2. BSc Nursing 1st Semester - Anatomical Plane and Movements by M. Thirumurugan.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•47 views
The document discusses anatomical planes and movements. It describes the four main anatomical planes - sagittal, axial, coronal, and oblique - which divide the body into sections. It then defines common types of movements including flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation, elevation, depression, plantar flexion, and dorsal flexion. Circumduction is defined as a combination of several movements.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
"Mastering Anatomy: Understanding Anatomic Terminology Simplified"
Description:
In this presentation, we delve into the intricate world of anatomy, demystifying complex terminology to provide a clear understanding of the human body's structure and function. From the basics of anatomic position to directional terms, body movements, and the significance of avoiding eponyms, we break down essential concepts for students and healthcare professionals alike. Through engaging visuals and simplified explanations, participants will gain a comprehensive grasp of anatomic terminology, empowering them to communicate effectively and navigate the intricacies of medical practice with confidence. Join us on a journey to master anatomy and elevate your understanding of the human body.
Chapter 1 General Anatomy
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy, including anatomical position, body planes, regions and cavities, directional terms, and movements. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and relationships. Gross anatomy examines large structures visible to the naked eye, while microscopic anatomy examines minute structures only visible microscopically. The anatomical position is standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. Planes, regions, and cavities divide the body into sections for study. Directional terms describe positions of structures in relation to one another and major planes. Common movements like flexion, extension, and rotation are also defined.
Planes & axes
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system and defines key anatomical terms. It describes the three cardinal planes - sagittal, frontal, and transverse - that divide the body into halves. It also discusses parallel and diagonal planes. Direction terms like superior, anterior, and medial are defined. The document outlines different types of movements that occur in each plane, including flexion, abduction, and rotation. It introduces the three anatomical axes that movements occur around - the x, y, and z axes.
introdction to anatomy. Medical students and nurses.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It begins with defining anatomy and its subdivisions such as gross, developmental, microscopic, and specialized anatomy. It then discusses anatomical terminology, anatomical position of the human body, anatomical planes, and basic movements of the body. Specifically, it defines common anatomical directions like anterior, posterior, superior, inferior; anatomical planes like sagittal, coronal, transverse; and basic movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. The objective is to introduce medical terminology and anatomical concepts.
X-ray imaging planes and terminologies
The document discusses x-ray imaging planes and terminologies. It defines anatomical planes including the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. It also describes anatomical positions and common radiographic projections such as anteroposterior, posteroanterior, lateral, and oblique. Finally, it discusses radiographic terminology including terms of relation, movement, and projection.
Anatomy (planes and Terms).pptx
Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
Anatomical Postion and plane (Biomechanics)
The document discusses anatomical position and how it is used to describe movement. It defines anatomical position as standing upright with arms at sides and facing forward. It introduces four key concepts for describing movement: planes, axes, positions, and movements. The three anatomical planes are frontal, sagittal, and transverse. Axes include anteroposterior, horizontal, and longitudinal. Common anatomical positions and movements are also defined such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and others. Understanding these concepts provides a framework for analyzing and describing human anatomy and kinesiology.
Body Planes movement, Positions and Direction.pptx
Body Planes movement, Positions and Direction.pptxNorthwest College of Nursing/ Burn and Plastic Surgery Center Peshawar, Pakistan
The document defines anatomical terminology and describes the anatomical position and planes of the human body. It explains that the anatomical position is upright, with the face and feet facing forward and arms at the sides. It describes the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes that divide the body. Directional terms like superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior are also defined in relation to anatomical structure. Basic movements of joints like flexion, extension, and rotation are outlined.Recommended
"Mastering Anatomy: Understanding Anatomic Terminology Simplified"
Description:
In this presentation, we delve into the intricate world of anatomy, demystifying complex terminology to provide a clear understanding of the human body's structure and function. From the basics of anatomic position to directional terms, body movements, and the significance of avoiding eponyms, we break down essential concepts for students and healthcare professionals alike. Through engaging visuals and simplified explanations, participants will gain a comprehensive grasp of anatomic terminology, empowering them to communicate effectively and navigate the intricacies of medical practice with confidence. Join us on a journey to master anatomy and elevate your understanding of the human body.
Chapter 1 General Anatomy
The document provides an introduction to human anatomy, including anatomical position, body planes, regions and cavities, directional terms, and movements. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and relationships. Gross anatomy examines large structures visible to the naked eye, while microscopic anatomy examines minute structures only visible microscopically. The anatomical position is standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. Planes, regions, and cavities divide the body into sections for study. Directional terms describe positions of structures in relation to one another and major planes. Common movements like flexion, extension, and rotation are also defined.
Planes & axes
The document discusses the musculoskeletal system and defines key anatomical terms. It describes the three cardinal planes - sagittal, frontal, and transverse - that divide the body into halves. It also discusses parallel and diagonal planes. Direction terms like superior, anterior, and medial are defined. The document outlines different types of movements that occur in each plane, including flexion, abduction, and rotation. It introduces the three anatomical axes that movements occur around - the x, y, and z axes.
introdction to anatomy. Medical students and nurses.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It begins with defining anatomy and its subdivisions such as gross, developmental, microscopic, and specialized anatomy. It then discusses anatomical terminology, anatomical position of the human body, anatomical planes, and basic movements of the body. Specifically, it defines common anatomical directions like anterior, posterior, superior, inferior; anatomical planes like sagittal, coronal, transverse; and basic movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction. The objective is to introduce medical terminology and anatomical concepts.
