The document discusses the current state and future of IPv4 and IPv6. It provides the following summary: 1. IPv4 addresses are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive as they are exhausted. Address sharing through Carrier Grade NAT is common but creates issues for identifying users. 2. IPv6 adoption is growing globally, with over 20% of traffic now over IPv6. Major networks, cloud providers, device makers, and operating systems increasingly support IPv6-only. 3. In Japan, major ISPs like NTT and mobile carriers have over 50% of customers using IPv6. However, IPv4 congestion is a problem due to overuse of CGN address sharing. The effects of IPv4

1. 1
日本インターネットエクスチェンジ㈱
Akira Nakagawa
(High Performance VDI Conference 2018 @ OIST, 沖縄)
世界で進むIPv6の普及とIPv4の劣化、最新動向
日本ネットワークイネイブラー株式会社
(JPNE)
中川あきら
日本インターネットエクスチェンジ株式会社
(JPIX)
中川あきら
Sep 19th 2018
JPIX
Akira Nakagawa

2. 2
Corporate Profile
• KDDI Corporation
• BroadBand Tower, Inc.
• SOFTBANK Corp.
• Sony Network
Communications Inc.
• BIGLOBE, Ltd.
• Fujitsu Limited
• ASAHI Net, Inc.
• K-Opticom Corporation
• Mitsubishi Electric
Information Network
Corporation
Share
holders
Japan Internet Exchange Co., Ltd. (JPIX)Name
July 10th 1997Establish
451M JPY (4M USD)Capital
• First commercial IX in
Japan
• Invested by 9 major
ISPs
• Neutral
• Biggest IX in Japan
(approx 180 customers)
• Traffic increasing
• Customer
Overseas/Region
increasing

3. 3
What is JPIX ?
A junction among various kinds of operators
(180 Customers)
Content
Career
ISP
Cable
Content
Enterprise

4. 4
Why JPIX ?
ISP ISP
JPIX
via JPIX
- High speed
- Low latency
- High
availability
- Always
same quality
&
Cutting Cost
Achieving high quality and cutting cost.
via Internet
・High latency
・Congestion
somewhere
・Failure
somewhere
Traffic
off loadingInternet
Google Apple Amazon
Expensive
Inexpensive

5. 5
Self introduction
• Name
– Akira Nakagawa / 中川あきら
• Organization
– Apr. 2010 --- Mar. 2017 JPIX and JPNE
– Apr. 2017 --- JPIX
• Activity related to today’s presentation
– RFC6888 CGN Co-author
– Internet Week 2018 Program Committee (IPv6)
– IPv6 Summit Internet Association Japan
– JPOPF OPF Steering Team
IPv6 Network
operator

6. 6
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

7. 7
IPv4 Address Exhaustion
7 years have passed since the exhaustion.

8. 8
Price of IPv4 Address (ex)IPv4Auctions.com
Source: IPv4Auctions.com http://www.ipv4auctions.com/previous_auctions/
Increasing transactions, price.
Now,
No $15 or
lessIncreasing transactions
(ex) to get /16
JPNIC allocation fee (-2011) ¥275,000
Buying (now) more than ¥100 million
as of 2018.6.24
$16(¥1,700) - $19(¥2,100) per address
Excluding commission

9. 9
Recent status of IPv4 transferring in Japan
Source: JPNIC
https://www.nic.ad.jp/ja/ip/transfer/ipv4-log.html
How much are we paying ?

10. 10
3 Waves 〜 IP Address and Technology
1st Wave
1995〜
2nd Wave
2008〜
3rd Wave
2016〜
Fixed
+ IP
+ Windows
Mobile
+ IP
+Smartphone
Fixed & Mobile
+
+
IPv4 & IPv6
Cloud
Now, IPv6 adoption of Cloud, Fixed, Mobile are
Simultaneously progressing in the world.

11. 11
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

12. 12
IPv6 access rate to Google
IPv6 access rate from all over the world is 22%.
as of 2018.9.19
Source : Google
https://www.google.com/intl/ja/ipv6/statistics.html
(参考)
正月明け
→法人が始動 → IPv6率 down !?

