The document compares the stripe rust situations in Ethiopian wheat crops in 2010 and 2013. In 2010, the Kubsa and Galema wheat varieties were devastated by stripe rust due to a virulent race overcoming their resistance. Over 600,000 hectares of wheat were affected, with major production losses. In 2013, there were fears of another major stripe rust epidemic, but this did not materialize. Both years had suitable weather conditions for stripe rust, with early outbreaks in August in the Assasa Plain region. However, surveys showed much more extensive stripe rust hotspots across fields in 2010 compared to 2013.
Dr. Bill Deen - Forages - Essential crop of the past, present and futureCorieA
This document summarizes a presentation on the past, present, and future of forage crops. It provides an overview of the Canadian forage industry, noting its economic importance. It then discusses trends of declining forage acreage and yields. Reasons for concern about these trends are explained, using Ontario as an example case study. The document suggests future opportunities for forages lie in continued research on improved varieties and management, promoting their economic and environmental benefits, and finding new ways to incorporate forages into cropping systems.
Optimizing livelihood and environmental benefits from crop residues in smallh...ILRI
Presentation by Sabine Homann-Kee Tui and Andre van Rooyen for the SLP Crop Residues Project Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-10 December 2010.
This document discusses stripe (yellow) rust resistance in wheat. It describes two main types of resistance: all-stage (seedling) resistance conferred by single genes which is not durable, and high-temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance conferred by multiple genes which is more durable. HTAP resistance was first characterized in the 1960s and has been incorporated into many modern wheat cultivars through breeding. The document also summarizes a microarray study examining gene expression differences between a resistant Yr5 wheat line and a susceptible non-carrier line after inoculation with Puccinia striiformis.
This document discusses factors influencing the adoption of improved wheat varieties by farmers in Kenya. It finds that more educated farmers and those with more wheat farming experience are more likely to adopt new varieties. However, adoption is low overall, especially among small-scale farmers. The major barriers to adoption include a lack of contractual agreements in the wheat market, limited availability and high costs of quality seeds, and insufficient information dissemination regarding new varieties. The document recommends improving awareness and access to seeds, enhancing collective action among farmer groups, and conducting additional surveys and workshops to promote variety adoption.
This document summarizes the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative from 2009-2014. It discusses the initiative's focus on farmers, globally coordinated surveillance efforts, international screening nurseries, and CGIAR wheat breeding programs. It also highlights the importance of leadership, advocacy, communication, and gene stewardship in combating wheat rust diseases on a global scale. The initiative brings together numerous organizations, scientists, and farmers worldwide to fight hunger and improve food security.
This document summarizes the challenges of controlling wheat leaf rust in South America's Southern Cone region. Leaf rust remains the most widespread and economically important wheat disease in the region. Fungicides are widely used to control leaf rust and maintain yields of susceptible cultivars. However, the pathogen population is highly dynamic, limiting the duration of resistance in new cultivars. Breeding programs aim to develop cultivars with durable adult plant resistance, but introducing such genes into high-yielding backgrounds remains a challenge.
O documento discute a importância da arte na educação de jovens e adultos. A arte significa "o espelho da vida" e ajuda os alunos a compreender o mundo de novas formas. A legislação brasileira tornou a arte uma disciplina obrigatória, mas é necessário fazer mais para ensinar arte de maneira adequada para os alunos. Os objetivos do ensino de arte incluem experimentar diferentes linguagens artísticas e utilizar a arte como forma de expressão.
Dr. Bill Deen - Forages - Essential crop of the past, present and futureCorieA
This document summarizes a presentation on the past, present, and future of forage crops. It provides an overview of the Canadian forage industry, noting its economic importance. It then discusses trends of declining forage acreage and yields. Reasons for concern about these trends are explained, using Ontario as an example case study. The document suggests future opportunities for forages lie in continued research on improved varieties and management, promoting their economic and environmental benefits, and finding new ways to incorporate forages into cropping systems.
Optimizing livelihood and environmental benefits from crop residues in smallh...ILRI
Presentation by Sabine Homann-Kee Tui and Andre van Rooyen for the SLP Crop Residues Project Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-10 December 2010.
This document discusses stripe (yellow) rust resistance in wheat. It describes two main types of resistance: all-stage (seedling) resistance conferred by single genes which is not durable, and high-temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance conferred by multiple genes which is more durable. HTAP resistance was first characterized in the 1960s and has been incorporated into many modern wheat cultivars through breeding. The document also summarizes a microarray study examining gene expression differences between a resistant Yr5 wheat line and a susceptible non-carrier line after inoculation with Puccinia striiformis.
This document discusses factors influencing the adoption of improved wheat varieties by farmers in Kenya. It finds that more educated farmers and those with more wheat farming experience are more likely to adopt new varieties. However, adoption is low overall, especially among small-scale farmers. The major barriers to adoption include a lack of contractual agreements in the wheat market, limited availability and high costs of quality seeds, and insufficient information dissemination regarding new varieties. The document recommends improving awareness and access to seeds, enhancing collective action among farmer groups, and conducting additional surveys and workshops to promote variety adoption.