X-ray imaging planes and terminologies
The document discusses x-ray imaging planes and terminologies. It defines anatomical planes including the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. It also describes anatomical positions and common radiographic projections such as anteroposterior, posteroanterior, lateral, and oblique. Finally, it discusses radiographic terminology including terms of relation, movement, and projection.
Anatomy (planes and Terms).pptx
Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
Anatomical Postion and plane (Biomechanics)
The document discusses anatomical position and how it is used to describe movement. It defines anatomical position as standing upright with arms at sides and facing forward. It introduces four key concepts for describing movement: planes, axes, positions, and movements. The three anatomical planes are frontal, sagittal, and transverse. Axes include anteroposterior, horizontal, and longitudinal. Common anatomical positions and movements are also defined such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and others. Understanding these concepts provides a framework for analyzing and describing human anatomy and kinesiology.
Body Planes movement, Positions and Direction.pptx
Body Planes movement, Positions and Direction.pptxNorthwest College of Nursing/ Burn and Plastic Surgery Center Peshawar, Pakistan
The document defines anatomical terminology and describes the anatomical position and planes of the human body. It explains that the anatomical position is upright, with the face and feet facing forward and arms at the sides. It describes the frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes that divide the body. Directional terms like superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior are also defined in relation to anatomical structure. Basic movements of joints like flexion, extension, and rotation are outlined.Lesson 7 (Anatomical Locations and FundamentalMovements).pptx
This document defines anatomical terms used to describe locations, planes, axes, and movements of the body. Key terms include:
- Superior/inferior, medial/lateral, anterior/posterior to describe locations relative to body structures or midline.
- Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes which divide the body into sections.
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to describe basic joint movements.
- Special movements like dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion for the foot, and pronation, supination for the forearm.
Terminology.pdf
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structural organization of living beings. It then discusses various subdivisions of anatomy including cadaveric, living, embryological, histological, surface, and applied anatomy. Key anatomical positions like anatomical position are defined. Directional terms like anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral are introduced. The document also explains anatomical planes including coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes. Finally, it provides examples of various movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, and supination.
introduction to kinesiology
basic terms, anatomical positions, planes and axis, different movements with respect to planes, definition of different movement
Anatomy terminologies
This document defines key anatomical terminology used to describe the human body, including anatomical positions, planes, and movements. The anatomical position refers to standing erect with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. The prone and supine positions refer to lying face down or face up, respectively. Anatomical planes include the median sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, which divide the body into sections. Common movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Specific anatomical terms further define positions and movements of the limbs, hands, feet, and other body parts.
Introduction to anatomy
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the human body. The document then outlines 11 main subdivisions of anatomy including cadaveric anatomy, living anatomy, embryology, histology, surface anatomy, and radiographic anatomy. It provides examples and brief definitions for many anatomical terms used to describe positions, planes, movements, and structures of the body. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the field of anatomy and common terminology.
01-Anatomical Positions 2017.ppt
The document discusses anatomical positions, planes, and movements. It defines anatomical position as standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. It describes the three major anatomical planes - sagittal, frontal, and transverse - and how they divide the body. It then defines various directional terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior in relation to these planes. Finally, it lists and explains common movements of the body, foot, wrist and hand.
A&P.pptx
The document discusses various anatomical planes and movements used to describe the human body. There are three main planes: the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections, the coronal plane divides the body into front and back sections, and the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower sections. Various movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and others are then defined in relation to these anatomical planes. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each term.
Anatomy review-2-to-3-hours-option2 (1) (1)
The document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and the origins, insertions, and actions of major muscles in the body. It begins with definitions of anatomical position, planes, and terms used to describe locations on the body. It then reviews the origins, insertions, and actions of muscles in the anterior trunk and neck, muscles of respiration, hip, knee, and ankle regions. The summary focuses on the key information and structures discussed in the document.
Body as a whole
The document describes the anatomical position and planes of the human body. The anatomical position refers to how the body is positioned for anatomical description, with the body standing upright and arms at the sides. There are three main anatomical planes - the median plane divides the body into left and right halves, sagittal planes are vertical and parallel to the median plane, and coronal planes separate the body into front and back. The document also defines common anatomical terms used to describe positions and directions in the body such as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.
Basics of Anatomy- Language of Anatomy.pptx
Covers the basic information about the movement in the human body.
Anatomical position, descriptive and directional terms (Prof.Dalia A. Mandour...
The document discusses anatomical position and descriptive terms. It defines anatomical position as referring to the standard body orientation used to describe anatomy, with the body standing upright and limbs in specific positions. It describes the three main anatomical planes - sagittal, coronal, and transverse - which divide the body into sections. Finally, it lists and defines common anatomical directional and movement terms such as flexion, extension, abduction, and pronation that are used to describe body and limb positions and motions.
Intro to anatomy
The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body positions, directions, and movements. It defines anatomical position as standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. It describes three major anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse) that divide the body and axes of rotation. Common anatomical terms are introduced to describe locations in the body such as superior, inferior, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior. Finally, various types of body movements are defined including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and others.
Fon body mechanics, positions, rom exercise
Body mechanics involves coordinating muscles, joints, and posture to maintain balance and reduce injury risk. Proper body mechanics principles include maintaining a stable center of gravity over a wide base of support, keeping the back straight, and lifting objects close to the body. Improper body mechanics can lead to muscle strains, injuries to joints or spine, and increased fatigue. Nurses must follow principles of body mechanics when moving or transferring patients to prevent injuries to both patients and staff.