13. 13
IPv6 on cloud (ex) Facebook
• In Facebook Data Center(DC)
– from Dual Stack to IPv6-only
– All applications and services support IPv6 !!
– 99% in DC are IPv6, half of them are IPv6-only
– Abolishing IPv4 in a few years.
• Access from Internet
– IPv6 : 15% ・ IPv4 : 85%
– Load Balancers translate from IPv4 to IPv6.
Source: Facebook https://code.facebook.com/posts/635645183305089/legacy-support-on-ipv6-only-infra/
Jan. 18th 2017

14. 14
IPv6 access rate from US to FB
Fixed + Mobile :
51%
Mobile :
77%
May. 2018
IPv6 is not
special for FB !!
Source : Facebook
https://code.facebook.com/posts/635
039943508824/how-ipv6-deployment-
is-growing-in-u-s-and-other-countries/

15. 15
IO・DATA
Buffalo
IPv6 support of AWS
Source: Amazon https://www.iajapan.org/ipv6/2017/0419_ws/pdf/20170419_araki.pdf /
Raise the priority of Infrastructure and IoT.

16. 16
IPv6 support of Azure
Source : Microsoft https://azure.microsoft.com/ja-jp/updates/ipv6-for-azure-vms/
Microsoft announced to support IPv6 of Azure (Sep. 2016)

17. 17
Enterprise Network of Microsoft
• IPv6-only solves 2 problems.
– Exhaustion of private address
• Exhaustion because of M&A.
• In addition to that, solves duplication of private
address
– Complexity of Dual Stack
• dual-stack more than doubles the complexity for NW
operators and help desk.
Source: https://labs.ripe.net/Members/mirjam/ipv6-only-at-microsoft
IPv6-only !
Why ?

18. 18
IAB(≒IETF) Statement of IPv6
Source : https://www.iab.org/2016/11/07/iab-statement-on-ipv6/
IETF will stop requiring IPv4 compatibility, optimizing with
IPv6.
→ No innovation by IPv4 !?
Source :
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society

19. 19
Standard of “IPv6”
Source: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8200
RFC8200 (IPv6 Specification) is issued in Jul. 2017
Categorized as Highest rank “Standard Track”
Traditional “RFC2460(1998) + RFC + RFC +・・・” renewed into RFC8200

20. 20
Standard lowering priority of IPv4
Server
Timeout
Server
Simultaneously attempt.
First session is used.
IPv6 IPv4
Server
Adding 25ms to IPv4
name resolution,
then first session is
used.
IPv6 IPv4 IPv6 IPv4
+25ms
Server
25ms is revised to
50ms
IPv6 IPv4
Try
Had to wait for
tens of seconds.
Fallback Happy Eyeballs
(RFC6555 2012)
Happy Eyeballs
(Apple Proprietary 2015)
Happy Eyeballs v2
(RFC8305 2017.12)
Happy Eyeballs v2 (RFC8305) issued.
Adding 50ms to IPv4 when there are both connectivity.
RFC8305
• Client should wait ”Resolution Delay”
• Resolution Delay is recommended 50ms.
Retry
+50ms

21. 21
IPv6 adoption status in US
ATT
66%
Major
NW operators
(Fixed・Mobile)
Major
Content
Providers
Comcast
66%
Verizon
Wireless
86%
T-Mobile
94%
Wikipedia
NetflixLinked-in Yahoo.com
Instagram
Microsoft
Azure
Major
Device makers
/ OSs
Microsoft
Win
MAC
iPhone
iPad
Android
Major global players start IPv6 with tremendous momentum.
→ It means many countries have this momentum.
Apple
Google
Amazon
AWS
Facebook
Fixed Mobile
CNN / NBCDropbox
※penetration
rate :
IPv6 launch

