The document discusses the threat of climate change and actions that can be taken to address it. It notes that while scientists understand the problem well, the public's knowledge remains limited. It warns that the planet is in an energy imbalance that could lead to uncontrollable warming due to tipping points. However, it also says that multiple benefits could come from taking strong action to solve the problem. The document advocates for phasing out coal use within 20 years, avoiding unconventional fossil fuels, and not pursuing marginal oil reserves. It argues for putting a steadily rising price on carbon as the best policy approach.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years. The study also confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were worldwide phenomena. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many areas were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
Climate Scientist James Hansen's 1981 Predictions Came True. What abouot 2016Paul H. Carr
This document summarizes and discusses climate scientist James Hansen's predictions from 1981 and 2016. It discusses how Hansen accurately predicted warming trends in a 1981 paper. It then summarizes Hansen's 2016 paper on ice melt, sea level rise, and superstorms, predicting up to 5 meters of sea level rise by 2050-2058 if carbon emissions are not reduced. It discusses threats to the ocean food chain from acidification. It questions whether renewable energy like solar, wind, and nuclear are advancing quickly enough. It provides background on these topics and debates solutions like a carbon fee and dividend system.
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
This document is a press release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics summarizing a study they conducted on climate change over the past 1000 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was not the hottest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD affected worldwide climate, not just Europe and North America.
3) Many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
A brief introduction to climate change.
My first essay in fifteen years, written for my final Academic Skills assignment as part of a prep course for a science degree. Written January 2018.
The document proposes a "Sensible Sense of Congress Resolution on Climate Change" that would:
1) Note evidence that future warming is likely to be on the low end of projections and past warming trends can be explained by natural factors.
2) Express that policies like Kyoto would impose large costs while having a negligible impact on global temperatures.
3) Recommend strategies to promote innovation and access to affordable energy in developing countries.
This document provides an overview of global warming and climate change. It discusses what global warming and climate change refer to, the main indicators of climate change, what the greenhouse effect is and how humans have impacted it, how climate has varied in the past compared to current changes, impacts of global warming such as extreme weather and rising sea levels, differences in greenhouse gas emissions around the world with the US being the largest emitter per capita, and many sources of greenhouse gases being discovered.
The document summarizes a study that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years. The study also confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were worldwide phenomena. While 20th century temperatures were higher than the Little Ice Age, many areas were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
Climate Scientist James Hansen's 1981 Predictions Came True. What abouot 2016Paul H. Carr
This document summarizes and discusses climate scientist James Hansen's predictions from 1981 and 2016. It discusses how Hansen accurately predicted warming trends in a 1981 paper. It then summarizes Hansen's 2016 paper on ice melt, sea level rise, and superstorms, predicting up to 5 meters of sea level rise by 2050-2058 if carbon emissions are not reduced. It discusses threats to the ocean food chain from acidification. It questions whether renewable energy like solar, wind, and nuclear are advancing quickly enough. It provides background on these topics and debates solutions like a carbon fee and dividend system.
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
This document is a press release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics summarizing a study they conducted on climate change over the past 1000 years. The study found that:
1) The 20th century was not the hottest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD affected worldwide climate, not just Europe and North America.
3) Many parts of the world experienced greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
A brief introduction to climate change.
My first essay in fifteen years, written for my final Academic Skills assignment as part of a prep course for a science degree. Written January 2018.
The document proposes a "Sensible Sense of Congress Resolution on Climate Change" that would:
1) Note evidence that future warming is likely to be on the low end of projections and past warming trends can be explained by natural factors.
2) Express that policies like Kyoto would impose large costs while having a negligible impact on global temperatures.
3) Recommend strategies to promote innovation and access to affordable energy in developing countries.
This document provides an overview of global warming and climate change. It discusses what global warming and climate change refer to, the main indicators of climate change, what the greenhouse effect is and how humans have impacted it, how climate has varied in the past compared to current changes, impacts of global warming such as extreme weather and rising sea levels, differences in greenhouse gas emissions around the world with the US being the largest emitter per capita, and many sources of greenhouse gases being discovered.
The document is an email containing two news articles from The Atlanta Journal and Constitution about the EPA report on global warming. The first article criticizes the Bush administration for altering the EPA report to leave out scientific facts and conclusions about the human contribution to global warming and rising global temperatures. It notes key findings and references were deleted at the request of the White House. The second article provides an opposing view, arguing that natural factors, not human activity, were primarily responsible for past periods of warming including 800-1300 AD, and therefore the causes of current warming are still uncertain and debated among scientists.
IPCC from AR5 to AR6 - WGI Perspectives - by Panmao Zhai, Co-Chair of WGIipcc-media
This document summarizes the key changes from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) to the upcoming Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) on climate change. It notes that AR5 had 14 chapters and over 1,500 pages, but did not adequately cover regional projections or linkages to impacts. The proposed outline for AR6 features 12 chapters that place greater emphasis on regional climate change, short-lived climate pollutants, and connections across working groups. The goal is to provide more detailed and policy-relevant information to inform adaptation and mitigation efforts.
This document provides an overview of global warming, including:
- Global warming is the rise in average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century, likely due to human emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Key causes of global warming include carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, increased chemical fertilizer use, deforestation, and methane emissions.
- Effects of global warming include rising sea levels worldwide, more severe storms, massive crop failures, widespread species extinction, and disappearance of coral reefs.
- Responses to global warming involve mitigating further warming through emissions reduction, adapting to impacts, and potential future climate engineering projects.
The document discusses human-caused global warming and how it can be slowed and stopped through practical actions. While some predictions of global warming effects are exaggerated, the evidence is clear that warming is occurring due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities. Studying factors like glacial melting and climate forcing agents shows that global warming can be addressed by reducing emissions to achieve a healthier atmosphere.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Houston, Texas and outlines several adaptation strategies. It notes that sea level rise from melting ice caps could submerge much of the Houston area by 2100. Adaptation strategies proposed include restricting new development and infrastructure to areas above 110 feet in elevation, transitioning coastal areas to wetlands, and moving to renewable energy sources and public transportation.
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
The document is an email containing information about an expected debate on global warming in the U.S. Senate. It provides background on expected amendments related to global warming legislation and regulation. It also includes short responses and discussion points that question the scientific consensus around human-caused global warming and the ability of climate models to accurately predict future impacts.
The document summarizes a review of over 200 climate studies that determined:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD occurred globally, not just in Europe/North America.
3) Many areas saw greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century.
Al Gore, Climate Change & Inconvenient Truthguest3c5779
This document provides a skeptical summary of Al Gore's documentary "An Inconvenient Truth". It examines several claims from the documentary and finds that the evidence does not always support Gore's arguments. For many topics, such as the causes of disappearing glaciers and extreme weather events, the science is complex with uncertainties and alternative explanations beyond those presented by Gore. The summary argues that Gore selectively chooses evidence that supports alarmism over climate change instead of providing a non-partisan perspective.
The document summarizes a study by researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years. The study confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were global phenomena, and that many parts of the world experienced higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century. The researchers compiled evidence from various climate indicators worldwide to verify periods of warming and cooling over the past millennium.
The document summarizes evidence that the climate is changing faster than usual due to human activities. It discusses how scientists have measured increasing levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Measurements from Mauna Loa Observatory since 1957 show that CO2 levels have increased by 1.5-2.5% per year. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 represented an overwhelming scientific consensus that climate change poses a serious risk and is at least 90% certain to be caused by human activity like burning fossil fuels. The report projected impacts of climate change like rising sea levels, stronger storms, and heat waves.
1) The document discusses the difference between weather and climate, with weather describing short-term atmospheric conditions and climate describing long-term patterns of weather in a location.
2) It then discusses two periods of climate change - an ice age around 12,000 years ago caused by natural factors, and current climate change which some argue is caused by both human and natural influences.
3) The document presents opposing views that argue former Vice President Al Gore's presentation on climate change in "An Inconvenient Truth" is one-sided and exaggerates evidence for human-caused climate change, overlooking natural factors. It claims both natural variability and human activities must be considered.
The document discusses the topic of global warming and debates its causes. It presents perspectives from both sides of the argument. Some of the key points made include: (1) the earth's surface temperature has risen over 1 degree Celsius in the last 100 years and carbon dioxide levels could permanently alter the world; (2) however, others argue that global warming is part of the natural cycle and is not mainly caused by human activity; (3) while CO2 levels are rising, CO2 still makes up a small percentage of the atmosphere and nature produces far more CO2 than human contributions. The document examines evidence from both perspectives without making an outright conclusion.
This document discusses various options for addressing climate change, including solar radiation management techniques like chemtrails and geoengineering. It notes the risks of these approaches, such as health effects from inhaling nanoparticles, as well as risks of disrupting global climate patterns. Alternative approaches discussed include increasing albedo through natural means like restoring forests, and moving to renewable energy like solar to avoid further emissions. Overall the document expresses concerns about unintended consequences of large-scale geoengineering and advocates lifestyle changes and policy solutions to mitigate climate change through reducing emissions.
Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Climate models project further global temperature increases between 1.1 to 6.4°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Effects of warming include sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Most countries have adopted policies through the UNFCCC to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change, with a goal of limiting warming to below 2°C.
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
The document is a draft of a "Sense of Congress" resolution that would counter the view that imminent climate catastrophe is looming and advocate against energy rationing policies like those in the Kyoto Protocol. The resolution lists 17 findings that question claims of climate alarmism, including that 20th century temperature increases were likely on the lower end of projections and within natural variability, urbanization and land use changes account for much surface warming, and carbon caps would significantly increase energy costs without meaningfully impacting global temperatures. It concludes there is no regulatory solution to anthropogenic climate change and energy demand will continue rising substantially.
John Holdren on Climate Change Challenge 2018 02-15Vincent Everts
In Nantucket I attended an amazing and scary presentation by John Holdren on Climate Change. John Paul Holdren was the senior advisor to President Barack Obama on science and technology issues through his roles as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
Holdren was previously the Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and Director of the Woods Hole Research Center.
The document discusses criticisms of the "hockey stick graph" used by the UN to show global temperature trends over the past 1000 years. It claims the graph is misleading because it does not show that global temperatures were as warm or warmer during the Medieval Warm Period and the margins of error in the tree ring data are too large to draw strong conclusions. It cites several scientists who have argued the hockey stick theory has been "effectively dismantled" and does not give an accurate depiction of historical temperature variation and trends.
Monthly Anaerobic Digestion Newsletter
December 2016 compilation and overview of cutting-edge biogas industry news
“The next 20 years will be critical for the planet”
Este relatório analisa como a mobilidade humana pode promover o desenvolvimento humano ao melhorar rendimentos, educação e participação. Embora a mudança de localização possa aumentar as oportunidades de vida, representa também desafios complexos que os governos devem enfrentar com políticas que reduzam restrições e ampliem liberdades.
A nova sala da Biblioteca foi inaugurada. A biblioteca recebeu uma nova sala que está disponível para os estudantes. Os alunos podem usar a nova sala para estudar e pesquisar.
The document is an email containing two news articles from The Atlanta Journal and Constitution about the EPA report on global warming. The first article criticizes the Bush administration for altering the EPA report to leave out scientific facts and conclusions about the human contribution to global warming and rising global temperatures. It notes key findings and references were deleted at the request of the White House. The second article provides an opposing view, arguing that natural factors, not human activity, were primarily responsible for past periods of warming including 800-1300 AD, and therefore the causes of current warming are still uncertain and debated among scientists.
IPCC from AR5 to AR6 - WGI Perspectives - by Panmao Zhai, Co-Chair of WGIipcc-media
This document summarizes the key changes from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) to the upcoming Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) on climate change. It notes that AR5 had 14 chapters and over 1,500 pages, but did not adequately cover regional projections or linkages to impacts. The proposed outline for AR6 features 12 chapters that place greater emphasis on regional climate change, short-lived climate pollutants, and connections across working groups. The goal is to provide more detailed and policy-relevant information to inform adaptation and mitigation efforts.
This document provides an overview of global warming, including:
- Global warming is the rise in average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century, likely due to human emissions of greenhouse gases.
- Key causes of global warming include carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, increased chemical fertilizer use, deforestation, and methane emissions.
- Effects of global warming include rising sea levels worldwide, more severe storms, massive crop failures, widespread species extinction, and disappearance of coral reefs.
- Responses to global warming involve mitigating further warming through emissions reduction, adapting to impacts, and potential future climate engineering projects.
The document discusses human-caused global warming and how it can be slowed and stopped through practical actions. While some predictions of global warming effects are exaggerated, the evidence is clear that warming is occurring due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities. Studying factors like glacial melting and climate forcing agents shows that global warming can be addressed by reducing emissions to achieve a healthier atmosphere.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on Houston, Texas and outlines several adaptation strategies. It notes that sea level rise from melting ice caps could submerge much of the Houston area by 2100. Adaptation strategies proposed include restricting new development and infrastructure to areas above 110 feet in elevation, transitioning coastal areas to wetlands, and moving to renewable energy sources and public transportation.
Another high-quality presentation about climate change in Houston, by the venerable Dr. Ronald L. Sass, Professor Emeritus Rice University. Like most academic treatments of the topics covered, only that known with high certainty is reported. There are far more uncertainties that science has not yet pinned down, but that empirical investigations of the past have shown to be worrisome, potentially catastrophic for coastal civilization within a human lifetime. The reader is left to other sources and to their own developing understanding of the immense complexities of rapid climate feedback interactions to imagine the meaning to Houston of the topic covered by Dr. Sass at the conference. Still, an excellent and authoritative place for Houston to begin!
The document is an email containing information about an expected debate on global warming in the U.S. Senate. It provides background on expected amendments related to global warming legislation and regulation. It also includes short responses and discussion points that question the scientific consensus around human-caused global warming and the ability of climate models to accurately predict future impacts.
The document summarizes a review of over 200 climate studies that determined:
1) The 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the past 1000 years.
2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900AD occurred globally, not just in Europe/North America.
3) Many areas saw greater warmth during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century.
Al Gore, Climate Change & Inconvenient Truthguest3c5779
This document provides a skeptical summary of Al Gore's documentary "An Inconvenient Truth". It examines several claims from the documentary and finds that the evidence does not always support Gore's arguments. For many topics, such as the causes of disappearing glaciers and extreme weather events, the science is complex with uncertainties and alternative explanations beyond those presented by Gore. The summary argues that Gore selectively chooses evidence that supports alarmism over climate change instead of providing a non-partisan perspective.
The document summarizes a study by researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics that reviewed over 200 climate studies from the past 1000 years. The study found that the 20th century was neither the warmest nor had the most extreme weather of the last 1000 years. The study confirmed that the Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and the Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were global phenomena, and that many parts of the world experienced higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the 20th century. The researchers compiled evidence from various climate indicators worldwide to verify periods of warming and cooling over the past millennium.
The document summarizes evidence that the climate is changing faster than usual due to human activities. It discusses how scientists have measured increasing levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution. Measurements from Mauna Loa Observatory since 1957 show that CO2 levels have increased by 1.5-2.5% per year. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 represented an overwhelming scientific consensus that climate change poses a serious risk and is at least 90% certain to be caused by human activity like burning fossil fuels. The report projected impacts of climate change like rising sea levels, stronger storms, and heat waves.
1) The document discusses the difference between weather and climate, with weather describing short-term atmospheric conditions and climate describing long-term patterns of weather in a location.
2) It then discusses two periods of climate change - an ice age around 12,000 years ago caused by natural factors, and current climate change which some argue is caused by both human and natural influences.
3) The document presents opposing views that argue former Vice President Al Gore's presentation on climate change in "An Inconvenient Truth" is one-sided and exaggerates evidence for human-caused climate change, overlooking natural factors. It claims both natural variability and human activities must be considered.
The document discusses the topic of global warming and debates its causes. It presents perspectives from both sides of the argument. Some of the key points made include: (1) the earth's surface temperature has risen over 1 degree Celsius in the last 100 years and carbon dioxide levels could permanently alter the world; (2) however, others argue that global warming is part of the natural cycle and is not mainly caused by human activity; (3) while CO2 levels are rising, CO2 still makes up a small percentage of the atmosphere and nature produces far more CO2 than human contributions. The document examines evidence from both perspectives without making an outright conclusion.
This document discusses various options for addressing climate change, including solar radiation management techniques like chemtrails and geoengineering. It notes the risks of these approaches, such as health effects from inhaling nanoparticles, as well as risks of disrupting global climate patterns. Alternative approaches discussed include increasing albedo through natural means like restoring forests, and moving to renewable energy like solar to avoid further emissions. Overall the document expresses concerns about unintended consequences of large-scale geoengineering and advocates lifestyle changes and policy solutions to mitigate climate change through reducing emissions.
Global warming is the rise in average global temperatures due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Climate models project further global temperature increases between 1.1 to 6.4°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Effects of warming include sea level rise, more extreme weather, and species extinction. Most countries have adopted policies through the UNFCCC to reduce emissions and adapt to climate change, with a goal of limiting warming to below 2°C.
This document contains a two-pager summarizing the state of scientific research on climate change. It discusses what is known and still unknown about climate change, factors driving changes in the global climate, who is conducting the research, areas needing further study, and key questions. It also includes two charts showing greenhouse gas emissions by country and selected contributors. The attached document was prepared by a top DOE scientist for the Department of Energy to summarize the consensus views on climate change research.
The document is a draft of a "Sense of Congress" resolution that would counter the view that imminent climate catastrophe is looming and advocate against energy rationing policies like those in the Kyoto Protocol. The resolution lists 17 findings that question claims of climate alarmism, including that 20th century temperature increases were likely on the lower end of projections and within natural variability, urbanization and land use changes account for much surface warming, and carbon caps would significantly increase energy costs without meaningfully impacting global temperatures. It concludes there is no regulatory solution to anthropogenic climate change and energy demand will continue rising substantially.
John Holdren on Climate Change Challenge 2018 02-15Vincent Everts
In Nantucket I attended an amazing and scary presentation by John Holdren on Climate Change. John Paul Holdren was the senior advisor to President Barack Obama on science and technology issues through his roles as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Co-Chair of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
Holdren was previously the Teresa and John Heinz Professor of Environmental Policy at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, director of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program at the School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, and Director of the Woods Hole Research Center.
The document discusses criticisms of the "hockey stick graph" used by the UN to show global temperature trends over the past 1000 years. It claims the graph is misleading because it does not show that global temperatures were as warm or warmer during the Medieval Warm Period and the margins of error in the tree ring data are too large to draw strong conclusions. It cites several scientists who have argued the hockey stick theory has been "effectively dismantled" and does not give an accurate depiction of historical temperature variation and trends.
Monthly Anaerobic Digestion Newsletter
December 2016 compilation and overview of cutting-edge biogas industry news
“The next 20 years will be critical for the planet”
Este relatório analisa como a mobilidade humana pode promover o desenvolvimento humano ao melhorar rendimentos, educação e participação. Embora a mudança de localização possa aumentar as oportunidades de vida, representa também desafios complexos que os governos devem enfrentar com políticas que reduzam restrições e ampliem liberdades.
A nova sala da Biblioteca foi inaugurada. A biblioteca recebeu uma nova sala que está disponível para os estudantes. Os alunos podem usar a nova sala para estudar e pesquisar.
This document provides information about Sui-Generis, a 360 degree brand experience and engagement company. It emphasizes that experience marketing is key to differentiating brands and escaping competition on price. Sui-Generis aims to enable, enchant, endear, engage and entertain customers through multisensory experiences. The company offers a range of services including activations, designs, exhibitions, events, retail solutions, and reaching rural areas. It prides itself on meeting deadlines and building trusted partnerships with clients.
This document discusses the features of a cinema website including an interface for scheduling films and reviews, e-ticketing, choosing films and seats, login credentials, using a Blitz card for payments and promotions, and connecting with other users through community features and mobile access.
O documento discute as ferramentas de comunicação na web utilizadas pelo Programa de Educação Tutorial em Políticas Públicas para divulgar seu trabalho, envolver a comunidade e melhorar a regularidade da comunicação. Ele propõe o uso do Twitter, Facebook e de uma rede social chamada "Sou Cidadão" para atingir esses objetivos.
O documento discute o papel das comunidades terapêuticas na política nacional sobre drogas no Brasil. Apresenta os objetivos e eixos da política, legislação relevante, edital para seleção de projetos de comunidades terapêuticas e desafios como fiscalização e avaliação.
1) El documento presenta una serie de personajes influyentes en la educación a lo largo de la historia, desde la antigua Grecia hasta la actualidad. 2) Algunos de los personajes mencionados son Sócrates, Platón, Aristóteles, Comenius, Rousseau, Pestalozzi y Gandhi, entre otros, y se describen sus principales aportes a la pedagogía. 3) El documento concluye resaltando la importancia de estas figuras históricas en el desarrollo de la educación.
Este documento describe los objetivos y metodología del proyecto Pro-regiones para analizar los riesgos ocasionados por las tensiones entre las distintas lógicas y esferas de acción en la región de Nayarit, México. Pro-regiones busca promover el desarrollo regional sustentable a través de la articulación de actores comunitarios, gubernamentales y académicos. Sin embargo, enfrenta riesgos al interactuar con diferentes actores y lógicas, como mantener su autonomía o involucrarse en tem
This document summarizes research on natural resource management strategies in northern Ghana. It finds that both informal, traditional strategies and formal strategies are important for sustainability. Traditional strategies emphasized respect for nature and prohibiting overexploitation through spiritual beliefs and rules passed down over generations. However, population growth is depleting resources. The research concludes that local and formal/modern knowledge systems must collaborate continuously to address resource depletion through mutually reinforcing laws and management practices. A combination of ethnographic research methods and surveys were used to understand perspectives of local experts and community members.
El documento describe los beneficios del aprendizaje colaborativo, que consiste en aprender con otros y de otros. El aprendizaje colaborativo busca potenciar las relaciones interpersonales en grupos y considera la socialización e integración como valores efectivos para educar a los estudiantes. Algunos beneficios incluyen aumentar la autoestima, satisfacción y habilidades de comunicación de los estudiantes.
O documento apresenta informações sobre a composição e liderança do Conselho Nacional de Justiça no Brasil em 2011. O CNJ tinha como presidente o Ministro Antonio Cezar Peluso e como Corregedora Nacional de Justiça a Ministra Eliana Calmon Chaves. O documento também fornece detalhes sobre a produção de uma cartilha sobre os perigos do crack destinada aos colaboradores do sistema de justiça brasileiro.
O documento descreve uma proposta de patrocínio de uma rede de rádio para ajudar estudantes a se prepararem para o vestibular. A proposta inclui anúncios de rádio, ações presenciais com distribuição de itens e posts nas redes sociais para promover a marca do patrocinador como referência educacional.
A Brief History of Earth’s Climate ChangeLarry Smarr
10.01.13
Invited Talk
Youth Leadership Dialogue
Australian American Leadership Dialogue
Stanford University
Title: A Brief History of Earth’s Climate Change
Palo Alto, CA
Bright
Dark
Blues
Grays
Night
Assignment 2The Global Environment: An Emerging World View (cont.)
Reading Assignment:
Read Article 5, A safe operating space for humanity by Johan Rockstrom et al. on pages 36-41 in your textbook.
Overview:
This lesson will illustrate understanding of how locally-based activities influence global phenomena as climate change. You will also observe that in a time of disappointing progress is occurring in global initiatives to curb greenhouse gas emissions, one of the most promising paths might be a localized action.
The authors identified planetary boundaries that must not be crossed in order to avoid significant environmental degradation.
Of the 10 factors considered, 3 of them--biodiversity loss, climate change,and agricultural pollution--have already crossed the threshold for a sustainable planet.
Evidence so far suggests that, as long as the thresholds are not crossed, humanity has the freedom to pursue long-term social and economic development.
Topics Covered:Planetary BoundariesClimate ChangeRate of Biodiversity LossNitrogen and Phosphorus CyclesDelicate Balance
Key Terms:
Planetary Boundaries -- boundaries that define the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system and are associated with the planet’s biophysical subsystems or processes.
Holocene -- the unusually stable environment of the planet for the past 10,000 years, which has seen human civilizations arise, develop, and thrive.
Anthropecene -- an era that has arisen since the Industrial Revolution, in which human actions become the main driver of global environmental change.
EPA -- Environmental Protection Agency (www.epa.gov) for more information.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)-- an atmospheric gas such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, or methane that easily absorbs infrared radiation & gives off heat, some of it directed toward space & the rest toward Earth.
Carbon Cycle -- the cycle of CO2 in the Earth‘s ecosystem; photosynthetic organisms transform the gas into organic nutrients, which are then restored to a gaseous state by respiration & decay. Instructor's Comments:
Fact 1: Currently, atmospheric CO2 concentration is 31% higher than in 1750, a level that has not been exceeded during the last 420,000 years.
Fact 2: The primary cause is human activity, particularly fossil fuel use & deforestation leading to further increases in CO2.
As we have seen a similar trend in the previous lesson, the following graph illustrates the CO2 concentration (dashes) and the global surface Ts (solid line)
Fact 3: Burning fossil fuels in power plats and automobiles ejects poisonous particles & gases that alter the chemical structure of the Atmosphere.
Fact 4: Worldwide CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) reached a record 30.6 Billion metric tons in 2010 that economists and scientist call this as “a wake-up call”. (Source: Int.
The document discusses both sides of the debate around human-induced climate change and global warming. It provides information from proponents of anthropogenic global warming as well as skeptics who argue that natural factors play a larger role. A variety of data and studies are presented looking at solar activity, cosmic rays, greenhouse gases and their potential impacts on global temperature and climate change over historical time scales.
Climate Change: The Evidence and Our Optionsokiregional
This document summarizes the research of the Ice Core Paleoclimate Research Group at Ohio State University. The group studies ice cores from around the world to understand past climate changes. It receives funding from various organizations. Ice cores provide evidence that some glaciers are currently smaller than they have been in the past 6,000 years and that recent warming is unprecedented over the last 1,000 years. The document discusses both natural and human factors that influence the climate and presents evidence that recent warming is not caused by changes in the sun's output but rather by increasing greenhouse gases from human activities.
Running head: GLOBAL WARMING
1
GLOBAL WARMING
20
Global Warming
(Thomas Colton)
(The Name of Your School)
(Name of Course)
(Your Name)
(Date)
Global Warming
Introduction
Although climate change is still not accepted by everyone, most knowledgeable sources believe that there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the earth is getting warmer, and that we are already feeling the effects of climate change. For example, an article in the authoritative British Economist magazine mentioned nearly 20 years ago that all the evidence on climate change points toward global warming as the cause, and the source of that global warming is human activity ("What to do," 2000). Knowledgeable sources, such as those who write for the Economist, have come to embrace the concept of global warming dueto an overwhelming amount of supporting evidence such as that given in a series of reports by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). One of these IPCC reports(made on the eve of the December 2000 climate change conference at the Hague) forecasted that temperatures on earth could rise by an alarming "10 degrees F" in the 21st century(as cited in MacLeod, 2009, p. 6).
Other organizations engaged in climate study have even gone as far as to predict specific climate changes for different parts of the world. One of them, the US Global Change Research Program , has forecasted that Southern California's winter rains will show a very significant increase, and the amount of winter snow accumulating in the Rocky Mountain Range will show a decrease of similar proportions, "...if temperatures rise by 5 to 10 degrees [due to global warming]...."(as cited in Spotts, 2013, para. 9). In like fashion 30 leading climate scientists, in an important report to the European Union, made the astonishing claim that over the next twenty years or so, summer temperatures in the Greek Islands will become too hot for tourism, the South of Spain will literally dry up, Atlantic Salmon will no longer be found in the River Loire, and Britain and Scandinavia will suffer heavy rainfall and major flooding(as cited in MacLeod, 2009).What is most significant about the EU report for Pacific Islanders was its forecast for sea levels to rise by "8 to 12 inches" and flood many low-lying areas (as cited in MacLeod, 2009, p. 6).
If the earth's climate is indeed getting warmer then Pacific Islanders must beconcerned with international efforts to reverse the effects. Global warming is occurring in all corners of the earth and it is largely due to human activity. Scientists and others who are concerned with global warming must campaign to persuade governments, industry, and individuals that global warming is really happening.
Three Examples of Global Warming
Global warming is a popular topic in the media today. An examination of wh ...
1. My career from technician to scientist-engineer
2. How Climate Change Impacts Hurricanes and Weather Extremes
3. Finding Truth, Evaluating “Fake News” which confuses Weather & Climate.
4. What we can do to stop global warming.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
A Brief Note On Floods And Its Effects On Human BeingsHeather Dionne
Global warming is increasing the likelihood and severity of droughts in California. The frequency of drought years has doubled in the last 20 years due to higher temperatures rather than precipitation changes. Climate models project that by 2030, all dry years will coincide with warmer conditions, heightening drought risk. Previous droughts in California were not as severe, and future conservation efforts may not prevent water shortages as demand is already close to 1977 levels.
This document summarizes and forwards an email from "S. Fred Singer" discussing various topics related to climate change and global warming. The email discusses recent news articles and studies that question the degree of scientific consensus around human-caused climate change. It argues that climate models have high uncertainties and that some climate alarmists have exaggerated risks and uncertainties to advocate for policy actions like the Kyoto Protocol. The document criticizes some climate scientists and activists for altering official reports to overstate evidence of climate impacts and for justifying advocacy as their role even when it compromises ethics and objectivity in journalism.
The editorial discusses the importance of addressing climate change despite public confusion between weather and climate. While there is debate among scientists about details, models show that doubling pre-industrial carbon dioxide levels will likely increase average global temperatures by 2-5°C this century. Effects of warming are already apparent, such as shrinking glaciers and advancing plant/animal lifecycles. The AAAS symposium aims to clearly explain climate science to policymakers and the public.
Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for BoatingNASBLA
State Climatologist David Zierden presented Climate Change Basics: Issues and Impacts for Boating to the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators on September 9, 2008
National Climate Assessment (Draft) Report Executive Summaryclimate central
Climate change is affecting the United States through increased temperatures, rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, and ocean acidification. These changes threaten infrastructure, ecosystems, and human health and livelihoods. While some mitigation efforts have reduced US emissions, global emissions are still increasing and more action is needed to avoid severe impacts. Adaptation is also critical to increasing resilience and reducing harm from current and future climate change impacts.
This document summarizes an experiment that analyzed the relationship between annual increases in carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii from 1959-2011 and the frequency of major hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean from 1992-2009. The experiment found a negative correlation between the two variables, which did not support the hypothesis that higher carbon dioxide levels would increase hurricane frequency. Methodology included formatting data sets into a spreadsheet, graphing the variables, and determining the correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination to analyze the strength of the relationship between carbon dioxide increases and hurricane frequency.
The 2023 state of the climate report: Entering uncharted territoryEnergy for One World
This document provides a summary of the 2023 state of the climate report. Key points:
- Climate-related records were broken around the world in 2023, including record high temperatures, ocean warming, and low sea ice levels. This indicates the climate is entering uncharted and potentially dangerous territory.
- 20 of 35 monitored climate indicators, such as carbon dioxide levels, glacier loss, and forest loss, are now showing record extremes according to data. Human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation remain major drivers of climate change.
- The report analyzes climate-related trends and aims to communicate facts to spur climate policy and action, given the existential threats posed by the climate crisis entering an
The document discusses natural disasters throughout history and how climate change may impact their frequency and intensity in the future. It outlines different types of natural disasters and provides examples from the past. It then explains the mechanisms through which greenhouse gas emissions and rising temperatures could alter atmospheric and oceanic conditions in a way that aggravates natural disasters. This includes increasing sea surface temperatures that fuel stronger hurricanes, and changing precipitation patterns that may lead to more floods or droughts. The document ends by discussing how the media raises awareness of natural disasters and their links to climate change through movies and documentaries.
The document discusses several key points regarding climate change and global warming:
1. The Kyoto Protocol on emissions cuts overcame hurdles and went into effect in 2004 with Russia's support, though the US rejected it.
2. Subsequent studies and reports found the world is the warmest in 12,000 years due to rapid warming, and record temperatures were being seen in parts of the US.
3. There is evidence that human activities are contributing to increased greenhouse gases and global warming, though some debate remains around impacts and solutions.
This document discusses the debate around whether global warming is fact or fiction. It provides background on the topic, including arguments that increasing greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels are warming the planet, and counter arguments that natural factors are causing climate changes. The document then discusses evidence of melting glaciers and unpredictable weather patterns as issues in the debate. It concludes that the real focus should be on understanding economic impacts and implementing policy changes to ensure economic survival, regardless of causes of climate change.
The True Science of Climate Change - April 2023 r3.pdfKeith_Shotbolt
This Study reviews the sciences of Earth's atmospheric circulation, the Greenhouse Effect and the Water Cycle. It includes observations by 15 leading authorities, and concludes that increased atmospheric water vapour from crop irrigation is by far the main cause of observed changes to climate. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, still less than 1 part in 2,000 (0.05%), has had no identifiable influence on world temperatures, polar sea ice extents, and glaciers.
Global temperatures have increased over the past century, with the 15 hottest years occurring since 1990. Warming is projected to continue over the coming decades and centuries according to climate models. Projections show continents warming around 50% more than oceans, with the largest temperature increases at high northern latitudes. Precipitation patterns are also changing, with some areas receiving more rain and others less. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts, and heavy rain are also increasing. These changes are projected to impact human and natural systems.
Similar to Netherlands.14 november2012 james hansen (20)
1. The Case for Young People
James Hansen
14 November 2012
Utrecht, Netherlands
2. Global Warming Status
1. Knowledge Gap Between
- What is Understood (scientists)
- What is Known (public)
2. Planetary Emergency
- Climate Inertia Warming in Pipeline
- Tipping Points Could Lose Control
3. Bad News & Good News
- CO2 Already in Dangerous Zone
- Multiple Benefits of Solution
3. Earth’s energy imbalance: more energy coming in than going out
ARGO floats have allowed accurate measurement of ocean heat gain since 2005.
Earth is gaining energy at a rate 0.6 W/m2, which is 20 times greater than the rate of
human energy use. That energy gain is equivalent to exploding 400,000 Hiroshima
atomic bombs per day, 365 days per year.
4. Heat storage in upper 2000 meters of ocean during 2003-2008 based on ARGO data.
Knowledge of Earth’s energy imbalance is improving rapidly as ARGO data lengthens.
Data must be averaged over a decade because of El Nino/La Nina and solar variability.
Energy imbalance is smoking gun for human-made increasing greenhouse effect.
Data source: von Schuckmann et al. J. Geophys. Res. 114, C09007, 2009, doi:10.1029/2008JC005237.
7. Global temperature fluctuates, but the world is getting warmer
Figure 1. Global surface temperature anomalies relative to 1951-1980 average for
(a) annual and 5-year running means through 2010, and (b) 60-month and 132-
month running means through July 2012. Green bars are 2-σ error estimates.
(Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K., 2010: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys. 48, RG4004.)
8. Loaded Climate Dice: global warming is increasing extreme weather events.
Extreme summer heat anomalies now cover about 10% of land area, up from 0.2%.
This is based on observations, not models.
Figure 3. Frequency of occurrence (vertical axis) of local June-July-August
temperature anomalies (relative to 1951-1980 mean) for Northern Hemisphere
land in units of local standard deviation (horizontal axis). Temperature
anomalies in the period 1951-1980 match closely the normal distribution ("bell
curve", shown in green), which is used to define cold (blue), typical (white)
and hot (red) seasons, each with probability 33.3%. The distribution of
anomalies has shifted to the right as a consequence of the global warming of
the past three decades such that cool summers now cover only half of one
side of a six-sided die, white covers one side, red covers four sides, and an
extremely hot (red-brown) anomaly covers half of one side.
Source: Hansen, J., Sato, M., and Ruedy, R., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2012.
9. June 2011: Record 7.6% of U.S. in ‘Exceptional’ drought category,
simultaneous with record flooding on Mississippi River.
10. Fires Are Increasing World-Wide
Wildfires in Western US have increased 4-fold in 30 years.
Western US area burned
Source: Westerling et al. 2006
11. AT SEA - OCTOBER 28: In this handout satellite image provided by National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Hurricane Sandy, pictured at 00:15 UTC,
churns off the east coast on October 28, 2012 in the Atlantic Ocean. Sandy which has
already claimed over 50 lives in the Caribbean is predicted to bring heavy winds and
floodwaters to the mid-atlantic region. (Photo by NASA via Getty Images)
12. Waves pound a lighthouse on the shores of Lake Erie Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012, near Cleveland.
High winds spinning off the edge of superstorm Sandy took a vicious swipe at northeast Ohio
early Tuesday, uprooting trees, cutting power to hundreds of thousands, closing schools and
flooding parts of major commuter arteries that run along Lake Erie. (Tony Dejak, AP)
13. A huge tree split apart and fell over the front yard and fence of a home on Carpenter Avenue in
the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on Tuesday, Oct., 30, 2012, in Sea Cliff, N.Y. (AP Photo/Kathy
Kmonicek)
14.
15. ATLANTIC CITY, NJ - OCTOBER 29: Water floods a street ahead of Hurricane Sandy on
October 29, 2012 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Governor Chris Christie’s emergency
declaration is shutting down the city’s casinos and 30,000 residents were ordered to
evacuate. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)
16. A parking lot full of yellow cabs is flooded as a result of superstorm Sandy on Tuesday, Oct. 30,
2012 in Hoboken, NJ. (AP Photo/Charles Sykes)
17. North Carolina 12 is buckled from pounding surf leading into Mirlo Beach in Rodanthe, N.C. on
Tuesday, Oct. 30, 2012. People on North Carolina's Outer Banks are facing some flooding and
damage from Hurricane Sandy, but emergency management officials say it could have been
worse. North Carolina Transportation Department spokeswoman Greer Beaty said the highway
was closed Tuesday until crews inspect the road. (AP Photo/The Virginian-Pilot, Steve Earley)
18. A firefighter works to contain a fire that destroyed over 50 homes during Hurricane Sandy on Oct.
30, 2012 in the Breezy Point neighborhood of the Queens borough of New York. At least 33
people were reported killed in the United States by Sandy as millions of people in the eastern
United States have awoken to widespread power outages, flooded homes and downed trees.
New York City was hit especially hard with wide spread power outages and significant flooding in
parts of the city. (Spencer Platt, Getty Images)
21. Left map: sea ice extent (>15% ice). Right: sea ice concentration (%).
Purple line: climatologic extent (1979-2000). Data: 18 August 2012.
Source: National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado
22. Jakobshavn Ice Stream in Greenland
Discharge from major
Greenland ice streams
is accelerating markedly.
Source: Prof. Konrad Steffen,
Univ. of Colorado
24. Blue: Sea level change from tide-gauge data (Church J.A. and White N.J., Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006; 33:
L01602).
Red: Univ. Colorado sea level analyses in satellite era (http://www.columbia.edu/~mhs119/SeaLevel/).
25. Figure 1. The broken-wing female Monarch on our butterfly bush.
35. Fig. 1. CO2 emissions by fossil fuels (1 ppm CO2 ~ 2.12 GtC). Estimated reserves and
potentially recoverable resources are from EIA (Energy Information Administration)
and GAC (German Advisory Council on Global Change).
36. Restoring Energy Balance Possible
Essential Requirements
1. Quick Coal Phase-Out Necessary
All coal emissions halted in 20 years
2. No Unconventional Fossil Fuels
Tar sands, Oil shale, Methane hydrates
3. Don’t Pursue Last Drops of Oil
Polar regions, Deep ocean, Pristine land
37. What’s Really Happening
1. Tar Sands Agreement with Canada
Pipeline planned to transport oil
2. New Coal-fired Power Plants
Rationalized by ‘Clean Coal’ mirage
3. Mountaintop Removal Continues
Diminishes wind potential of mountains
4. Oil & Gas Extraction Expands
Arctic, offshore, public lands
41. Intergenerational Justice
Jefferson to Madison: …self-evident that
“Earth belongs in usufruct to the living”*
Native People: obligation to 7th generation
Most Religions: duty to preserve creation
Governments (with fossil interests): we set
emissions at whatever level we choose
Public: when will it become involved?
*Legal right to use something belonging to another
42. Atmospheric Trust Litigation*
1. Atmosphere is a public trust asset
Governments have fiduciary obligation to
manage asset – it is not political discretion
2. Courts can enforce via injunction
Require carbon accounting, with schedule
specified by science
3. Force governments at all levels
* Wood, M., Atmospheric Trust Litigation, in Adjudicating Climate Change: Sub-National, National, and Supra-
National Approaches (William C.G. Burns & Hari M. Osofsky, eds.) (2009, Cambridge University Press
43. Principal References
Earth’s Energy Imbalance and Implications : Hansen, J., M. Sato, P. Kharecha,
and K. von Schuckmann, Atmos Chem Phys, 11, 13421-13449, 2011.
Scientific Case for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change to Protect Young
People and Nature: Hansen, J., P. Kharecha, M. Sato, F. Ackerman, P.J. Hearty, O.
Hoegh-Guldberg, S.-L. Hsu, F. Krueger, C. Parmesan, S. Rahmstorf, J. Rockstrom, E.J.
Rohling, J. Sachs, P. Smith, K. Steffen, L. Van Susteren, K. von Schuckmann, J.C.
Zachos. Published and citeable at http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.1365
Public Perception of Climate Change and the New Climate Dice : Hansen,
J., M. Sato, and R. Ruedy. Published and citeable at http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.1286
PDFs of these and related papers available at:
www.columbia.edu/~jeh1
44. Problem & Solution
1. Fossil Fuels are Cheapest Energy
- Subsidized & Do Not Pay Costs
- Solution: Rising Price on Carbon
2. Regulations also Required
- Efficiency of Vehicles, Buildings,e.g.
- Carbon Price Provides Enforcement
3. Technology Development Needed
- Driven by Certainty of Carbon Price
- Government Role Limited
45. Fee & Dividend
Fee: Collected at Domestic Mine/Port of Entry
Covers all Oil, Gas, Coal No Leakage
Dividend: Equal Shares to All Legal Residents
Not One Dime to the Government.
Merits:
Transparent. Market-based. Stimulates Innovation.
Does Not Enlarge Government.
Leaves Energy Decisions to Individuals.
A Conservative Energy & Climate Plan.
46. Stresses on Coral Reefs
Coral Reef off Fiji
(Photo credit: Kevin Roland)
47. One of Hearty’s boulders on the coastal ridge of North Eleuthera Island, Bahamas
See Hearty, P.J., Quaternary Research, 48, 326-338, 1997.
48. Notes of Optimism
1. China
Rational decision-making; large
investments in carbon-free energy
2. Legal Approach
Judicial branch less influenced by
fossil fuel money (than executive and
legislative branches)
49. Web Sites
www.columbia.edu/~jeh1
www.350.org
www.MillionLetterMarch.org
www.CitizensClimateLobby.org
50. Sophie explains 2 Watts of forcing to brother Connor
Sophie Explains GH Warming: Connor only counts 1 Watt
“It’s 2 W/m2 Forcing.”
Weren’t you
coaching
Sophie?
51. Surface Melt on Greenland
Melt descending
into a moulin,
a vertical shaft
carrying water
to ice sheet base.
Source: Roger Braithwaite,
University of Manchester (UK)
52. Global Action Status
1. Huge Gap: Rhetoric & Reality
- Rhetoric: Planet in Peril
- Policies: Small Perturbation to BAU
2. Greenwash/Disinformation Winning
- Appeasement of Fossil Interests
- Still Waiting for a Winston Churchill
3. Kyoto & Copenhagen Failures
- Kyoto accelerating emissions
- Copenhagen still “cap-&-trade”
53. Cap-and-Trade Flaws
1. Designed for Banks & Fossil Interests
Impossible to exclude big money
2. Price Volatility
Discourages clean energy investments
3. Ineffectual
Real carbon reductions small
4. Cannot be made global
China/India will not (& should not) accept caps