UNIT 1-anatomical term
This document provides an overview of anatomical and physiological concepts. It discusses how anatomy studies the normal structure of the human body while physiology focuses on the body's functions. The body is organized into different levels including chemical, cellular, tissue and organ levels. For simplicity, the body is also divided into nine organ systems. Key anatomical terms are defined such as anatomical position, planes, sections and directions. Common positions like supine, prone and lithotomy are described. The document also outlines terms used to describe movement including flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Finally, it briefly introduces the body cavities and their functions in protecting organs and allowing organ movement.
Range of Motions
Subject - Nursing Foundation
Topic - Range of Motions
Notes for ANM, GNM, B.Sc.Nursing,P.B.B.Sc.Nursing
Introduction to Anatomy by Dr. Sami
This document defines anatomy and its subdivisions, including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and neuroanatomy. It describes regional anatomy which organizes the body into regions, and systemic anatomy which studies anatomy by body systems. Key terms are also defined, such as anatomical position, directions of movement, and body planes.
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adducti...
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adduction abduction, circumduction, supination pronation, inversion eversion, elevation depression, rotation, dorsiflexion planter flexion, opposition BD Chaurasia, snell book, anatomy lecture by Dr shahid alam
Locomotor and Non-locomotor Movements
There are two types of movements: locomotor and non-locomotor. Locomotor movements involve moving from place to place and include walking, running, hopping, jumping, leaping, galloping, sliding, and skipping. Non-locomotor movements are done in one place and involve movements like stretching, bending, twisting, turning, lifting, rotating, swinging, and swaying.
Anatomical Position and Basic Movements
The document provides information about anatomical terminology used to describe body orientation and movement. It defines the anatomical position as standing upright with face and feet facing forward and arms at the sides. It introduces three concepts: planes that divide the body into sections, axes that describe rotational movement, and positional terms like superior/inferior. It describes the three planes - frontal, sagittal, transverse - and three axes - anteroposterior, longitudinal, horizontal. Finally, it defines common terms used to describe basic movements like flexion, extension, abduction that involve joints moving in the different planes.
Anatomical terminology
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and position of the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure, both at the macro and microscopic level. Key terms are introduced to describe the body's position, planes that divide the body, sections that can be cut through the body, and directional terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior. The document also outlines various anatomical subdisciplines and approaches to studying anatomy regionally or systemically. Finally, it defines specific terminology used for anatomical movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
4. 2nd pbbsc - Comty - Unit - 4 - Health Education & Communication.pptx
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Health Education & Communication
UNIT IV:
Health Education
Aims, concepts and scope of health education.
National plan for health education
Communication techniques
Methods and media for health education programmes
Planning for health education & role of nurse
Health education has its origin during the ancient period when principles of disease prevention and health promotion were advocated and practiced.
Health education information at that time was communicated by face interaction.
Rather, principles of healthful living were integrated with culture and religious practices of a society.
Currently, health education is formal in its approach need to follow some guidelines.
It is institutionalized and is organized within the health care delivery system.
It began with the establishment of health centers in rural and urban areas
Emphasis was given on preventive, promotive and curative aspects of health.
Definition: Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps the people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed. (teaching the peoples about health related matters)
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
To provide teaching on health matters
To motivate for learning regarding health
To improve knowledge and skill
To create awareness
To encourage people to adopt and maintain a healthy life style
To promote the proper use of health services
To stimulate for active participation in health services
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
Changing human behavior
Prevention of disease
Promotion of healthy lifestyles;
Modification of individual behavior to modification of “social environment”
Community participation to community involvement
Promotion of individual to Promotion of community
Self reliance
Informing people
Motivating people
Guiding into action
Primary Health Care Approach
Principles of health education:
SCOPE OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
Human biology: Anatomy and physiology, Importance of health & Effect of smoking, drinking and drugs on the body
Nutrition: Balanced diet, Nutritive value of food stuffs, Diet for pregnant and lactating mothers and others, Food sanitation, Nutrition deficiencies disease and there prevention & Motivation of good eating habits
Hygiene (personal and environmental): Personal hygiene, Environmental hygiene & Food hygiene
Mental health: Preventive measures against mental disorder & Guidance and counselling
Prevention of disease and accidents: Prevention of communicable, Non communicable disease Ex- D.M., C.H.D, Useful information about road safety, Knowledge about accidents & industrial Education regarding self screening measures
Utilization of health services: To Inform the community about available health services, voluntary agencies, motivate them to participate in national health programme
Family planning & maternal and child health: Planned and unplanned family, Immunization of pregnant women, Growth and
3. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 3 - Organization and administration of health s...
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Organization and administration of health services in India
UNIT III:
Organization and administration of health services in India.
National health policy
Health Care Delivery system in India.
Health team concept
Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services
System of medicines
Centrally sponsored health schemes
Role of voluntary health organizations and international health agencies
Role of health personnel in the community
Public health legislation.
Important questions:
Different level of health services in india (Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services)
Health team
System of medicines / AYUSH
Role of health personnel in the community
National health policy
voluntary health organizations – WHO, UNICEF, Red cross
Public health legislation.
National health policy:
Definition:
Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society”
National health policy 1983:
National health policy in India was not framed and announced in 1983.
The ministry of health and family welfare evolved a National Health Policy in 1983.
The policy focus on the preventive, promotive, public health and rehabilitation aspects of health care.
To attain the objectives “Health for all by 2000 AD”.
KEY ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983:-
Awareness of health problems
Safe drinking water and sanitation
Rural health infrastructure
Health management of information system
Legislative support to health
Combat wide spread of malnutrition
Research in health care
Different system of medicines
Factors interfering with the progress towards health for all:
Insufficient political commitment
Failure to achieve equality
The low status of women.
Slow socio-economic development.
Lack of human resources.
Inadequacy of health promotion activities.
Weak health information system and no baseline data.
