This document discusses peri-implantitis, a disease affecting the tissues surrounding dental implants. Peri-implant mucositis is a mild inflammatory condition confined to soft tissues, similar to gingivitis. Peri-implantitis is a more severe condition involving bone loss due to infection. Treatment involves initial therapy like antibiotics and implant surface decontamination, followed by surgical therapies like regenerative treatment or resective surgery depending on the severity of bone loss. Long-term supportive therapy and plaque control are important to prevent disease recurrence.
11diagnosis and treatment_of_periodontal_disease dissaniyumva aimable
This document discusses gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). It describes healthy gums and the stages of gum disease from gingivitis to early, moderate, and advanced periodontitis. Treatment options are also summarized, including scaling, surgery such as flap procedures, bone grafting, and pharmacological interventions. Regular prevention, detection, and periodontal maintenance are emphasized for treatment of gum disease.
Interrelationship between periodontics and endodonticsUniversity
This document discusses the interrelationship between periodontics and endodontics. It describes how pathological conditions in the dental pulp can influence the periodontium, such as how pulp necrosis is associated with inflammatory involvement of the periodontal tissue. It also discusses how endodontic treatment measures and conditions like root perforations and vertical root fractures can impact the periodontium. Finally, it explores how periodontal disease can in turn influence the condition of the dental pulp.
The document discusses the principles of ethics in dentistry, including its origins, history, and obligations of dentists. It covers the Hippocratic Oath, Nuremberg Code, and key ethical principles like non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for persons, and justice. The duties of dentists toward patients, professional colleagues, and society are explained. Unethical practices are also defined. Finally, the Helsinki Declaration, which provides recommendations for ethical human subject research, is introduced.
This document discusses different types of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis including non-AIDS type and AIDS-associated type. It also discusses refractory periodontitis caused by abnormal host response, resistant bacteria, failure to remove plaque, and smoking. Microbial complexes associated with refractory periodontitis include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Treatment involves antimicrobial therapy and local drug delivery. The document also discusses periodontitis caused by systemic diseases that impair neutrophil function such as Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, and Down syndrome.
The document defines and classifies periodontal pockets. Key points:
- Periodontal pockets are pathologically deepened gingival sulci with destruction of supporting tissues.
- They are classified as suprabony, infrabony, or furcation pockets based on their location relative to alveolar bone.
- Periodontal pockets contain plaque, microorganisms, inflammatory cells and products that drive the pathogenesis of periodontitis through host immune response and tissue destruction.
- Probing depth measures pocket depth while attachment loss measures loss of supporting tissues from their original position. Pocket depth does not always correlate with severity of bone loss.
This document discusses peri-implantitis, a disease affecting the tissues surrounding dental implants. Peri-implant mucositis is a mild inflammatory condition confined to soft tissues, similar to gingivitis. Peri-implantitis is a more severe condition involving bone loss due to infection. Treatment involves initial therapy like antibiotics and implant surface decontamination, followed by surgical therapies like regenerative treatment or resective surgery depending on the severity of bone loss. Long-term supportive therapy and plaque control are important to prevent disease recurrence.
11diagnosis and treatment_of_periodontal_disease dissaniyumva aimable
This document discusses gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). It describes healthy gums and the stages of gum disease from gingivitis to early, moderate, and advanced periodontitis. Treatment options are also summarized, including scaling, surgery such as flap procedures, bone grafting, and pharmacological interventions. Regular prevention, detection, and periodontal maintenance are emphasized for treatment of gum disease.
Interrelationship between periodontics and endodonticsUniversity
This document discusses the interrelationship between periodontics and endodontics. It describes how pathological conditions in the dental pulp can influence the periodontium, such as how pulp necrosis is associated with inflammatory involvement of the periodontal tissue. It also discusses how endodontic treatment measures and conditions like root perforations and vertical root fractures can impact the periodontium. Finally, it explores how periodontal disease can in turn influence the condition of the dental pulp.
The document discusses the principles of ethics in dentistry, including its origins, history, and obligations of dentists. It covers the Hippocratic Oath, Nuremberg Code, and key ethical principles like non-maleficence, beneficence, respect for persons, and justice. The duties of dentists toward patients, professional colleagues, and society are explained. Unethical practices are also defined. Finally, the Helsinki Declaration, which provides recommendations for ethical human subject research, is introduced.
This document discusses different types of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis including non-AIDS type and AIDS-associated type. It also discusses refractory periodontitis caused by abnormal host response, resistant bacteria, failure to remove plaque, and smoking. Microbial complexes associated with refractory periodontitis include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. Treatment involves antimicrobial therapy and local drug delivery. The document also discusses periodontitis caused by systemic diseases that impair neutrophil function such as Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, and Down syndrome.
The document defines and classifies periodontal pockets. Key points:
- Periodontal pockets are pathologically deepened gingival sulci with destruction of supporting tissues.
- They are classified as suprabony, infrabony, or furcation pockets based on their location relative to alveolar bone.
- Periodontal pockets contain plaque, microorganisms, inflammatory cells and products that drive the pathogenesis of periodontitis through host immune response and tissue destruction.
- Probing depth measures pocket depth while attachment loss measures loss of supporting tissues from their original position. Pocket depth does not always correlate with severity of bone loss.