22. 22
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

23. 23
Address Sharing status in IPv4
Global
Global
ISP Global
NAT
Global
NAT
Private
Address
Carrier Grade NAT
Shared
Address
GlobalInternet Global Global
(1) 〜1990’s
No sharing
(2) 1990’s 〜
Sharing in house
(3) Now
also sharing in ISP
・Plural devices in a house are using one IPv4 address.
・Plural users under an ISP are using one IPv4 global address.
Private
Address

24. 24
Various specifications of IPv4 Address Sharing
• NAT444 (CGN)
• DS-Lite (Dual-Stack Lite)
• MAP-E (Mapping of Address
and Port using
Encapsulation)
• MAP-T (Mapping of Address
and Port using Translation)
• 464XLAT
IPv4 Global
IPv4
Address
Sharing
Various types.
Various tunings, such as Address Sharing Rate.
End Users
IPv4 Shared
Address
Multifeed
JPNE

25. 25
IPv4 as a Service (IPv4aaS)
Source
https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/92/
slides/slides-92-v6ops-9.pdf
Policy in recent IETF:
• IPv6 is premise.
• IPv4 is treated as service
(content of IPv6) in IPv6 NW.
v6ops WG Chair
proposed.
@IETF92(Dallas
) Mar. 2015

26. 26
IPv4 as a Service (IPv4aaS) image
Networks is IPv6-only
Treats IPv4 as a Service (=content) of IPv6
NW
Operator
IPv6
Internet
4→6
Translation
6→4
Translation
IPv4
Internet
IPv6
IPv4
4
6
4
6
Home Router
6
4
4
4
6
or

27. 27
IPv4 as a Service of JPNE
240b::17Copyright(C) JPNE, All Rights Reserved. 240b::17
Our Final Goal
v4 Sunsetv6
Internet
v4
Internet
JPNE)
IPv4
over
IPv6
offloading IPv6
Final Goal
Steps
1. Overlaying IPv4
on IPv6.
2. Offloading traffic
to simple IPv6.
3. Removing
overplayed IPv4.
Now
Source : IETF92
https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/92/slides/slides-92-v6ops-2.pdf

28. 28
Europol pointed out IPv4 Address Sharing Issue
https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/are-you-sharing-same-ip-address-criminal-law-enforcement-call-for-
end-of-carrier-grade-nat-cgn-to-increase-accountability-online
Europol : 欧州刑事警察機構
It’s impossible to find the criminal under CGN.

29. 29
Example of IPv4 in Belgium
Source: https://ripe74.ripe.net/presentations/125-CGN-presentation-Greg-Mounier-EC3-RIPE-74-Budapest.pdf
May.2017
Organizations including Police regulated the
maximum number of users under CGN “16”.
IAP:
Internet
Access
Provider

30. 30
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

31. 31
IPv6 deployment status of NTT-NGN in Japan
IPv6 高度推進・普及委員会 http://v6pc.jp/jp/spread/ipv6spread_03.phtml
IPv6
普及率
50% !
10 million account !
25 million users ! ( Average
household size : 2.5 )
IPv6 契約数 (百万)
IPv6 Account (Million)

32. 32
Speed of Flet’s IPoE IPv6
in Otemachi, Tokyo, 21:00 Dec. 15th 2015
with JPNE commercial service, NTT-HGW, laptop PC, wired LAN.
激ヤバ〜
※計測結果は
計測の環境により
大きく異なります。

33. 33
IPv6 status of Cable operators in Japan
Source : docomo
https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/hikari/charge/type_c/
「Docomo Hikari
type C」Triggered
some Cables to
start IPv6 service.
Docomo Hikari Type C :
Docomo's bundle
service of docomo's
mobile and cable's fixed.
Docomo is obligating
cable operators to start
IPv6 service.
Increasing
12 companies, as of Aug. 17th

34. 34
IPv6 Status of 3 major Mobile operators.
Source : 総務省
http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000517037.pdf
Started !!