Pollution, lack of water supply and sanitation.
Uncontrolled population
Advanced technology
Natural and man-made disasters
National Health Policy 2002:
The national health policy 1983 revised in 2002 with new objectives and strategies in order meet the health problems and demand of peoples
Objectives:
To achieve an acceptable standard of good health
To upgrading health infrastructure
To improve equitable health service
To give priority for prevention and first line curative
To promote rational use of drugs.
To increase use of Traditional Medicine (AYUSH)
National Health Policy 2002 - Policy prescriptions:
Equity
Delivery of national health programmes
Extending public health services
Education of health care professionals
Need for specialists in 'public health' & 'family medicine
Nursing personnel
Urban health
Mental health
Information Education and Communication
Health research
Role of private sector
Health statistics
Women's health
Medical ethics
Enforcement of quality standard for food &drug
More Related Content
Similar to 2. BSc Nursing 1st Semester - Anatomical Plane and Movements by M. Thirumurugan.pptx
Lesson 7 (Anatomical Locations and FundamentalMovements).pptx
This document defines anatomical terms used to describe locations, planes, axes, and movements of the body. Key terms include:
- Superior/inferior, medial/lateral, anterior/posterior to describe locations relative to body structures or midline.
- Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes which divide the body into sections.
- Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction to describe basic joint movements.
- Special movements like dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion for the foot, and pronation, supination for the forearm.
Terminology.pdf
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of structural organization of living beings. It then discusses various subdivisions of anatomy including cadaveric, living, embryological, histological, surface, and applied anatomy. Key anatomical positions like anatomical position are defined. Directional terms like anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral are introduced. The document also explains anatomical planes including coronal, sagittal, and transverse planes. Finally, it provides examples of various movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, pronation, and supination.
introduction to kinesiology
basic terms, anatomical positions, planes and axis, different movements with respect to planes, definition of different movement
Anatomy terminologies
This document defines key anatomical terminology used to describe the human body, including anatomical positions, planes, and movements. The anatomical position refers to standing erect with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. The prone and supine positions refer to lying face down or face up, respectively. Anatomical planes include the median sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, which divide the body into sections. Common movements are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Specific anatomical terms further define positions and movements of the limbs, hands, feet, and other body parts.
Introduction to anatomy
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the human body. The document then outlines 11 main subdivisions of anatomy including cadaveric anatomy, living anatomy, embryology, histology, surface anatomy, and radiographic anatomy. It provides examples and brief definitions for many anatomical terms used to describe positions, planes, movements, and structures of the body. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of the field of anatomy and common terminology.
01-Anatomical Positions 2017.ppt
The document discusses anatomical positions, planes, and movements. It defines anatomical position as standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. It describes the three major anatomical planes - sagittal, frontal, and transverse - and how they divide the body. It then defines various directional terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior in relation to these planes. Finally, it lists and explains common movements of the body, foot, wrist and hand.
A&P.pptx
The document discusses various anatomical planes and movements used to describe the human body. There are three main planes: the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections, the coronal plane divides the body into front and back sections, and the transverse plane divides the body into upper and lower sections. Various movements like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and others are then defined in relation to these anatomical planes. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each term.
Anatomy review-2-to-3-hours-option2 (1) (1)
The document provides an overview of anatomical terminology and the origins, insertions, and actions of major muscles in the body. It begins with definitions of anatomical position, planes, and terms used to describe locations on the body. It then reviews the origins, insertions, and actions of muscles in the anterior trunk and neck, muscles of respiration, hip, knee, and ankle regions. The summary focuses on the key information and structures discussed in the document.
Body as a whole
The document describes the anatomical position and planes of the human body. The anatomical position refers to how the body is positioned for anatomical description, with the body standing upright and arms at the sides. There are three main anatomical planes - the median plane divides the body into left and right halves, sagittal planes are vertical and parallel to the median plane, and coronal planes separate the body into front and back. The document also defines common anatomical terms used to describe positions and directions in the body such as anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal.
Basics of Anatomy- Language of Anatomy.pptx
Covers the basic information about the movement in the human body.
Anatomical position, descriptive and directional terms (Prof.Dalia A. Mandour...
The document discusses anatomical position and descriptive terms. It defines anatomical position as referring to the standard body orientation used to describe anatomy, with the body standing upright and limbs in specific positions. It describes the three main anatomical planes - sagittal, coronal, and transverse - which divide the body into sections. Finally, it lists and defines common anatomical directional and movement terms such as flexion, extension, abduction, and pronation that are used to describe body and limb positions and motions.
Intro to anatomy
The document discusses anatomical terminology used to describe body positions, directions, and movements. It defines anatomical position as standing erect with palms and feet facing forward. It describes three major anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse) that divide the body and axes of rotation. Common anatomical terms are introduced to describe locations in the body such as superior, inferior, medial, lateral, anterior, posterior. Finally, various types of body movements are defined including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and others.
Fon body mechanics, positions, rom exercise
Body mechanics involves coordinating muscles, joints, and posture to maintain balance and reduce injury risk. Proper body mechanics principles include maintaining a stable center of gravity over a wide base of support, keeping the back straight, and lifting objects close to the body. Improper body mechanics can lead to muscle strains, injuries to joints or spine, and increased fatigue. Nurses must follow principles of body mechanics when moving or transferring patients to prevent injuries to both patients and staff.
UNIT 1-anatomical term
This document provides an overview of anatomical and physiological concepts. It discusses how anatomy studies the normal structure of the human body while physiology focuses on the body's functions. The body is organized into different levels including chemical, cellular, tissue and organ levels. For simplicity, the body is also divided into nine organ systems. Key anatomical terms are defined such as anatomical position, planes, sections and directions. Common positions like supine, prone and lithotomy are described. The document also outlines terms used to describe movement including flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Finally, it briefly introduces the body cavities and their functions in protecting organs and allowing organ movement.