This document summarizes the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative from 2009-2014. It discusses the initiative's focus on farmers, globally coordinated surveillance efforts, international screening nurseries, and CGIAR wheat breeding programs. It also highlights the importance of leadership, advocacy, communication, and gene stewardship in combating wheat rust diseases on a global scale. The initiative brings together numerous organizations, scientists, and farmers worldwide to fight hunger and improve food security.
This document summarizes the challenges of controlling wheat leaf rust in South America's Southern Cone region. Leaf rust remains the most widespread and economically important wheat disease in the region. Fungicides are widely used to control leaf rust and maintain yields of susceptible cultivars. However, the pathogen population is highly dynamic, limiting the duration of resistance in new cultivars. Breeding programs aim to develop cultivars with durable adult plant resistance, but introducing such genes into high-yielding backgrounds remains a challenge.
O documento discute a importância da arte na educação de jovens e adultos. A arte significa "o espelho da vida" e ajuda os alunos a compreender o mundo de novas formas. A legislação brasileira tornou a arte uma disciplina obrigatória, mas é necessário fazer mais para ensinar arte de maneira adequada para os alunos. Os objetivos do ensino de arte incluem experimentar diferentes linguagens artísticas e utilizar a arte como forma de expressão.
Hodson et al_global_monitoring_local_actionsICARDA
This document summarizes the coordinated efforts between global and local organizations to monitor and respond to a 2013 stripe rust outbreak in Ethiopia's wheat crop. Through early warning from global monitoring systems and timely local surveys, fungicide application was strategically deployed. Compared to a major 2010 outbreak, coordinated surveillance and farmer awareness led to effective control and higher wheat yields in 2013. Looking ahead, continued monitoring is needed due to ongoing rust threats. Cooperation between multiple stakeholders helped minimize losses from the 2013 outbreak.
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: Climate Change's Potential Impact on Farmers ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation focuses on the complex influences on farmers in West Africa, the major challenges for them, scenarios for the future and shows some recommendations.
A sweeping tour of everything that agroforestry has to offer, from the frozen wastes of northern Europe to the drylands of the African Sahel. This presentation explores the mechanisms behind the successes of the mixing of trees and crops or trees and livestock and suggest some answers to the question regarding its relatively slow spread. It is the presentation that was used in this masterclass: https://vimeo.com/264522227
Land restoration, climate change and why cheap stuff doesn't get done. Patrick Worms
The world is warming rapidly, soils are disappearing massively, and cheap solutions exist (and no, they're not Teslas - sorry, Elon). So, why aren't being deployed at scale?
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
This document summarizes research on wheat rust resistance in Ethiopia. It discusses:
- Yellow rust is a major problem, causing epidemics and yield losses as high as 100%
- Synthetic hexaploid wheat provides new sources of resistance to rusts and other stresses
- The study characterized stripe rust resistance in 181 synthetic hexaploid wheats and 6 bread wheats under field conditions in Ethiopia. It identified QTLs linked to stripe rust resistance to help breed resistant varieties.
This document summarizes a USAID-supported collaborative project between Ethiopia's Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to rapidly deploy rust-resistant wheat varieties in Ethiopia. The project focused on fast-tracking variety testing and release, seed multiplication of new varieties, and distribution of seeds to farmers. Key achievements included releasing 6 new rust-resistant varieties between 2009-2011, producing over 133 tons of pre-release seed, and evaluating thousands of new wheat lines and crosses for rust resistance. The project helped expand production of rust-resistant wheat to improve food security in Ethiopia.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
This document summarizes a special issue on land constraints in Africa. It includes 15 articles on a variety of land-related issues in Africa, including case studies analyzing responses to land constraints, cross-country analyses of land availability trends, and papers focused on land tenure and governance. The introduction notes that while Africa is often considered land abundant, there is significant heterogeneity, and land constraints could limit agricultural expansion and intensification in some areas. Several papers analyze factors that could influence the adaptation of agriculture to land constraints in Africa, such as the potential for expansion onto unused land, intensification through increased yields or crop switching, and reducing rural fertility rates in response to population pressure on land.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture and strategies to increase climate resilience. It finds that climate change is posing a major threat to Indian agriculture and food security, with increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent droughts and floods. The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable as over half of Indian agriculture depends on rainfall. The document outlines efforts under NICRA to establish climate resilient villages through diversified and integrated farming systems, drought and flood resistant crops, natural resource management, and other adaptation strategies. It finds that these villages have increased household nutrition, livelihoods, and ecological sustainability while reducing climate risks and progressing goals for sustainable development.
This document discusses drought tolerant cowpea varieties as a climate-smart agriculture option for smallholder farmers in Mozambique. Mozambique is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts like droughts and floods. Climate-smart agriculture aims to increase productivity and farmer incomes while improving resilience to climate risks. Drought tolerant cowpea varieties could help smallholders by escaping terminal droughts. The document outlines efforts to involve farmers in selecting, testing and adopting new drought tolerant varieties suited to their needs and conditions.