35. 35
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

36. 36
Status of PPPoE of NGN ≒ Congestion of IPv4
Source : http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000467068.pdf
Jan, 2017, Consumers, Enterprises, Industrial
associations complained about congestion of NTT-
NGN PPPoE service at public comment of MIC(*1).
NGN
ISP
NTE
PPPoE
Public Comment
To increase NTE
(Network Termination Equipment),
ISPs have to meet strict criteria.
(*1) MIC: Ministry of Internal Affair
and Communications
Congestion

37. 37
PPPoE (≒IPv4) is deteriorating by Congestion
Traffic per contract (published by MIC)
May. 2018 : 317kbps
http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000568818.pdf
(Notes)
Specification of Mid size of NTE :
8,000 sessions per 1Gbps IF, each IP
→ (Conversion) 130kbps / session
http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000478907.pdf
Bandwidth of NTE is fixed, traffic is increasing rapidly.
Traffic per user is 300kbps or more,
designed speed of NTE per user is 130kbps !!

38. 38
ToC
• Introduction
• IPv6 in the world
• IPv4 in the world
• IPv6 in Japan
• IPv4 in Japan
• IPv6 / IPv4 from now on

39. 39
IPv4 from now on (one of scenarios)
Address
Sharing
IPv4 Global
1st (Now)
Address Sharing
⇓
①Effects of address
sharing
2nd
Increase density (*1)
⇓
②Effects of lacking
Port Number.
IPv4 Global
Address
Sharing
IPv4 Global
Address
Sharing
3rd
Shorten NAT timer (*1)
to produce port number
⇓
③Effects of session
timeout
(*1) MAP-E/MAP-T等のStateless方式は別概念。(*2)Statefulの場合はCGNで実現するが、Statelessの場合割り当てポート数変更は難。
We will meet 3 kinds of effects by IPv4 address sharing.

40. 40
1st Phase : Effects of Address Sharing
Example of TV Conference System :
・Possible to send signal, impossible to receive signal.
・Port number of H.323 CallSetup is fixed 1720,
NW operators drop it at Address Sharing System.
Home
Router
Home
Router
OK
IP 192.0.2.1
Dest:
IP 192.0.2.1
Port1720 fixed ✕
Receiver
TV
Conference
Add. Sharing
(CGN etc.)
NW事業者
Sender
TV
Conference
Add. Sharing
(CGN etc.)

41. 41
2nd Phase : Effects of Lacking Port Number.
Port number exhaustion prevents end nodes from setting up sessions.
→ (ex) Advertisements are lacking.
Lack Lack Lack
Lacking
Lack

42. 42
3rd Phase : Effects of Session Timeout
NAT
IPv4
Global
(ex) IoT Server
(ex)
IoT GW/ Device
End
User
Session-1
Polling
(every ○sec)
Session-1
・・・
NAT Table
• NAT table holds the info of
forward packets to make
backward packets enter
back until NAT timer
expires.
• NAT timer of each ISP in
the world is different.
• NW operators could
shorten the NAT timer to
dense their users.
Tuning NAT timer could
affect all their users.
NW Operator

43. 43
IPv4 from the view of Cloud and End Devices.
v6プラス
バッファロー
IO-DATA
IPv4
Cloud operators and Device/OS makers with world market
HAVE TO do :
• Watching their service / products to keep IPv4 communication.
• Off-loading their traffic to simple IPv6.
NAT444
MAP-E
MAP-T
DS-Lite
464XLAT
IPv6
ISP3 ISP4 ISP5
IPv6 ISP6 ISP7 ISP8 ISP9 ISP10
ISP11 ISP12 ISP13 ISP14 ISP16
ISP1 ISP2
IPv6 used to be
additional cost.
Adopting variety of IPv4
Address Sharing system is
additional cost.
Main Sub Main Sub
tune 2
(NAT timer)
tune n
tune 1
(Port number)
Now(US)
▼
Now(JP)
▼

44. 44
Why IPv6 ?
Operators in each country, mainly in US,
started IPv6 immediately to break away
from self-destructing IPv4.
I believe…

45. 45