Range of Motions
Subject - Nursing Foundation
Topic - Range of Motions
Notes for ANM, GNM, B.Sc.Nursing,P.B.B.Sc.Nursing
Introduction to Anatomy by Dr. Sami
This document defines anatomy and its subdivisions, including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and neuroanatomy. It describes regional anatomy which organizes the body into regions, and systemic anatomy which studies anatomy by body systems. Key terms are also defined, such as anatomical position, directions of movement, and body planes.
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adducti...
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adduction abduction, circumduction, supination pronation, inversion eversion, elevation depression, rotation, dorsiflexion planter flexion, opposition BD Chaurasia, snell book, anatomy lecture by Dr shahid alam
Locomotor and Non-locomotor Movements
There are two types of movements: locomotor and non-locomotor. Locomotor movements involve moving from place to place and include walking, running, hopping, jumping, leaping, galloping, sliding, and skipping. Non-locomotor movements are done in one place and involve movements like stretching, bending, twisting, turning, lifting, rotating, swinging, and swaying.
Anatomical Position and Basic Movements
The document provides information about anatomical terminology used to describe body orientation and movement. It defines the anatomical position as standing upright with face and feet facing forward and arms at the sides. It introduces three concepts: planes that divide the body into sections, axes that describe rotational movement, and positional terms like superior/inferior. It describes the three planes - frontal, sagittal, transverse - and three axes - anteroposterior, longitudinal, horizontal. Finally, it defines common terms used to describe basic movements like flexion, extension, abduction that involve joints moving in the different planes.
Anatomical terminology
This document provides an overview of anatomical terminology used to describe the structure and position of the human body. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure, both at the macro and microscopic level. Key terms are introduced to describe the body's position, planes that divide the body, sections that can be cut through the body, and directional terms like anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior. The document also outlines various anatomical subdisciplines and approaches to studying anatomy regionally or systemically. Finally, it defines specific terminology used for anatomical movements like flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
Similar to 2. BSc Nursing 1st Semester - Anatomical Plane and Movements by M. Thirumurugan.pptx (20)
Lesson 7 (Anatomical Locations and FundamentalMovements).pptx
Lesson 7 (Anatomical Locations and FundamentalMovements).pptx
Anatomical position, descriptive and directional terms (Prof.Dalia A. Mandour...
Anatomical position, descriptive and directional terms (Prof.Dalia A. Mandour...
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adducti...
Terminology of movement in anatomy, flexion extension hyperextension, adducti...
More from thiru murugan
4. 2nd pbbsc - Comty - Unit - 4 - Health Education & Communication.pptx
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Health Education & Communication
UNIT IV:
Health Education
Aims, concepts and scope of health education.
National plan for health education
Communication techniques
Methods and media for health education programmes
Planning for health education & role of nurse
Health education has its origin during the ancient period when principles of disease prevention and health promotion were advocated and practiced.
Health education information at that time was communicated by face interaction.
Rather, principles of healthful living were integrated with culture and religious practices of a society.
Currently, health education is formal in its approach need to follow some guidelines.
It is institutionalized and is organized within the health care delivery system.
It began with the establishment of health centers in rural and urban areas
Emphasis was given on preventive, promotive and curative aspects of health.
Definition: Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps the people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed. (teaching the peoples about health related matters)
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
To provide teaching on health matters
To motivate for learning regarding health
To improve knowledge and skill
To create awareness
To encourage people to adopt and maintain a healthy life style
To promote the proper use of health services
To stimulate for active participation in health services
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
Changing human behavior
Prevention of disease
Promotion of healthy lifestyles;
Modification of individual behavior to modification of “social environment”
Community participation to community involvement
Promotion of individual to Promotion of community
Self reliance
Informing people
Motivating people
Guiding into action
Primary Health Care Approach
Principles of health education:
SCOPE OF HEALTH EDUCATION:
Human biology: Anatomy and physiology, Importance of health & Effect of smoking, drinking and drugs on the body
Nutrition: Balanced diet, Nutritive value of food stuffs, Diet for pregnant and lactating mothers and others, Food sanitation, Nutrition deficiencies disease and there prevention & Motivation of good eating habits
Hygiene (personal and environmental): Personal hygiene, Environmental hygiene & Food hygiene
Mental health: Preventive measures against mental disorder & Guidance and counselling
Prevention of disease and accidents: Prevention of communicable, Non communicable disease Ex- D.M., C.H.D, Useful information about road safety, Knowledge about accidents & industrial Education regarding self screening measures
Utilization of health services: To Inform the community about available health services, voluntary agencies, motivate them to participate in national health programme
Family planning & maternal and child health: Planned and unplanned family, Immunization of pregnant women, Growth and
3. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 3 - Organization and administration of health s...
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Organization and administration of health services in India
UNIT III:
Organization and administration of health services in India.
National health policy
Health Care Delivery system in India.
Health team concept
Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services
System of medicines
Centrally sponsored health schemes
Role of voluntary health organizations and international health agencies
Role of health personnel in the community
Public health legislation.
Important questions:
Different level of health services in india (Centre, State, district, urban health services, rural health services)
Health team
System of medicines / AYUSH
Role of health personnel in the community
National health policy
voluntary health organizations – WHO, UNICEF, Red cross
Public health legislation.
National health policy:
Definition:
Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society”
National health policy 1983:
National health policy in India was not framed and announced in 1983.
The ministry of health and family welfare evolved a National Health Policy in 1983.
The policy focus on the preventive, promotive, public health and rehabilitation aspects of health care.
To attain the objectives “Health for all by 2000 AD”.
KEY ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983:-
Awareness of health problems
Safe drinking water and sanitation
Rural health infrastructure
Health management of information system
Legislative support to health
Combat wide spread of malnutrition
Research in health care
Different system of medicines
Factors interfering with the progress towards health for all:
Insufficient political commitment
Failure to achieve equality
The low status of women.
Slow socio-economic development.
Lack of human resources.
Inadequacy of health promotion activities.
Weak health information system and no baseline data.
Pollution, lack of water supply and sanitation.
Uncontrolled population
Advanced technology
Natural and man-made disasters
National Health Policy 2002:
The national health policy 1983 revised in 2002 with new objectives and strategies in order meet the health problems and demand of peoples
Objectives:
To achieve an acceptable standard of good health
To upgrading health infrastructure
To improve equitable health service
To give priority for prevention and first line curative
To promote rational use of drugs.
To increase use of Traditional Medicine (AYUSH)
National Health Policy 2002 - Policy prescriptions:
Equity
Delivery of national health programmes
Extending public health services
Education of health care professionals
Need for specialists in 'public health' & 'family medicine
Nursing personnel
Urban health
Mental health
Information Education and Communication
Health research
Role of private sector
Health statistics
Women's health
Medical ethics
Enforcement of quality standard for food &drug
2. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 2 Family Health Services.pptx
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Family Health Services
UNIT II: Family Health Services
Concept, objectives, scope and principles.
Individual, family and community as a unit of service.
Principles and techniques of home visiting.
Establishing working relationship with the family.
Working with families in relation to prevention of disease, promotion of health.
Care of the sick in the home, physically handicapped and mentally challenged.
Surveillance and monitoring.
Important questions:
Define Family Health Services, write about, Concept, objectives, principles & role of CHN? (10 mark)
Describe family as a basic unit of health service (5 mark)
Explain about Principles and techniques of home visiting (5 mark)
Bag technique (5 marks)
Write about Care of the sick & challenged peoples (5 mark)
Surveillance and monitoring (5 mark)
FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES (FHS):
Definition: Family health services are a providing multiple comprehensive health care to the family members.
Health of individual depends on health of family.
Family size, structure, income, education & environment affect the health standard of family.
Family plays important role in health.
Individual‘s health problem can be solved easily through family health care.
Customs, traditions, habits, socioeconomic aspects are closely related to health risks, illness, & health behavior of family member.
Comprehensive health care to community can be provided by family health care services.
Successful family life cycle can be achieved by family health services
CONCEPT OF FAMILY HEALTH SERVICES:
The 4 Concepts included in the family health services views are:
1. Family as the context:
The primary focus is on the health & development of an individual in family
Focuses the nursing process on health status & basic needs.
These needs vary, depending on the individual’s & situation.
Psychological needs must also be considered.
Family members may need direct interventions themselves
2. Family as the client:
The family is the foreground &individuals are in the background.
The family is seems as the sum of individuals family members.
The focus is concentrated on each & every individual as they affect the whole family.
From this perspective, a nurse might ask a family member who has just become ill.
3. Family as a system:
Family viewed as an international system.
This approach focuses on the individual & family members become the target for nursing interventions.
The system approach to the family always implies that when something happens to one affected.
It is important to understand - theoretical & practical needs
The family as system every parts (individuals) are important
4. Family as a component of society:
The family is seen as one of many institutions in society, along with health, educational, religious, or economic institution.
The family is a basic or primary unit of society
The family as a whole interacts with other institutions
Community health nursing - focuses
1. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 1 Introduction to community health.pptx
2nd Year PBBSc Nursing community Health Nursing
Introduction to community health
Unit I: Introduction
Introduction to community health - concepts, principles and elements of primary health care.
Introduction to community health nursing.
Concepts of community health nursing - community nursing process.
Objectives, scope & principles of community health nursing.
Questions:
Community health nursing: Definition, objectives, scope, concept, principles
CH Nursing process: Definition, steps
Primary health care: definition, concepts, principles and elements
Community health nursing:
Definitions: health, disease
Community: A group of people who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns
Public Health (old name): Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
Community Health: it refers to the healthy status of the member of the community to solve the problems affecting their health and to the totality of a health care provided for the community
Community health nursing: applied in promoting and preserving the health of populations.
Concept Community health nursing:
The client or “unit of care” is the population.
The greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Working with the client(s) as an equal partner.
Primary prevention - priority – appropriate actions
Healthy environmental, social, & economic
Mutual respect and co – operation - IPR
Focus on the population and sub populations
Concept community health nursing:
Specific activity or service.
Optimal use of available resources
Involvement of different professionals
Caring relationships and partnerships with families & communities.
People are essential participants
Focus on empowerment of families & community.
Allows the communities & families acquire skills & knowledge
Objectives Community health nursing:
To identify health needs and priorities
To increase the capability of community to deal with their own health problems
To strengthen community resources
To control and counteract environment
To provide MCH
To provide clinics for minor ailments,
To referral of major illness
To give health education
To provide facilities for family planning
To promote the use of local health services
To teach and demonstrate healthy ways of living
To prevention and control of communicable disease & Non – communicable diseases
To promote the health of school children through health services.
