This document contains information from various sources about the scientific evidence and impacts of climate change. It shows that global carbon emissions from fossil fuels have increased steadily since 1850. It presents data demonstrating a close correlation between rising CO2 levels and global temperature over the past 800,000 years. Graphics illustrate a shift towards more frequent extreme heat events in recent decades as well as the 12 hottest years on record having all occurred since 1998. The document also discusses increasing droughts, floods, fires and melting ice as impacts of climate change.
The document summarizes recent changes in Arctic sea ice extent based on satellite observations. Summer Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 11.6% per decade since 1979, with record low extents in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Sea ice is also getting younger and thinner. Continued sea ice loss is projected under business as usual warming scenarios, and could eliminate summer sea ice by 2100. This would have significant biological, economic and climate impacts.
The EXPLODING POPULATION OF 7 B IS INFLUENCING OUR CLIMATE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS THAT EMIT CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2.
1. THE HUMAN INFLUENCE ON WARMING
Emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 are increasing at a rate of 2.5 ppm per year.
2. CONTRAST THIS WITH SLOWER NATURAL PROCESSES
18K – 10K years ago, C02 increased at a rate 1/300th slower.
3. THE IMPACT OF CONTINUING CLIMATE CHANGE
Melting of the Arctic is increasing our winter climate extremes.
Dan Miller, an engineer and investor, has become an active campaigner for action on climate change. He provided this briefing paper, written for a representative in Congress, to Andrew Revkin of The Times blog Dot Earth. More: http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
Climate Change: The Evidence and Our Optionsokiregional
This document summarizes the research of the Ice Core Paleoclimate Research Group at Ohio State University. The group studies ice cores from around the world to understand past climate changes. It receives funding from various organizations. Ice cores provide evidence that some glaciers are currently smaller than they have been in the past 6,000 years and that recent warming is unprecedented over the last 1,000 years. The document discusses both natural and human factors that influence the climate and presents evidence that recent warming is not caused by changes in the sun's output but rather by increasing greenhouse gases from human activities.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on various species and ecosystems. It notes that species ranges and nesting times have shifted, some species have gone extinct, and ecosystems are disassembling and reassembling into new configurations. It also discusses the need to limit greenhouse gas concentrations to 350ppm through measures like revising energy systems, reducing deforestation, and restoring ecosystems to facilitate species movement under climate change.
The document summarizes recent changes in Arctic sea ice extent based on satellite observations. Summer Arctic sea ice is declining at a rate of 11.6% per decade since 1979, with record low extents in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. Sea ice is also getting younger and thinner. Continued sea ice loss is projected under business as usual warming scenarios, and could eliminate summer sea ice by 2100. This would have significant biological, economic and climate impacts.
The EXPLODING POPULATION OF 7 B IS INFLUENCING OUR CLIMATE BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS THAT EMIT CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2.
1. THE HUMAN INFLUENCE ON WARMING
Emissions of the greenhouse gas CO2 are increasing at a rate of 2.5 ppm per year.
2. CONTRAST THIS WITH SLOWER NATURAL PROCESSES
18K – 10K years ago, C02 increased at a rate 1/300th slower.
3. THE IMPACT OF CONTINUING CLIMATE CHANGE
Melting of the Arctic is increasing our winter climate extremes.
Dan Miller, an engineer and investor, has become an active campaigner for action on climate change. He provided this briefing paper, written for a representative in Congress, to Andrew Revkin of The Times blog Dot Earth. More: http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
This is a pdf. due to file size we are not able to upload the PowerPoint presentation you can email info@thecccw.org.uk for a copy which includes video clips
Climate Change: The Evidence and Our Optionsokiregional
This document summarizes the research of the Ice Core Paleoclimate Research Group at Ohio State University. The group studies ice cores from around the world to understand past climate changes. It receives funding from various organizations. Ice cores provide evidence that some glaciers are currently smaller than they have been in the past 6,000 years and that recent warming is unprecedented over the last 1,000 years. The document discusses both natural and human factors that influence the climate and presents evidence that recent warming is not caused by changes in the sun's output but rather by increasing greenhouse gases from human activities.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on various species and ecosystems. It notes that species ranges and nesting times have shifted, some species have gone extinct, and ecosystems are disassembling and reassembling into new configurations. It also discusses the need to limit greenhouse gas concentrations to 350ppm through measures like revising energy systems, reducing deforestation, and restoring ecosystems to facilitate species movement under climate change.
The document analyzes sea surface temperature data in the Arctic from 1982 to 2006. It describes using imaging software to measure the area of water below 15 degrees Celsius over time. The results found the area fluctuated without a clear decreasing or increasing trend. This disproved the hypothesis that the area would consistently decrease due to global warming. Future small changes are possible but human impacts are minimal currently.
Climate Change: Addressing the Major Skeptic ArgumentsAlexander Ainslie
This document addresses major claims made by climate change skeptics in three categories: that Earth is not warming, that human activity is not responsible for warming, and that action is not needed even if warming is occurring. It summarizes the response to key skeptic arguments, finding that the evidence supports conclusions that Earth is warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions and impacts will be serious without emission reductions. Periods of stable temperatures do not disprove warming, and research has found no evidence of conspiracies among scientists. While imperfect, climate models provide reliable guidance when considered alongside observations and theory. The document provides a balanced and thorough examination of issues in the climate change debate.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Global warming is part of natural climate cycles according to the document. It argues that the Earth's climate is primarily influenced by solar activity and fluctuations in the sun's irradiance. The document provides several lines of evidence from historical temperature and greenhouse gas records, as well as studies on plankton and agriculture, to support its view that global warming poses no significant risks and may provide economic benefits from increased growing seasons and rainfall. However, it does not consider the potential long-term consequences of rising sea levels or more severe storms.
Global Climatic Disruption and its Impact on Victoria and CaliforniaLarry Smarr
The document summarizes the potential impacts of climate change on Victoria, Australia and California, focusing on water resources and wildfires. It outlines that global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and discusses the radical changes needed to the world's energy system to prevent global temperature increases exceeding 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Specifically, global CO2 emissions would need to peak before 2015 and achieve near-zero emissions in energy and transport sectors by 2050.
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
The document summarizes the expansion of the North American atmospheric carbon observing system over the past decade. It describes the growth of surface and aircraft monitoring networks run by NOAA, Environment and Climate Change Canada, and other partners. It also discusses efforts by the North American Carbon Program and initiatives like CarbonTracker to use the observational data to better understand North America's carbon fluxes and sinks, though significant uncertainties remain. Top-down constraints from the monitoring network are providing insights but also show the need for continued expansion to improve flux estimates and detect trends in the carbon cycle.
- The document provides an overview of past, present, and future climate, including what controls climate, evidence from ice cores of past climate cycles, historical temperature records, and predictions from climate models.
- Climate models predict a temperature increase between 1.1-6.4°C and sea level rise of 0.18-0.54m by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with major impacts such as more extreme weather.
- While not perfect, climate models have been improved and simulate past climate well, giving confidence in their predictions of significant future warming and impacts from increasing greenhouse gases if emissions are not reduced.
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
The document discusses the history of Earth's climate and temperature changes over billions of years. It notes that the planet has experienced natural warming and cooling cycles in the past related to factors like carbon dioxide levels, solar activity, and orbital variations. More recently, evidence suggests global temperatures have risen sharply since the late 19th century, corresponding to increased industrial carbon emissions. The text explores potential impacts of continued warming, such as rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes, and effects on wildlife.
Global warming: Causes and ConsequencesAshish Sharma
Global warming is defined as the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising greenhouse gas emissions. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Global warming occurs due to the greenhouse effect, where greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. The main sources of greenhouse gas emissions are electricity production, transportation, industry, agriculture, and deforestation. Consequences of global warming include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, wildfires, extinction of species, spread of diseases, and food shortages.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change, including natural climate oscillations, urban heat islands, land use changes, temperature proxy records, and measurements of land and ocean temperatures. It questions the reliability of some temperature proxy records and surface temperature measurements, and argues that climate models likely overestimate the warming effects of increased CO2 levels.
