The REHVA Task Force proposed a definition of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) based on the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive recast. They defined nZEBs as buildings that have a very high energy performance achieved through efficiency measures and renewable energy technologies. Annual primary energy use should be balanced by on-site renewable energy production so it is nearly zero. The Task Force recommended including all energy uses in buildings in calculations and provided a system boundary definition to specify which energy flows to include.
What is Cambridshire's potential for renewable energy? – Duncan Price, Camcocrifcambs
Duncan and his team have identified a range of different technologies that could generate energy locally, providing greater self-sufficiency for Cambridgeshire and buffering it from the impacts of global competition for fossil fuels – a decreasing resource.
This presentation is capturing an indicative scale and range of technologies to demonstrate the energy challenge Cambridgeshire faces. The CRIF project is taking this work and talking to our communities, businesses and public sector partners to inform debate on what is realistic and feasible for Cambridgeshire.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
What is Cambridshire's potential for renewable energy? – Duncan Price, Camcocrifcambs
Duncan and his team have identified a range of different technologies that could generate energy locally, providing greater self-sufficiency for Cambridgeshire and buffering it from the impacts of global competition for fossil fuels – a decreasing resource.
This presentation is capturing an indicative scale and range of technologies to demonstrate the energy challenge Cambridgeshire faces. The CRIF project is taking this work and talking to our communities, businesses and public sector partners to inform debate on what is realistic and feasible for Cambridgeshire.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Presentation by Camco on the baseline study of Cambridgeshire and the three pathways for delivering renewable energy in Cambridgeshire, at the CRIF final event on 15th November 2011.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
Slide presentation from the AIA National conference May 2010 on the environmental impacts of peak energy use and mitigation strategies in building energy use.
Webinar - Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings and Offsite RenewablesLeonardo ENERGY
The energy performance of buildings is key for reaching the European Union’s very ambitious climate targets. “Nearly zero energy building (nZEB)” is the term for a building standard that complies with this ambition.
Living in 2013 we have 8 years to go until every single Member State will have to build every new building as nearly zero energy building, and even only 6 years to go for nearly zero energy public buildings.
This webinar goes through some definitions of nZEB, including the concepts “on-site” and “nearby” electricity, introducing a debate around the role of “off-site” electricity in nZEB. An analysis will be done on how to determine the renewable share, balancing periods, suitable metering schemes, tariff design, ownership schemes of electricity generation, standardisation, monitoring and verification.
Still a lot of research needs to be done for developing a consistent European approach for nZEB. This webinar (and related background paper) aims to make a contribution to getting the answers in time.
Abitare Mediterraneo Sardegna - Rainer Toshikazu WinterSardegna Ricerche
Presentazione di Rainer Toshikazu Winter durante l'evento "Edilizia sostenibile. La domanda pubblica si indirizza alla sostenibilità ambientale. Le imprese sarde sono pronte?", svoltosi il 4 marzo 2016 a Cagliari e organizzato nell'ambito delle attività della Rete Sardegna Produce Verde.
A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site,or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere.These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount.
Il Conto Termico è stato introdotto dal Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico attraverso il DM 28/12/12 (Incentivazione della produzione di energia termica da fonti rinnovabili ed interventi di efficienza energetica di piccole dimensioni).
Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 10Leonardo ENERGY
Session 10 will focus on how actual energy efficiency improvements can be achieved in organisations of different sizes. The presentation will start with a discussion of the status of energy efficiency in major developing countries. A variety of tools for working towards higher energy efficiency will be discussed, including benchmarking, energy audits, process analysis, and energy management schemes.
Kornelis Blok (1956) studied experimental physics at Utrecht University and received a Ph.D. degree in 1991 on a thesis ‘On the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Emissions’. In 1984 he was one of the founders of Ecofys, where he is now Director of Science. Dr. Blok has extensive research and consultancy experience in the field of energy efficiency improvement and clean energy production. He played an important role in the development of European energy policies and international climate policies and has worked in many countries around the globe. He is also with Utrecht University, where he holds a professorship in Sustainable Energy. He is supervising the master programme Energy Science. He authored and co-authored 90 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, several books and over 200 research reports, conference contributions and other scientific publications. He was a lead author for the Third and Fourth Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the institution that was award the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. With his company he won the Erasmus award for the most innovative company of the Netherlands in 2008.
Presentation by Camco on the baseline study of Cambridgeshire and the three pathways for delivering renewable energy in Cambridgeshire, at the CRIF final event on 15th November 2011.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
Slide presentation from the AIA National conference May 2010 on the environmental impacts of peak energy use and mitigation strategies in building energy use.
Webinar - Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings and Offsite RenewablesLeonardo ENERGY
The energy performance of buildings is key for reaching the European Union’s very ambitious climate targets. “Nearly zero energy building (nZEB)” is the term for a building standard that complies with this ambition.
Living in 2013 we have 8 years to go until every single Member State will have to build every new building as nearly zero energy building, and even only 6 years to go for nearly zero energy public buildings.
This webinar goes through some definitions of nZEB, including the concepts “on-site” and “nearby” electricity, introducing a debate around the role of “off-site” electricity in nZEB. An analysis will be done on how to determine the renewable share, balancing periods, suitable metering schemes, tariff design, ownership schemes of electricity generation, standardisation, monitoring and verification.
Still a lot of research needs to be done for developing a consistent European approach for nZEB. This webinar (and related background paper) aims to make a contribution to getting the answers in time.
Abitare Mediterraneo Sardegna - Rainer Toshikazu WinterSardegna Ricerche
Presentazione di Rainer Toshikazu Winter durante l'evento "Edilizia sostenibile. La domanda pubblica si indirizza alla sostenibilità ambientale. Le imprese sarde sono pronte?", svoltosi il 4 marzo 2016 a Cagliari e organizzato nell'ambito delle attività della Rete Sardegna Produce Verde.
A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site,or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere.These buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount.
Il Conto Termico è stato introdotto dal Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico attraverso il DM 28/12/12 (Incentivazione della produzione di energia termica da fonti rinnovabili ed interventi di efficienza energetica di piccole dimensioni).
V SIMPOSIO EMPRESARIAL INTERNACIONAL FUNSEAM: LOS RETOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
MESA 1. RETOS PARA EL SECTOR DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
Inversión en proyectos intensivos en capital y señales de mercado: Dña. Ana Quelhas, Directora de Planificación Energética del Grupo EDP
Preside la mesa: D. Ferran Tarradellas, Director Representación en Barcelona de la Comisión Europea
Keeping our cities sustainably warm - Inspiring the Efficient Renewal of District Heating for the Just Transition
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
KeepWarm Conference, November 12, 2020, Brussels - Online
The concept of combined geothermal energy and Thermal Active Building Systems
(TABS), known as GEOTABS, has been developed the last years and has known great
success. The energy saving potential is substantial, starting from 20% and going up to
70%.For a system like this though, to reach its maximum potential of energy savings,
professional design, control and installation, combined with a product of highest quality,
must be combined from feasibility stage to final building-in-operation stage. The latter
means that experienced and professional partners are considered crucial for system
optimization
In 2010, REHVA made a benchmark study on European regulations on energy efficiency of buildings. These slides present the individual country reports from the study, which was commissioned by Sitra to support the ERA17 project.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant Part 1Anurak Atthasit
Introduction to Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plant. Describing the advantage and design limit of the CCGT. Overview of Brayton Cycle and Rankine Cycle - showing some basic thermodynamic to explain some background of CCGT.
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Future electricity markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
This session is part of the Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Webinar Programme.
Theme 4 - Integration and Issues for Renewables
Module 3: Key pillars of electricity markets with high shares of wind and PV
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
How world-class product teams are winning in the AI era by CEO and Founder, P...
2011 05-19 kurnitski-n_zeb_rehva-am
1. REHVA Task Force “Nearly Zero Energy
Buildings” nZEB
Energy boundaries and scientific
definition of nZEB based on the results
of REHVA Task Force
Jarek Kurnitski, Francis Allard, Derrick Braham, Guillaume Goeders,
Per Heiselberg, Lennart Jagemar, Risto Kosonen, Jean Lebrun, Livio
Mazzarella, Jorma Railio, Olli Seppänen, Michael Schmidt, Maija Virta
REHVA Annual Conference Tallinn, May 19-20, 2011
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
2. Towards nZEB:
• Roadmap of some
countries towards
nearly zero energy
buildings to improve
energy performance
of new buildings
• Many countries have
prepared long term
roadmaps with
detailed targets
• Helps industry to
prepare/commit to
the targets
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
3. Why nZEB definition is needed?
• EPBD recast requires nearly zero energy buildings, but does not give
minimum or maximum harmonized requirements – it will be up to the
Member States to define what nZEB for them exactly constitute
REHVA nZEB Task Force:
• Intended to help the experts in the Member States in defining the
nearly zero energy buildings in a uniform way – so that local
conditions are taken into account, but the uniform methodology used
• Proposes a technical definition for nZEB buildings
• Provides energy calculation framework and system boundaries
associated with the definition to specify which energy flows are taken
into account
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
4. EPBD recast – major changes
Article 9 Nearly zero energy buildings
- By 31 Dec 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero energy buildings
- After 31 Dec 2018, public authorities that occupy and own a new building
shall ensure that the building is a nearly zero energy building
Articles 4 & 5 Setting of energy performance requirements
- Setting of minimum energy performance requirements based on calculation
of cost-optimal levels with the methodology referred to in Article 3.
- The calculation of cost-optimal levels shall be performed in accordance with
the methodology developed by the Commission (so called comparative
methodology Annex III)
- Primary energy target values have to be set in kWh/m2
- The Commission shall establish by 30 June 2011 a comparative methodology framework
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ%3AL%3A2010%3A153%3ASM%3AEN%3AHTML
The laws and regulations shall be adopted and published in Member States by 9 July 2012.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
5. EPBD recast – Nearly zero energy
buildings nZEB
• In the directive ‘nearly zero-energy building’ means a building that has
a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount
of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by
energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable
sources produced on-site or nearby.
nZEB = very high energy performance + on-site renewables
• Definition of “a very high energy performance“ and “significant extent
of renewables” let for Member States
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
6. nZEB in practice
• Energy demand/delivered energy use is reduced as much as reasonable
achievable (insulation, heat recovery, heat pumps etc.)
• On site renewables most commonly solar PV and thermal, district heat from
renewables and renewable fuels
• Annual balance of delivered and exported primary
energy nearly 0
• Typically a grid connected building exporting energy
in summer and using delivered energy in winter
• See special issue of REHVA Journal 3/2011 on ZEB,
nZEB case studies:
• Elithis Tower in Dijon, France
• IUCN headquarter in Gland, Switzerland
• TNT Green Office in Hoofddorp, Holland
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
7. To define nZEB it was needed
In order to propose a general definition, it was needed to clarify:
• which energy flows shall be included – ALL energy used in buildings
• the use of primary energy factors for primary energy indicator
• system boundary definition with inclusion of active solar and wind
• the technical meaning of “nearby” in EPBD recast – district heating or cooling
networks or any other technical system serving a group of buildings
• Energy performance definition of EPBD recast was followed so that
appliances (households and outlets) were included, i.e. all energy used in
buildings would be accounted
• For the system boundary definition, a general form modified from the one of
EN 15603:2008 is proposed
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
8. REHVA nZEB definition
ZEB has exact performance
net zero energy building (ZEB)
level of 0 kWh/(m2 a) primary
energy use of 0 kWh/(m2 a) primary energy
energy use
NOTE 1 A nZEB is typically a grid connected building with very high energy performance. nZEB balances its primary
energy use so that the primary energy feed-in to the grid or other energy network equals to the primary energy
delivered to nZEB from energy networks. Annual balance of 0 kWh/(m 2 a) primary energy use typically leads to the
situation where significant amount of the on-site energy generation will be exchanged with the grid. Therefore a nZEB
produces energy when conditions are suitable, and uses delivered energy during rest of the time.
nearly net zero energy building (nZEB)
technically reasonable achievable national energy use of > 0 kWh/(m2 a)
primary energy achieved with best practice energy efficiency measures and
renewable energy technologies which may or may not be cost optimal
NOTE 1 The Commission shall establish by 30 June 2011 a comparative methodology framework for calculation of
cost-optimal levels (EPBD recast).
NOTE 2. Not all renewable energy technologies needed for nearly zero energy building have to be cost-effective, if
appropriate financial incentives are not available.
nZEB depends on national
conditions
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
9. Cost optimal performance levels vs. nZEB
Source: The Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE):
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/4399528/BPIE/BPIE_costoptimality_publication2010.pdf
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
10. Example of cost optimal calculation
(Source: Estonian ongoing study funded by Climate and Energy Agency KENA)
150
Global additional energy performance cost (NPV),
100
Gas
Pellet
AWHP
€/m2
50
GSHP
Electric
Oil
DH
0
50 100 150 200
-50
Primary energy, ET-value, kWh/(m2 a)
The ref. detached house 179 m2, 3% interest rate, 3% escalation, 30 years, PV not included
(AWHP – air to water heat pump, GSHP – ground source heat pump, DH – district heating)
Cost optimal of 140 or 90 depending on the availability of cheap energy source vs. BAU of 180
Distance to nZEB 31 000 € investment cost (175 €/m2) – primary energy of 40, from which
improved insulation and heat recovery 6 400 € and solar PV 25 000 €
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
11. How to integrate nZEB into energy
certificate scale?
