Nanotechnology in energy applications
1. Nanotechnology can improve solar cell efficiency through solid state silicon and III/V group solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells.
2. Climate change poses serious threats such as rising sea levels and increased extreme weather events. Renewable energy from solar power can help address climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Many countries and organizations are working to increase renewable energy generation and reduce reliance on fossil fuels through policies that encourage solar and other renewable technology.
The document discusses experimental investigations of piezoelectric energy harvesting systems. It compares four different piezoelectric materials and configurations: (1) PZT, (2) PZT+IDE, (3) MFC, and (4) different system parameters. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the systems and optimize their designs. Experimental results show that voltage output, power density, and efficiency vary based on the material, configuration, and operating frequency/strain levels. PZT+IDE and MFC generated higher voltage outputs than PZT under similar conditions.
The document discusses experimental investigations of piezoelectric energy harvesting systems. It compares four different piezoelectric materials and configurations: (1) PZT, (2) PZT+IDE, (3) MFC, and (4) different system parameters. Finite element analysis was used to simulate the systems and optimize their designs. Experimental results show that voltage output, power density, and efficiency vary based on the material, configuration, and operating frequency/strain levels. PZT+IDE and MFC generated higher voltage outputs than PZT under similar conditions.
The document provides information about how much the liver loves and cares for the body in 9 ways: 1) storing iron and nutrients, 2) making bile, 3) detoxifying poisons, 4) storing energy, 5) making blood, 6) manufacturing proteins, 7) removing toxins from air, 8) making clotting factors, and 9) defending against germs. It then encourages the reader to love their liver by not overconsuming alcohol, drugs, fatty foods, or chemicals and to see a doctor if problems arise. The liver is described as a "silent partner" that works hard to keep the body healthy.
The document discusses the problem of global warming caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. It explains that CO2 interferes with the Earth's natural cooling system by trapping infrared radiation, leading the planet to continue warming even if emissions levels stabilize. The only way to stop global warming is to cap CO2 levels by transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy technologies. The presentation provides examples of policy steps and individual actions that can help adopt clean energy solutions and halt the dangerous impacts of climate change.
Review of existing Low Emissions Development Strategies in the WorldUNDPhr
The document summarizes components of Low Emissions Development Strategies (LEDS) from examples around the world. It discusses common LEDS elements such as visions and goals, assessments of current emissions situations, priority programs, and financing options. The document also provides feedback from LEDS managers, highlighting success factors like top-level commitment and integration into development planning, and pitfalls to avoid like poor integration into national strategies.
The document provides information about how much the liver loves and cares for the body in 9 ways: 1) storing iron and nutrients, 2) making bile, 3) detoxifying poisons, 4) storing energy, 5) making blood, 6) manufacturing proteins, 7) removing toxins from air, 8) making clotting factors, and 9) defending against germs. It then encourages the reader to love their liver by not overconsuming alcohol, drugs, fatty foods, or chemicals and to see a doctor if problems arise. The liver is described as a "silent partner" that works hard to keep the body healthy.
The document discusses the problem of global warming caused by increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. It explains that CO2 interferes with the Earth's natural cooling system by trapping infrared radiation, leading the planet to continue warming even if emissions levels stabilize. The only way to stop global warming is to cap CO2 levels by transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy technologies. The presentation provides examples of policy steps and individual actions that can help adopt clean energy solutions and halt the dangerous impacts of climate change.
Review of existing Low Emissions Development Strategies in the WorldUNDPhr
The document summarizes components of Low Emissions Development Strategies (LEDS) from examples around the world. It discusses common LEDS elements such as visions and goals, assessments of current emissions situations, priority programs, and financing options. The document also provides feedback from LEDS managers, highlighting success factors like top-level commitment and integration into development planning, and pitfalls to avoid like poor integration into national strategies.
Oscar prieto (atlantic lng ) global benchmark by 2013Naturgas
Atlantic LNG is a major global LNG producer located in Trinidad and Tobago. It has four liquefaction trains with a total capacity of 15.6 million tonnes per year of LNG. Atlantic LNG supplies LNG to markets around the world and is a significant contributor to Trinidad and Tobago's economy and energy exports. Global LNG demand is projected to significantly increase over the coming decades, positioning Atlantic LNG to play an important role as a secure LNG supplier to international markets.
Texas Carbon Capture and Storage Association - Carbon Dioxide EOR Update and ...Global CCS Institute
As a part of the Institute's strategic focus on assisting CCS projects through knowledge sharing, three North American roadshow events will help the industry share project experiences and knowledge about CCS. Taking place in the US and Canada, the three events include:
• Austin, Texas on November 8, 2011;
• Calgary, Canada on 10 November, 2011; and
• Washington, D.C. on 19 January, 2012.
The first roadshow focused on sharing project experiences and knowledge from the projects in North America but also brought in projects from Europe (Don valley) and Australia (Callide) so that regionally diverse experiences could be shared amongst a global audience.
Attendance at the event was around 30 to 35 which allowed open and frank discussions around technical, management, and regulatory issues and how these challenges can impact on a project’s advancement and decision making processes.
1. The document discusses the peak and decline of world oil production and its implications for future energy sources.
2. It notes that oil has historically been the dominant source of energy but production is constrained and now primarily comes from OPEC countries.
3. As non-OPEC production declines, OPEC has become the main regulator of the global oil system, but future oil supply and prices are uncertain as demand is expected to exceed production.
Improving the C cycle : Food waste as a global issueD-Waste
This is a presentation of Enzo Favoino, ISWA Chair of WG on Biological Treatment of Waste. The presentation reviews the significant role of food waste on rebalancing and improving the global carbon cycle. Strategic approaches, opportunities and challenges to reduce food waste and to optimize food waste management are provided along with specific examples
The document discusses climate change and why China may lead on addressing it. It notes that global population and temperatures have risen significantly since the Industrial Revolution. While scientists overwhelmingly agree that human activity is causing climate change, public opinion is more divided. The document argues that only brave leadership can take on the complex, global issue of climate change. It shows that China has become the top carbon emitter but is now investing heavily in renewable energy and low-carbon initiatives. If current trends continue, China may become a catalyst for global climate solutions rather than remaining the largest problem.
The document discusses projections for global population growth, food demand, and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture between now and 2050. It finds that:
1) The world population is projected to grow from 6.1 billion in 2000 to over 9 billion by 2050, with most growth occurring in developing regions.
2) Global food production would need to increase by 70% to feed the additional 3 billion people.
3) Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions are projected to increase by 54% between 2000 and 2050 if no mitigation efforts are adopted. Reductions of up to 56% for methane and 26% for nitrous oxide may be possible with existing technologies.
This document discusses ways to increase efficiency in the food production water supply chain. It outlines how irrigation districts in Alberta have collaborated with government to invest over $1 billion in improving irrigation systems. This has resulted in irrigating 46% more land while diverting 10% less water. Key strategies discussed are lining canals to reduce seepage, using pipelines to eliminate evaporation, and improving on-farm irrigation systems. The changes have saved an estimated 110 million cubic meters of water annually. The document also notes commitments to prioritize communities over irrigation in drought and to support economic development with water supplies.
Negociaciones Internacionales y Mercados Emergentes, Niclas Svenningsen, UNFCCCProgeauchile
The document discusses decisions made at COP 17 in Durban regarding carbon markets and emerging mechanisms. Key points include:
1) The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms of CDM, JI, and emissions trading will continue into a second commitment period, though the duration is still to be determined.
2) A New Market Based Mechanism was established and will have modalities and procedures developed in 2012.
3) A Framework for Various Approaches will consider recognizing offsets from national and regional mechanisms under the UNFCCC. However, countries disagree on the level of prescriptiveness this framework should have.
4) Existing mechanisms like the CDM are meant to continue operating alongside any new mechanisms in the near future
Carbon consumption: Which footprint to measureUNDP Eurasia
This document discusses carbon emissions and consumption patterns between developed and developing countries. It finds that while emissions have grown most in developing countries, consumption-based accounting shows developed countries outsource significant emissions through imports. Measuring carbon consumption rather than production would shift more of the mitigation burden to developed importer nations. Several Eastern European and Central Asian nations are also large net carbon exporters due to their carbon-intensive industries and energy inefficiencies.
1) Foreign aid plays an important role in Pakistan's economy, accounting for a significant portion of capital inflows and government revenues. However, aid levels have declined sharply in recent years.
2) Pakistan faces major security challenges from conflicts in neighboring Afghanistan that have imposed huge economic costs on Pakistan in the form of damaged infrastructure and disrupted economic activity.
3) Effective use of foreign aid could help Pakistan address both its economic and security issues by funding development priorities like power, transportation and education, which also have indirect security benefits by promoting stability and counteracting extremism. However, reforms are needed to improve aid effectiveness.
2012 Reenergize the Americas 1B: Craig MataczynskiReenergize
This document discusses the nexus between energy, water, and economic growth from 1950 to 2008. It shows that as GDP grew by an average of 2.8% annually from 1970 to 2008, energy use grew by 0.9% and water use grew by 0.3%. The document also provides data on the water usage of various energy production methods, showing that coal and ethanol production require more water than other sources. It advocates combining desalination with energy production to maximize the water-energy nexus.
Terra Incognita: A Continuity of Energy SurprisesMBA Focus
This document provides an overview and outline for an energy recruiting forum presentation. It discusses myths around the oil and gas industry being a "sunset industry" and highlights the industry's ability to continually generate new resources. It notes fulfilling career opportunities in the energy industry and reasons the next 40 years will be interesting, including continued global oil demand growth. The document outlines an framework for value creation strategies and notes what challenges and opportunities may lie ahead for the industry.
Lithium-Ion Batteries towards Circular Economy: A Literature Review of Opport...OlgaRodrguezLargo
Presentation of a literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments for Lithium-Ion Batteries in SDEWES19 Conference, within the framework of the European Project CarE-Service.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776851.
This document summarizes a research project on farmers' risk perceptions of climate change. The project aims to assess how UK farmers form perceptions of climate change risks and how those perceptions relate to risk mitigation actions. The researcher conducted a literature review finding little prior research on UK farmers. A conceptual framework was developed using a "cultural-behavioral" theory to understand decision-making. Methods included analyzing climate data and newspaper reports. Next steps are to analyze newspapers using qualitative data software and conduct preliminary interviews with farmers.
David Serrano - Towards a Sustainable Energy System: Technological Challengesponenciasexpoquim11
1) Global energy consumption and CO2 emissions have risen significantly in recent decades, driven largely by increased use of coal, oil, and natural gas.
2) China now accounts for over half of global coal production and nearly a quarter of CO2 emissions, up dramatically from 18.7% and 5.7% respectively in 1973.
3) At current rates of increase, atmospheric CO2 levels could reach 440 ppm by 2035 and 470 ppm by 2050, contributing to ongoing climate change challenges.
This document discusses India's natural gas supply chain and demand forecasting for LNG. It provides an overview of India's natural gas mix including domestic production, pipeline imports, and LNG imports. The LNG value chain is examined including exploration and production, liquefaction, shipping, regasification, and distribution. Case studies of Petronet LNG and Shell Hazira's LNG operations in India are presented. Supply chain risks are discussed along with demand analysis and projections showing India's increasing reliance on LNG imports to meet energy needs.
The document lists 13 famous gardens around the world, including Versailles in Paris, France; The Garden of Cosmic Speculation in Scotland, UK; Boboli Gardens in Florence, Italy; Rikugien Gardens in Tokyo, Japan; Claude Monet Gardens in Giverny, West Paris, France; Butchart Gardens in Victoria, BC, Canada; Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens in Cape Town, South Africa; Guarapiranga Sacred Grounds in Sao Paulo, Brazil; Yu Gardens in Shanghai, China; Exbury Gardens in New Forest, England; Keukenhof Gardens in Holland; Mirabell Garden in Salzburg, Austria; and Zen Garden of Ryoan Temple in Kyoto
Erik Johansson is a 23-year-old Swedish student who creates impossible pictures that play tricks on the viewer's mind. His pictures use optical illusions and unusual perspectives to make scenes and objects appear in ways that defy perception and logic.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
2005.11.16
1. Nanotechnology in energy applications
2005.11.16
1.
2. -
• Solid state silicon and III/V group solar cells
( )
• Dye-sensitized solar cells
( 料 )
3. 奈
4.
5. Acknowledgements
1
2. -
料
料
Solid state silicon&
III/V group solar cell
Dye sensitized
solar cell
料
力
( )
2
7. Humanity’s Top Ten Problems
for next 50 years
1. ENERGY
2. WATER
3. FOOD
4. ENVIRONMENT
5. POVERTY
6. TERRORISM & WAR
7. DISEASE
8. EDUCATION
9. DEMOCRACY
10. POPULATION
Source: Richard Smalley, Energy & Nanotechnology Conference
Rice University, Houston May 3, 2003
7
24. Notable evens in the history of photovoltaics
1839 Becquerel (FR) discovered photogalvanic effect in liquid electrolytes
1873 Smith (UK) discovered photoconductivity of solid Se
1877 Adams and Day (UK) discover photogeneration of current in Se tubes; the first observation of
PV effect in solids
1883 Fritts (US) makes first large solar cell using Se film
1954 First 6% efficiency solar cells reported: Si (Bell lab, US) and Cu2S/CdS (Air Force, US)
1955 Hoffman electronics (US) offers 2% efficient Si PV cells at $1500/W
1958 NASA Vanguard satellite with Si backup solar array
1959 Hoffman electronics (US) offers 10% efficient Si PV cells
1963 Sharp Corp. (JP) produces first commercial Si modules
1966 NASA Orbiting Astronomical Observatory launched with 1kW array
1970 First GaAs heterostructure solar cells by Alferov, Andreev et al., in the USSR
1972 First PV conference to include a session on terrestrial application (IEEE)
1973 A big year in photovoltaics:
World oil crisis spurs many nations to consider renewable energy including photovoltaics
Cherry Hill conference in US: established photovoltaics potentail and legitimacy for
government research funding
World’s first solar powered residence (Uni. Of Delaware, US) built with Cu2S (not c-Si) solar
modules
Source: Handbook of PV science and engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
24
25. Notable evens in the history of photovoltaics
1974 Project Sunshine initiated in Japan to foster growth of PV industry and applications
Tyco (US) grows 2.5cm wide Si ribbon for photovoltaics, first alternative to Si wafers
1975 First book dedicated to PV science and technology by Hovel (US)
1980 First thin-film solar cell>10% using Cu2S/CdS (US)
1981 350kW concentrator array installed in Saudi Arabia
1982 First 1MW utility scale PV plant (CA, US) with Arco Si modules on 2-axis trackers
1984 6MW array installed in Carrisa Plains CA, US
1985 A big year for high efficiency Si solar cells:
Si solar cell>20% under standard sun light (UNSW, AU) and >25% under 200x
concentration (Stanford Uni. US)
1986 First commercial thin-film power module, the a-Si G4000 from Arco Solar (US)
1987 Fourteen solar powered cars complete the 3200km World solar challenge race (AU)
with the winner averaging 70kph
1994 GaInP/GaAs 2-terminal concentrator multijunction > 30% (NREL, US)
1995 “1000 roofs” German demonstration project to install PV on houses, which triggered
the present favorable PV legislation in DE, JP and other contries
1996 Photoelectrochemical “dye-sensitized” solid/liquid cell achieves 11% (EPFL, CH)
Source: Handbook of PV science and engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
25
26. Notable evens in the history of photovoltaics
1994 Worldwide PV production reaches 100MW per
year
1995 Cu(InGa)Se2 thin-film solar cell reaches 19%
efficiency (NREL, US) comparable with
multicrystalline Si.
First concentration array for space launched on
Deep space 1 by US (5kW using high efficiency
GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction cells)
1999 Cumulative worldwide installed PV reaches
1000MW
2002 Cumulative worldwide installed PV reaches
2000MW. It took 25 reats to reach the first
1000MW and only 3 years to double it; production
of c-Si cells exceed 100MW per year at Sharp
Corp. (JP).
樓 樓
樓
16 W
例 率 16%
100 W/m2 Source: Handbook of PV science and engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
26
27. Solar spectrum
ASTM G173-03 Re fe re nc e Spe c tra
2.00
Etr W*m-2*nm-1
Global tilt W*m-2*nm-1 Solar power density @ AM1.5 G
Direct+circums olar W*m-2*nm-1
1.75
UV: 1.3%, VIS: 37.2%, IR: 61.5%
-1
1.50
nm
-2
S pe c tral Irradianc e W m
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000
Wave le ng th nm
27
28. The solution is solar energy
Only 10 minutes of solar irradiation on the Earth’s
surface is equal to the total yearly human
consumption.
Therefore, if we could accomplish harvesting
merely a fraction of the solar energy reaching the
Earth, we would solve many problems associated
with the energy, and the global environment.
28
29. 金
洞
Conduction Mobile electrons
band in conduction
band
Eg > 2eV
Eg < 2eV
Eg(SiO2) ~ 9eV Thermal
Forbidden Eg(Si) ~ 1.12eV excitation
band Eg(Si3N4) ~ 4.7eV
Mobile holes in
valance band
valance
band
金 狀 狀 狀 狀
(T = 0 K) (T > 0 K)
29
36. Charge separation mechanism @ Solid state and DSC PVs
Dye sensilitize Solar
Silicon Photovoltaic Cells
Cells (DSC)
TiO2
D*/D+ Electrolyte
e--R
p-Si (B) cb
hν hν
[CdTe]
EF
n-Si (P)
D/D+
[CdS]
Dye
Charge separation by Charge separation by
electric field within a p- and kinetic competition like in
n-doped semiconductor photosynthesis
material (Si, II-VI, a-Si: H)
36
37. 料 (DSC) 理
料 理
50fs~1.7ps
Nanoparticles
Ecb - 0.7
60ns
ns-ms
10ms
0.2
Evb
110ns V vs SCE
Ion Diffusion
率 料
hν
1. TiO2
2. HOMO-LUMO bandgap
Anode : S + hν → S * Absorption 料
S * → S + + e − (TiO 2 ) Electron injection 3. 力
2 S + + 3I − → 2 S + I 3
−
Regenerati on 4. 力
I 3 + 2e − ( Pt ) → 3 I −
−
Cathode :
5.
Cell : e − ( Pt ) + hν → e − (TiO 2 )
M. Grätzel, Nature 2001, 414, 338−344.
B. O’Regan, M. Grätzel, Nature 1991, 353, 737−740
37
40. 類 量
Production Forecast of Solar Modules Using
Different Technologies
MW GW
30%p.a. 25%p.a.
3500 140
3000 120
2010 (Forecast)
2500 Si Solar 100
Jp 1.200 Cell
EU 1.000 2000 不益 降 80
US 500 1500 60
SOA 500
ROW 500 1000 40
Σ 3.700 500 20
0 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
0
c-Si 430 950 3340 c-Si
thin film 20 50 290 thin film
"New Concepts" 70
"New Concepts"
c-Si 9 24 56 114
thin film 2 8 36 133
"New Concepts" 1 3 20 133
Courtesy Dr. Winfried Hoffman, CEO, RWE, SCHOTT Solar GmbH 40
41. Market Size in 2030 for the four market segments
Off-Grid Industrial
Consumer
70 GWp p.a.
20 GWp p.a.
Total 300 GWp
⇒ 200 bio €
Modul Turnover
in 2030
Rural Electrification On-Grid
60 GWp p.a. 150 GWp p.a.
Courtesy Dr. Winfried Hoffman, CEO, RWE, SCHOTT Solar GmbH 41
46. MWp Cost/Wp (US$)
10 20
100 10
10,000 3
100,000 1.4
料
Much Effort by Nanotechnology
Historical and projected costs for wafer c-Si and film c-Si photovoltaic modules versus their cumulative production (in megawatts).
“Distributed fossil fuel” refers to off-grid generation of power, using, for instance, gas-driven generators.
46
47. US$3.5/Wp
US$1.0/Wp
US$0.5/Wp
(NT$:17)
Cost-efficiency analysis for first second-, and third-generation photovoltaic technologies (labeled I, II, and III, respectively). Region IIIa
depicts very-high-efficiency devices that require novel mechanisms of device operation. Region IIIb—the region in which organic PV
devices lie—depicts devices with devices with moderate efficiencies and very low costs.
47
54. 0.125"
+ EVA 0.015"
Cells 0.014"
EVA 0.015"
TedlarTM (DuPont) 0.0015"
0.125"
EVA 0.015"
Cells 0.014"
EVA 0.015"
0.125"
-
54
55. III-V group PV cells and concentrator cells
Material Bandgap Growth Application The outdoor efficiency of our current test modules
technique
under typical conditions in Freiburg, Germany is in
GaInP 1.9 eV MOVPE visible red emitter/receiver
the range of 23-25 %. These modules are working
GaAs 1.4 eV MOVPE, 1-sun and concentrator solar cells, with GaInP/GaInAs tandem solar cells achieving
LPE Laser power and signal beaming
efficiencies > 30 % at 150 suns. The next
GaInAs 1.1 -1.4 eV MOVPE IR-emitter/receiver
generation of our PV-concentrator modules will use
GaInNAs 1 eV MOVPE Multijunction Solar Cell
GaInP/GaInAs/Ge triple-junction concentrator solar
AlGaAsSb 0.7 - 1 eV MOVPE Multijunction Solar Cell
cells with an efficiency >35%. The intended module
GaSb 0.7 eV Diffusion, Thermophotovoltaics, IR-Detector
MOVPE
efficiency is expected to be > 28 % making this
Ge 0.7 eV MOVPE Thermophotovoltaics, IR-Detector
technology by far the most efficient solar energy
converter in the world.
Source: ISE, DE 55