Conservation agriculture in South AfricaNelCoetzee
1) Conservation agriculture in South Africa provides numerous benefits but also faces challenges in adoption. It can reduce soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration, improve biodiversity and help mitigate climate change. However, average adoption rates remain low.
2) Research on conservation agriculture in South Africa has increased in recent decades but has been uneven. Most studies have focused on no-till planting and rotations rather than adopting all principles of permanent soil cover, diversity and livestock integration.
3) Adoption of conservation agriculture varies by province in South Africa. No-till planting has seen more uptake than more comprehensive systems following all principles of soil cover, rotations and diversity. Expanding adoption requires addressing barriers smallholders face in fully implementing conservation agriculture
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...Hari Hariharasudhan
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on dryland agriculture in India and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It notes that dryland agriculture represents a large portion of Indian agriculture but is vulnerable to climate impacts like increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent droughts and floods. Modeling studies project declines in productivity for many crops including losses of 10-40% by 2100. Specific crops like wheat and rice are expected to be negatively impacted by higher temperatures and water scarcity. The document discusses challenges facing dryland farmers in India like small land holdings and poverty that exacerbate the risks from climate change. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to improve resilience of dryland agriculture.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
- Agriculture accounts for over 80% of global freshwater usage, mainly for food production. Meeting future global food and energy demands in a sustainable manner poses challenges due to increasing water constraints.
- Closing yield gaps through irrigation expansion could help boost food production, but over 40% of current irrigation is unsustainable due to exceeding local water availability. Agricultural intensification must be pursued carefully to avoid environmental degradation.
- Transitioning to more efficient irrigation practices, suitable crops, and agricultural production systems could allow for sustainable increases in food supply while reducing overall water usage. However, ensuring local and global food and water security remains complex with growing population and dietary changes.
This document summarizes a comparison of stem rust in oats and yellow rust in wheat in Sweden. It finds that stem rust, primarily affecting oats, shows variation expected from a sexually reproducing population, while yellow rust, primarily affecting wheat, can easily survive systemic infection and has a green bridge, allowing it to persist clonally. Sexual reproduction is necessary for stem rust epidemiology but not for yellow rust in the Swedish cropping system. A model is described that could help understand how dominant clones of pathogens appear and are replaced over multiple seasons.
1) In 2013, wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia and parts of Western Europe for the first time in decades.
2) In Ethiopia, the variety "Digalu" was heavily affected, with some fields experiencing over 90% yield losses. Samples were collected and characterized, identifying the races TTKSK, JRCQC, and RRTTF.
3) In Western Europe, samples were collected from Germany and Denmark and characterized as the TKTT_ race, which had also been identified previously in the Middle East and North Africa.
Hodson et al_global_monitoring_local_actionsICARDA
This document summarizes the coordinated efforts between global and local organizations to monitor and respond to a 2013 stripe rust outbreak in Ethiopia's wheat crop. Through early warning from global monitoring systems and timely local surveys, fungicide application was strategically deployed. Compared to a major 2010 outbreak, coordinated surveillance and farmer awareness led to effective control and higher wheat yields in 2013. Looking ahead, continued monitoring is needed due to ongoing rust threats. Cooperation between multiple stakeholders helped minimize losses from the 2013 outbreak.
The Good, The Bad and The Ugly: Climate Change's Potential Impact on Farmers ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation focuses on the complex influences on farmers in West Africa, the major challenges for them, scenarios for the future and shows some recommendations.
A sweeping tour of everything that agroforestry has to offer, from the frozen wastes of northern Europe to the drylands of the African Sahel. This presentation explores the mechanisms behind the successes of the mixing of trees and crops or trees and livestock and suggest some answers to the question regarding its relatively slow spread. It is the presentation that was used in this masterclass: https://vimeo.com/264522227
Land restoration, climate change and why cheap stuff doesn't get done. Patrick Worms
The world is warming rapidly, soils are disappearing massively, and cheap solutions exist (and no, they're not Teslas - sorry, Elon). So, why aren't being deployed at scale?
What will it take to establish a climate smart agricultural world? Presentation on the problems, solutions and key challenges in Climate Smart Agriculture. Presentation made in the Wayamba Conference in Sri Lanka, August 2014.
van Asten P. 2014. Implementing Climate-Smart Agriculture. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Contents:
1. CCAFS – what we do
2. What is CSA in the African context
3. Best bet CSA technologies
4. CSA services and approaches
5. How can we identify the priorities?
6. Collaborative possibilities
This document summarizes a workshop on potato yield gap analysis held in Kenya. It discusses the importance of analyzing yield gaps to meet increasing global food demand through closing yield gaps rather than expanding agricultural land. Potato production and yields are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa but remain low on average. The concepts of potential yield, attainable yield, and actual farmer yields are introduced. Yield gaps are defined as the difference between potential and actual yields and can be measured at local or broader scales. Methods for estimating potential and actual yields are described. An example from Rwanda shows a large yield gap between potential and actual potato yields.
This document summarizes research on wheat rust resistance in Ethiopia. It discusses:
- Yellow rust is a major problem, causing epidemics and yield losses as high as 100%
- Synthetic hexaploid wheat provides new sources of resistance to rusts and other stresses
- The study characterized stripe rust resistance in 181 synthetic hexaploid wheats and 6 bread wheats under field conditions in Ethiopia. It identified QTLs linked to stripe rust resistance to help breed resistant varieties.
This document summarizes a USAID-supported collaborative project between Ethiopia's Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) to rapidly deploy rust-resistant wheat varieties in Ethiopia. The project focused on fast-tracking variety testing and release, seed multiplication of new varieties, and distribution of seeds to farmers. Key achievements included releasing 6 new rust-resistant varieties between 2009-2011, producing over 133 tons of pre-release seed, and evaluating thousands of new wheat lines and crosses for rust resistance. The project helped expand production of rust-resistant wheat to improve food security in Ethiopia.
Rising to the challenge of establishing a climate smart agriculture - a global context presented as keynote in the Workshop on Climate Smart Agriculture Technologies in Asia workshop, organised by CCAFS, UNEP and IRRI.
By M. Maniruzzaman, J.C. Bisawas, M.A.I. Khan, G.W. Sarker, S.S. Haque, J.K. Biswas, M.H. Sarker, M.A. Rashid, N.U. Sekhar, A. Nemes, S. Xenarios, J. Deelstra
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
This document summarizes a special issue on land constraints in Africa. It includes 15 articles on a variety of land-related issues in Africa, including case studies analyzing responses to land constraints, cross-country analyses of land availability trends, and papers focused on land tenure and governance. The introduction notes that while Africa is often considered land abundant, there is significant heterogeneity, and land constraints could limit agricultural expansion and intensification in some areas. Several papers analyze factors that could influence the adaptation of agriculture to land constraints in Africa, such as the potential for expansion onto unused land, intensification through increased yields or crop switching, and reducing rural fertility rates in response to population pressure on land.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indian agriculture and strategies to increase climate resilience. It finds that climate change is posing a major threat to Indian agriculture and food security, with increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent droughts and floods. The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable as over half of Indian agriculture depends on rainfall. The document outlines efforts under NICRA to establish climate resilient villages through diversified and integrated farming systems, drought and flood resistant crops, natural resource management, and other adaptation strategies. It finds that these villages have increased household nutrition, livelihoods, and ecological sustainability while reducing climate risks and progressing goals for sustainable development.
This document discusses drought tolerant cowpea varieties as a climate-smart agriculture option for smallholder farmers in Mozambique. Mozambique is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts like droughts and floods. Climate-smart agriculture aims to increase productivity and farmer incomes while improving resilience to climate risks. Drought tolerant cowpea varieties could help smallholders by escaping terminal droughts. The document outlines efforts to involve farmers in selecting, testing and adopting new drought tolerant varieties suited to their needs and conditions.
Conservation agriculture in South AfricaNelCoetzee
1) Conservation agriculture in South Africa provides numerous benefits but also faces challenges in adoption. It can reduce soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration, improve biodiversity and help mitigate climate change. However, average adoption rates remain low.
2) Research on conservation agriculture in South Africa has increased in recent decades but has been uneven. Most studies have focused on no-till planting and rotations rather than adopting all principles of permanent soil cover, diversity and livestock integration.
3) Adoption of conservation agriculture varies by province in South Africa. No-till planting has seen more uptake than more comprehensive systems following all principles of soil cover, rotations and diversity. Expanding adoption requires addressing barriers smallholders face in fully implementing conservation agriculture
Clmate change on dryland Agriculture by Dr.V.Hariharasudhan, TNAU, Coimbato...Hari Hariharasudhan
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on dryland agriculture in India and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It notes that dryland agriculture represents a large portion of Indian agriculture but is vulnerable to climate impacts like increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent droughts and floods. Modeling studies project declines in productivity for many crops including losses of 10-40% by 2100. Specific crops like wheat and rice are expected to be negatively impacted by higher temperatures and water scarcity. The document discusses challenges facing dryland farmers in India like small land holdings and poverty that exacerbate the risks from climate change. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are needed to improve resilience of dryland agriculture.
Mapping hotspots of climate change and food insecurity across the global tropicsWorld Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses mapping areas vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change across the global tropics. It outlines a framework to assess vulnerability based on 3 components: exposure, sensitivity, and coping capacity. Exposure looks at climate threats like reduced growing periods. Sensitivity considers dependence on agriculture. Coping capacity examines chronic food insecurity. Combining the 3 components results in 8 vulnerability domains, with high exposure, high sensitivity, low coping capacity considered most vulnerable to climate-induced food insecurity. The work aims to identify climate and food security hotspots to target adaptation efforts.
- Agriculture accounts for over 80% of global freshwater usage, mainly for food production. Meeting future global food and energy demands in a sustainable manner poses challenges due to increasing water constraints.
- Closing yield gaps through irrigation expansion could help boost food production, but over 40% of current irrigation is unsustainable due to exceeding local water availability. Agricultural intensification must be pursued carefully to avoid environmental degradation.