To promote the health of the worker - occupational health
To Maintain and promote the health of the elderly & handicapped
To Work with Govt & NGO
Points to remember Objectives of CHN:
To Identify health problems
To Prevent diseases
To Promote health
To Cure (treat) diseases
To maintain Environment
To provide HCS - High risk: women, child, old age, handicapped
To provide School health
To provide Occupational health
To provide R
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit-6 BSc (CHN) Demography.pptx
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I Demography
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
UNIT- 6:
Demography
Definition, concept and scope
Methods of collection, analysis & interpretation of demographic data
Demographic rates and ratios
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit- 3 BSc CHN_-Epidemiology.pptx
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I EPIDEMIOLOGY
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
UNIT-III: EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Definition, concept, aims, scope, uses and terminology used in epidemiology
Dynamics of disease transmission : epidemiological triad
Morbidity and mortality : measurements
Levels of prevention
Methods of epidemiology:
Descriptive
Analytical: Epidemic investigation
Experimental
Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on, DEMOS – people; LOGOS – study. Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
DEFINITION: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control the health problems”.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Host, Agent, and Environment Model:
Host: The host is a susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent. Many physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors influence the host's susceptibility and response to an agent.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Agent: An agent is a factor that causes to a health problem or condition.
Causative agents can be Biological, Physical, Psychological, Economical, Nutritional, Environmental etc..
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Environment: The environment refers to all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance.
The physical environment
The psychosocial environment
AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aims:
to describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human population.
to identify the etiological factors.
to provide the data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation.
SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
I. According To Disease Group:
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Cardio Vascular Epidemiology
Cancer Epidemiology
II. According To Group Of Factors
Nutritive Epidemiology
Reproductive Epidemiology
Environmental Epidemiology
Clinical Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology
Genetic Epidemiology
Computational Epidemiology
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Identify the causes of diseases.
Helps to describe the health status of the population.
Control the disease transmission.
Planning, implementing and evaluating health programmes on evidence basis.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
INFECTION: The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
ENDEMIC: The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area or population group, without importation from outside.
EPIDEMIC: an out break of disease in a community in excess of normal expectation and derived from a common or propagated source.
SPORADIC: The cases occurs irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
PANDEMIC: An epidemic which spreads from country to country or over the whole world.
ZOONOSES: Diseases or infections which are natu
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 1 Community health nsg - Introduction.pptx
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I Introduction
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
Community health nursing – I ( II Bsc.N.)Unit- 1:
Introduction
Community health nursing
Definition, concept and dimensions of health
Promotion of health
Maintenance of health
Health: Health Is state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being and it is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1978).
Community: A group of people who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns
Public Health: Public health is the Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.
Community Health: It refers to the healthy status of the member of the community to solve the problems affecting their health and to the totality of a health care provided for the community
Community Health nursing: Application of the nurses process in caring for individuals, families and group were they live, work or go to school or as they move through the health care system.
Concept of Health
The various changing concepts of health as follows:
Biomedical concept
Ecological concept
Psychosocial concept
Holistic concept
Biomedical concept
Traditionally health has been considered as an absence of the diseases and if someone was free from disease, then that person was considered healthy. This concept is known as biomedical concept, and it is based on the “germ theory of the disease.”
Health means “absence of disease.” The medical profession viewed the human body as a machine and disease is an outcome of the breakdown of the machine, and one of the doctor’s tasks was to repair the machine.
This concept has minimized the role of the environment, social and cultural determinants of the health.
Ecological Concept
Deficiencies in the biomedical concept gave rise to other concepts.
The ecologists put forward the concept of ecological concept.
Ecologists viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment, and the disease as a maladjustment of the human organism to environment
Psychosocial Concept
Advances in social sciences showed that health is not only a biomedical phenomenon, but one which is influenced by social, psychological, cultural factors of the people concerned.
Mental wellbeing must be taken into consideration in defining and measuring health.
Thus health is both a biological and social phenomenon
Holistic Concept
The holistic model is a synthesis of all the above concepts.
Holistic concept recognizes the strength of social, economic, political and environmental influences on health.
It has been variously described as multidimensional process involving the wellbeing of the person as a whole.
The emphasis is on the promotion and protection of health.
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
Physical
Mental
Social Dimensions of
Spiritual
Emotional
Vocational
others
1.Physical Dimensions :
2nd year BSc Nursing - UNIT - 7 Population control.pptx
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I Population & Its Control
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
Population and its control (II BSc –Unit VII)
Population and its control
Population explosion and its impact on social, economic development of individual, society and country
Population control
Overall development: Women empowerment, social, economic and educational development
Limiting family size
Promotion of small family norm
Methods :
Spacing (natural, biological, chemical, mechanical methods etc)
Terminal : surgical methods
Emergency contraception
Population explosion
India is second largest country according to population
There are two things that affect the population size of the world
Birth rate- the number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year
Death rate- the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, more people are being born than are dying, so the population grows. This is called Natural increase
When the death rate is higher than the birth rate it is called the natural decrease.
Causes of Population explosion
Early attainment of puberty in girls.
Early marriage at the age of 15.
Low standard of living.
Illiteracy.
Lack of awareness regarding method of family planning.
Due to tradition & faith of god.
Stages of Population explosion
Countries go through five stages of population growth
High Stationary
Early Expanding
Late Expanding
Low Stationary
Declining
1.High Stationary
Stage 1:
Birth rate is high because there's no use of contraception, and people have lots of children because many infants die.
Death rate is high due to poor healthcare.
Population growth rate is zero.
Population structure- life expectancy is low, so the population is made up of mainly young people
2.Early Expanding
Stage 2:
Birth rate is high because there's no use of contraception
Economy is based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms.
Death rate falls due to improved healthcare.
Population growth rate is very high.
Population structure- life expectancy has increased but there are still more young people than older people
3.Late Expanding
Stage 3:
Birth rate is rapidly falling due to the empowerment of women and better education.
