This document discusses solar collectors and focuses on flat plate collectors. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes, which are to explain solar collectors, list the different types, calculate flat plate collector performance, and analyze material selection parameters. It then introduces solar collectors as devices that absorb solar radiation and heat a fluid. The main types are flat plate and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors, the most common, are described as having a dark absorber, transparent glazing, and a heat transport fluid. Performance is evaluated based on radiation incident on the collector and materials are selected based on parameters like absorptivity.
Development of a Solar Fresnel Reflector and Its Tracking Stand Using Local M...IJERA Editor
Solar collectors are the engines that drive all solar energy heating systems. Although solar heating collectors have settled upon a few basic designs, they are still manufactured in an array of configurations.Solar collectors are generally classified by the temperatures that can be produced under normal amounts of solar radiation. The collector’s end-use application can be determined by their temperature classification such as Low-temperature collectors, Medium-temperature collectors and High-temperature concentrators that track the sun and produces the highest temperatures.Reflectorsthat are axially symmetrical and shaped like a parabola, has the property of bringing parallel rays of light (such as sunlight) to a pointfocus and so any object that is located at its focus receives highly concentrated sunlight, and therefore becomes very hot. This is the basis for the use of this kind of reflector for high solar energy generation. Energy supply for domestic activities had been a major problem faced by both rural and city dwellers for a long time now in Africa. It was therefore desirable to design and construct a solar Fresnel reflector and a tracking stand that can be used to generate heat from the sun for cooking, baking and distillation purposes. The reflector and the tracking stand designed and constructed was able to concentrate solar energy within a regional diameter of 10cm and could be used to raise the temperature of any object placed at its focal region. It was discovered that the heat generated is directly proportional to both the perfection of the collector design, its construction, the quality of the reflectors e.g plain mirror, the area exposed to the sun and the solar intensity of the day.
Development of a Solar Fresnel Reflector and Its Tracking Stand Using Local M...IJERA Editor
Solar collectors are the engines that drive all solar energy heating systems. Although solar heating collectors have settled upon a few basic designs, they are still manufactured in an array of configurations.Solar collectors are generally classified by the temperatures that can be produced under normal amounts of solar radiation. The collector’s end-use application can be determined by their temperature classification such as Low-temperature collectors, Medium-temperature collectors and High-temperature concentrators that track the sun and produces the highest temperatures.Reflectorsthat are axially symmetrical and shaped like a parabola, has the property of bringing parallel rays of light (such as sunlight) to a pointfocus and so any object that is located at its focus receives highly concentrated sunlight, and therefore becomes very hot. This is the basis for the use of this kind of reflector for high solar energy generation. Energy supply for domestic activities had been a major problem faced by both rural and city dwellers for a long time now in Africa. It was therefore desirable to design and construct a solar Fresnel reflector and a tracking stand that can be used to generate heat from the sun for cooking, baking and distillation purposes. The reflector and the tracking stand designed and constructed was able to concentrate solar energy within a regional diameter of 10cm and could be used to raise the temperature of any object placed at its focal region. It was discovered that the heat generated is directly proportional to both the perfection of the collector design, its construction, the quality of the reflectors e.g plain mirror, the area exposed to the sun and the solar intensity of the day.
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
basic renewable energy for Engineering Studentspankajnavale25
Renewables energy and basics by expert faculty at Government Institute and Engineering College from India. Better understanding best notes that one can. See.
SOLAR ENERGY - The Future Requirement Arjun Martin
A Power Point Presentation on THE SUN, SOLAR ENERGY, IT'S ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, VARIOUS SOLAR MISSIONS, SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTERS and IT'S MECHANISM along with other FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.....
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
Solar energy is most abundantly available on earth surface and it's a constant stream of energy, and is directly available as fuel for Generation of electrical power. Solar energy uses is increasing day to day in large quantity now a day, applications like solar based Lighting system, solar cooking applications, water heating etc. For STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM, which is new concept because with the use of Evacuated tube and Fresnel lens we adapt very High concentrated focused thermal heat which uses to produce superheated steam. Also there are no losses of solar rays.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
basic renewable energy for Engineering Studentspankajnavale25
Renewables energy and basics by expert faculty at Government Institute and Engineering College from India. Better understanding best notes that one can. See.
SOLAR ENERGY - The Future Requirement Arjun Martin
A Power Point Presentation on THE SUN, SOLAR ENERGY, IT'S ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, VARIOUS SOLAR MISSIONS, SOLAR ENERGY CONVERTERS and IT'S MECHANISM along with other FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS.....
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
Solar energy is most abundantly available on earth surface and it's a constant stream of energy, and is directly available as fuel for Generation of electrical power. Solar energy uses is increasing day to day in large quantity now a day, applications like solar based Lighting system, solar cooking applications, water heating etc. For STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM, which is new concept because with the use of Evacuated tube and Fresnel lens we adapt very High concentrated focused thermal heat which uses to produce superheated steam. Also there are no losses of solar rays.
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The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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2. Contents
1.1 Learning Outcomes
1.2 Solar thermal Energy Definition
1.3 Why use solar thermal energy?
1.4 Solar radiation/Solar Constant definition
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
3. 1.1 Learning Outcomes
The students will able to understand use of solar thermal energy.
The students will be able to identify the different solar radiations and
its method of measurements.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
4. 1.2 Solar Thermal Energy
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Solar thermal energy is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing solar
energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industry, and in the
residential and commercial sectors.
5. 1.3 Why use solar thermal energy?
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
❖ Solar thermal energy is mostly used because of big efficiency compared
with other renewables.
❖ It is becoming cheaper than other alternatives.
❖ Solar thermal energy usage is environmentally friendly.
6. 1.3.1 To use solar thermal energy are three different ways:
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
▪ The first method collects
the energy of the sun to
heat water or air for direct
use in solar home heating.
7. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-1
• The second method is used
by large power utilities to
indirectly create electricity
through concentrated solar
heat energy.
8. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
• The third method, known as
passive solar, leverages energy
efficiency and the design of a
building to regulate the
amount of solar energy it
receives in order to regulate
it’s temperature.
9. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
The Solar Radiation is subdivided into two parts:-
▪ Extraterrestrial Radiation(S)
▪ Terrestrial Radiation(L)
the above division is based on location of measurement.
The typical values of solar constant are
S= 1.366 KW/m^2
L= 1 KW/m^2 per hour of day light
1.4 Solar Radiation
10. 1.4.1 Extraterrestrial Radiation
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
• The solar radiation at the top of the earth's atmosphere is called
extraterrestrial radiation and the current accepted value for this “solar
constant” is 1366 W/m2.
11. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
1.4.2 TERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION
▪ It is the electromagnetic radiation which originates from earth’s atmosphere to earth’s
surface.
▪ When the terrestrial solar radiation reaches the earth’s surface, it is broken into two
components i.e., diffuse radiation and beam radiation.
▪ Beam Radiation is the solar radiation which moves through the atmosphere in a straight
line without being scattered, reflected or absorbed by particles in the air.
▪ Diffuse Radiation is the solar radiation which is being scattered, reflected or absorbed
by the particles while passing through the atmosphere but ultimately reaches the earth’s
surface.
19. Contents
•Solar collector
•Types of Solar Collectors
•Flat Plate Collectors
•Evacuated Tube Collectors
•Line Focus Collectors
•Point Focus Collectors
•Concentrating Collector
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
20. • Learning Outcomes
The students will learn the basic concept of Solar Collectors.
The students will be able to describe the working of various types of
Solar Collectors.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
21. • Solar Collector
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
⚫ A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar
radiation from the Sun.
⚫ These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the
heating of water for personal use.
⚫ The use of these solar collectors provides an alternative for
traditional domestic water heating using a water heater, potentially
reducing energy costs over time.
22. Types of Solar Collectors
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
23. • Evacuated Tube Collector
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
⚫ This type of solar collector uses a series of evacuated tubes to heat water for use.
⚫ These tubes utilize a vacuum, or evacuated space, to capture the suns energy while
minimizing the loss of heat to the surroundings.
⚫ They have an inner metal tube which acts as the absorber plate, which is connected to a
heat pipe to carry the heat collected from the Sun to the water.
⚫ This heat pipe is essentially a pipe where the fluid
contents are under a very particular pressure.
At this pressure, the "hot" end of the pipe has
boiling liquid in it while the "cold" end has
condensing vapour.
24. Line Focus Collectors
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
•These collectors, sometimes known as parabolic troughs, use highly reflective
materials to collect and concentrate the heat energy from solar radiation.
•These collectors are composed of parabolically shaped reflective sections
connected into a long trough.
•A pipe that carries water is placed in the center of this trough so that sunlight
collected by the reflective material is focused onto the pipe, heating the
contents.
25. Point Focus Collectors
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
• These collectors are large parabolic dishes composed of some reflective material that
focus the Sun's energy onto a single point.
• These collectors are large parabolic dishes composed of some reflective material that
focus the Sun's energy onto a single point.
• The heat from these collectors is generally used for driving Stirling engines.
• Point focus collectors and similar apparatuses can also be utilized
to concentrate solar energy for use with Concentrated photovoltaics.
26. • Concentrating Collector
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
⚫ A collectors are oriented to track the sun so that the beam radiation will be
directed onto the absorbing surface Collector: Receiver and the concentrator.
⚫ Receiver: Radiation is absorbed and converted to some other energy form
(e.g. heat).
⚫ Concentrator: Collector that directs radiation onto the receiver. The aperture
of the concentrator is the opening through which the solar radiation enters the
concentrator
27. • Concentrating Collector
Fresnel Lens: An optical device for concentrating light that is made of concentric rings that
are faced at different angles so that light falling on any ring is focused to the same point.
Parabolic trough collector: A high-temperature (above 360K) solar thermal concentrator
with the capacity for tracking the sun using one axis of rotation.
It uses a trough covered with a highly reflective surface to focus sunlight onto a linear
absorber containing a working fluid that can be used for medium temperature space or
process heat or to operate a steam turbine for power or electricity generation.
Central Receiver: Also known as a power tower, a solar power facility that uses a field of
two-axis tracking mirrors known as heliostat (A device that tracks the movement of the sun).
Each heliostat is individually positioned by a computer control system to reflect the sun's
rays to a tower-mounted thermal receiver.
The effect of many heliostats reflecting to a common point creates the combined energy of
thousands of suns, which produces high-temperature thermal energy.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
28. • Parabolic Concentrator
If the incident beam of parallel rays is even slightly off normal to the mirror aperture, beam
dispersion occurs, resulting in spreading of the image at the focal point.
For a parabolic mirror to focus sharply, therefore, it must accurately track the motion of the
sun to keep the axis (or plane) of symmetry parallel to the incident rays of the sun.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
29. • Parabolic and Cylindrical Trough Concentrator
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Parabolic trough must track about its linear axis so that when the sun’s rays are projected
onto the plane of curvature, they are normal to the trough aperture.
30. • Parabolic and Cylindrical Trough Concentrator
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
The aperture of a cylindrical trough need not track at all to maintain focus.
To avoid a dispersed focus, cylindrical troughs would have to be designed with low rim
angles in order to provide an approximate line focus.
The advantage of a cylindrical mirror geometry is that it need not track the sun in any
direction as long as some means is provided
to intercept the moving focus.
36. Learning Outcomes
The students will able to describe solar geometry and its fundamental
parameters.
The students will be able to calculate solar insolation at specific place
and time.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
37. Introduction
Solar Geometry: Solar geometry provides the parameters to estimate the solar radiation
(Insolation) receive at specific time and place.
The fundamental parameter are following:
•Declination angle (δ)
•Hour Angle (ω)
•Latitude’s angle (φ)
•Inclination Angle/ Solar altitude (α)
•Zenith angle (θz)
•Azimuth angle (γs)
To describe above parameters we have to know the special coordinates where these are
defined.
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
38. Earth centric coordinate
Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
• It is a similar to spherical coordinate system with
certain different axis.
• Here a sphere is considered as a earth and z axis
considered as Polar axis (p)
• Origin is consider as centre of earth which is a
reference point.
• x axis is consider as Meridian axis (m) which define as
line joining centre of earth to intersection of meridian
(0˚) and equator.
• y axis is consider as east of meridian (e).
39. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Locale centric coordinate
• It is similar to rectangular coordinate with
certain change in axis.
• It define with respect to a point on earth’s
surface.
• The figure shows both coordinate where
horizon plane is tangential to meridian which
defines the locale centric coordinate.
• Axis orthogonal to horizon plane is called
zenith axis (Z).
• Axis perpendicular to zenith axis (Z) in the
direction of south called south axis (S) similarly
in direction of east is east axis(E).
40. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
• Insolation line is imaginary line joining
centre of earth to centre of sun.
• Declination angle (δ) or solar declination is
angle of Insolation line from equatorial plane.
• To measure the solar declination we use
following relation
δ = 23.45*sin [ 0.9863 *( N + 284 ) ]
where the argument of the sine here is in
degrees and N denotes the number of days
since January 1.
42. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
•Hour angle (ω) the angular distance between
meridian axis and projection of insolation line in
equatorial plane.
• To measure the hour angle we use following
relation
ω= 15*(t-12) in degree
Where
t denotes Local Solar time which is given by
equation
t= IST±4*(standard time longitude-location’s
longitude)+ time correction
If IST is before/at 12 noon then + sign applicable
else negative.
43. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
•Angle of Latitude (φ) the vertical
angle between line joining center of
earth to specific point of interest and
its projection in equatorial plane.
• φ measures the angle with respect
to equator.
• Value of φ will be ±90 at poles.
44. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
•Inclination angle (α) the vertical angle
between sun’s ray and its projection in
horizon plane.
• α measures by following formula
α= 90-θz
sin(α)=sin φ *sin δ +cosφ *cosδ *cos ω
• Where θz denoted zenith angle.
• Value of α will be 0 degree at sun rise and
sunset.
45. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
•Zenith angle (θz) the vertical angle between
sun’s ray and normal to horizon plane.
• θz measures by following formula
cos(θz)=sin φ *sin δ +cosφ *cosδ *cos ω
• Where θz =zenith angle, ω= hour angle, φ=
latitude angle, δ= declination angle.
46. Renewable Energy Resources
KOE-074 Unit-2
Fundamental Parameters
•Azimuth angle (γs) the angle on horizon
plane between line due north and projection
of sun’s ray in horizon plane.
• γs measures by following formula in degree
Where θz =zenith angle, ω= hour angle, φ=
latitude angle, δ= declination angle.
53. Contents
I. Learning Outcomes
II. Introduction
III. Types of Solar Collectors
IV. Flat Plate Collectors
V. Concentrating Collectors
VI. Radiation incident on Solar Collectors
VII. Performance evaluation of Solar Collector
VIII. Material Selection
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54. 1. Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to explain solar collector.
The students will able to list different kind of solar collectors.
The students will be able to calculate the performance evaluation of flat plate
collector.
The students will be able to analyze the different parameters required for material
selection for flat plate collector.
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55. 2. Introduction
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A solar collector is a receiving device which
absorbs the incident solar radiation and heat
through a fluid like water or air.
Solar radiation converted in to useful heat can be
used as such or converted into electrical power.
Collectors can be classified into low temperature,
medium temperature and high temperature
collectors.
Mainly two types of collectors are there
Flat plate collectors
Concentrating collectors
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3. Classification of solar collectors
1 - Flat-plate collectors – The absorbing surface is approximately as large as the overall
collector area that intercepts the sun rays .
2 - Concentrating collectors – Large areas of mirrors or lenses focus the sun light onto a
smaller absorber .
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Flat-plate collectors, developed by Hottel and Whillier in the 1950s, are the most
common type of solar collector which are widely used for domestic household
hot-water heating and space heating, where the demand temperature is low.
Flat plate collector is basically a black surface that is placed at a convenient path of a
sun.
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Cross sectional view of solar flat
plate collector
They consist of..
1. A dark flat-plate absorber.
2. A transparent cover that reduces heat losses,
called “GLAZING”.
3. A heat-transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water)
to remove heat from the absorber.
4.A heat insulating backing
5. Flow passage
6. Enclosure.
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Components of solar flat plate collector
Absorber plate:
It is usually made of copper , steel or plastic . The surface is covered with a flat
black material of high absorption . If copper or steel is used it is possible to apply a
selective coating that maximizes the absorption of solar energy and minimizes the
radiation emitted by plate.
Flow passages:
The flow passages conduct the working fluid through the collector. If the working
fluid is a liquid , the flow passage is usually a tube that is attached to or is a part of
absorber plate. If the working fluid is air , the flow passage should be below the
absorber plate to minimize heat losses.
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Components of solar flat plate collector
Cover plate:
To reduce convective and radiating heat losses from the absorber , one or two
transparent covers are generally placed above the absorber plate . They usually be
made from glass or plastic.
Insulation:
These are some materials such as fiberglass and they are placed at the back and
sides of the collector to reduce heat losses.
Enclosure:
A box that the collector is enclosed in holds the components together, protect them
from weather ,facilitates installation of the collector on a roof or appropriate frame.
69. Contents
• Learning outcome
• Design of flat plate collector
• Applications
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70. Learning Outcomes
The students will able to describe direct and indirect hot water system
and the applications of flat plate collector .
The students will be able to design flat plate collector.
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Applications
• It has many applications in a medium temperature range ≅100 °C from domestic to preheating
to industrial sectors.
• Used for household Water/Air heating.
• Used for active and passive space heating and cooling.
• The hot water available from flat-plate collectors can be also used to conserve fossil fuel.
• In meeting electric requirements of rural and remotes areas such as development of solar
cookers, small solar driven refrigeration units, solar water irrigation pumps, solar dryers,
• Used to produce electricity for street lightning.
84. Contents
I. Learning Outcomes
II. Introduction
III. Collector Configurations
IV. Types of Solar Collectors
V. Performance Evaluation of Concentrating Collector
VI. Comparison of performance of different collectors
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85. Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to explain concentrating solar collector.
The students will able to list different kind of concentrating solar collectors.
The students will be able to calculate the performance evaluation of concentrating
solar collector.
The students will be able to Compare the performance of different collectors
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86. Introduction of concentrating solar collector
• Converging solar radiation from large area to small area
• Beam radiation utilized
• Optical methods( reflection, refraction)
• Solar tracking required
• Diffused radiation cannot be concentrated
• High temp attained.
• Flexible construction
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87. Concentrating Collectors components
•Collectors are oriented to track the sun so that the beam radiation will
be directed onto the absorbing surface
•Collector: Receiver and the concentrator
•Receiver: Radiation is absorbed and converted to some other energy
form (e.g. heat).
•Concentrator: Collector that directs radiation onto the receiver. The
aperture of the concentrator is the opening through which the solar
radiation enters the concentrator
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88. Collector Configurations
•a) Tubular absorbers with diffusive back reflector; b) Tubular absorbers with
specular cusp reflector; c) Plane receiver with plane reflector; d) parabolic
concentrator; e) Fresnel reflector f) Array of heliostats with central receiver
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Concentrating
Type
Focus
Type
Point
Focus
Non-Foc
us
(a) Cylindrical parabolic
concentrator
(b) Fixed mirror solar
concentrator
(c) Linear Fresnel lens
collector
(a) Parabolic dish
collector
(b) Hemispherical bowl
mirror concentrator
(c) Circular Fresnel lens
collector
(d) Central Tower
receiver
(a) Modified flat plate
collector
(b) Compound parabolic
concentrating type
91. Concentration Types
•Planar and non-concentrating type which provides concentration ratios
of up to four and are of the flat plate type.
•Line focusing type produces a high density of radiation on a line at the
focus. Cylindrical parabolic concentrators are of this type and they could
produce concentration ratios of up to ten.
•Point focusing type generally produce much higher density of radiation
in the vicinity of a point. Paraboloids are examples of point focus
concentrators.
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92. Concentrating Collectors
•Fresnel Lens: An optical device for concentrating light that is made of
concentric rings that are faced at different angles so that light falling on
any ring is focused to the same point.
•Parabolic trough collector: A high-temperature (above 360K) solar
thermal concentrator with the capacity for tracking the sun using one axis
of rotation. It uses a trough covered with a highly reflective surface to
focus sunlight onto a linear absorber containing a working fluid that can
be used for medium temperature space or process heat or to operate a
steam turbine for power or electricity generation.
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93. Concentrating Collectors
•Central Receiver: Also known as a power tower, a solar power facility
that uses a field of two-axis tracking mirrors known as heliostat (A device
that tracks the movement of the sun). Each heliostat is individually
positioned by a computer control system to reflect the sun's rays to a
tower-mounted thermal receiver. The effect of many heliostats reflecting
to a common point creates the combined energy of thousands of suns,
which produces high-temperature thermal energy.
•In the receiver, molten nitrate salts absorb the heat energy. The hot salt is
then used to boil water to steam, which is sent to a conventional steam
turbine-generator to produce electricity.
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