Back to back La Nina episodes in the tropical Pacific Ocean shaped dramatic climate events in 2011, according to the latest State of the Climate report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. More on NOAA science at Dot Earth: http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/noaa
The document discusses the topic of climate change, past, present, and future. It provides an overview of the factors that control climate, including land surface properties, oceans, greenhouse gases, and solar radiation. It describes how the climate has varied in the past due to natural factors like variations in Earth's orbit and composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses evidence that warming trends over the last few decades are likely due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. Models predict that future climate change may have significant impacts.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the relationship between annual increases in carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1959-2011 and the frequency of major hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean from 1992-2009. The experiment found a negative correlation between the two variables, which did not support the hypothesis that higher carbon dioxide levels would increase hurricane frequency. Methodology included formatting data sets into a spreadsheet, graphing the variables, and determining the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination to analyze the strength of the relationship between carbon dioxide increases and hurricane frequency.
The document discusses climate change and the greenhouse effect. It notes that climate change is real and caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. Computer models consistently predict a 1-4 degree Celsius increase in global temperatures over the next 50-100 years if emissions continue. This level of warming would have catastrophic impacts and require dramatic changes to our energy systems. While models agree on warming, they show more uncertainty and variation in other climate impacts. Continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further climate change, sea level rise, and impacts, with the magnitude depending on total emissions.
Global Warming 101, Grades 3-6 (2013 Version)JohnSmithMN
This document aims to explain the key concepts of the greenhouse effect, climate change, and global warming. It defines each term and explains that global warming is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. Evidence that climate change is occurring includes rising global temperatures over the past 1000 years as recorded from both temperature data and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Other signs include shrinking glaciers, changing lake ice cover, and rising sea levels. The document seeks to answer why climate change is happening by linking it to increasing carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution and the human activities that produce greenhouse gas pollution such as burning coal, natural gas, and oil.
The document analyzes sea surface temperature data in the Arctic from 1982 to 2006. It describes using imaging software to measure the area of water below 15 degrees Celsius over time. The results found the area fluctuated without a clear decreasing or increasing trend. This disproved the hypothesis that the area would consistently decrease due to global warming. Future small changes are possible but human impacts are minimal currently.
Climate Change: Addressing the Major Skeptic ArgumentsAlexander Ainslie
This document addresses major claims made by climate change skeptics in three categories: that Earth is not warming, that human activity is not responsible for warming, and that action is not needed even if warming is occurring. It summarizes the response to key skeptic arguments, finding that the evidence supports conclusions that Earth is warming due to human greenhouse gas emissions and impacts will be serious without emission reductions. Periods of stable temperatures do not disprove warming, and research has found no evidence of conspiracies among scientists. While imperfect, climate models provide reliable guidance when considered alongside observations and theory. The document provides a balanced and thorough examination of issues in the climate change debate.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Global warming is part of natural climate cycles according to the document. It argues that the Earth's climate is primarily influenced by solar activity and fluctuations in the sun's irradiance. The document provides several lines of evidence from historical temperature and greenhouse gas records, as well as studies on plankton and agriculture, to support its view that global warming poses no significant risks and may provide economic benefits from increased growing seasons and rainfall. However, it does not consider the potential long-term consequences of rising sea levels or more severe storms.
Global Climatic Disruption and its Impact on Victoria and CaliforniaLarry Smarr
The document summarizes the potential impacts of climate change on Victoria, Australia and California, focusing on water resources and wildfires. It outlines that global greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and discusses the radical changes needed to the world's energy system to prevent global temperature increases exceeding 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Specifically, global CO2 emissions would need to peak before 2015 and achieve near-zero emissions in energy and transport sectors by 2050.
Lecture 2 anthropogenic climate change - the current state of knowledge and...polylsgiedx
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It begins by explaining the greenhouse effect and how the Earth's climate system works. It then discusses evidence of a changing climate, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, rising sea levels, and increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. The document addresses skepticism around human-caused climate change and argues that climate science has been thoroughly tested and validated through induction, deduction, and consistency of evidence from multiple independent sources. It outlines how doubt has been deliberately spread by certain groups for political or economic reasons, similar to how the tobacco industry denied the health risks of smoking. In the end, the evidence overwhelmingly shows that human activity such as fossil fuel burning is disrupting the
The document summarizes the expansion of the North American atmospheric carbon observing system over the past decade. It describes the growth of surface and aircraft monitoring networks run by NOAA, Environment and Climate Change Canada, and other partners. It also discusses efforts by the North American Carbon Program and initiatives like CarbonTracker to use the observational data to better understand North America's carbon fluxes and sinks, though significant uncertainties remain. Top-down constraints from the monitoring network are providing insights but also show the need for continued expansion to improve flux estimates and detect trends in the carbon cycle.
- The document provides an overview of past, present, and future climate, including what controls climate, evidence from ice cores of past climate cycles, historical temperature records, and predictions from climate models.
- Climate models predict a temperature increase between 1.1-6.4°C and sea level rise of 0.18-0.54m by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with major impacts such as more extreme weather.
- While not perfect, climate models have been improved and simulate past climate well, giving confidence in their predictions of significant future warming and impacts from increasing greenhouse gases if emissions are not reduced.
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
The document discusses the history of Earth's climate and temperature changes over billions of years. It notes that the planet has experienced natural warming and cooling cycles in the past related to factors like carbon dioxide levels, solar activity, and orbital variations. More recently, evidence suggests global temperatures have risen sharply since the late 19th century, corresponding to increased industrial carbon emissions. The text explores potential impacts of continued warming, such as rising sea levels, stronger hurricanes, and effects on wildlife.
Global warming: Causes and ConsequencesAshish Sharma
Global warming is defined as the increase in average surface temperatures due to rising greenhouse gas emissions. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Global warming occurs due to the greenhouse effect, where greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. The main sources of greenhouse gas emissions are electricity production, transportation, industry, agriculture, and deforestation. Consequences of global warming include more extreme weather, rising sea levels, wildfires, extinction of species, spread of diseases, and food shortages.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change, including natural climate oscillations, urban heat islands, land use changes, temperature proxy records, and measurements of land and ocean temperatures. It questions the reliability of some temperature proxy records and surface temperature measurements, and argues that climate models likely overestimate the warming effects of increased CO2 levels.
Back to back La Nina episodes in the tropical Pacific Ocean shaped dramatic climate events in 2011, according to the latest State of the Climate report from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. More on NOAA science at Dot Earth: http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/tag/noaa
The document discusses the topic of climate change, past, present, and future. It provides an overview of the factors that control climate, including land surface properties, oceans, greenhouse gases, and solar radiation. It describes how the climate has varied in the past due to natural factors like variations in Earth's orbit and composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses evidence that warming trends over the last few decades are likely due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. Models predict that future climate change may have significant impacts.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the relationship between annual increases in carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1959-2011 and the frequency of major hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean from 1992-2009. The experiment found a negative correlation between the two variables, which did not support the hypothesis that higher carbon dioxide levels would increase hurricane frequency. Methodology included formatting data sets into a spreadsheet, graphing the variables, and determining the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination to analyze the strength of the relationship between carbon dioxide increases and hurricane frequency.
The document discusses climate change and the greenhouse effect. It notes that climate change is real and caused by human emissions of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. Computer models consistently predict a 1-4 degree Celsius increase in global temperatures over the next 50-100 years if emissions continue. This level of warming would have catastrophic impacts and require dramatic changes to our energy systems. While models agree on warming, they show more uncertainty and variation in other climate impacts. Continued greenhouse gas emissions will cause further climate change, sea level rise, and impacts, with the magnitude depending on total emissions.
Global Warming 101, Grades 3-6 (2013 Version)JohnSmithMN
This document aims to explain the key concepts of the greenhouse effect, climate change, and global warming. It defines each term and explains that global warming is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. Evidence that climate change is occurring includes rising global temperatures over the past 1000 years as recorded from both temperature data and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Other signs include shrinking glaciers, changing lake ice cover, and rising sea levels. The document seeks to answer why climate change is happening by linking it to increasing carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution and the human activities that produce greenhouse gas pollution such as burning coal, natural gas, and oil.
The document discusses the threat of climate change and provides quotes from numerous experts and organizations emphasizing that climate change poses one of the greatest threats facing humanity. It then provides further information on the impacts and evidence of climate change, including increasing temperatures worldwide and in India specifically, melting glaciers and ice, effects on animals like polar bears, and changes to forests and wetlands.
A hard-hitting lecture by Ranyl Rhydwen at the Centre for Alternative Technology in Wales - really 3 lectures crammed into one - explaining how our climate works, what the current science is saying about climate change, and thoughts on what to do about it. A very good, and important talk to listen to. Recorded November 2009, a month before the COP-15 Climate Conference in Copenhagen. Please note this lecture is copyright Centre for Alternative Technology (http://www.cat.org.uk)
Sustainability - What's wrong with a little climate change? Anders Lindgren
You may have heard about the dangers of “global warming and climate change”. It’s like old news. It hardly get you concerned. Well, there are some recent findings. Our Earth is getting warmer, wetter, wilder and more crowded than ever. It's scaring the hell out of scientists.
OSCILLATIONS from ARCTIC WARMING: Record COLD & HOT, RISING SEASPaul H. Carr
WEATHER EXTREMES ARE INCREASING.
Record-Cold and Snowfall in New England during 2015 winter.
-Record high sea temps, 11.5 C, put more
water vapor (snow) in the atmosphere.
-Record-Hot West Sees First 100-Degree Temperature of 2015.
- CA 4 yr. drought longest in history.
Wet areas getting wetter: Floods, Snow
Dry areas getting drier: CA Drought, Wildfires.
Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than air temperaure.
This document discusses climate change modeling and its challenges and applications. It notes that the past decade was the warmest on record, and that California temperatures have risen by about 1 degree F over the past century. Climate models are complex due to uncertainties in processes like cloud formation, but they can still provide useful information about long-term trends and impacts. Downscaling methods are being used and improved to convert global model output to more specific regional and local data. While challenges remain, ongoing work means that climate projections will continue to become more detailed and useful for decision-making and planning in California.
What are we doing to our climate? What is it doing to us? What can we do?Paul H. Carr
OVERVIEW
I will be introducing you to ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL, and TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES.
¥ Climate change is an unintended consequence of carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
¥ By pricing in the social and environmental cost of these emissions, we can expedite their reduction. Let’s harness profit greed towards green technology development.
¥ The environmental challenge is to balance the beauty and sacredness of nature with its utility.
ABSTRACT
What are we doing to our climate? The scientific consensus. Tides and temperatures are rising. Since the beginning of the industrial age, emissions from fossil fuel burning have raised carbon dioxide concentrations to 410 ppm. This is 33% higher than in the last million years. This increase is warming our planet via the Greenhouse Effect. At the present rate of carbon dioxide increase, we will reach 800 ppm by 2100. When our earth was at this concentration 40 million years ago, it was so warm that there was no ice. Sea levels were about 300 feet higher than today.
What is climate change doing to us? “The earth and its poor cry out, and we must listen” Pope Francis. Dry regions are drier and wet ones wetter. Wildfires have increased threefold since 1970, storms more violent, floods setting record heights, and glaciers melting. Natural catastrophes are occurring more than twice as frequently as in 1980. Sea levels could rise as high as 18 feet by 2060. Parts of Earth are increasingly uninhabitable, resulting in millions of climate change refugees, CLIMmigration.
What can we do? Religion and science matter. Ethics trumping economics. Let’s yoke our knowledge of climate science with the motivational power of spiritual values. We need to reduce our carbon footprints. We now have the option to purchase green electric cars getting the equivalent of 100 miles per gallon and solar PV panels to lower our electric bills. We can support the Citizen’s Climate Lobby which advocates a revenue neutral carbon production fee resulting in a dividend returned to all. This would stimulate our economy creating millions of jobs and increase the deployment of green solar, wind, and nuclear energy sources. Thorium, in addition to uranium, is a green energy source for the future. Republicans are less afraid of nuclear energy than Democrats.
The document provides information about climate change and global warming. It defines key terms like weather, climate and greenhouse gases. It discusses the evidence that climate change is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. It also notes some of the observed impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. Finally, it discusses some actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
This document discusses the debate around whether global warming is fact or fiction. It provides background on the topic, including arguments that increasing greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels are warming the planet, and counter arguments that natural factors are causing climate changes. The document then discusses evidence of melting glaciers and unpredictable weather patterns as issues in the debate. It concludes that the real focus should be on understanding economic impacts and implementing policy changes to ensure economic survival, regardless of causes of climate change.
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
This document discusses the science of climate change and its impacts. It provides evidence that the climate has fluctuated naturally in the past but is now changing due to human activity like burning fossil fuels. This is increasing greenhouse gases and global temperatures, causing sea ice and glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise, and more extreme weather. If emissions are not reduced, significant global impacts are projected this century like worse droughts and storms, flooded coastlines, and threatened ecosystems and food supplies.
Running Head IS THE THREAT OF GLOBAL WARMING REALIS THE THRE.docxwlynn1
Running Head: IS THE THREAT OF GLOBAL WARMING REAL?
IS THE THREAT OF GLOBAL WARMING REAL? 8
Is the Threat of Global Warming Real?
Name
Subject
Teacher
Date
Is the Threat of Global Warming Real?
The Wall Street Journal used to run an editorial in 2012 about the denial of global warming. This editorial showed that climate change was not real. However, it was written by many people who were not climate scientists themselves. One of them was Richard Lindzen, who was a global warming denier and at the same time a denier of the concept that smoking causes cancer (Prothero, 2012). With these kinds of people denying global warming and with the concrete evidence that global warming exists, the threat of global warming is real.
Definition of Global Warming
Global warming is defined as “the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere” due to the “increased amount of heat energy striking the earth from the sun” which is trapped in the atmosphere instead of being radiated into space (WarmHeatWorldwide.org, 2018). The old term for global warming was “greenhouse effect” and the relatively new collective term is “climate change.”
Evidence for Global Warming
The answer to the 16 authors of the opinion editorial who denied the existence of global warming is a series of confirmed scientific evidence. One of this is a Feb. 2, 2012 confirmation of an 18-mile crack that appeared in Antarctica, and was later on confirmed to have been caused by heat (Prothero, 2012). It is interesting that this crack occurred only a few days after the editorial of the 16 authors denied the existence of global warming. Perhaps then, when one denies something, he will find all the evidence against it. However, one should understand that the final arbiter when it comes to evidence should be science, or empirical and verified information.
One of the first proofs that science offers in order to prove the existence of global warming is the temperature scale from the year 0 CE. The Moberg et al. plot of 2000 years shows the temperature increase since the year 1800 and the increase has been sharp (see Figure 1 below). One should also see that the Medieval Warm Period from 900-1200 AD was nothing compared to the warming since 1800 (Prothero, 2012). Temperature ranges from 1880 to the present from three independent sources also confirm the objective existence of global warming (see Figure 2 below).
Figure 1. Temperature of the earth.
Source: Skeptic.com
Figure 2. Temperature of the earth from 3 sources.
Source: Skeptic.com
Another proof of the reality and truth of global warming is the carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere in the last 200 years. In fact, the data for the carbon dioxide increase in the past 900 years has been derived from ice cores, tree rings, corals and many direct measurements. The carbon dioxide levels were relatively even since 10,000 years ago and even the past 1000 years. However, the last 200 years, when the Ind.
The document discusses the threat of climate change and actions that can be taken to address it. It notes that while scientists understand the problem well, the public's knowledge remains limited. It warns that the planet is in an energy imbalance that could lead to uncontrollable warming due to tipping points. However, it also says that multiple benefits could come from taking strong action to solve the problem. The document advocates for phasing out coal use within 20 years, avoiding unconventional fossil fuels, and not pursuing marginal oil reserves. It argues for putting a steadily rising price on carbon as the best policy approach.
hree (3) strategies.This update takes account of the latest significant scientific developments in the observation and modeling of climate and climate change. The material has been contributed by leading scientists from around the world and this update will become an essential reference companion to the 1990 IPCC Report, Climate Change edited by John Houghton et al.
Congress accepts the scientific findings that climate change is occurring due to increases in global temperatures, melting ice and snow, and rising sea levels. Climate change refers to lasting changes in weather patterns over decades or longer. While some areas have experienced cooler weather, data from NASA and NOAA show that the Earth's average surface temperature has increased 1.2-1.4°F over the past century, with the eight warmest years on record occurring since 1998. Most of the recent warming is very likely due to human activities like increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Congress accepts the scientific findings that climate change is occurring due to increases in global temperatures, melting ice and snow, and rising sea levels. Climate change refers to lasting changes in weather patterns over decades or longer. While some areas have experienced cooler weather, data from NASA and NOAA show the Earth has warmed 1.2-1.4°F over the past century, with the eight warmest years on record occurring since 1998. Most of the recent warming is very likely due to human activities like increased greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of global warming and climate change. It discusses what global warming and climate change refer to, the main indicators of climate change, what the greenhouse effect is and how humans have impacted it, how climate has varied in the past compared to current changes, impacts of global warming such as extreme weather and rising sea levels, differences in greenhouse gas emissions around the world with the US being the largest emitter per capita, and many sources of greenhouse gases being discovered.
The document discusses the history of how global climate change became framed as an issue. It traces ideas from the 1820s about the greenhouse effect to modern events like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. Key developments included establishing the Keeling Curve in 1958, Hansen's 1988 congressional testimony, and formation of the IPCC in 1989. Climate change became increasingly politicized over debates around economic costs, conservative ideology, and uncertainty about impacts. Different groups have framed the issue through these lenses to influence public views on climate policy.
5. What Is The Evidence For Global Warming Nsrtudorgeog
The document provides evidence for global climate change from direct temperature measurements, glacier retreat, decreasing Arctic ice, and ice core data. This evidence shows that average global temperatures have increased by 0.74°C over the past 100 years and 0.5°C since 1950. Additional evidence of climate change includes earlier springs, shrinking glaciers, and thinning Arctic ice. The document concludes this is sufficient evidence that human activity is contributing to current global warming.
Similar to Univeristy of Michigan study: Climate change (20)
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
5. Some energy is radiated back
into space by the Earth in
the form of infrared waves
Some of this outgoing
infrared radiation is trapped by
the Earth’s atmosphere
and warms it
Most of this radiation
is absorbed by the
Earth and warms it
6. 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0
Age (years BP)
300
180
200
220
240
260
280
CO2Concentration
CO2(ppmv)
Source: National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
9. 2013 CO2 Concentration: 400
CO2Concentration
400
320
340
360
380
300
180
200
220
240
260
280
Temperature
800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0
Age (years BP)
CO2(ppmv) After 40 more years at the current rate of increase
Source: National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
11. Summer Temperatures Have Shifted
•1951 – 1980
FrequencyofOccurrence
Source: NASA/GISS; Hansen, et al., “Perceptions of Climate Change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073, August 2012
Deviation from Mean
0 1 2 3 4 5-1-2-3-4-5
Cooler than average
Average
Warmer than average
Baseline (1951 - 1980) mean
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
12. Summer Temperatures Have Shifted
•1981 – 1991
FrequencyofOccurrence
Deviation from Mean
0 1 2 3 4 5-1-2-3-4-5
Cooler than average
Average
Warmer than average
Baseline (1951 - 1980) mean
Source: NASA/GISS; Hansen, et al., “Perceptions of Climate Change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073, August 2012
Extremely hot
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
13. Summer Temperatures Have Shifted
•1991 – 2001
FrequencyofOccurrence
Deviation from Mean
0 1 2 3 4 5-1-2-3-4-5
Cooler than average
Average
Warmer than average
Baseline (1951 - 1980) mean
Source: NASA/GISS; Hansen, et al., “Perceptions of Climate Change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073, August 2012
Extremely hot
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
14. Summer Temperatures Have Shifted
•2001 – 2011
FrequencyofOccurrence
Deviation from Mean
0 1 2 3 4 5-1-2-3-4-5
Cooler than average
Average
Warmer than average
Baseline (1951 - 1980) mean
Source: NASA/GISS; Hansen, et al., “Perceptions of Climate Change,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073, August 2012
Extremely hot
The “extreme”
temperature events
used to cover 0.1% of
the Earth. Now they
cover 10%.
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
15. The Twelve Hottest Years on Record
Source: NASA/GISS
2009 2007 1998 2002
2006 2012 2011 2004 2001
2010 2005
2003
16. The Hottest Year Ever Measured
(Statistically tied with 2005)
Source: NASA/GISS
17. 2012 was the 36th
consecutive year with a
global temperature above
the 20th century average
20. Australia Heat Forecast: January 4, 2013
50°
40°
30°
20°
10°
0°
-10°
-20°
-30°
Data: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013 Australian Bureau of Meteorology
21. Australia Heat Forecast: January 14, 2013
50°
40°
30°
20°
10°
0°
-10°
-20°
-30°
54°
Data: Commonwealth of Australia, 2013 Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Two New Colors Had to Be Added to the Map
22. Change in Annual Global Temperature
•1880 – 2010
AnomalyRelativeto1901–2000Mean(°C)
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010
Source: National Climatic Data Center, NOAA
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-0.25
-0.5
24. “Global warming is contributing to an
increased incidence of extreme
weather because the environment
in which all storms form
has changed from human activities.”
National Center for Atmospheric Research
June 15, 2011
25. “The only plausible explanation for the
rise in weather-related catastrophes is
climate change.”
Munich Re
One of the two largest reinsurance companies in the world
September 27, 2010
46. Hotter Years Typically Have More Fires
40 Years of Western U.S. Fire and Temperatures
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
62°
61°
60°
59°
58°
57°
56°
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Average Temperature
Number of Fires
AverageSpring-SummerTemperature(°F)
FiresonU.S.ForestServiceLand
Data: Climate Central, “The Age of Western Wildfires,” September, 2012
53. September Arctic Sea Ice Extent
1979 – 2012
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, October 2012
MillionSquareKilometers
1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
September ice extent
Trend
New record low
54. September 2012
Source: NASA Earth Observatory
September 1984
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Sea Ice Concentration
0% 100%
57. Muir Glacier, Alaska
1880
Source: Hazard, G. D. 1880 Muir Glacier: From the Glacier Photograph Collection, Boulder,
Colorado USA; National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology
58. Muir Glacier, Alaska
2005
Source: Bruce F. Molnia, Bruce F. 2005 Muir Glacier: From the Glacier Photograph Collection, Boulder,
Colorado USA; National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology
60. Those who deny
the existence of the
Climate Crisis
often claim there is
“no scientific consensus,”
however...
61. Every National Academy of Science of Every
Major Country in the World Confirms
Anthropogenic Global Warming
African Academy
of Science
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Cameroon
Canada
The Caribbean
China
France
Ghana
Germany
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
India
Japan
Kenya
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mexico
Nigeria
New Zealand
Russia
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
Sweden
Tanzania
Turkey
Uganda
United Kingdom
United States
Zambia
Zimbabwe
63. “The need for urgent action to address
climate change is now indisputable.”
Joint Statement of the National Academies of Science
For the G8 + 5 Nations
May 2009
Here is what the National Academies say:
65. Need effective solution that would:
Have bipartisan support
Significantly reduce greenhouse gas
emissions
Be simple and transparent
Create new jobs
Reduce our dependence on foreign oil
66. We do have a solution!
*Carbon Fee
and Rebate
* Revenue-
Neutral
Carbon Tax
83. It’s possible, and our children and
grandchildren are depending on us to take
action
84.
85. Take Action Now:
• Listen to our intro call, details on back of bus card
• Write your Representative, Rep. ____, U.S. House of
Representatives, Washington, DC 20515. Ask her/him to
communicate with Ways and Means Chairman Dave Camp,
urging him to convene a hearing to look at market-based
approaches to address climate change. Conservative witnesses
who could testify include:
• Art Laffer, former Reagan economic adviser.
Greg Mankiw, economic advisor to George W. Bush and Mitt
Romney.
Andrew Moylan, R Street Institute.
Gary Becker, Nobel laureate economist.
George Shultz, former Secretary of State.
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Script Slide 18: What are we waiting for? With all that we know, there is no excuse to wait and risk the lives of millions. We must act now to diminish our carbon emissions and reduce the devastating consequences of human-caused climate change.
Art
Laffer,
President
Reagan’s
economic
advisor
Greg
Mankiw,
economic
advisor
to
President
George
W.
Bush
and
presidential
candidate
Mitt
Romney,
We send handwritten notes to our Members of Congress, write letters to the editor, and actually meet with our members of congress, always asking them to pass fee and dividend legislation.