The use of contraception increases
The economy also changes to manufacturing, so fewer children are needed to work on farms.
Death rate falls due to more medical advances.
Population growth rate is high
Population structure- more people are living to be older
4. Low Stationary
Stage 4:
Birth rate is low- people move to urban areas
This means there is less money available for having children.
Death rate is low and fluctuating.
Population growth rate is zero.
Population structure- life expectancy is high, so even more people are living to be older
5.Declining
Birth rate slowly falling
Death rate slow and fluctuating
Population growth rate is negative
Population structure: more older peoples then
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 2 Bsc CHN_-Determinants of Health.pptx
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I Determinants of health
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
Community health nursing – I ( II Bsc.N.)Unit- 2:
Determinants of health:
Eugenics
Environment :
Physical : Air, light, Ventilation, Water, Housing, Sanitation; disposal of waste, disposal of dead bodies, Forestation, Noise, Climate, Communication: infrastructure facilities and Linkages
Acts regulating the environment: National Pollution control board
Bacterial & viral: Agents, host carriers and immunity
Arthropods and Rodents
( II Bsc.N.)Unit- 2
Food hygiene: Production, Preservation, Purchase, Preparation, Consumption
Acts regulating food hygiene- Prevention of food adulteration act, drugs and cosmetic act
Socio-cultural
Customs, taboos
Marriage system
Family structure
Status of special groups; Females, Children, Elderly, challenged groups and Sick persons
Life Style
Hygiene
Physical activity
Recreation and sleep
Sexual life
Spiritual life philosophy
Self reliance
Dietary pattern
Education
Occupation
Financial Management
Income
Budget
Purchasing power
Security
Eugenics
Eugenics: humanity can be improved by altering human genotypes or their frequencies
i.e.. evolution of human traits by natural selection could be substituted by evolution through social selection
Positive eugenics - increase frequency of beneficial genes
Negative eugenics - decrease frequency of deleterious genes
Positive eugenics
Positive eugenics - increase frequency of beneficial genes
Measures:
Sperm banks
Genetic engineering
Parthenogenesis
Cloning
Negative eugenics
Negative eugenics - decrease frequency of deleterious genes
2 - 2.5% of children born in defective - mentally or physically
Two reasons for prevalence of deleterious genes
although deleterious in homozygous condition, may produce hybrid vigor in heterozygous
frequency of deleterious genes is now high because natural selection has been artificially reduced
New Eugenics methods:
Artificial insemination by donor
Egg donation
Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders and pregnancy terminations of defective fetuses
Embryo selection
Genetic engineering
Gene therapy
Cloning
Eugenics policies and programs
Genetic screening
Birth control
Promoting differential birth rates
Marriage restrictions
Immigration control
Segregation (both racial segregation as well as segregation of the mentally ill from the normal)
Compulsory sterilization
Forced abortions
Genocide (efforts to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group of people either entirely or a substantial portion)
Environment
Definition: The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Types of Environment: There are mainly three types of environment-
The Physical environment:
Biotic environment
Social or cultural environment
1.The Physical environment:
It is also known as a-biotic environment and natural environment.
The meaning of ‘a-biotic’ or ‘physical’ is non living like land water air conditions atmosp
6. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 3 - Environmental Hygien - Community organ...
Community Health Nursing I Community organizations to promote environmental health
By,
Thiru murugan
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE:
UNIT - 3:Community organizations to promote environmental health
Levels and types of agencies: National, state, local - Government, voluntary and social agencies.
Legislations and acts regulating the environmental hygiene.
Community organizations to promote environmental health:
Environmental organizations are working for improvement and betterment of surrounding includes pollution, waste, resource depletion, human overpopulation and climate change.
It can be global, national, regional or local. The organization may be a charity, a trust, a non-governmental organization or a government organization
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
Ministry of Environment Forests and climate change (MoEFCC) For planning, promoting, coordinating and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programmes in the country.
The main activities :
Conservation and survey of the environment, forests and other wilderness areas
Prevention and control of pollution
Deforestation and reducing land degradation.
It is responsible for the administration of the national parks of India
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB): To promote cleanliness of streams & wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control of water pollution. To improve the quality of air & to prevent, control air pollution in the country
Functions of CPCB:
Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention & control of water & air pollution and improvement of the quality of air.
Plan a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control of water & air pollution;
Co- ordinate the activities of the State Board & resolve environmental problems
Sponsor investigation and research relating to problems of water and air pollution,
Plan and organize training on the prevention, control of water and air pollution;
Environmental non-governmental organizations: To develop civic & environmental consequences among the public , To educate the students about the pollution problem and the harmful effect of pollution, To describe and discuss the common characteristics of environmental issues & To act as a catalyst in bringing about local initiative and community participation
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) Largest NGO in the Indian sub-continent engaged in nature conservation research & spreads awareness about the need to protect the environment and sustainable use of natural resources
Centre for Science & Environment (CSE) Environmental NGO specializing in sustainable nature resource management in New Delhi; believes in knowledge-based activism to cope with India's environmental threats - ecological poverty, land degradation, toxic degradation etc.
Greenpeace India: Indian wing of the international non-profit organization; activities, discouraging genetic engineering, promoting peace, saving the environment from pollution (eliminating toxic
5.1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 2 - Environmental Hygiene - Environmental F...
Community Health Nursing I Environmental Factors Contributing to Health
By,
Thiru murugan
Environmental Hygiene:
Unit II: Environmental Factors Contributing to Health
a)Water: Sources and characteristics of safe and wholesome water, Uses of water, Rain water harvesting, Water pollution, