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Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor from 527-565 CE. In 532 CE, a chariot race in Constantinople escalated into a week-long rebellion that destroyed parts of the city. Justinian rebuilt Constantinople with new bridges, public baths, parks, roads, hospitals, and the famous Hagia Sophia cathedral. He also tried to reconquer lost Byzantine lands in Europe and North Africa through military campaigns. Justinian created the Justinian Code, a systematic body of laws that revised outdated Roman laws and became the basis for many modern legal codes in the Western world.
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The 14th century saw upheavals in Christianity due to disasters like the plague and conflicts within and against the church. The plague wiped out half of Europe's population, causing famine from a lack of cultivation. Social rebellion and crackdowns ensued. Peasants like Wat Tyler demanded an end to systems like villeinage. Meanwhile, the once powerful church had become corrupt and faced challenges from secular rulers over taxation. This led to the "Babylonian Captivity" where the pope resided in Avignon under French influence and the Great Schism with popes controlling Rome and Avignon. Reformers like John Wyclif and John Huss questioned the church's necessity, leading the church to react through councils
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The Byzantine Empire experienced a period of decline between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. This included military defeats that led to loss of territories in Asia Minor, Syria, and southern Italy. The Fourth Crusade culminated in the sacking and conquest of Constantinople in 1204, dividing Byzantine lands until recapture in 1261. Finally, in 1453 the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns from the 1090s to the 1400s where European forces invaded parts of the Byzantine Empire and Middle East controlled by Muslim forces. Pope Urban II gave a speech urging Christians to launch a crusade, citing political, economic, social and religious reasons including defending pilgrims routes and assisting the Byzantine Empire. The crusaders initially had some success as Islamic forces were not unified, allowing the establishment of Crusader Kingdoms, but the Crusades ultimately weakened the Byzantine Empire and had little lasting impact on Islamic territories, which were later reconquered by Saladin.
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The Byzantine Empire lasted from around 500 to 1453 CE, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Constantinople was ideally located at the crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia, surrounded by water on three sides and fortified by strong walls. Emperor Justinian rebuilt parts of Constantinople after a rebellion and constructed new infrastructure projects. His legal code is the basis for many modern legal systems. In the Byzantine Empire, religion and government were closely linked, with the emperor as head of both. The schism of 1054 resulted in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church becoming separate institutions.
The crusades
Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control. The Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, but later Crusades failed to hold the city. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) saw Saladin defeat the Christian armies but allow pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. While the Crusades had mixed impacts, they increased trade and learning but also led to corruption in the Catholic Church.
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Christianity first reached Britain before the 4th century AD and spread across the country through both Celtic missionaries and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon kings. In 597, Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain to convert the kingdom of Kent to Christianity. The king of Kent, Ethelbert, had a Christian wife who influenced him to convert, establishing Christianity at the court. However, the Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over Easter and authority, until the Synod of Whitby in 663 ended the conflict by supporting the Roman church. Saxon kings then helped spread Christianity across Britain in exchange for the church increasing the kings' power.
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The 14th century saw upheavals in Christianity due to disasters like the plague and conflicts within and against the church. The plague wiped out half of Europe's population, causing famine from a lack of cultivation. Social rebellion and crackdowns ensued. Peasants like Wat Tyler demanded an end to systems like villeinage. Meanwhile, the once powerful church had become corrupt and faced challenges from secular rulers over taxation. This led to the "Babylonian Captivity" where the pope resided in Avignon under French influence and the Great Schism with popes controlling Rome and Avignon. Reformers like John Wyclif and John Huss questioned the church's necessity, leading the church to react through councils
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The Byzantine Empire experienced a period of decline between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. This included military defeats that led to loss of territories in Asia Minor, Syria, and southern Italy. The Fourth Crusade culminated in the sacking and conquest of Constantinople in 1204, dividing Byzantine lands until recapture in 1261. Finally, in 1453 the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.
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This document summarizes key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses Martin Luther criticizing the Catholic Church and posting his 95 Theses, leading other reformers like Calvin, Zwingli, and the Anabaptists. It also outlines the response of the Catholic Church under figures like Ignatius of Loyola and how the Reformation impacted politics and society.
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The Crusades were a series of military campaigns from the 1090s to the 1400s where European forces invaded parts of the Byzantine Empire and Middle East controlled by Muslim forces. Pope Urban II gave a speech urging Christians to launch a crusade, citing political, economic, social and religious reasons including defending pilgrims routes and assisting the Byzantine Empire. The crusaders initially had some success as Islamic forces were not unified, allowing the establishment of Crusader Kingdoms, but the Crusades ultimately weakened the Byzantine Empire and had little lasting impact on Islamic territories, which were later reconquered by Saladin.
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The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, but escalated into a general war involving most of the major powers in Europe. It resulted in immense loss of life in Germany, permanently altering the religious and political map of Europe. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the war and established the principle that the ruler of a territory had the right to determine its religion.
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The Byzantine Empire lasted from around 500 to 1453 CE, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. Constantinople was ideally located at the crossroads of trade routes between Europe and Asia, surrounded by water on three sides and fortified by strong walls. Emperor Justinian rebuilt parts of Constantinople after a rebellion and constructed new infrastructure projects. His legal code is the basis for many modern legal systems. In the Byzantine Empire, religion and government were closely linked, with the emperor as head of both. The schism of 1054 resulted in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church becoming separate institutions.
The crusades
Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095 to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control. The Crusaders took Jerusalem in 1099, but later Crusades failed to hold the city. The Third Crusade (1189-1192) saw Saladin defeat the Christian armies but allow pilgrims to visit Jerusalem. While the Crusades had mixed impacts, they increased trade and learning but also led to corruption in the Catholic Church.
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Christianity first reached Britain before the 4th century AD and spread across the country through both Celtic missionaries and the conversion of Anglo-Saxon kings. In 597, Pope Gregory sent Augustine to Britain to convert the kingdom of Kent to Christianity. The king of Kent, Ethelbert, had a Christian wife who influenced him to convert, establishing Christianity at the court. However, the Celtic and Roman churches disagreed over Easter and authority, until the Synod of Whitby in 663 ended the conflict by supporting the Roman church. Saxon kings then helped spread Christianity across Britain in exchange for the church increasing the kings' power.
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The Great Schism of 1054 marked a major division in Christianity, splitting the church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. This schism was rooted in doctrinal differences but also fueled by political situations. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II established the College of Cardinals to elect new popes, reducing outside interference. Pope Gregory VII further asserted papal authority over emperors and clergy through his Gregorian Reforms from 1073-1085.
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The document discusses the Protestant Reformation in England, which was started due to various religious and political factors. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices, sparking the Reformation. In England, King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn and needed to break from papal authority to do so. This led Parliament to pass acts establishing the Church of England with the King as its head and dissolving the monasteries, bringing religious, social, and economic changes to England.
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In 1536, Henry VIII began destroying English monasteries through acts of suppression in order to remove reminders of the Catholic Church with which he had broken ties and to gain control of the monasteries' great wealth to fund his wars, as his lifestyle had left him in need of money. Over 30,000 marched to demand the monasteries be reopened but failed, with leaders arrested and over 200 executed. While the Crown profited greatly, it also led to the loss of monastic libraries and their precious manuscripts.
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Chapter 14 b enlgish civil war and american religious freedom
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History Through Film: Europe 17th cent pt 1 - Religious Wars
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Similar to 2 byzantine government
The Byzantine Empire
The document discusses the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople. Constantinople was ideally located for defense as it was surrounded by water on three sides and had fortified walls. It also lay at a strategic crossroads for trade between Europe and Asia. Life in Constantinople was more advanced than in Western Europe, with public services and a sewer system. Emperor Justinian rebuilt parts of the city after a rebellion and improved infrastructure. He also codified Roman law, the basis for modern legal codes. The state religion was Eastern Orthodox Christianity, which was closely linked to the government. The emperor had authority over the church and religion played a central role in daily life.
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899-1901. Resentment against foreign missionaries and imperialism fueled the movement of martial arts groups called "Boxers". After attacks on Christians and foreigners, Boxers besieged foreign legations in Beijing for 55 days. In response, an international coalition of 8 countries including the US, Japan and European powers deployed troops to China to lift the siege. The Boxers were defeated and China was required to pay large reparations, while foreign powers increased their control over China.
28.1 china resists outside influence
The document summarizes China's rejection of trade with the West in the late 18th century due to its self-sufficiency. It then discusses how the British pushed the sale of opium in China, leading to the Opium Wars and Britain gaining control of Hong Kong. Overpopulation and food shortages contributed to rebellions against the Qing dynasty. Despite reform attempts, foreign powers maintained growing control over China through the late 19th century, culminating in the Boxer Rebellion.
Byzantium Pp
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, which he did with success through his general Belisarius. Justinian also commissioned the construction of the iconic Hagia Sophia church and established the Justinian Code, which formed the basis of legal systems in Europe. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually lost most of its lands to invading forces like the Muslims and its capital Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of the Eastern Roman Empire.
11.1 - Byzantium Becomes The New Rome
Justinian became the Byzantine emperor in 527 and sought to reconquer former Roman territories, re-establishing the empire's dominance under the leadership of his general Belisarius. Justinian carried out a vast building campaign, including constructing the iconic Hagia Sophia church. He also codified Roman law into what became known as the Justinian Code. However, the Byzantine Empire gradually declined as it faced invasions from all sides, and Constantinople was finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks led by Mehmed II in 1453, marking the end of the Roman Empire.
Byzantium Becomes The New Rome Ch 11.1
1. Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who rebuilt the city of Constantinople and sought to reconquer former Roman territories after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
2. He commissioned the construction of new fortifications, aqueducts, and most notably Hagia Sophia, one of the greatest churches ever built.
3. Justinian also had Roman laws collected and codified into the Justinian Code, which served as the basis of Byzantine law for over 900 years.
The Age of Justinian
The Age of Justinian saw the Byzantine Empire reach its greatest extent under Emperor Justinian from 527 to 565 AD. He recovered much of Italy, North Africa, and Spain that had been lost, though this weakened the empire financially and militarily. His greatest lasting achievement was the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, renowned for its massive dome and symbolic grandeur. Justinian also had the laws of the Roman Empire codified into a collection known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, which formed the basis of law in Europe. Though the empire declined after Justinian, it persisted as a buffer state between Europe and invading forces from the East for centuries.
11.1 Byzantium Becomes The New Rome
Justinian was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565 AD. He rebuilt the city of Constantinople, making it a grand new capital, and reconquered lost Roman territories in Western Europe. Justinian also had the Justinian Code compiled, establishing a revised set of laws for the Byzantine Empire. However, a plague devastated the empire in the mid-6th century, weakening it and leaving it vulnerable to invasions by enemies from all sides in the coming centuries.
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1) The document describes China's economy and society in the late 18th/early 19th century, including its strong agricultural and manufacturing industries.
2) It discusses how the British smuggled opium into China, leading to widespread addiction, and the First Opium War in 1839 when China asked Britain to stop smuggling opium but received no response.
3) Internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion in the mid-19th century weakened China as European powers established spheres of influence over parts of the country.
Imperialism in China
The document summarizes China from 1750-1900, a time of crisis. It describes:
1. China was ruled by the Qing Dynasty and was largely self-sufficient agriculturally, but faced internal problems like corruption and opium addiction.
2. Contact with Western powers like Britain increased due to trade imbalances, leading Britain to smuggle opium into China. This caused social issues in China and tensions with Western powers.
3. Conflict came to a head in the Opium Wars, where Britain defeated China militarily and imposed unequal treaties, marking a turning point as Western influence grew in China.
Sample 1
The Hagia Sophia was originally built in the 6th century AD in Constantinople as an Orthodox Christian church. It was commissioned by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I to serve as the patriarchal cathedral. The original building was later destroyed and a new church was constructed, featuring an innovative central dome supported by semi-domes. Over the centuries, the Hagia Sophia took on political, religious, and cultural significance as it was converted to a mosque and now serves as a museum. It remains one of the most famous examples of Byzantine architecture.
The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman and Greek culture after the fall of Rome. It blended these influences with Christianity and Middle Eastern styles. The empire reached its height under Justinian in the 6th century, when he reconquered territory and codified Roman laws. However, constant attacks weakened the Byzantines over time, and the empire ultimately fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Byzantines left a significant legacy in law, culture, art, and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
1 3 constantinople
Constantinople was located strategically between Europe and Asia at the Bosporus, controlling important trade routes and benefiting from the protected harbor of the Golden Horn; as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from 330 AD, its residents called themselves Romans and the city became an important religious center before the Great Schism split Christianity into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054. Major events in Constantinople included violent riots like the Nika Revolt in 532 and massacres such as the targeting of Latins in 1182.
Edict Of Mil A Roman Emperor From 306-337 Ad
The document discusses the Edict of Milan issued by Constantine the Great and Licinius in 313 AD. It made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire and restored property rights to Christians. Constantine's conversion to Christianity had wide-reaching effects, including making Christianity an officially endorsed religion and giving Christians access to resources and military power. However, it also had some negative consequences as it increased tensions between Christians and Jews.
The impact of the Crusades powerpoint (1).pdf
The Crusades were a series of eight military expeditions launched by European Christians between 1096-1272 CE in response to Pope Urban II's call to retake the Holy Land from Muslim rule. While religious conviction was a primary motivator, the Crusades also aimed to expand Catholic Church power and reduce internal warfare by redirecting nobles' energies outward. Effects included stimulating European trade through new commercial routes and products, weakening feudal systems as nobles left or sold land to fight, and increasing royal authority as kings took advantage of nobles' absence to consolidate power. Ultimately, the Crusades failed to retain Christian control of the Holy Land in the long run despite temporary victories.
Byzantine Empire.pptx
The Byzantine Empire was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire with its capital in Constantinople. It preserved Greek and Roman culture and promoted Christianity as the official religion. The height of the Byzantine Empire was during the reign of Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, who compiled Roman law and rebuilt Constantinople. However, the Byzantine Empire eventually fell when Constantinople was sacked by Crusaders in 1204 and finally conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, bringing the Byzantine Empire to an end.
worldHistory1.pptx
The document provides background information on the Byzantine Empire. It describes the empire's capital of Constantinople and its strategic location that contributed to its success. It discusses Emperor Justinian I's expansions of the empire and his codification of Roman law. The document also examines the empire's decline due to invasions and the Great Schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Chinese Imperial Crisis
The document summarizes the decline of Imperial China under the Qing dynasty in the 19th century. The Qing faced numerous problems including population pressures, natural disasters, an outdated political system, and social/economic crises. Western imperialism exacerbated China's weaknesses through unequal treaties following the Opium Wars. Attempts at self-strengthening and reform failed to prevent the rise of foreign spheres of influence and defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, leading to nationalist revolts and the end of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
The Byzantine Empire, Russia and Eastern EuropeChapter 9
The document summarizes information about the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. It describes how the Byzantine Empire flourished under Justinian but later lost territory. It then discusses the rise of Russia and how Kiev became the center of power before being weakened by the Mongol invasion. Finally, it outlines how migration contributed to diversity in Eastern Europe and discusses the spread of religions and powers like Poland, Hungary, and Serbia in the region.
Byzantine Empire Notes
The Byzantine Empire grew to become a powerful and influential empire with its capital of Constantinople, which was well protected and situated on a natural harbor. Constantinople became a thriving cultural and economic center as a crossroads of trade between Europe, Asia, and Africa. Under Emperor Justinian in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire reached its greatest extent as he recodified Roman law and had the general Belisarius expand the empire's territories, though this also led to a schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Byzantine culture preserved Greek and Roman learning and influenced neighboring Slavic peoples. The empire eventually declined as it faced numerous invasions, falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
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2 byzantine government
- 1. The Byzantine Empire The Eastern Roman Empire
- 2. The Reign of Justinian I ● One of the greatest Byzantine emperors was Justinian I (527- 565). ● His reign almost came to an end sooner. ○ In January 532, Justinian and his wife, Theodora, were attending a chariot race and the Blues and Greens united to denounce him (due to arrests that he made). ○ Fighting broke out and became a full blown rebellion.
- 3. The Reign of Justinian I ● The rioting continued for one week while Justinian and Theodora hid in their palace. ● Justinian s advisors wanted him to leave, but Theodora wanted him to stay and fight. ● With Theodora s encouragement, Justinian ended the rebellion. ● 30,000 people were killed and Constantinople was in ruins.
- 4. What event forced Justinian to start rebuilding parts of Constantinople?
- 5. Large parts of the city were ruined when fighting in the Hippodrome spilled into the streets and escalated into a rebellion.
- 6. The Reign of Justinian I ● Justinian wanted to rebuild the city of Constantinople to be better than before. ● He put huge sums of money into public works: ○ Bridges, public baths, parks, roads, and hopsitals. ● He also built grand churches, including the Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom). ○ Today it is one of the most famous buildings in the world.
- 7. What were some of the improvements made to Constantinople as a result of J i ia public works projects?
- 8. New bridges, public baths, parks, roads, and hospitals were built. In addition, the Hagia Sophia, a grand cathedral, was built.
- 9. The Reign of Justinian I ● Aside from rebuilding Constantinople, Justinian tried to reclaim lands that the empire had lost. ● He launched military campaigns that temporarily reconcurred parts of Northern Africa, Italy, and Southeastern Spain.
- 10. The Reign of Justinian I ● Justinian is most famous for for creating a systematic body of law. ● Justinian had a committee study the thousands of laws from the Roman Empire. ○ They revised outdated and confusing laws. ○ They made improvements ex extending women s property rights) ● This is known as Justinian s Code and is the basis for many legal codes in the modern Western World.
- 11. H ha J i ia C de affected the modern world?
- 12. J i ia C de i he ba i for many legal codes in the western world.