- Transitioning to more efficient irrigation practices, suitable crops, and agricultural production systems could allow for sustainable increases in food supply while reducing overall water usage. However, ensuring local and global food and water security remains complex with growing population and dietary changes.
This document summarizes a comparison of stem rust in oats and yellow rust in wheat in Sweden. It finds that stem rust, primarily affecting oats, shows variation expected from a sexually reproducing population, while yellow rust, primarily affecting wheat, can easily survive systemic infection and has a green bridge, allowing it to persist clonally. Sexual reproduction is necessary for stem rust epidemiology but not for yellow rust in the Swedish cropping system. A model is described that could help understand how dominant clones of pathogens appear and are replaced over multiple seasons.
1) In 2013, wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia and parts of Western Europe for the first time in decades.
2) In Ethiopia, the variety "Digalu" was heavily affected, with some fields experiencing over 90% yield losses. Samples were collected and characterized, identifying the races TTKSK, JRCQC, and RRTTF.
3) In Western Europe, samples were collected from Germany and Denmark and characterized as the TKTT_ race, which had also been identified previously in the Middle East and North Africa.
1) Field trials in Ethiopia identified new stem rust races virulent against genes commonly used in durum wheat breeding programs.
2) Screening of over 6,800 cultivated and wild tetraploid wheat accessions identified sources of resistance, with emmer and wild emmer showing the highest resistance levels.
3) Genetic mapping of resistance genes is underway using biparental crosses to elucidate the genetics of resistance and map genes from tetraploid sources.
Agrovegetal is a farmer-owned seed company in Southern Spain that has been releasing new wheat cultivars for 15 years through collaborative partnerships with CIMMYT. Through multi-location yield trials evaluating disease resistance, quality, and stability, Agrovegetal has released cultivars such as Don Ricardo durum wheat that is highly yielding with good quality and leaf rust resistance. Agrovegetal now holds a 12% market share for durum wheat seeds and 10% for bread wheat seeds in Spain through the commercial success of cultivars developed through its wheat breeding program.
Three key findings from the field pathogenomics study of wheat yellow rust:
1) Gene sequencing of 40 rust samples from UK fields in 2013 found four distinct populations that correlated with location.
2) A small number of genes were specifically differentially expressed between the populations, some of which may encode candidate effector proteins.
3) The pathogen's transcriptome could be matched to wheat varieties, allowing rapid identification of the host variety from RNAseq data alone.
The document discusses the need for public-private partnerships in wheat production in India to boost productivity. It notes that while the public sector has established various research and extension organizations, wheat productivity remains low. The role of the private sector in wheat seed production and marketing has increased in recent years. However, marketing public varieties remains challenging for private companies due to competition and demand forecasting issues. The document advocates for complementary roles between the public and private sectors in research, distribution of public technologies, and marketing/extension. It provides an example of one private company, DCM Shriram Ltd., that has invested in wheat research and seen growing sales of its proprietary varieties in India.
This document discusses the importance and challenges of data and germplasm sharing. It makes the following key points:
1. Sharing knowledge and germplasm has historically been important for progress, but restrictions have slowed in recent decades due to intellectual property laws and treaties.
2. New technologies generate vast amounts of data that is difficult to analyze and share under consistent standards. Improved experimental design is needed to link genotype, phenotype and environment data.
3. Initiatives like BGRI advocate sharing data and germplasm to accelerate breeding for diseases like rust resistance in wheat, but restricted movement of germplasm requires alternative solutions like information sharing.
This document summarizes research on the global occurrence and economic impact of stripe rust, a fungal wheat disease. It finds that stripe rust has spread rapidly in recent decades to new regions due to climate change, susceptible wheat varieties, and pathogen adaptation. Based on survey responses, it estimates that stripe rust causes average annual global wheat yield losses valued at $848 million. It estimates that investing $28 million annually in research could help avert these losses and provide a positive return on investment. The document also analyzes changing spatial patterns of stripe rust outbreaks and losses in the United States over time.
The document describes a study that analyzed genetic data from wheat leaf rust fungus (Puccinia triticina) isolates infecting different wheat genomes to better understand the evolutionary relationships between these host-specific types. The researchers analyzed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from 70 fungus samples infecting wheat and found two major clades of common wheat isolates that were distinct from durum wheat isolates. Analysis supported the hypothesis that the original fungus form infected Aegilops speltoides before evolving to infect common wheat and then durum wheat.
The document summarizes molecular characterization of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) isolates from Western Canada. Pst isolates were sequenced using Illumina platforms and assembled de novo. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on rRNA sequences and whole genome assemblies. Comparisons between old isolates from 1990-1993 and new isolates from 2007-2012 identified unique and enriched gene sequences, suggesting genome reorganization in Pst. Functional annotation revealed differences in biological processes between old and new isolates, such as transport and response to exogenous molecules in new isolates.
The document summarizes research on pleiotropic adult plant resistance (PAPR) loci in wheat. Key points:
1. CIMMYT has conducted PAPR research since the 1970s, identifying loci such as Lr34, Lr46, and Lr67 that confer resistance to multiple diseases.
2. Studies mapped additional PAPR QTL in various wheat populations and identified markers for genes like Lr46, Sr2, and Yr54 useful for marker-assisted selection.
3. Research involves fine mapping genes, identifying deletion mutants, and understanding resistance mechanisms to improve durability and pyramide genes in wheat breeding.
4. An international shuttle breeding program
This document summarizes new evidence that the wheat stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici undergoes sexual reproduction on barberry plants in China. Through surveys, 23 barberry species in China were found to be susceptible hosts for P. striiformis when artificially inoculated. Stripe rust was also observed naturally infecting 3 barberry species in the field. Isolates recovered from infected barberry plants in nature had different virulence patterns than major wheat stripe rust races in China, indicating sexual recombination may contribute to new virulence variations on barberry.
This document provides evidence of recombination between the Sr2 and Fhb1 genes in wheat. It summarizes that a doubled haploid population from a cross between Carberry and AC Cadillac wheat lines showed: 1) recombinants expressing both pseudo-black chaff (PBC, linked to Sr2) and low Fusarium head blight (FHB, linked to Fhb1), 2) genetic mapping identified QTL in the Sr2/Fhb1 region associated with both traits, and 3) haplotype analysis identified recombinants with the Sr2 and Fhb1 marker haplotypes separated.
This document discusses wheat rust diseases as a potential problem for Norwegian wheat cultivation due to forecasted climate changes. Currently, wheat rusts are not a major issue but stripe rust occasionally causes local outbreaks. However, predicted higher winter temperatures could allow more rust inoculum to survive winters. Milder autumns and springs along with warmer, wetter summers may also promote faster rust development. As a result, the risks of future rust epidemics are expected to increase. The document recommends strategies like growing winter wheat varieties with good rust resistance and breeding for horizontal resistance to control potential rust problems.
This document summarizes research on achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat. It discusses the importance of leaf rust, major resistance genes that have been identified and overcome by evolving rust races, and efforts to develop slow rusting resistance through gene pyramiding. Key findings include identification of multiple major genes conferring resistance, the breakdown of these genes over time, efforts to combine minor genes to provide more durable slow rusting resistance, and the need to continue broadening genetic resistance.
The Global Rust Reference Center (GRRC) in Denmark aims to manage wheat rust surveillance, act as an early warning system, disseminate results online, maintain pathogen genetic resources, and provide training. It has expanded facilities including quarantine zones, labs, and greenhouse space. The GRRC works with over 40 international collaborators from Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America. It collects and maintains live wheat rust isolates to assist breeding and research. The GRRC also conducts research on rust spread, evolution, genetics, and host-pathogen interactions. Training is provided to students and scientists in wheat rust pathology. Ongoing challenges include understanding global rust dynamics and improving phenotyping methods. Sustained efforts are needed
This document summarizes research on identifying genetic loci associated with resistance to stripe and stem rust in wheat. Genome-wide association mapping identified several QTLs for stripe rust resistance on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 3B, 3A, 6A, 6D and 7D. Some QTLs corresponded to previously reported resistance genes. Analysis of interactions between loci found negative interactions between some stripe and stem rust QTLs, suggesting they should not be combined in breeding. The goal is to avoid pyramiding loci that interact negatively to compromise resistance to multiple diseases.
This document summarizes research on cloning rust resistance genes from wheat and developing gene pyramids via genetic engineering. Key points include:
- Researchers at the University of Minnesota and other institutions are working to clone multiple rust resistance genes from wheat including Sr2, Sr22, Sr33, Sr35, Sr46, Sr50 and Lr67.
- Cloned genes like Lr34/Yr18, Yr36, and others can be stacked together in transgenic cassettes to provide pyramided resistance in a single locus.
- Preliminary work has successfully stacked two or three resistance genes in transgenic wheat.
- Further work will continue cloning additional genes, validating gene function through transformation, and
The document discusses challenges facing the future of the food industry and agriculture, including an aging farmer population, numerous global issues, and lack of awareness and stereotypes about careers in agriculture. It notes there are over 300 careers in agriculture employing more people than any other industry. Examples are then given of programs and organizations working to engage youth and support the next generation of leaders in agriculture.
This document summarizes advances in breeding for resistance to stem rust caused by Ug99 and Ethiopian races in durum wheat. It describes the establishment of a bi-annual screening program in Ethiopia to identify resistance sources and confirm resistance in advanced lines. Significant progress has been made, with the proportion of resistant lines distributed globally increasing from 3.1% in 2009 to 39.8% in 2014. Marker-assisted selection has been used to stack the Sr22 and Sr25 resistance genes from alien sources. Advanced lines with these linked genes show improved quality while yield performance is still being evaluated. Ongoing research aims to provide more markers and information to further the breeding effort.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
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This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...
2014 bgri abeyo
1. Cul$va$ng
Success
in
Ethiopia:
The
contras$ng
stripe
rust
situa$ons
in
2010
and
2013
2010
2013
Kubsa
–
Devastated
by
stripe
rust
Digalu
-‐
>5t/ha
crop
B.
Abeyo,
D.
Hodson,
B.
Hundie,
G.
Woldeab,
B.
Girma,
A.
Badebo,
Y.
Alemayehu,
T.
Jobe,
A.
Tegegn
and
W.
Denbel
Kakaba
-‐
>6t/ha
2. PresentaBon
Outline
• Wheat
producBon
in
Ethiopia
• Recurrent
rust
epidemics
• In
2010,
Ethiopia
witnessed
the
worst
stripe
rust
epidemics
in
recent
history
• In
2013,
There
were
the
real
fears
of
another
major
stripe
rust
epidemic
-‐
but
this
did
not
transpire
• Side
by
side
comparison
of
2010
vs
2013
for
some
key
factors
• Are
the
rust
/
wheat
investments
in
Ethiopia
paying
dividends?
3. Wheat
ProducBon
in
Ethiopia
v Major
staple
&
strategic
food
security
crop
v Largest
producer
in
SSA
v 1.7
million
ha
v 4
million
MT
(2013/14
forecast
CSA)
v 5
million
HHs
–
small-‐scale
farmers
v AdaptaBon
v AlBtude:
1500
-‐
2800
masl
v Mainly
rainfed
with
rain
fall:
≥
500
mm
v Temp:
15
-‐
280C
v Wheat
in
field
somewhere
in
Ethiopia
throughout
the
year
Framers
field
around
Eteya,2013
5. Recurrent
Rust
Epidemics:
A
key
constraint
for
Ethiopian
farmers
YEAR
DISEASE
CULTIVARS
GENE
1988
Stripe
Rust
Dashen
Yr9
1993
Stem
Rust
Enkoy
Sr36
2010
Stripe
Rust
Kubsa,
Galema
Yr27
2013
Stem
Rust
Digalu
SrTmp
6. 2010
Stripe
Rust
Epidemic
in
Ethiopia
v Kubsa
&
Galema’s
resistance
broke
due
to
a
Yr27
virulent
race
v Ethiopia
experienced
the
largest
stripe
rust
epidemic
in
recent
history
v Over
600,000
ha
of
wheat
affected
v An
esBmated
60
million
Ethiopian
Birr
(US$3.2
million)
were
spent
on
fungicides
v Large
producBon
losses
were
observed
7. 2010
2013
Extended
wet
seasons,
well
distributed
rains,
cool
temperatures
(=
happy
wheat
+
happy
stripe
rust
!)
June-‐Sept
Rainfall
Anomalies
(green/blue
=
higher
than
normal
seasonal
rainfall)
The
Favourable
Environment
–
Both
2010
&
2013
8. Stripe
Rust
“Suitable
Days”
(Temp
>2
<21
˚C,
Precip
>
0)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Number
of
Days
Gondar:
Suitable
Days
avg
2010
2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Number
of
Days
Debre
Marcos:
Suitable
Days
avg
2010
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Jan
Mar
May
Jul
Sep
Nov
Number
of
Days
Addis:
Suitable
Days
avg
2010
2013
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
Jan
Mar
May
Jul
Sep
Nov
Number
of
Days
Robe:
Suitable
Days
avg
2010
2013
Both
2010
&
2013:
Above
average
“suitable
days”
for
stripe
rust
9. IniBal
Outbreaks
• When
&
where
did
stripe
rust
first
appear?
2010:
Assasa
Plain,
August
(early
occurrence)
2013:
Assasa
Plain,
August
(early
occurrence)
10. IniBal
Outbreaks
• When
&
where
did
stripe
rust
first
appear?
2010:
Assasa
Plain,
August
(early
occurrence)
2013:
Assasa
Plain,
August
(early
occurrence)
Extremely
similar
wind
dispersal
paYerns
Aug-‐Sept
2010
&
2013
Aug
wind
Sept
wind
11. Season
Outcomes:
2010
&
2013
2010
2013
Total
Survey
n
=
1084
fields
Total
Survey
n
=
1292
fields
12. Season
Outcomes:
2010
&
2013
2010
2013
Stripe
Rust
Hotspots
-‐
From
Survey
Data
Total
Survey
n
=
1084
fields
Total
Survey
n
=
1292
fields
13. ContrasBng
Season
Outcomes:
2010
&
2013
2010
2013
600,000
ha
affected
3
regions
(Oromia,
Amhara,
SNNPR)
Pockets
of
stripe
rust
present
(Tigray
&
SNNPR)
58%
of
survey
sites
infected
(Total
survey
n=
1084)
27%
of
survey
sites
infected
(Total
survey
n=
1292)
>180,000
ha
sprayed
Amount
spent
on
fungicides
>60
million
Birr
(US$3.2
million)
C.
15,000-‐20,000
ha
sprayed
Timely,
effecBve
fungicide
control
On-‐farm
losses
60%
to
100%
Negligible
on-‐farm
losses
Significant
na$onal
losses
(>10%
of
total
producBon)
A
record
wheat
harvest
forecast
(>4
Million
Mt)
14. PotenBal
ProducBon
Impacts
RelaBve
yield
gain
2010
&
2013:
•
compared
to
3
year
avg.
(2006-‐09)
2010
2013
2010:
High
Yield
Depression
Zone
(%
yield
gain
<5%
[many
–ve])
2010:
Stripe
Rust
Hotspots
+
High
Yield
Depression
Zone
Source:
CSA,
2011,
2013
15. NaBonal
Cereal
Yield
Gains
vs
Previous
Year
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Teff
Barley
Wheat
Maize
Sorghum
2.77
5.03
0.66
15.51
13.67
%
y
i
e
l
d
G
a
i
n
2010
%
Yield
Gain
(vs
2009)
2010
%
Gain
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Teff
Barley
Wheat
Maize
Sorghum
11.09
5.49
12.18
5.39
11.49
%
y
i
e
l
d
g
a
i
n
2010
&
2013
%
Yield
Gain
(vs
previous
year)
2010
%
Gain
2013
%
Gain
All
cereals
–
except
wheat
–
performed
well
in
2010
All
cereals
–
especially
wheat
–
performed
well
in
2013
Source:
CSA,
2011,
2013
17. Influencing
Factors:
Resistant
CulBvars
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
S
R
Unknown
391
101
535
240
562
490
2010
2013
Number
of
surveyed
farmer
fields
reporBng
known
culBvars
18. CulBvar
Summary
• Between
2010
and
2013
there
were
dramaBc
shixs
from
yellow
rust
suscepBble
to
yellow
rust
resistance
• 2013/14:
CulBvar
Digalu
esBmated
to
be
grown
on
>500,000
ha
(approx.
30%
of
wheat
area)
R/MR
Unknown
S/MS
S/MS
Unknown
R/MR
EsBmates
of
Areas
Planted
(Yellow
rust
resistant
vs
suscepBble)
2010
2013
19. Other
ContribuBng
Factors
Factors
2010
2013
Farmer
Awareness
on
Fungicide
Use
LOW
HIGH
Fungicide
availability
No.
Or
limited
amount
in
reserve.
Yes.
Sa$sfactory
amount
in
reserve.
Informa$on
Exchange
Limited
amongst
stakeholders
Good
informa$on
exchange
Belg
(minor)
season
survey
NO
YES
Early
Main
Season
Survey
NO
YES
Farmer
Awareness
on
Rusts
NO
/
LIMITED
HIGH
/
AWARE
Early
Warning
System
NO
YES
Integrated
(mul$ple)
Stakeholder
Response
NO
/
LIMITED
YES
(EIAR,
MoA,
ATA,
Extension
Directorate,
CIMMYT,
FAO,
…..)
20. Lessons
learned
/
recommendaBons
Many
posiBve
lessons
were
learned
from
the
2010
epidemic
&
2013
season.
•
Strategic
recommendaBons:
– Farmer
/
extension
capacity
building
–
rust
idenBficaBon
and
control
– Need
a
strategic
fungicide
reserve
(registered
chemicals)
– Con$nued
&
strengthened
early
warning
systems
and
$mely
surveillance
– Con$nued
rapid
seed
mul$plica$on
&
promo$on
– Strengthened
pipeline
of
new
diverse
APR
sources
of
resistance
(+
ayenBon
to
other
diseases
e.g.,
Septoria)
– Crop
diversifica$on
–
break
wheat
monoculture
21. Conclusion
• 2013
was
a
high
risk
year
for
stripe
rust
• PosiBve
acBons,
post
2010
epidemic,
certainly
contributed
to
making
2013/14
a
record
wheat
producBon
year
for
Ethiopia.
Key
factors
were:
– Rapid
spread
of
rust
resistant
culBvars
that
dramaBcally
reduced
the
vulnerability
of
the
Ethiopian
wheat
crop
– Timely
and
coordinated
surveillance
efforts,
coupled
to
good
informa$on
exchange
amongst
different
stakeholders,
resulted
in
effec$ve
control
and
awareness
campaigns
that
targeted
emerging
stripe
rust
outbreaks
• Wheat
/
rust
investments
in
Ethiopia
are
paying
dividends!
• BUT,
no
room
for
complacency……..
22. ….Stem
Rust!!!
• Widespread
cul$va$on
of
Digalu
gave
vulnerability
to
stem
rust
• Incursion
of
race
TKTT_
(not
a
Ug99
race)
[analysis
CDL,
Minnesota,
GRRC,
Denmark]
• Breakdown
of
SrTmp
• Rapid
disease
development
:
first
detecBon
early
Oct
;
full
blown
epidemic
mid
Nov!
• Localized
epidemic
on
20-‐40,000
ha
(10-‐20%
of
total
wheat
area)
in
southern
Ethiopia
• 100%
crop
loss
in
worst
affected
areas
23. “Rust
never
sleeps”
-‐
but
nor
do
Ethiopian
wheat
scien$sts!
The
commitment
to
improve
the
country’s
wheat
crop
con$nues
th
Digalu
crop
killed
by
stem
rust
Digalu
crop
sprayed
with
Tilt