Lateral pedicle graft is a surgical technique used to increase attached gingiva around teeth affected by recession. It involves raising a partial-thickness flap of tissue from an adjacent donor site and rotating it to cover the exposed root surface. The pedicle flap provides good vascularization and ability to cover denuded roots. However, it is limited to one or two teeth and carries risks of recession at the donor site. Key steps include preparing the recipient and donor sites, outlining incisions, raising and positioning the pedicle flap, and suturing to cover the exposed root.
This document discusses different flap designs for endodontic surgery. It describes several flap techniques including the gingival flap, intrasulcular (triangular and rectangular) flap, semilunar flap, and submarginal (Ochsenbein-Luebke) flap. For each flap, it provides the indications for when it would be used based on factors like the number of teeth involved, root length and shape, size of the lesion, and amount of attached gingiva. It also discusses considerations for the surgery like anatomic structures and techniques for incising the tissue gently with sharp dissection and hemostasis to avoid tension and problems.
This document provides an overview of aggressive periodontitis, including:
- A brief history of terminology used and key publications.
- Classification into localized and generalized forms based on extent of disease.
- Epidemiology showing prevalence under 1% and higher rates in some populations.
- Clinical features of each form including patterns of bone and attachment loss.
- Role of microbes like Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in etiology.
- Importance of genetic and immunological factors in disease pathogenesis and progression.
- Diagnosis involving clinical exams, microbiological testing, and evaluation of host defenses.
- Treatment aimed
This document discusses various oral manifestations of systemic diseases. It begins by classifying systemic diseases into 14 categories that can present with oral lesions. Several infectious diseases are then discussed in detail, including viral infections like herpes simplex, herpes zoster, herpangina and hand foot mouth disease. Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy are also mentioned. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are provided for many of the infectious diseases.
This document summarizes recommendations for endocarditis prophylaxis in children undergoing dental procedures. It states that prophylaxis is recommended for children with high-risk cardiac conditions like prosthetic heart valves or previous endocarditis undergoing certain dental procedures including extractions, periodontal work, and dental implants. It also lists dental procedures that are considered lower risk and do not require prophylaxis, such as fillings, local anesthetics, and orthodontic adjustments. The document references criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis in children and a population-based case-control study on dental and cardiac risk factors for endocarditis.
This document discusses periodontal treatment considerations for medically compromised patients. It covers how medical conditions like hemorrhagic disorders, renal disease, liver disease, pulmonary disease, infectious diseases, pregnancy, and prosthetic joint replacements can impact periodontal therapy. For each condition, it provides details on oral manifestations, necessary consultations and lab tests, and modified treatment approaches to minimize health risks. Conservative, non-surgical periodontal treatments are often recommended where possible for medically complex patients.
classification of periodontal diseasesneeti shinde
The document provides an overview of the historical development of classification systems for periodontal diseases from the 1870s to present. It discusses early systems based on clinical characteristics and concepts of classical pathology and the current dominant paradigm of periodontal diseases having an infectious etiology. The American Academy of Periodontology classification from 1999 is summarized, categorizing diseases as gingival diseases, chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and necrotizing periodontal diseases.
This document discusses preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications and their management for dental extractions. Preoperative complications include medical and dental history issues. Intraoperative complications involve failures of local anesthesia, difficulty removing teeth, trauma to hard/soft tissues, and displaced teeth or TMJs. Postoperative complications include hemorrhage, pain such as dry sockets, and infection. The document provides details on causes, diagnosis, and treatment for each complication.
Dental implants can replace missing tooth roots and support replacement teeth. They are made of titanium and surgically placed in the jawbone, where they bond with the bone through osseointegration. This stable foundation allows replacement teeth to be securely attached. There are different types of implants depending on a patient's bone structure. With proper maintenance, implants can last over 20 years and avoid issues like bone loss, gum recession, and loose dentures.
Ethics is concerned with judging what is right and wrong in human conduct. Dental ethics refers to the moral duties of dentists towards patients, colleagues, and society. Key principles of dental ethics include non-maleficence (do no harm), beneficence (do good), respect for patient autonomy and informed consent, justice, truthfulness, and confidentiality. Unethical practices include using unregistered assistants, falsifying records, improper advertising, and undercharging to solicit patients. Historical events like the Nazi experiments, Tuskegee trials, and Declaration of Helsinki established standards to protect research participants through informed consent and review boards. Adherence to an ethical code is important for maintaining trust in the dental profession.
The document outlines the phases and procedures involved in developing and implementing a treatment plan for periodontal therapy. It discusses establishing diagnoses and prognoses, designing a master plan that sequences nonsurgical and surgical treatments, restorative work, maintenance, and addressing systemic factors. The goal is to create a healthy periodontium and functioning dentition through elimination of irritants and correction of underlying issues causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
This document summarizes key anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs. It describes the radiopaque and radiolucent appearance of enamel, dentin, cortical bone, cancellous bone, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament space. Landmarks of the maxilla include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, zygomatic process, and tuberosity. Mandibular landmarks include the mental foramen, mylohyoid ridge, and mandibular canal. Understanding the radiographic appearance of normal anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases.
Endo perio lesions /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses the classification of periodontal diseases. It provides an overview of how periodontal diseases were previously classified, noting that the classification system was heavily based on age. It then summarizes the updated 1999 classification system, which introduced categories for gingival diseases and refined the categories for periodontal diseases. The key changes were introducing gingival disease categories, replacing terms like "adult periodontitis" with "chronic periodontitis", and expanding definitions of systemic diseases and their implications for periodontal health.
Supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) involves long-term maintenance programs following active periodontal treatment to maintain periodontal health. SPT involves periodic examination, motivation and instrumentation of sites showing inflammation, treatment of reinfected sites, and polishing. It begins after active treatment and is aimed at preventing recurrence through early detection of disease. The frequency of SPT visits depends on the patient's periodontal risk assessment but generally occurs every 3-4 months. It can be performed by general dentists or specialists depending on the extent of original periodontal destruction. Adjunctive use of antimicrobials may also be included in SPT.
advanced diagnostic aids in periodonticsMehul Shinde
Advanced diagnostic aids provide more precise tools and technologies for diagnosis. New probes allow for controlled pressure and automated measurement. Digital radiography provides advantages like reduced radiation dose and immediate imaging. Techniques like digital subtraction radiography and cone-beam computed tomography improve detection of bone changes over time. Overall, advances in clinical, radiographic, microbiological and host-response assessments enhance diagnosis of disease presence, type and progression.
The document discusses several major theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each theory, such as the stages, focuses of pleasure, and interactions with the environment according to Freud and Erikson. The theories aim to understand child development and behavior from infancy through adolescence.
Periodontitis is caused by bacterial infection of the gums that triggers an inflammatory host response. Bacteria form biofilms in the gingival crevice. This elicits production of inflammatory molecules like IL-1β and TNF-α by immune cells. In susceptible individuals, inflammation is excessive and causes tissue destruction and bone loss. As bone loss progresses, periodontal pockets deepen, increasing pathogen load and further inflammation.
This document discusses the anatomy, measurement, and clinical significance of the attached gingiva. It notes that the attached gingiva extends from the base of the gingival sulcus to the mucogingival junction. The normal width is 3-4.5mm in the maxillary anterior region but narrower in other areas. Inadequate width can facilitate subgingival plaque formation. Methods to measure width and increase width through surgery are described. The importance of keratinized, attached tissue for resisting mechanical irritation and stabilizing the gingival margin is emphasized.
This document summarizes survey procedures for collecting oral health information. It discusses what a survey is, its advantages, and types of surveys including descriptive, analytic, longitudinal and cross-sectional. It describes the basic steps in conducting a survey: establishing objectives, designing the investigation, selecting a sample, conducting examinations, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and publishing results. Key aspects covered include recommended age groups to survey, index ages, prevalence versus incidence, and types of examination methods used in epidemiological surveys. The goal of surveys is to obtain reliable information on oral health status and treatment needs for planning and monitoring oral health programs.
Lateral pedicle graft is a surgical technique used to increase attached gingiva around teeth affected by recession. It involves raising a partial-thickness flap of tissue from an adjacent donor site and rotating it to cover the exposed root surface. The pedicle flap provides good vascularization and ability to cover denuded roots. However, it is limited to one or two teeth and carries risks of recession at the donor site. Key steps include preparing the recipient and donor sites, outlining incisions, raising and positioning the pedicle flap, and suturing to cover the exposed root.
This document discusses different flap designs for endodontic surgery. It describes several flap techniques including the gingival flap, intrasulcular (triangular and rectangular) flap, semilunar flap, and submarginal (Ochsenbein-Luebke) flap. For each flap, it provides the indications for when it would be used based on factors like the number of teeth involved, root length and shape, size of the lesion, and amount of attached gingiva. It also discusses considerations for the surgery like anatomic structures and techniques for incising the tissue gently with sharp dissection and hemostasis to avoid tension and problems.
This document provides an overview of aggressive periodontitis, including:
- A brief history of terminology used and key publications.
- Classification into localized and generalized forms based on extent of disease.
- Epidemiology showing prevalence under 1% and higher rates in some populations.
- Clinical features of each form including patterns of bone and attachment loss.
- Role of microbes like Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in etiology.
- Importance of genetic and immunological factors in disease pathogenesis and progression.
- Diagnosis involving clinical exams, microbiological testing, and evaluation of host defenses.
- Treatment aimed
This document discusses various oral manifestations of systemic diseases. It begins by classifying systemic diseases into 14 categories that can present with oral lesions. Several infectious diseases are then discussed in detail, including viral infections like herpes simplex, herpes zoster, herpangina and hand foot mouth disease. Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy are also mentioned. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are provided for many of the infectious diseases.
This document summarizes recommendations for endocarditis prophylaxis in children undergoing dental procedures. It states that prophylaxis is recommended for children with high-risk cardiac conditions like prosthetic heart valves or previous endocarditis undergoing certain dental procedures including extractions, periodontal work, and dental implants. It also lists dental procedures that are considered lower risk and do not require prophylaxis, such as fillings, local anesthetics, and orthodontic adjustments. The document references criteria for diagnosing infective endocarditis in children and a population-based case-control study on dental and cardiac risk factors for endocarditis.
This document discusses periodontal treatment considerations for medically compromised patients. It covers how medical conditions like hemorrhagic disorders, renal disease, liver disease, pulmonary disease, infectious diseases, pregnancy, and prosthetic joint replacements can impact periodontal therapy. For each condition, it provides details on oral manifestations, necessary consultations and lab tests, and modified treatment approaches to minimize health risks. Conservative, non-surgical periodontal treatments are often recommended where possible for medically complex patients.
classification of periodontal diseasesneeti shinde
The document provides an overview of the historical development of classification systems for periodontal diseases from the 1870s to present. It discusses early systems based on clinical characteristics and concepts of classical pathology and the current dominant paradigm of periodontal diseases having an infectious etiology. The American Academy of Periodontology classification from 1999 is summarized, categorizing diseases as gingival diseases, chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases, and necrotizing periodontal diseases.
This document discusses preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative complications and their management for dental extractions. Preoperative complications include medical and dental history issues. Intraoperative complications involve failures of local anesthesia, difficulty removing teeth, trauma to hard/soft tissues, and displaced teeth or TMJs. Postoperative complications include hemorrhage, pain such as dry sockets, and infection. The document provides details on causes, diagnosis, and treatment for each complication.
Dental implants can replace missing tooth roots and support replacement teeth. They are made of titanium and surgically placed in the jawbone, where they bond with the bone through osseointegration. This stable foundation allows replacement teeth to be securely attached. There are different types of implants depending on a patient's bone structure. With proper maintenance, implants can last over 20 years and avoid issues like bone loss, gum recession, and loose dentures.
Ethics is concerned with judging what is right and wrong in human conduct. Dental ethics refers to the moral duties of dentists towards patients, colleagues, and society. Key principles of dental ethics include non-maleficence (do no harm), beneficence (do good), respect for patient autonomy and informed consent, justice, truthfulness, and confidentiality. Unethical practices include using unregistered assistants, falsifying records, improper advertising, and undercharging to solicit patients. Historical events like the Nazi experiments, Tuskegee trials, and Declaration of Helsinki established standards to protect research participants through informed consent and review boards. Adherence to an ethical code is important for maintaining trust in the dental profession.
The document outlines the phases and procedures involved in developing and implementing a treatment plan for periodontal therapy. It discusses establishing diagnoses and prognoses, designing a master plan that sequences nonsurgical and surgical treatments, restorative work, maintenance, and addressing systemic factors. The goal is to create a healthy periodontium and functioning dentition through elimination of irritants and correction of underlying issues causing inflammation and tissue destruction.
This document summarizes key anatomical landmarks seen on dental radiographs. It describes the radiopaque and radiolucent appearance of enamel, dentin, cortical bone, cancellous bone, lamina dura, and periodontal ligament space. Landmarks of the maxilla include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, zygomatic process, and tuberosity. Mandibular landmarks include the mental foramen, mylohyoid ridge, and mandibular canal. Understanding the radiographic appearance of normal anatomy is important for accurate diagnosis of dental diseases.
Endo perio lesions /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses the classification of periodontal diseases. It provides an overview of how periodontal diseases were previously classified, noting that the classification system was heavily based on age. It then summarizes the updated 1999 classification system, which introduced categories for gingival diseases and refined the categories for periodontal diseases. The key changes were introducing gingival disease categories, replacing terms like "adult periodontitis" with "chronic periodontitis", and expanding definitions of systemic diseases and their implications for periodontal health.
Supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) involves long-term maintenance programs following active periodontal treatment to maintain periodontal health. SPT involves periodic examination, motivation and instrumentation of sites showing inflammation, treatment of reinfected sites, and polishing. It begins after active treatment and is aimed at preventing recurrence through early detection of disease. The frequency of SPT visits depends on the patient's periodontal risk assessment but generally occurs every 3-4 months. It can be performed by general dentists or specialists depending on the extent of original periodontal destruction. Adjunctive use of antimicrobials may also be included in SPT.
advanced diagnostic aids in periodonticsMehul Shinde
Advanced diagnostic aids provide more precise tools and technologies for diagnosis. New probes allow for controlled pressure and automated measurement. Digital radiography provides advantages like reduced radiation dose and immediate imaging. Techniques like digital subtraction radiography and cone-beam computed tomography improve detection of bone changes over time. Overall, advances in clinical, radiographic, microbiological and host-response assessments enhance diagnosis of disease presence, type and progression.
The document discusses several major theories of child development, including Freud's psychosexual stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Piaget's cognitive development stages. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each theory, such as the stages, focuses of pleasure, and interactions with the environment according to Freud and Erikson. The theories aim to understand child development and behavior from infancy through adolescence.
Periodontitis is caused by bacterial infection of the gums that triggers an inflammatory host response. Bacteria form biofilms in the gingival crevice. This elicits production of inflammatory molecules like IL-1β and TNF-α by immune cells. In susceptible individuals, inflammation is excessive and causes tissue destruction and bone loss. As bone loss progresses, periodontal pockets deepen, increasing pathogen load and further inflammation.
This document discusses the anatomy, measurement, and clinical significance of the attached gingiva. It notes that the attached gingiva extends from the base of the gingival sulcus to the mucogingival junction. The normal width is 3-4.5mm in the maxillary anterior region but narrower in other areas. Inadequate width can facilitate subgingival plaque formation. Methods to measure width and increase width through surgery are described. The importance of keratinized, attached tissue for resisting mechanical irritation and stabilizing the gingival margin is emphasized.
This document summarizes survey procedures for collecting oral health information. It discusses what a survey is, its advantages, and types of surveys including descriptive, analytic, longitudinal and cross-sectional. It describes the basic steps in conducting a survey: establishing objectives, designing the investigation, selecting a sample, conducting examinations, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and publishing results. Key aspects covered include recommended age groups to survey, index ages, prevalence versus incidence, and types of examination methods used in epidemiological surveys. The goal of surveys is to obtain reliable information on oral health status and treatment needs for planning and monitoring oral health programs.
Кластер биомедицинских технологий Фонда «Сколково» совместно с компаниями ОСТ Рус и GCT впервые провел в Гиперкубе образовательный семинар «Вывод медицинского препарата на рынок: от доклиники к регистрации. Практические аспекты».
Пьющие чаще занимаются спортом? - как понимать результаты исследований и статейIgor Kleiner
Пьющие чаще занимаются спортом? - как понимать результаты исследований и статей
в рамках курса критическое мышление на каждый день
Статистическая значимость - клиническая значимость
Школа обработки и анализа данных - ШОАДик
(с) Клейнер Игорь
Исследование симптомов и психосоциальных аспектов, влияющих на качество жизн...Nata Chalanskaya
Презентация Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton, руководителя группы, консультанта Датского научно-исследовательского центра онкологического общества, Датского онкологического общества, на II Международной научно-практической конференции «Повышение качества жизни онкопациентов через развитие сотрудничества государственных, коммерческих и некоммерческих организаций».
Современные математические модели медицинской информатики: от статистики до...Alexey Neznanov
Новая версия презентации, использованная 2016-02-26 на семинаре ИПУ РАН. Акценты сделаны на доказательной медицине, РКИ с медицинской статистикой, интеллектуальном анализе данных. Есть ссылки на интересные ресурсы.
Дискуссии о здоровом старении с ВИЧ /Key Slides on Healthy Aging With HIV.2022hivlifeinfo
Дискуссии о здоровом старении с ВИЧ
Узнайте о медицинских и немедицинских проблемах, с которыми сталкиваются стареющие пациенты с ВИЧ, включая дополнительные проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются пожилые женщины и пожилые люди, живущие в условиях ограниченных ресурсов.
Основы ведения АРТ у многократно леченных пациентов 2022 / Foundations of ART...hivlifeinfo
Основы ведения АРТ у многократно леченных пациентов (2022)
Тактики ведения пациентов с большим опытом лечения, включая анализ резистентности, последние рекомендации и данные по новым схемам АРТ
Современное лечение и профилактика ВИЧ : передовые стратегии лечения у пациен...hivlifeinfo
Стратегии смены АРТ у пациентов с вирусной супрессией, включая смену АРТ при резистентности, рекомендации по инъекционным препаратам длительного действия , смена АРТ до или во время беременности
Ключевые слайды по индивидуальному выбору АРТ / Key Slides on Individualized ...hivlifeinfo
Слайды с последними данные и рекомендациями по выбору АРТ, как для пациентов, ранее не получавших лечения, так и пациентов с вирусологической супрессией. Оценки разных вариантов лечения, индивидуализация АРТ для женщин детородного возраста и во время беременности, пациентов с опортунистическими инфекциями и новые данные об исследовательских стратегиях АРТ.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: новые парадигмы в АРТ / Contemporary Management of H...hivlifeinfo
Набор слайдов c рассмотрением важных вопросов об АРТ первого ряда, арв-препаратами пролонгированного действия и схемами АРТ с двумя препаратами, акцент в публикации на роль новых стратегий.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: модификация АРТ у пациентов с вирусологической супре...hivlifeinfo
This document discusses modifying antiretroviral therapy (ART) in virologically suppressed patients with HIV. It describes two phase 3 trials, ATLAS and FLAIR, that evaluated switching to long-acting injectable cabotegravir plus rilpivirine (CAB/RPV) every 4 weeks in suppressed patients. Both trials found CAB/RPV to be noninferior to continued oral ART at 48 weeks. Common reasons to consider an ART switch include simplifying regimens or improving tolerability. Key factors that may increase risk of treatment failure with CAB/RPV include presence of rilpivirine resistance mutations at baseline and lower rilpivirine drug levels. The FDA
This document discusses contemporary management of HIV with a focus on individualizing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). It provides an overview of recommended first-line ART regimens including integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), discusses clinical trial data comparing different INSTI and protease inhibitor options, and considers factors in choosing among available single-tablet regimen options. It also addresses the potential roles of newer non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in first-line ART.
Современное лечение ВИЧ: лечение многократно леченных пациентов с резистентно...hivlifeinfo
This document discusses management of HIV in heavily treatment-experienced patients with multiclass resistance and limited treatment options. It provides an overview of the problem, including that some older patients were treated early in the HIV epidemic with less potent regimens, resulting in resistance. Younger patients may have congenital HIV and been treated long-term. Assessment of virologic failure and resistance testing are important to select an effective new regimen. Current options for active drugs in these patients include maraviroc, ibalizumab, fostemsavir, and enfuvirtide, which have novel mechanisms of action. Adherence assessment is also critical to determine if the current regimen may still be effective if taken as prescribed.
Key Slides on ART for HIV : Evolving Concepts and Innovative Strategies.2020hivlifeinfo
Expert-authored slides on evolving ART concepts, including simplification to 2-drug therapy, ART safety during pregnancy, weight gain, and long-acting injectable ART.
File Size: 580 KB
Released: October 20, 2020
Современное лечение ВИЧ: новые подходы к оптимизации АРТ/Contemporary Managem...hivlifeinfo
Вопросы, связанные с АРТ первого ряда, смена арв-стратегии для пациентов с вирусной супрессией, акцентом на возрастающую роль новыхантиретровирусных стратегий.
Clinical Impact of New Data From AIDS 2020hivlifeinfo
current ART in principal populations, including older patients and women who become pregnant; metabolic outcomes during ART; HIV and COVID-19; investigational ART strategies; and HIV prevention.
Слайдсет о новом в лечении ВИЧ.Key Slides on What’s Hot in HIV Treatment.2020 hivlifeinfo
Expert-authored slides on the latest issues relating to HIV care, featuring patient cases and considerations for optimal treatment approaches. Topics include integrating newer ARVs, individualizing ART for women of childbearing potential and during pregnancy, adverse events during ART, and anticipated roles of emerging ART strategies.
Гиперлипопротеидемия(а) как опасное генетически обусловленное нарушение липид...hivlifeinfo
Гиперлипопротеидемия(а) как опасное генетически обусловленное нарушение липидного обмена и фактор риска атеротромбоза и сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний
Липопротеид(а) [Лп(а)] представляет собой сложный надмолекулярный комплекс, принадлежащий к апоВ100 содержащим липопротеидам. Лп(а) состоит из ЛНП-подобной частицы, в которой молекула апобелка В100 ковалентно связана дисульфидной связью с уникальной полиморфной молекулой апобелка(а). Концентрация Лп(а) генетически контролируется, при этом варьирует в очень широком диапазоне. Повышенный уровень Лп(а) является независимым фактором риска атеросклероза коронарных, сонных и периферических артерий, ИБС и стеноза аортального клапана, сопутствующих сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, а также осложнений после операций реваскуляризации миокарда. Несмотря на это, уровень Лп(а) по-прежнему не учитывается в стратификации риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Отчасти, это может быть связано с тем, что ни современная лекарственная терапия, ни новые поколения биологических гиполипидемических препаратовтерапия практически не влияют на концентрацию Лп(а), за исключением 20-30% снижения Лп(а) никотиновой кислотой и ингибиторами пропротеиновой конвертазы субтилизин-кексин 9 типа (PCSK9).
Лекция освящает современные представления о Лп(а), как факторе риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, возможности и целесообразности его определения, а также посвящена современным возможностям коррекции гиперлипопротеидемии(а).
Физическая активность и физические тренировки как метод профилактики сердечно...hivlifeinfo
Чушкин М.И., Мандрыкин С.Ю., Карпина Н.Л., Попова Л.А. Физическая активность и физические тренировки как метод профилактики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Кардиология. 2018;58(9S):10-18
Большое число данных свидетельствует, что функциональные возможности кардиореспираторной системы являются не менее важным фактором прогноза летальности, чем курение, артериальная гипертензия, ожирение, гиперхолестеринемия, СД. Пациенты с большей физической активностью имеют значительно меньший риск ССЗ, чем пациенты, ведущие неактивный образ жизни. В данном обзоре авторы показали возможности оценки физической активности и основные положения назначения физических тренировок для сохранения и повышения функциональных возможностей кардиореспираторной системы.
Key Slides on Individualizing ART Management Based on Treatment Safety and To...hivlifeinfo
Обзор последних рекомендаций DHHS , индивидуализация лечения в отдельных группах пациентов, минимизация побочных эффектов и межлекарственных взаимодействий
Современное лечение ВИЧ.Обобщённые данные с конференции CROI 2020 / Contempor...hivlifeinfo
This document summarizes data presented at CROI 2020 on current and investigational antiretroviral therapies (ART) for HIV. Key findings include:
- A pooled analysis found the 3-drug regimen bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) was effective and well-tolerated in people over age 50 similar to younger patients.
- The switch to BIC/FTC/TAF was noninferior to remaining on baseline regimens even in people with baseline nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance.
- Through week 96, dolutegravir plus lamivudine was similarly effective
3. Что такое доказательная
медицина?
«Доказательная медицина (ДМ) – это такой
подход к медицинской помощи, который
обеспечивает сбор, интерпретацию и
применение на практике надежных
доказательств, полученных в
специальных исследованиях,
учитывающих наблюдения клиницистов и
предпочтения пациентов.”
McKibbon, K.A. et al. (1995)
B. Aslanov 2005
4. Основной принцип ДМ
• Каждое медицинское решение должно
быть основано на доказанном (т.е.
должно быть научно обосновано)
5. Принятие клинических решений:
Верные решения требуют верной
информации (доказательств), НО…
Доказательства сами по себе
НИКОГДА не являются
единственным основанием для
принятия окончательного решения
6. Принятие клинических решений:
Должно основываться на оценке
- пользы и риска вмешательства
- предпочтениях пациента
- возможного дискомфорта в
дальнейшем
- стоимости вмешательства
8. Реализация принципов
доказательной медицины
Пять шагов реализации принципов ДМ:
I. Формулировка медицинского вопроса
II. Поиск доказательств (медицинских статей с
данными о проведенных специальных
исследованиях, дающих ответ на поставленный
вопрос)
III. Критическая оценка доказательств
IV. Внедрение результатов в практику врача
V. Оценка результатов внедрения в практику
9. I. Виды медицинских вопросов
• Причина (факторы риска)
• Диагностика
• Лечение/Профилактика
• Прогноз
• Экономическая эффективность
• Качество жизни
10. Пример вопроса
Является ли системная
антибиотикопрофилактика
эффективным мероприятием,
снижающим риск развития инфекций,
связанных с постановкой
внутрисосудистых катетеров?
11. Пример вопроса
Является ли применение фильтров
эффективным мероприятием,
снижающим риск развития инфекций,
связанных с постановкой
внутрисосудистых катетеров?
12. II. Поиск доказательств
Виды доказательств
• Важным принципом доказательной
медицины является необходимость
подобрать такой вид доказательства,
который наиболее вероятно позволит
ответить на поставленный вопрос
13. II. Поиск доказательств
Виды доказательств
• Исследования в зависимости от поставленных
вопросов:
– Определение характера заболевания (причин): когортные
исследования, исследования «случай-контроль»
– Определение характеристик диагностического теста:
поперечные (срезовые) исследования
– Определение эффективности вмешательства:
рандомизированные контролируемые испытания
– Оценка прогноза дальнейшего течения заболевания: когортные
исследования
14. Популяция – все больные с
изучаемым заболеванием
выборка
выборка
исследование
выводы?
?
Обобщаемость
Достоверность
Выборочные исследования
17. Типы данных
• Количественные
– Различия равновелики
– Непрерывные (напр., кровяное давление,
масса тела, рост, возраст, биохимические
показатели крови)
– Дискретные (напр., кол-во беременностей,
кол-во детей и др.; выражаются только
целыми числами)
18. Типы данных
• Качественные
Порядковые (отражают условную
степень выраженности признака)
– Можно ранжировать, но различия между
категориями не обязательно равновелики
• Напр., маленький/средний/большой, или
состояние тяжести пациента
19. Типы данных
• Качественные
Номинальные (отражают условные
коды неизмеряемых категорий)
– Коды диагнозов
– Коды пола: мужской, женский
– Раса: белая, черная, желтая
– Семейное положение
– Дихотомические: только 2 категории
(да/нет, т.е. заболел/не заболел, умер/жив)
23. •Медиана (Ме) - это средняя (центральная)
варианта, делящая ряд распределения
пополам, на две равные части
•Мода (Мо) - наиболее часто
встречающаяся в ряду распределения
варианта
Средние величины
24. Вариабельность данных
(дисперисия)
• Стандартное отклонение (σ) – величина,
отражающая вариабельность данных
относительно средней арифметической
• Межквартильный размах (для медианы) –
показывает значения 25-го и 75
процентилей, т.е. тот интервал, который
включает в себя 50% данных в выборке
• Интерпроцентильный размах – значения процентилей распределения данных (например,
интервал между 10-м и 90-м процентилями)
• Размах – разность максимального и минимального значений данных
25. Описание данных
• Описание данных зависит от их типа
(качественные или количественные) и
способа их распределения !
26. Описание данных в
зависимости от их типа
• Количественные
– Для описания используется среднее или
медиана
• Качественные (номинальные)
– Для описания используется мода
• Качественные (порядковые)
– Для описания используется медиана
29. Ассиметричные распределения
– Скошенное вправо распределение
– Скошенное влево распределение
– Асимметричные данные НИКОГДА не
являются нормально распределенными
30. Заключение: методы описания данных
• Параметрический метод: для нормально
распределенных количественных данных
– Для описания используется среднее
арифметическое и стандартное отклонение
• Непараметрический метод: для не нормально
распределенных количественных данных и
качественных данных
– Для описания используется медиана и
межквартильный размах
– Медиана менее чувствительна к асимметрии и
«выскакивающим» значениям
34. Длительность катетеризации центральных вен
Зависимость частоты возникновения инфекций кровотока
от длительности катетеризации центральных вен
Моро и соавт. Инфекционный контроль и госпитальная эпидемиология. 1994;15:253.
35. Плотность инцидентности
Количество новых случаев заболевания за период времени
Суммарное время риска заболевания, добавленное всеми
членами популяции риска
х1000
36. Показатель превалентности
Кол-во всех существующих случаев заболевания
в определенный момент времени
Общая численность популяции риска в этот же момент
X 10n
37. Вариабельность относительных величин:
доверительный интервал
• 95% ДИ – интервал, в пределах которого
лежит истинное значение изучаемого
признака с достоверностью 95%
• Т.е., если повторить исследование бесконечное число раз,
оценка показателя окажется в пределах ДИ по крайней мере в
95% случаев
38. Статистические методы
• Описание данных
• Оценка статистической значимости
результатов исследования (проверка
гипотез):
• Пример: сравнение групп по средним
значениям и дисперсиям
41. Проверка статистических гипотез:
α- и β-ошибки
• Ошибка I рода = α - ошибка
– Нулевая гипотеза отвергается, в то время как она истинна
– Обычно допустимое значение α - ошибки = 0.05
• Ошибка II рода = β - ошибка
– Нулевая гипотеза принимается, в то время как она ложна
– Обычно допустимое значение β - ошибки = 0.20
– Вероятность ошибки II рода соотносится со статистической
мощностью
• Вероятность ошибки II рода = 1 – стат. мощность
42. Уровень значимости P
• Вероятность справедливости нулевой
гипотезы (т.е. вероятность α - ошибки)
• Вероятность колеблется между 0 и 1
• Обычно уровень значимости p < 0.05
• Смысл: вероятность, с которой нулевая
гипотеза отвергается лишь по чистой
случайности, < 5%
48. Таблица 2 x 2
Заболевание
имеется
Без заболевания
Фактор действует
aa bb a+b
Воздействие фактора
отсутствует cc dd c+d
a+c b+d
N
a+b+c+d
49. Относительный риск (ОР)
ОРОР ==
RRee
RRnene
Болезнь + Болезнь -
Фактор +
aa bb a+b
Фактор -
cc dd c+d
a+c b+d N
a/(a+b)a/(a+b)
c/(c+d)c/(c+d)
ОРОР ==
50. Относительный риск
• ОР = относительный риск = отношение абсолютных рисков =
отношение инцидентностей = относительная частота
– ОР=Re/Rne=Ie/Ine
• ОР показывает:
– во сколько раз риск заболевания для подверженных воздействию > по
ср-ю с неэкспонированными?
– В ОР раз
• Когортное исследование
53. Отношение шансов
• Исследование случай-контроль
• ОШ = сравнение «шансов» возникновения
заболеваний в одной группе к «шансам» в
другой
• ОШ = оценка относительного риска
54. Оценка риска
• ОР(или ОШ) >> 1
– Сильная положительная связь
• ОР(или ОШ) = 1
– Отсутствие связи
• ОР(или ОШ) << 1
– Сильная отрицательная связь
55. Доверительный интервал
• Например:
– Относительный риск (отношение шансов) = 4.5
– 95% доверительный интервал: 2.1-7.3
• Если повторить исследование
бесконечное число раз, оценка отношения
преобладаний оказалась бы между 2.1 и
7.3 по крайней мере в 95% случаев
60. Ранжирование рекомендаций
• AA: Уровни доказанности Ia, Ib
• BB: Уровни доказанности IIa, IIb, III
• CC: Уровень доказанности IV
61. Ранжирование рекомендаций
• КатегорияКатегория I AI A:
Строго рекомендованы для
выполнения и подкреплены строго
обоснованными и тщательно
спланированными
экспериментальными/клиническими/
эпидемиологическими
исследованиями
62. Ранжирование рекомендаций
• КатегорияКатегория II ВВ:
Строго рекомендованы для
выполнения и подкреплены
отдельными клиническими/
эпидемиологическими
исследованиями и серьезным
теоретическим обоснованием
63. Ранжирование рекомендаций
• КатегорияКатегория IIII:
предлагается для внедрения и
подкреплены предположительными
клиническими/ эпидемиологическими
исследованиями и серьезным
теоретическим обоснованием
66. Систематические обзоры
• В СО собираются, критически
оцениваются и обобщаются
результаты множества первичных
исследований по одной
определенной проблеме
69. Источники доказательной
информации
• Электронная база данных Medline
(www.pubmed.gov) - PubMed
• Кокрановская библиотека (библиотека
Кокрановского сотрудничества
www.cochrane.ru)
• Арчи Кокран
74. Как применять ДМ для снижения частоты инфекций в
области хирургического вмешательства (ИОХВ)?
1) Сформулируйте вопрос
– Является ли периоперационная антибиотикопрофилактика (ПАП)
эффективным методом профилактики ИОХВ?
2) Найдите соответствующие доказательства
– Контролируемые испытания ПАП по данным литературы
3) Оцените доказательства
– Критический разбор данных наблюдения
– Мета-анализ, обзор литературы по ПАП,
4) Распространите информацию и внедряйте меры контроля и
профилактики
– Приказы и инструкции по инфекционному контролю
– Руководства по клинической практике
5) Продолжайте эпиднаблюдение за ИОХВ и мониторинг ПАП
• Регулярный критический разбор данных
Editor's Notes
Systemic Antibiotic Prophylaxis
No studies have demonstrated that oral or parenteral antibacterial
or antifungal drugs might reduce the incidence of
CRBSI among adults (97–99). However, among low birth
weight infants, two studies have assessed vancomycin prophylaxis;
both demonstrated a reduction in CRBSI but no reduction
in mortality (100,101). Because the prophylactic use of
vancomycin is an independent risk factor for the acquisition
of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) (102), the risk
for acquiring VRE likely outweighs the benefit of using prophylactic
vancomycin.
This slide is a representation of the the different components of a measurement of clinical effects/effectiveness:
Population - who you act on
Outcomes - what you achieve
Intervention - how you do it
Having introduced the key components I tend to do this section of the talk by asking the audience to give the simplest way they can think of measuring what the effect of a treatment is.
Most audiences will quickly offer simple observation - “Do it and see what happens” - as the easiest way. You can then ask what problems there are with the interpretation of simple observation - “How certain can you be that any change in outcome observed was in fact due to the intervention”.
In this way you can sequentially build up a range of ways of looking at effects/effectiveness incorporating features which overcome some of the problems identified.
The following series of slides represent a hierarchy of methods providing increasingly more reliable ways of examining effects; you should not feel compelled to use all of them!!