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Achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat: What have we learnt and how to move
- 1. Achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat: What have we learnt and how to move forward S.A. Herrera-‐Foessel, R.P. Singh, J. Huerta-‐Espino, V. Calvo-‐Salazar, C. Lan, B.R. Basnet and E.S. Lagudah BGRI Workshop, Cd. Obregon, 23 March 2014
- 2. Content „ Background ■ Dw, losses „ Resistance ■ Resistance in general ■ Race-‐specific or major gene-‐based ■ Slow rusSng „ Challenges and Future prospects
- 3. Durum wheat - Importance 50%50% % durum wheat area developed world developing world 80% 20% % durum wheat cultivars in developing countries CIMMYT-derived Non-CIMMYT derived 80% 20% % wheat area in Yaqui & Mayo valley year 2014 Cirno C2008 Other
- 4. Leaf rust -‐ importance Yield losses (%)* Normal planSng Late planSng Across trials Range Range Mean Suscep-‐ Sble 33-‐61 67-‐74 60 *Fungicide protected and non-‐protected plots under high disease pressure, Cd Obregon (Herrera-‐Foessel et al., 2006)
- 5. „ Before BBG/BN (<Year 2001) ■ No severe leaf rust epidemics reported ■ CulSvars resistant ■ Not much known on geneSc basis of resistance ■ Of Lr genes designated -‐ few of durum origin ■ Not known whether bread wheat and durum wheat shared the same resistance genes Leaf rust resistance in durum wheat
- 6. 80% 20% Cultivars from 31 different countries Lr72 Other Leaf rust resistance in Altar C84: Lr72 Atred Atil2000 Altar84 P. tritcina MBJ/SP Singh et al 2004 Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2013 US$ 32 M BBG/BN
- 7. Major leaf rust resistance genes identified at CIMMYT effective to BBG/BN Lrgene Chr Origin CulKvar/line 3 6BLa T. aes*vum Storlom 14a 7BLb T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum Llareta INIA, Somateria, Cevi Oro C2008, Patronato Oro C2008, Sawali Oro C2008 27+31 3B+4Bc T. aes*vum Jupare C2001, Banamichi C2004 61 6BSd T. turdigum ssp. durum Guayacan INIA, Guayacan 2 Camayo 6BLa T. turdigum ssp. durum Camayo, Cirno C2008 a Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2007a b Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2008a c pers. comm d Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2008b
- 8. DW-‐specific P. tri(cina races idenKfied in Mexico since 1988 LrCamayo Lr14a
- 9. Year of release and year of breakdown of leaf rust resistance of important culKvars from northwestern Mexico CulKvar Wheat Year Gene Race Yecora 70 BW 1973 Lr1, 13 ? Tanori 71 BW 1975 Lr13, 17 ? Jupateco 73 BW 1977 Lr17, 27+31 TBD/TM Genaro 81 BW 1984 Lr13, 26 TCB/TB Seri 82 BW 1985 Lr23, 26 TCB/TD Baviacora 92 BW 1994 Lr27+31, APRa MCJ/SP Altar 84 DW 2001 Lr72 BBG/BN Jupare 2001 DW 2008 Lr27+31 BBG/BP Cirno C2008 DW ? LrCam ? a Unknown race-‐specific adult plant resistance gene
- 10. AddiKonal major leaf rust resistance genes known to be present in durum wheat Lr gene Chr Origin Reference 10a 1AS T. aes*vum Aguilar-‐Rincon et al. 2001; B. Keller (pers. comm.) 19b 7A Lophopyrum pon*cum Zhang et al. 2005; Gennaro et al. 2009 23a 2B T. turdigum ssp. durum Watson and Luig 1961 33a 1B T. aes*vum/T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides Dyck 1994; Dyck and Bartos 1994 37b 2AS T. ventricosa Helguera et al. 2003 47 7AS T. speltoides Dubcovsky et al. 1998 52 5BS T. aes*vum Singh et al. 2010 64 6AL T. turgidum ssp.dicoccoides R.A. McIntosh (pers.comm) ac127 4A T. turdigum ssp. durum Hussein et al. 2005 a Virulence common among durum specific races b Virulence already present among bread wheat specific races
- 11. Resistance sources: Slow rusKng „ Few geneSc studies (Singh et al 1993) made before Lr72 was overcome, since this gene was present in most durums „ New slow rusSng sources that reduced yield losses idenSfied (Singh et al 2004; Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2006) „ Post-‐flowering leaf Sp necrosis
- 12. GeneKc analysis of CIMMYT slow rusKng lines ■ Based on 2-‐3 minor genes with addiSve effect ■ Narrow geneSc base ■ Transgressive segregaSon Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2008c
- 13. Pyramiding slow rusKng resistance genes 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ATIL C2000a (Check) ATIL*2/LO CAL REDa (Check) PIQ UERO b BERG ANDbAM ICbKN IPAb TAG UAbTRILEb PLANETAb PLAYERO b PLAY/BERG //PIQ /AM IC _60c PLAY/BER G //PIQ /AM IC _64c PLAN /AM IC //BERG /TRILE_91c PLAN/AM IC //BERG /TR ILE_96c PLAN /KN IPA//BERG /TAG U A_100c BER G /AM IC//PLAY/PIQ _125c BERG /AM IC//PLAY/PIQ _126c CIMMYT Slow rusting durum wheats %Leafrust 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 AreaUnit FDS AUDPC A x B C x D F1 x F1
- 14. GeneKc analysis of slow rusKng resistance PopulaSon HPTR HPTS OTHER TOTAL No genes P-‐ value ATREDa/HELLER #1b 4 6 125 135 4 0.82 ATRED/BAIRDSc 9 4 127 140 4 0.21 ATRED/DUNKLERd 5 2 118 125 4 0.46 a ATRED = ATIL*2/LOCAL RED b HELLER #1 = PLAYERO/BERGAND//PIQUERO/AMIC c BAIRDS = BERGAND/AMIC//PLAYERO/PIQUERO e DUNKLER = AMIC/TRILE//PLANETA/PIQUERO No. genes esSmated-‐ Cd. Obregon 2013
- 15. Genomic regions associated with slow rusting resistance „ IdenSficaSon of Lr46/Yr29/Sr58/ Ltn2 in durum wheat using Atred #1 x ASl C2000 RIL populaSon and CSIRO marker csLV46G22 Chromosome References 2AL, 3AS, 7BS Maccaferri et al 2008 2AL, 2BS, 4BL, 5A Marone et al 2009 2BL, 3BS, 7BS Maccaferri et al 2010 1B, 2B, 4B, 7B Singh A et al 2012 Cd. Obregon 2013, significant difference at P<0.05 49 29 43 35 12 26 -LR46/YR29 +LR46/YR29 SEGREGATING %Rustseverity Mean % rust severity for RILs of Atil C2000 x Atred #1 population Leaf rust Stripe rust „ Reported minor QTLs/slow rusSng resistance?
- 16. 3 10 18 11 13 4 1 Numberretainedentries Yield % over check cultivar Cirno C2008 Yield trials in Y12-13 Breeding for high yielding durable leaf rust resistant germplasm „ Slow rusKng DW developed from backcrosses with AKl C2000 retained (n=57) from 1st year yield trial at Cd Obregon 2013
- 17. AddiKonal studies on slow rusKng resistance „ EvaluaKon of macroscopic components: latency period, recepKvity, uredinium size ■ MarSnez et al 2001; Herrera-‐Foessel et al 2007b; MarSnez et al 2007; Marone et al 2009; Soleiman et al 2013 „ EvaluaKon of microscopic components: No. early aborted infecKon units (-‐), relaKve colony size ■ Marone et al 2009; Soleiman et al 2013
- 18. Strategies and future challenges „ GeneKc diversity essenKal „ Vulnerability to rely on few major genes (LrCam or Lr14a) „ Slow rusKng resistance-‐a more durable soluKon „ The narrow geneKc base of CIMMYT durum wheats implies that other sources should be invesKgated „ Exploit variability from landraces or related tetraploids to enhance diversity and achieve higher levels of resistance
- 19. Pt race BBG/BP Accession Seedling infection type Field severity & reaction LTN OAX93.6.20 3+4 5MS 2 OAX93.6.30 X- 1MS 2 OAX93.6.81 3+ 5MS 2 OAX93.8.2 X+ 5MS 2 OAX93.8.40 3+4 10MS 2 OAX93.8.46 3+ 10MS 1 OAX93.8.47 3+ 10MS 2 OAX93.8.51 3+4 15MS 2 OAX93.9.7 3+4 10MS 2 OAX93.9.9 3+4 5MS 2 OAX93.16.47 X 1MRMS 2 OAX93.18.18 X+3C 1MR 2 New sources of resistance Cd. Obregon 2013
- 20. Strategies and future challenges „ Transfer of Lr68 from bread wheat „ Lr34 and Lr67, located in the D-‐genome „ Molecular characterizaKon of slow rusKng resistance needed ■ Increase knowledge ■ MAS „ Strengthening strategic effort to breed for APR resistance in durum wheat (require absence of major genes)
- 21. Acknowledgements „ CIMMYT’s technical staff „ GRDC Australia „ Sida-‐Sweden „ SAGARPA-‐CONACYT-‐Mexico