔ٤ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫أٜٓٔض‬ ،‫كخُٔش‬ ‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ِٗػش‬
٢ٗ٬ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠‫حُٔ٘ل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ُْ ١َ٣‫رظوي‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬(٢‫حُزَحؿٔخط‬)ٖ٤٤ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫ُوخىطٜخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬.
ًٍُ‫انًسه‬ ٌ‫اإلخىا‬ ‫فكر‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫انخغُُر‬-ٍُُ‫انفهسط‬ ‫انخُظُى‬
ٌَ‫ُل‬ ٠ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫حُوَحءس‬ ٕ‫ا‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)،ِٕٞ‫حُظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫هيٍط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٟق‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٍ‫٣ٔظي‬‫ٓظ٠خٍرش‬ ‫ٓٞحهق‬ ً‫ٝحطوخ‬
‫كًَش‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ٖٓ ‫أَٗٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٝحٓظلخىط‬ ‫حُ٠ـٞ١خص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚ‫ٝطلخػ‬(‫كظق‬)‫ٝٓٔ٤َس‬(ّ.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)‫ٓغ‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حكظَحهخ‬ ٌَ٘٣ ‫ٝرٔخ‬
‫ػٞحرض‬(ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬)‫ػٞحرض‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬(‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬)‫كًَش‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬).
ٖٓ ‫ٓظؤهَس‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫ىػخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ،ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ‫أٓزخد‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ‫َٗؿغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫اٗ٘خ‬
ٞ‫ؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خرش‬ ْٜ‫ًخىٍحط‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ‫حٗظلخٟش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ،‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ًَُذ‬ ‫٣٘٠ٔٞح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬(ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬)‫ٝحُِٔز٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُزٌخء‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫طٔ٤ِص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُظَهذ‬1948ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػخرض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٫ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬ ‫كًَش‬-‫حُِٔٔق‬ ‫ٌُِلخف‬ ٚ‫ٓٔخٍٓظ‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬(٢‫ك‬

12. 12
‫ؿِس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬ ْ٤‫ُػ‬ ،‫ػٞىس‬ ِ٣ِ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ػزي‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓوخرِش‬24/4/1987ّ)(32)‫طلض‬ ‫ِٓٔق‬ ‫ًلخف‬ ‫ًلًَش‬ ٍْٜٛٞ‫ظ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
ْٓ‫ح‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ّ‫ػخ‬1987ّ٠ُٝ٧‫ح‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ َ‫حػ‬.‫ى‬ ُٚٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ٗٔظل٤ي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ًٖ‫ٝحُٔخ‬ ٢‫حُٔلز‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫ط٘و٤ٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬.
ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٚ‫ؿٞحٗز‬ ‫رؤكي‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٍٝ‫ٓٔئ‬ ‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬
‫ٓٞهق‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬(٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ِٝٓز٤ش‬ ٌٕٞٔ‫ر‬ ‫حٍطزخ١خ‬ ‫ٝطَهذ‬ ‫ِٝٓز٤ش‬ ٌٕٞٓ)(33)
‫ٓ٠٤لخ‬(‫ٓلظخف‬ ‫طِٔي‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ه٘خػش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓ٘ٔـٔخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٍ٣ذ‬ ٫ٝ
ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ َ٣َ‫طل‬(‫؟‬!)ُْٜ ‫طٌ٘ق‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫أٓخ‬–ٍ‫ح٫ٗظظخ‬ ٖٓ َٕ‫ه‬ ‫ٍرغ‬ ٍ٬‫ه‬–١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ١‫أ‬ ُ‫اكَح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ِ‫ػـ‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٚ‫ِٝٛظ‬1951ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫كوي‬ ،ٕ‫ُ٪هٞح‬ ‫طؤ٣٤يح‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ‫ٛخٍص‬ ‫حُ٘ؼٞد‬ ٫ٝ ‫طلٍَص‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٫ٝ ‫هخٓض‬ ‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ٫ ٚٗ‫ٝح‬ ،
‫حُٔٞحء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٠ُ‫ٝح‬ ،ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ‫أٛيحف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ِْٜٛٞ٣ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣زلؼٞح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ْٜ٤ِ‫ػ‬.ُْٛٞ‫ح‬ ٍ٬‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُّٞ٘‫ح‬ ‫ك٠ِٞح‬ ٌُْٜ٘ٝ
‫ٓٔئُٝ٤ش‬ ‫أ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ٕٞ‫ٓؼل‬ ِْٜ‫٣ـؼ‬ ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬ ْٜ‫حٗظٔخر‬ ‫ٓـَى‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ‫كخه٘ؼٞٛخ‬ ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬ ‫ٝؿخُطٞح‬.ْٜٓ٬ٔ‫حٓظ‬ ٍَٕٝ‫ك٤ز‬ ‫حَُٔس‬ ‫حُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ‫أٓخ‬
ٍ‫حُوظخ‬ ٖ٤٘ٓ‫حُٔئ‬ ‫هللا‬ ٠‫ًٝل‬ ‫كٌٔش‬ ‫ٍٝحثٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫هلل‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ،‫هللا‬ ‫اٍحىس‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ َٓ‫حُوخ‬)(34)٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫طؼ‬ ‫كو٤وش‬ ‫حُـٔخػش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫كِوي‬ ‫اًح‬
‫ًخىٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ‫حٗظلخٟش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٟٗ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ،‫ٝطٜ٤جش‬ ‫اػيحى‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْٝ ‫ٝٓٞحص‬ ّٞٗٝ ‫ٝٓـخُطخص‬ ْٛٝٝ ٌٕٞٓ
(ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬)ٚ‫ًحط‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ،َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَٕٝ‫ٝ٣ل‬ ‫ؿِث٤خ‬ ُٞٝ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ُٝ‫طـخ‬ ُٕٞٝ‫٣لخ‬ ْٜ‫ؿؼِظ‬ ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔظؼ‬
ٝٞ‫حُو‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬ ،‫حُلٌَس‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ‫ٓ٘طِن‬ ٖٓ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ْ٣‫ٝطوي‬ ّ‫ح٧ٝٛخ‬ ‫ٛ٘خػش‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫٣زي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔظـ٘ٞح‬ ُْ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌُْٜ٘ٝ
‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫ح٧ٓؼِش‬ ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ػزَٗخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظِأ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫ح٫ٗوطخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُوَحءحص‬ َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْٜ‫ُٝـٞث‬ ،ْٛ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬.
‫االَقطبػُت‬ ‫وانقراءة‬ ‫انًجخزأ‬ ‫انخفسُر‬
‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخرؼش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ٍٞ‫طو‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬):(‫حُـِٝس‬ ‫ٓٞحؿٜش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬ ‫كِوخص‬ ٖٓ ‫كِوش‬ ‫ح٩ٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣‫حُٔـخٛي‬ ٚٗ‫ٝاهٞح‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫رخٗط٬هش‬ ٢‫ٝطَطز‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫حُٜٜ٤ٞٗ٤ش‬1936٢٠ٔ‫ٝط‬ ،
ّ‫ػخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝؿٜٞى‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝح٩هٞح‬ ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ؿٜخى‬ ْ٠‫ط‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫رلِوش‬ ٢‫ُظَطز‬1948ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬ ‫حُـٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ،
ّ‫ػخ‬1968ٙ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،)(35)‫؟‬!!
‫حُٔخىس‬ ُٚٞ‫طو‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬7‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٖٓ(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٞٛ ٚ‫ر‬ ْٔ‫طظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ َ‫حه‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٟ٘ٓ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)‫حُٔـظِأ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظل‬
‫ح٫ٗوطخػ٤ش‬ ‫رخُوَحءس‬ ‫ُِظخٍ٣ن‬!‫حُٔخىس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ُوَحءس‬ ‫ٓ٘ؼٞى‬ ‫ًُي؟‬ ًَ ‫ُٔخًح‬(‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬)‫هي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫ػخٗ٤ش‬ ‫هَحءس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َِِ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٢ُٔ٘
‫ػ٬هخص‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوٜٞىس‬ ‫حُؼ٬هخص‬ ْٜ‫طل‬(‫كؼِ٤ش‬)‫حٓظيحىح‬ ْٜ‫٣ل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ،‫ػ٠ٞ٣خ‬ ‫ط٘ظ٤ٔ٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كٌَ٣خ‬ ‫حٓظيحىح‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬(‫ٓؼ٘ٞ٣خ‬)
‫حُويحع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔوٜٞى‬ َ٤ِ٠‫ُِظ‬ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫ٓٔخكش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٖ٤‫حُلخُظ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ٕٝ‫٣َ٣ي‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫ُ٬٣لخء‬ ‫ٍرٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،.
ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)‫حُلِوش‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٓخ‬ ،ْٜٔ‫أٗل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ُٚٗٞٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫كٌٜح‬ ‫حُٜٜ٤ٞٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُـِٝس‬ ‫ٓٞحؿٜش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬ ‫كِوخص‬ ٖٓ ‫كِوش‬(َٜ‫طظ‬
ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫رخٗط٬هش‬ ٢‫ٝطَطز‬)ٖ٤ِٔٔٓ ٕ‫ًبهٞح‬ ْٜ١‫حٍطزخ‬ ‫طوٜي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫طٞك‬ ‫هي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ِش‬ِِ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ ،‫حُؼزخٍس‬ ٌٙٛ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬
‫ػزخٍس‬ ٍَٔٗ ُٖ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫ًُي‬ ‫ُظل٘٤ي‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٞهق‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوخثي‬ ‫رخُٜ٘٤ي‬(ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣‫حُٔـخٛي‬ ٚٗ‫ٝاهٞح‬)ٝ(ّ‫ػخ‬
1936)ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُؼزخٍس‬ ٢‫طٞك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫طوٜي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬(ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ػٜزش‬)ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٖٓ(‫؟‬!)‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝح‬ ُْٜ ٕ‫ٝح‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬1936(‫؟‬!).
ٍٞ‫طو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٬كوش‬ ‫حُؼزخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓلؼُٜٞخ‬ ٢‫طؼط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ح٫ٗوطخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُوَحءس‬ َ٤ِ٠‫ُِظ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫ٗظَى‬ ُٖٝ(....ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ؿٜخى‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝؿٜٞى‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝح٩هٞح‬1948)(‫؟‬)!ٖٓ ٕٝ‫٣٘خء‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍٕٝ‫٣وظخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ٞحص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ‫رخُظ٘و‬ ‫ا١٬هخ‬ ُْٜ ‫كن‬ ٬‫ك‬ ‫ٝأ٣٠خ‬
ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ْ٤‫ُِظ٘ظ‬ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ‫ً٤ق‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫ٟٓ٘ٞق‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫ُِظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢ٓ‫ح٧ٓخ‬ ‫حُٔلَى‬ ‫ًٝؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝ٣٠ؼٜٞٗخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحهق‬ ‫حُلٞحىع‬

13. 13
ٙٞٔٓ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬(ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬ ‫حُـٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬1968)(‫؟‬)!‫أٓخ‬(ٙ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬)‫ُيٍؿش‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ٚ٤‫طِو‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬
ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ه٤خىحص‬ ٟٚ٘ٔ ٖٓٝ َٙٓ‫رؤ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫٣ٌَ٘ٛخ‬ ُْ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ربٗـخُحطٜخ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ُ٘٠خ٫ص‬ ‫ح٩ٓلخف‬
‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطط‬ ٞٔٗٝ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬ ‫َٝٓكِش‬ ،ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬(ٙ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬)‫ُٜخ‬ َٝ‫ٗظؼ‬ ُٖ.ٖٓ ‫حُٔ٘ٞحص‬ ‫أٓوطض‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ٝحٓخ‬1968-
1987‫كًَش‬ ‫ٗ٘ٞء‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُظخٍ٣ن‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٕٞ‫٣يػ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫ٓلـَس‬(‫؟‬!)‫ح٧م‬ َ٣َ‫طو‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓوطؼخ‬ ‫ٍٗٞى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤ٌل٤٘خ‬
‫ؿٜخى‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ‫حُوخثي‬(‫حُلـخٍس‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫حَُٛخ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬)‫ُـ‬ ١ًَُِٔ‫ح‬ ِْ‫ُِٔـ‬ ّ‫حُٔوي‬(ّ.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)ٚ‫كوَحط‬ ‫أكي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ك٤غ‬(‫ٝػٞىس‬
َ‫أًظٞر‬ َٜٗ ٌ٘ٓ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ ‫َٜٗح‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ح٧ٍرؼش‬ ‫ٝهخثغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬1986‫كخُش‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٖ٤‫طؼ‬ ‫حُِلظش‬ ٌٙٛ ٠‫ٝكظ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫هَ٣ق‬ ٖٓ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رٌحًَط٘خ‬ ‫ُٝ٘ؼي‬ ،‫ٝحٓغ‬ ١َ٤ٛ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٕ‫ؿِ٤خ‬1986‫ٓلخٍرش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫طلـَص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،
‫ر٬١ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝٓو‬ ،‫ر٤َُ٣ض‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٜٗيحء‬ ‫أٍرؼش‬ ٢‫ٓو‬ ّٞ٣ٝ ،َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ‫ُٔ٘ظٔش‬ ‫ري٣ِش‬ ‫ه٤خىس‬ ‫ٝاهخٓش‬ ‫هِن‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ‫رَٗخٓؾ‬.‫ٗؼز٘خ‬ َ‫ٝظ‬
‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ٍُٜٞ٘‫ح‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُ٘٠خ‬ ٍ‫أٌٗخ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜ٘غ‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬....ٕ‫أ‬ ًٌَ‫ُٝ٘ظ‬39ٝ ‫ٜٗ٤يح‬48‫ٓوطٞح‬ ‫ؿَ٣لخ‬
‫ح٧ه٤َس‬ ‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ،‫ٗؼز٘خ‬ ‫أر٘خء‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣َٛ‫حُٔظظخ‬ ‫ٟي‬ ٍ٬‫ح٫كظ‬ ٖ٤‫ؿ‬ ٙ‫رَٛخ‬)(36)‫ٓ٠٤لخ‬(‫ح٫ٗظلخٟش‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٚ‫ٝطـخٍر‬ َٙ‫ٝػز‬ ٍٚٓٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫حُ٘٠خُ٤ش‬ ٚ‫طَحًٔخط‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٛ‫حُٔظٞح‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُ٘٠خ‬ َٔ‫ُٔـ‬ ‫طظٞ٣ـخ‬ ‫ؿخءص‬)(37)
ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ٝٓ٠٤لخ‬
(ٌُٜٙ ‫١ز٤ؼ٤خ‬ ‫ٗظخؿخ‬ ‫ؿخءص‬ َ‫ر‬ ،‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫حُطٞ٣ِش‬ ‫حُ٘٠خُ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤َس‬ َٔ‫ٓـ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٘لِٜش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓوطٞػش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْ
ّ ‫طوٞىٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤َس‬.‫ص‬.‫ف‬)(38)‫كًَش‬ َٔ‫ٝػ‬ َ٤ٌ‫طل‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حُٔظٌخِٓش‬ ‫حُوَحءس‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٌٌٛح‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)...
‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخرؼش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫١َك٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔليىس‬ ‫حُظٔخإ٫ص‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫ٓ٘ظوٌٛخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬(َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬)
٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٗو‬:
‫أوال‬:‫ٝكًَش‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ا١٬هخ‬ ٢‫ٍحر‬ ٫(‫حُـٜخى٣ش‬)ٝ‫أ‬(ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ػٜزش‬)َ٤ِ‫حُـ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫أٜٓٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬(39)٢‫ك‬ ‫ك٤لخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ُٚٞٛٝ ٌ٘ٓ5/2/1922ّ‫ػخ‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫ُٝي‬ ‫ُوي‬ ‫ُٔخًح؟‬ ٍٞ‫ٗو‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ُٔخًح‬
1871َّ٣‫طوي‬ َُ‫أر‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٛخُق‬ ‫ػٍٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢َٔٗ‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫ٟي‬ ‫هٞٓ٤خ‬ ٫‫ٗ٠خ‬ ٝ‫ٝهخ‬ ‫ٍٓٞ٣خ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿزِش‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ك٤لخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُٜٜخ٣٘ش‬ ِ٤ِ‫ح٫ٗـ‬ ‫ُٔوخٍػش‬ َ‫حٗظو‬ ‫ٍٓٞ٣خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫رخ٫ػيح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ‫ٝػ٘يٓخ‬ ،‫ٝحُ٘ٞحف‬ ٢ِ‫حُؼ‬
ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حُ٘زخ‬ ‫ُـٔؼ٤ش‬ ٫ٝ‫ٝٓٔئ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٍ٬‫ح٫ٓظو‬ ‫ُٔٔـي‬ ‫آخٓخ‬ ‫حٛزق‬.‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫أٓخ‬(40)(٢‫ك‬ ‫حُُٔٞٞى‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٔلٔٞى٣ش‬1906َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬)‫ؿٔخػش‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ِٖ‫أػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،‫ح٩ػيحى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍّ‫٣ي‬ ٍِ٣ ُْ ٕ‫كٌخ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬1928‫حُـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬22ٚ‫طـَرظ‬ َ‫٣٘و‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ،َٙٔ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ
ٍٝ‫أ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٜلٞف‬ ٍٙٝ ٞ٣َ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫رخُظؼزجش‬ ‫ٓزظيءح‬ ٖ٤‫ُلِٔط‬ ‫ٍٓٞ٣خ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬
ٕ‫كٌخ‬ ‫ٝحُـ٘ٔ٤خص‬ ‫حُطٞحثق‬ ‫ٝكيس‬ ‫ؿٔي‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ،‫ٝح٫طٜخ٫ص‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤ٌِ٤ش‬ ِ٤ٜ‫حُظـ‬ َٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬ ٢٘٤‫كِٔط‬ ١ٍٞ‫ػ‬ ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬
ٌَٔ٣ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ؿٔخػظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٠‫حُلظ‬ ٕ٬‫اػ‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢٘٤‫ٝحُلِٔط‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ٝح‬ ١ٍُٞٔ‫ح‬
‫حُـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٞٛٝ ٚ‫ُٔوطط‬ ٙ‫اػيحى‬57‫آٌٗحى‬ َٙٔ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ.
‫ثــــبَُـــب‬:‫حُـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠‫حُلظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫رلٔذ‬ ٍ‫حطٜخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ُْ ‫هطؼخ‬22‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُٔو‬ َٙٔ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ
َٙٔ‫ٝػ‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫حُٔو‬ َ٤ِ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬57‫ػخٓخ‬(ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬)ّ‫ػخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ُِوخَٛس‬ ‫حُز٘خ‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٓ٤ٔخ‬ ٫
1932ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ُٚ ٌٖ٣ ُْٝ1939ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍّٝ‫ٝحُي‬ ‫حُٔلخَٟحص‬ َ‫ػز‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫رخُـٔخػش‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ‫أٗ٘طش‬ ٫‫ح‬
‫ٝحَُ٘٘حص‬ َ‫ٝحَُٓخث‬ ‫حُٔـ٬ص‬ ٍ‫ٝاٛيح‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔخؿي‬(41).

14. 14
‫ثبنثــــب‬:‫٣زيأ‬ ُْ(ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬)ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬1939ٌُْٜ٘ٝ ٌٖ٣ ٢‫كظل‬ ‫ٝأ٣٠خ‬ َ٤ٓ ‫رخطَ٣ي‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫رلٔذ‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٫‫ا‬ ٌ٤‫حُظ٘ل‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣يهِٞح‬ ُْ1945ّ.(42)ٚ‫ٍر‬ ٢‫ُو‬ ‫هي‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤ي‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫كِوي‬ ٍ‫ح٧كٞح‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
ّ‫ػخ‬1935ّ.٬ٛ‫أ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٌَ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫هز‬ ١‫أ‬.
‫رابؼــــــب‬:ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ‫ُِ٣خٍس‬ ‫ُٞكي‬ ‫َٓس‬ ٍٝ٫ ُٚ‫آٍخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٍٝى‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٫‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ػ٬هش‬ ١٧ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ َ٘٣ ُْ1935ّ
(ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حٓظٜ٘خى‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬)ْ٤ٌ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ‫حُز٘خ‬ ٖٔ‫حَُك‬ ‫ػزي‬ ْٟ(43)
٢‫ك‬ ٢٘٤ٔ‫حُل‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫أ‬ ‫حُلخؽ‬ ٢‫حُٔلظ‬ ‫ٝهخرِٞح‬
ّ‫حُوي‬.ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ‫أػ٠خء‬ ٖٓ ‫هِ٤ِش‬ ‫أػيحى‬ ‫ُٔ٘خًٍش‬ ‫كظق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ه٤خىس‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ظ٘ش‬ ‫ٍك٤ن‬ ‫أٍٝى‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ح٩ٗخٍس‬ ‫ٓغ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٜزخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ ٖٓ َْٛ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬1936ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬1948
‫خبيســـب‬:ٍٞ١ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿيح‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬
‫رخُـٔخػش‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬(1932-1939ّ)‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ًٔخ‬.٢ٔ٤‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬(44).‫هي‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
‫حُظٞه٤ض‬ ٍ‫ٝحهظ٤خ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ح٩ػيحى‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍٓٞ٣خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخٌُلخف‬ َّٔ‫ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٟ‫حُٔ٘خ‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ٓٔؼش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حٗظوِض‬
‫ُ٬ٗط٬م‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬.
‫ســبدســب‬:ٍ‫ح٫ٓظؼٔخ‬ ِٚ‫ٝهز‬ ،١ِ٤ِ‫ح٫ٗـ‬ ٍ‫ح٫ٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٟي‬ ‫ٓٞؿٜش‬ ‫ٗ٠خُ٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝٗئًي‬ ‫أٍٝىٗخ‬
٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫٣زيأ‬ ُْ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ،ْ٤‫حُؼظ‬ ّ٬ٓ٩‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔٔظٔيس‬ ‫حُظؼزٞ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ّ‫حٓظوي‬ ٢َٔٗ‫حُل‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٫‫ا‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬1939‫كَٜح‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ٝك‬.‫رٔ٘ٞحص‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حٓظٜ٘خى‬ ‫رؼي‬ ١‫أ‬
‫أٍرغ‬.
‫سـببؼــــب‬:،ٖ٤‫رَه‬ ٖٓ َ٣‫حُزخ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ٍ‫أٓؼخ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ؼخ‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘٤ن‬ ‫ٍٝكخم‬ ٕ‫ح٫هٞح‬ ‫رـٔخػش‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫ػ٬هش‬ ٫
‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،‫حُوٜخد‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،‫ُ٣ي‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ٢‫ٗخؿ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،‫ؿ٬ىص‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ َٝٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗلخ‬ ٖٓ ١‫حُٔؼي‬ َٔٗ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬
َ٤ِ‫ه‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ٢‫رخر‬ ‫حُِٔوذ‬ ‫ٛخُق‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ،‫ُػٍَٝس‬ ‫ٝٓلٔٞى‬ ،ْٓ‫هخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼزي‬ ٢ِٓٝ‫حُٔو‬ ُْ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬
‫حُِٔوذ‬ ٠ٔ٤‫ػ‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬(َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حرَح‬ ٞ‫حر‬)‫ػط٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼ٤ي‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫حكٔي‬ ٢‫رؤر‬ ‫حُِٔوذ‬ ُْ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،
١َُٜٔ‫ح‬(َٜٓ ‫ٛؼ٤ي‬ ٖٓ ّ‫حُوخى‬)‫ػز٤ي‬ ‫حُلخؽ‬ ٢ِ‫ٝػ‬ ،٢‫حُل٘ل‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ،(ٖٓ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٢‫ٍك٤و‬ َٛ٧‫ح‬ ١ٍُٞٔ‫ح‬
‫ؿزِش‬)‫حُلخؽ‬ ‫ٓؼَٝف‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ‫٣ٞٓق‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ َ‫ؿخر‬ ‫ٝحكٔي‬ ‫ٓلِق‬ ‫ٝحكٔي‬ ١ٝ‫حُِ٣زخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٞٓق‬ ،٢ُٞ‫حُلِل‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ،
َ‫ؿخر‬(‫٣ؼزي‬ ٖٓ)١َ٣ُِ‫ح‬ ‫ٝطٞك٤ن‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫٣خ‬ ٢‫ٝٛزل‬ ،١ٝ‫ري‬ ٢‫ٝػَر‬ ١‫حُٔؼي‬ ٕ‫كَكخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬ ،١ُ‫كـخ‬ ‫ٝٓلٔٞى‬....
ٝ َ‫حُؼخث‬ ّ‫رخُؤخ‬ ‫حٍطزطٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ح٧رطخ‬ ٖٓ َْٛ٤‫ؿ‬ ٖ٣َ‫ٝآه‬(‫حُـٜخى٣ش‬)ٝ‫أ‬(ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ػٜزش‬)‫ٝرؼيٛخ‬ ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬1945ّ(45).
‫ثبيُــــــب‬:‫أٓخ‬(ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣‫حُٔـخٛي‬1936)‫كخِٗش‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ،ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخرؼش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ًٌَ‫ط‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ٝػٍٞس‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫َُِر‬(1936)‫حُـٔخػش‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫٣َر‬ ‫طخٍ٣و٤خ‬ َ٤ُ‫ى‬ ٬‫ك‬(ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬)
َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ٝحُؼٍٞس‬(46)ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٫‫ا‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫٣٘طِوٞح‬ ُْ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ػيح‬ ،1939.
‫حبسؼـــــب‬:‫ُؼٍٞس‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ‫حُظؤ٣٤ي‬ َ‫ٗـل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫َٗ٣ي‬ ٫1936‫ٝحُظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫ٝح٧كِحد‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُٜلق‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ػزَص‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ّ
‫آٌٗحى‬ ‫حُـخٓؼخص‬ ‫ٝ١ِزش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬...ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٛي‬ ‫حُظؤ٣٤ي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬
َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬‎‎...‫في‬‎‫هللا‬‎‫فجزاهم‬َ٤‫ه‬ ًَ ‫ًُي‬.

15. 15
‫ػبشــــرا‬:‫كًَش‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ِ٠‫حُظ‬ ‫ٓخىس‬ ًٌَٙ‫ط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫أٓخ‬(ّ‫كٔخ‬)ٖ‫ػ‬ َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫ًـ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُٔخرؼش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬
(ٖ٤٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫ؿٜخى‬)(٫‫اؿٔخ‬)ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝح٩هٞح‬(‫طوٜ٤ٜخ‬)ّ‫ػخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝؿٜٞى‬1948ٚ٤‫طٔل‬ ٠ٗ‫ح٧ى‬ ٙ‫رلي‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬
ٖٓ ‫ٓ٤ِٝح‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ،‫آٌٗحى‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫َٝٗحثق‬ ‫ٝهطخػخص‬ ‫ٝأكِحد‬ ٍ‫أرطخ‬ ‫ًخكش‬ ‫ُ٘٠خ٫ص‬ ْ٣ِ‫ٝطو‬ ،ّ٬‫ُ٨ك‬
‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ٟٚ٘ٔ-٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ‫كَٝػ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫أٓٔٞح‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ًخٗٞح‬5/5/1946ّ(47)(ّ‫ػخ‬ ْ٤ُٝ
1936‫حُيه٤وش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫حُٜٔخى‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ َ٤٘‫ط‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ّ)-َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ْ‫ٍؿ‬ ،‫حٗوطخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝروَحءس‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫كن‬ ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬
‫هٞحص‬ ‫ٝهخىس‬ ٢٘٤ٔ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫حُوخى‬ ‫ٝػزي‬ ْ‫ًخظ‬ ٠ٓٞٓ ٍ‫أٓؼخ‬ ّ‫حُؼظخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘يحء‬ ٖٓ ٌَُ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٝحُٔئػ‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُؼظ‬
(ّ‫حُٔوي‬ ‫حُـٜخى‬)٠‫ٝكظ‬ َٟ‫ح٧ه‬ ‫ح٧كِحد‬ ‫ٗ٠خ٫ص‬ ٖٓ ٌَ٘٣ ٫ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ،‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤جش‬ َ‫حٌُؼ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُْٜ ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٌِٗٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٤‫حُ٘٤ٞػ‬1919ّ.١ٍُٞٔ‫ح‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ‫حُلِد‬ ٖٓ ٌَُ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫كِوي‬
ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ُـٔخػش‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُؼَد‬ ٖ٤٤ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ٍ‫ُٝظ٤خ‬ ٢ً‫ح٫ٗظَح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُزؼغ‬ ‫ُٝلِد‬ ٢‫ح٫ؿظٔخػ‬
‫كَد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬1948ّ(48)‫ؿٜٞى‬ ٌُٖٛ‫ح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ـ٤ذ‬ ٫ٝ(ً‫ح٩ٗوخ‬ ٖ٤‫ؿ‬)٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُوخٝهـ‬ ١ُٞ‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫حُِز٘خ‬ ‫رَثخٓش‬
ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٫ٝ ،ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ‫كَد‬(ْ٤‫حَُث‬)١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫حُـ‬ ١‫ٟزخ‬ ٖٓ َْٛ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ‫ٝٓلٔٞى‬ َٛ‫ُ٘خ‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬
‫آٌٗحى‬.
‫ػشر‬ ٌ‫حبد‬:٢ٔٓ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫ح٫ٗط٬م‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ٖٓ(ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٪هٞح‬ ‫حُـٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬1968ٙ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬)‫حُٔخىس‬ ٖٓ7
ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ‫ٝػٍٞس‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُلوخثن‬ ‫ُ٘ئًي‬ ‫ٗؼٞى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ّ‫كٔخ‬ ‫ٓ٤ؼخم‬ ٢‫ك‬.‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫كِوي‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤‫كِٔط‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ؿٔخػخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫أكِحد‬ ١‫رؤ‬ ‫ػ٬هش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْٝ ‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٝحٓ٬ٓ٤ش‬ ‫ػَٝر٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ػٍٞس‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬
‫هخٍؿٜخ‬(49)‫حُٔئٓٔخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ح٧كِحد‬ ٖٓ ‫كِد‬ ١٧ ‫٣٘ظٔذ‬ ُْ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤ِ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘٤ن‬
‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬(50)
.
‫ح٫ىػخء‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫رخُؤخ‬ ‫حُظٔٔق‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫٣ٔظـَد‬ ٫ ٍ‫ح٧كٞح‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬(‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓخى٣ش‬ ‫رِٜش‬)ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬
ّ‫حُؤخ‬ ْٓ‫ح‬ ٕ٫ ٚ‫ر‬(ٚٔٓ‫رخ‬ ًَٕٞ‫حُٔظز‬ َ‫ًؼ‬ ‫كوي‬ ،ْ٣‫ٝحُظوي‬ ‫حُوِٞى‬ ٖٓ ‫رلخُش‬ َٕ‫حهظ‬ ‫هي‬)(51)
(ٌٙ٤ٓ٬‫ط‬ ‫ٝحٛزق‬
ٕٞ٤ٓ‫هٔخ‬ ْٜٗ‫ح‬ ُ‫رخػظِح‬ ٕٝ‫٣َىى‬).
‫ػشر‬ ٍَ‫ثب‬:‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬.‫ػِس‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬(ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٬‫ٓٔؼ‬ ،‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُز٬ى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ْ٤‫ُظ٘ظ‬ ‫حُظ٘ل٤ٌ٣ش‬ ‫حُِـ٘ش‬ ٞ٠‫ػ‬
‫ٓخروش‬ ‫ُلظَس‬ ٚٓ‫ٍأ‬ ‫هي‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬)(52)‫كًَش‬ ًَِ‫ط‬ َ٠‫رل‬ ٕ‫ح٧ٍى‬ ٚ‫ػخٗظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُؼ‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬1967‫حٟطَص‬ ،(‫حٟطَص‬ ‫٫كظٞح‬)‫ٓغ‬ ٢١‫ُِظؼخ‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬
‫أ٣٠خ‬ ْٛ ‫٣وٞٓٞح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫كٌَس‬-ٍ‫ؿٞح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫آٌٗحى‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔظؼيىس‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٔخص‬ ٕ‫ٗؤ‬(‫كظق‬)‫ػيىٛخ‬ ‫هخٍد‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
ٖ٤‫حُؼ٬ػ‬-ُِٕٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ‫ُٞحء‬ َٔ‫ٝك‬ ،٢‫حُليحث‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ُٔزخَٗس‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِظيٍ٣ذ‬ ‫ٓؼٌَٔحص‬ ‫ربٗ٘خء‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رلـش‬ ٕٞ٤٘٤‫حُلِٔط‬ ُِٕٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح٩هٞح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٝ‫ٝحػظ‬ ٕٞ٤‫ٝحٌُٞ٣ظ‬ ٕٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ٝح‬ ٕٞ٤ٗ‫ٝحُٔٞىح‬ ٕٞ٤ٗ‫ح٧ٍى‬
ٕ‫ٗٞػخ‬ ‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬:ٞٛٝ ٖ١ُٞ‫ح‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ٧‫ح‬"‫رخُٔ٬ف‬ ‫ٝح٩ٓيحى‬ ‫حُٔٔخٗيس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٫‫ا‬ ‫طلظخؽ‬ ٫ ‫طِوخث٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬
ُْٜٔ‫ح‬ ِ‫ٝكل‬ ٚ٤‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ‫ٝحٌُه٤َس‬"‫٣لظخؽ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼخ‬"‫ٝٝػٞهخ‬ ‫اكٌخٓخ‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ‫ٝهطش‬ َ‫حًز‬ ‫٫ػيحى‬"ْ‫ػ‬
ٞ‫حَُك‬ ٍَ‫ٓز‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫ح٧ٍىٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔخكش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ؼخ‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝطٞكي‬ َٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُل٘ي‬ ١َٝٗ ‫ٌُُي‬ ‫ٟٝؼٞح‬
ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حَُحرغ‬"َٛ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫ػزي‬ ‫ُٔؼخىحس‬ ‫حٓظيحىح‬ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُ٬هٞح‬ ‫ٓؼخى‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬"(53).