nZEB as technically reasonable achievable
cost optimal for new buildings, category B or C
req. for new buildings (typically not cost optimal yet)
Revision of certificates scales needed:
• Cost optimal requirements for new buildings
cannot be any more in D category, as calculated
for 30 years period with 3% interest rate
• Existing A may be split (A+, A++) or changed
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
12. REHVA TF nZEB – system boundary
DELIVERED ENERGY
E Edel,i Eexp,i fi
EXPORTED ENERGY i
System boundary for nearly net zero energy building definition, connecting a
building to energy networks. Net delivered energy is delivered Edel,i minus
exported energy Eexp,i accounted separately for each energy carrier i. Primary
energy E is calculated with primary energy factors fi (simplified equation with
the same factors for delivered and exported energy carriers)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
13. Primary energy: total or non-renewable?
Many countries have adopted in their regulations PRIMARY ENERGY and
NON-RENEWABLE primary energy factors (e.g. 1.1 for oil and 0.5 for wood)
EPBD recast defines primary energy as: ”energy from renewable and non-
renewable sources which has not undergone any conversion or
transformation process”
TOTAL primary energy and TOTAL primary energy factors shall be used
according to EPBD (meaning that there is no difference between bio or fossil
fuel and the factor always exceeds unity)
Another detail are primary energy factors for delivered and exported energy
carriers, which may or may not be equal, depending on national definition, i.e.
both equations can be used:
E Edel,i Eexp,i fi or E Edel,i f del,i Eexp,i f exp,i
i i i
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
14. nZEB – detailed system boundary
System boundary of net delivered energy
System boundary of delivered energy
Solar and internal On site renewable
heat gains/loads energy w/o fuels
NET ENERGY DELIVERED
NEED ENERGY
ENERGY NEED
BUILDING electricity
Heating heating energy
(electricity, district heat, district cooling, fuels)
Cooling TECHNICAL
cooling energy SYSTEMS district heat
Ventilation
Net delivered energy
DHW district cooling
electricity for lighting Energy use and
Lighting
Appliances electricity for production fuels
appliances (renewable and
System losses non-renewable)
Heat exchange and conversions
through the
EXPORTED
building envelope
ENERGY
electricity
heating energy
cooling energy
Energy boundary of net delivered energy. The box of “Energy need” refers to rooms
in a building and both system boundary lines may be interpreted as the building site
boundary.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
15. Example – nZEB Office building
• a gas boiler for heating with seasonal efficiency of 90%
• free cooling from boreholes (about 1/3 of the need) is used and the
rest is covered with mechanical cooling
• for borehole cooling, seasonal energy efficiency ratio of 10 is used
and for mechanical cooling 3.5
• Ventilation system with specific fan power of 1.2 kW/(m3/s) will use
5.6 kWh/(m2 a) fan energy.
• a solar PV system providing 15.0 kWh/(m2 a), from which 6.0 is
utilized in the building and 9.0 is exported to the grid.
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
16. Example – nZEB Office building
System boundary of net delivered energy
System boundary of delivered energy
Solar and internal 15.0 PV electricity,
from which 6.0 used
heat gains/loads in the building and
9.0 exported
NET ENERGY NEED (47.2 kWh/(m2 a)) NET ENERGY NEED
Appliances BUILDING TECHNICAL
(47.2 kWh/(m2 a))
(users') SYSTEMS
10,8 Lighting
Boiler DELIVERED ENERGY
3.8 heating 3.8/0.9 = 4.2
Space Fuel 4.2
21,5 heating Free cooling
1,1
Heating of 11.9 cooling
0,6 4.0/10 = 0.4
3,2
air in AHU Compressor cooling
Cooling in 21.5 appliances Electricity 33.8
Net delivered energy
room units
7.9/3.5 = 2.3
Cooling of 10.0 lighting Ventilation 5.6
10
air in AHU
Appliances 21.5
Heat exchange Lighting 10.0
through the
(Sum of electricity 39.8)
building envelope
EXPORTED ENERGY
Electricity 9.0
Primary energy:
4.2*1.0 + (33.8-9.0)*2.5 = 66 kWh/(m2 a)
• Electricity use of cooling, ventilation, lighting and appliances is 39.8 kWh/(m2 a)
• Solar electricity of 15.0 kWh/(m2 a) reduces the net delivered electricity to 24.8 kWh/(m2 a)
• Net delivered fuel energy (caloric value of delivered natural gas) is 4.2 kWh/(m2 a) and primary
energy is 66 kWh/(m2 a)
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
17. Conclusions
General definition format is proposed to clarify the exact technical meaning of
EPBD recast requirements in order to support national implementation
It is proposed to the Member States to use the system boundary shown in
Figure 3 and primary energy definition given by Equation 1 in defining the
performance levels of nZEB buildings (REHVA J 3/2011)
The definition through the net zero energy building proposed:
• net nZEB has exact performance level of 0 kWh/(m2 a) primary energy use
• nearly net zero energy use depends on national conditions
The proposed definition allows MS to take local conditions into account, but to
use the uniform methodology
Published in REHVA Journal 3/2011 and a full version as REHVA report
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations