A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. But now the largest is in india, India owns world's largest solar power plant - Believe it or not | The Economic ... Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished) and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.
Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
The presentation discusses about the recent technology of Concentrated Solar Power and it's types. Also it discusses about the areas to built and the statistics of its development in recent years. Overall its a compatible ppt for the students learning and knowing about it.
Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal, and CSP) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator.
Introduction to solar thermal system
Working of solar thermal system
Solar collector
Type of solar collector
Solar water heater
Solar heating and cooling
Solar refrigeration and air conditioning
Advantage and Disadvantages
A brief introduction presentation mainly provides an idea about solar power field as it most growing energy business.
Main Solar Power technologies (Solar Photo-voltaic (PV) and Consentrated Solar Power (CSP)) have been presented on a simpe way in order to be suitable for Electrical & non Electrical Engineers and also trigger the energy investors for a huge opportunities on the field of Independent Power Producer (IPP).
The presentation discusses about the recent technology of Concentrated Solar Power and it's types. Also it discusses about the areas to built and the statistics of its development in recent years. Overall its a compatible ppt for the students learning and knowing about it.
Concentrated solar power (also called concentrating solar power, concentrated solar thermal, and CSP) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight, or solar thermal energy, onto a small area. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat, which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine) connected to an electrical power generator.
Introduction to solar thermal system
Working of solar thermal system
Solar collector
Type of solar collector
Solar water heater
Solar heating and cooling
Solar refrigeration and air conditioning
Advantage and Disadvantages
A brief introduction presentation mainly provides an idea about solar power field as it most growing energy business.
Main Solar Power technologies (Solar Photo-voltaic (PV) and Consentrated Solar Power (CSP)) have been presented on a simpe way in order to be suitable for Electrical & non Electrical Engineers and also trigger the energy investors for a huge opportunities on the field of Independent Power Producer (IPP).
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
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• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
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Attacks on counties – USA
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In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
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2. • Conversion of thermal energy into electricity requires conversion
at two stages – first a fluid is converted into steam and second
steam is used to rotate a turbine (and alternator). The solar
thermal technology used for electrical power generation must
raise the temperature of the fluid such that it gets converted into
steam and can rotate the turbine. Solar thermal technologies used
for this purpose is called Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Technology.
• CSP technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentratesunlight
onto receivers that collect solar energy and convert it to heat.
Thermal energy can then be used to produce electricity via a
turbine or heat engine driving a generator.
• Because CSP technologies collect solar energy and convert it to
thermal energy that can be stored before powering a generator,
they can be used either as a flexible provider of electricity, such as
a natural gas “peaker” plant, or as a baseload source of electricity
similar to a traditional nuclear or coal plant.
3. • CSP can also be deployed as fossil-fuel
backup/hybridization that allows existing fossil fuel
projects to run cleaner while operating at the same or
lower cost.
• The CSP technologies are primarily classified according
to the way the mirrors are concentrating the sun rays
for raising the temperature of the fluid kept in the
container. They are classified as:
– Parabolic trough
– Parabolic dish
– Power tower
– Linear fresnel reflector
4.
5. Parabolic Trough Reflector
• Parabolic trough power plants use a curved, mirrored trough which
reflects the direct solar radiation onto a glass tube containing a fluid
(also called a receiver, absorber or collector) running the length of the
trough, positioned at the focal point of the reflectors.
• The trough is parabolic along one axis and linear in the orthogonal axis.
• For change of the daily position of the sun perpendicular to the receiver,
the trough tilts east to west so that the direct radiation remains focused
on the receiver. However, seasonal changes in the angle of sunlight
parallel to the trough does not require adjustment of the mirrors, since
the light is simply concentrated elsewhere on the receiver.
• Thus the trough design does not require tracking on a second axis. The
receiver may be enclosed in a glass vacuum chamber. The vacuum
significantly reduces convective heat loss.
• A fluid (also called heat transfer fluid) passes through the receiver and
becomes very hot. Common fluids are synthetic oil, molten salt and
pressurized steam. The fluid containing the heat is transported to a heat
engine where about a third of the heat is converted to electricity.
7. Parabolic Dish Collector
• With a parabolic dish collector, one or more parabolic dishes concentrate
solar energy at a single focal point, similar to the way a reflecting
telescope focuses starlight, or a dish antenna focuses radio waves. This
geometry may be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants.
• The shape of a parabola means that incoming light rays which are
parallel to the dish's axis will be reflected toward the focus, no matter
where on the dish they arrive.
• Light from the sun arrives at the Earth's surface almost completely
parallel, and the dish is aligned with its axis pointing at the sun, allowing
almost all incoming radiation to be reflected towards the focal point of
the dish.
• Most losses in such collectors are due to imperfections in the parabolic
shape and imperfect reflection.
• Losses due to atmospheric scattering are generally minimal. However, on
a hazy or foggy day, light is diffused in all directions through the
atmosphere, which significantly reduces the efficiency of a parabolic
dish.
• In dish stirling power plant designs, a stirling engine coupled to a
dynamo, is placed at the focus of the dish. This absorbs the energy
focused onto it and converts it into electricity.
9. Power tower
• A power tower is a large tower surrounded by tracking mirrors called
heliostats. These mirrors align themselves and focus sunlight on the receiver at
the top of tower, collected heat is transferred to a power stationbelow.
• This design reaches very high temperatures. High temperatures are suitable for
electricity generation using conventional methods like steam turbine or a
direct high temperature chemical reaction such as liquid salt.
• By concentrating sunlight, current systems can get better efficiency than simple
solar cells. A larger area can be covered by using relatively inexpensive mirrors
rather than using expensive solar cells. Concentrated light can be redirected to
a suitable location via optical fiber cable for such uses as illuminating buildings.
• Heat storage for power production during cloudy and overnight conditions can
be accomplished, often by underground tank storage of heated fluids. Molten
salts have been used to good effect. Other working fluids, such as liquid
metals, have also been proposed due to their superior thermal properties.
• However, concentrating systems require sun tracking to maintainsunlight focus
at the collector. They are unable to provide significant power in diffused light
conditions.
• Solar cells are able to provide some output even if the sky becomes cloudy, but
power output from concentrating systems drops drastically in cloudy
conditions as diffused light cannot be concentrated.
11. Linear fresnel reflector
• A linear Fresnel reflector power plant uses a series of long, narrow, shallow-
curvature (or even flat) mirrors to focus light onto one or more linear receivers
positioned above the mirrors. On top of the receiver a small parabolic mirror
can be attached for further focusing the light.
• These systems aim to offer lower overall costs by sharing a receiver between
several mirrors (as compared with trough and dish concepts), while still using
the simple line-focus geometry with one axis for tracking. This is similar to the
trough design (and different from central towers and dishes with dual-axis).
The receiver is stationaryand so fluid couplings are not required (as in troughs
and dishes). The mirrors also do not need to support the receiver, so they are
structurally simpler.
• When suitable aiming strategies are used (mirrors aimed at different receivers
at different times of day), this can allow a denser packing of mirrors on
available land area.
• Rival single axis tracking technologies include the relatively new linear Fresnel
reflector (LFR) and compact-LFR (CLFR) technologies. The LFR differs from that
of the parabolic trough in that the absorber is fixed in space above the mirror
field. Also, the reflector is composed of many low row segments, which focus
collectively on an elevated long tower receiver running parallel to the reflector
rotational axis.
13. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
• Concentrating solar power is largely utilized in power generation
• The main component of power generation resemble a conventional
coal/gas power plant – except that the coal combustion process is
replaced by solar thermal heat generation
15. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
• The power plant work on the
principle of Rankine Cycle
• Through this cyclic process, heat
energy (Qboiler) is converted into
mechanical work output (Wturbine)
through rotation of turbine shaft.
• An electrical generator is fitted in
front of the turbine to convert the
mechanical shaft work to
electricity.
• Some additional pump work
(Wpump) is required to be done and
some heat is rejected to the
environment (Qcondenser)
Qboiler +Wpump = Qcondenser + Wturbine
Wpump , Qcondenser can not be zero
Wpump << Wturbine , Qcondenser < Qboiler
16. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
Qboiler +Wpump = Qcondenser + Wturbine
Wpump , Qcondenser can not be zero
Wpump << Wturbine (almost negligible)
Qcondenser < Qboiler
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 1 −
Qcondenser
Qboiler
Qboiler Qcondenser
17. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
• T is temperature of steam or water in Kelvin
• So higher the difference between the temperatures, higher is the theoretical
efficiency
• As a result, to practically achieve higher power generation efficiency, it is
better to have high steam temperature coming out of the solar field
• The storage tanks are there as a buffer system to stabilize the temperatures
𝐻𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
= 1 −
Tcondenser
Tboiler
Tboiler
Tcondenser
18. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
• Therefore higher concentration is always desirable
• Four major technologies are available
– Parabolic trough collector (PTC)
– Paraboloid dish collector (PDC)
– Central Power Tower – heliostat
(CPT or SPT)
– Liner Fresnel reflector (LFR)
• Now if you wish to concentrate radiation then you can use it larger area of
mirrors.
• So effectively you are collecting same amountof energy available but
collecting them on smaller area
Reflector/ mirror
Absorber/receiver
Sunlight
24. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
• Important factor for CSP technologiescommercial success
1. Direct normal irradiance (DNI)
2. Land requirement
3. Thermal energy storage
4. Water requirement
5. Availabilityoftransmissionand supportinginfrastructure
6. Potential forauxiliarysupply
• Threshold value (5 to 5.5 kWh/m2/day)~(1800 to 2000kWh/m2/year)
• Now the threshold energy available must be throughdirect beam only, therefore only
limited areas in India have the potential for CSP based power generation unlike solar PV
based technology
• Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,Maharashtra,Rajasthan,Tamilnadu, Ladakh Region
• 1.6 ha/MW to 8.36ha/MW
• 300 L/MWhto 4500L/MWh, 90% for cooling and 10% for washing of mirror
25. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
Commercial CST Technology
Central Tower
Paraboloid
Dish
Fresnel
Reflector
Parabolic
Trough
• Temperature: (°C)
upto 300
• Line Focusing
• Linearreceiver
• Fixed absorber row
• Working fluid: water/steam
• Flat or curved concentrator:
mirror
• Commercially under
development
• Heat storage possible
• Water requirement:
(L/MWh)
3800-3800
• Land
requirement:(acre/MW)
2.5: Direct
• CUF(%) : 22-24
• Temperature:(°C)
upto400
• Line Focusing
• LinearReceivertube
• Concentrator:Parabolic
mirror
• WorkingFluid:Thermic
fluid, steam
• Highlycommercially
available
• Require flatland
• Heat storage feasible
• Water
requirement:(L/MWh)
300-3500
• Land
requirement:(acre/MW)
6.2: Direct
• CUF(%):25-43
• Temperature: (°C)
120 to 750
• Point Focusing
• Dish Concentrator
• Stirling engine/ micro-turbine
• Working fluid: air
• Dry cooling/ no cooling
required
• Highest efficiency
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under
development
• Water requirement: (L/MWh)
76: Mirror washing
• Land requirement:(acre/MW)
2.8: Direct
• CUF(%): 25-28
• Temperature (°C)
450 to 1500
• Point Focusing
• Flat Concentrator: mirror
• Working fluid: thermic fluid,
water, air
• Concentrator: heliostat
• Commercially experience in
needed
• Feasible on non flat sites
• Heat storage feasible
• Water requirement:(L/MWh)
340-2800
• Land
requirement:(acre/MW)
8.9: Direct
• CUF(%): 25-55
26. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
Source: A. Kumar et. al (2017),H.L. Zhang et. al (2013),M.I. Serrano (2017),
T.V. Ramchandra et. al (2011)
Source: V. Siva Reddy et al (2013), IEA,IRENA
CSP Technology Efficiency (%)
PTC 10-16
LFR 9-15
PDC 18-25
SPT 14-20
CSP Technology Temperature (°C)
PTC 20-400
LFR 50-300
PDC 120-700
SPT 250-1500
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
PTC LFR PDC SPT
Efficiency
(η)
%
Efficiency Range
Parabolic trough collector (PTC) , Liner Fresnel reflector (LFR), Paraboloid dish collector (PDC), Central Power Tower – heliostat (CPT or SPT),
28. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
Source: S. Ong et. al 2013 [10]
Land Requirementfor Different CSP Technologies
Parabolic trough collector (PTC) , Liner Fresnel reflector (LFR), Paraboloid dish collector (PDC), Central Power Tower – heliostat (CPT or SPT),
29. Concentrating solar power (CSP)
S.
no
.
Plant Technolo
gy used
Capacit
y (MW)
Solar field
area(m2
)
Solar field
temp. (°C)
Storage
type/capacity
HTF Turbine
Design
Power
cycle
1. Abhijeet PTC 50 - - None Therminol VP-1 SST-700 Rankine
2. Acme solar CT 2.5 16,222 218-440 None Water/steam - Rankine
3. Diwakar PTC 100 - - 4h, two tank
indirect-molten
salt, 1010 MWht
Synthetic oil SST-700 Rankine
4. Godawari Green
Energy
PTC 50 392,400 293-390 None Dowtherm SST-700 -
5. Gujarat Solar One PTC 25 326,800 293-393 9h, two tank
indirect- molten
salt
Diphyl - Rankine
6. India One Schefller
Dish
1 46,200 150-260 cast iron block,
16 h
Steam - Rankine
7. KVK Energy PTC 100 - - 4h, two tank,
indirect, molten
salt
- SST-700 -
8. Megha Engineering PTC 50 366,240 293-393 8h, molten salt Xceltherm®MK1 - Rankine
9. Rajasthan Solar One PTC 10 - - 8h, molten salt Molten salt - Rankine
10
.
Rajasthan Sun
Technique
LFR 125 - - None - - Rankine
11
.
NSTPF NISE PTC/LFR 1 8175/7020 293-393 None Therminol VP-1 - Rankine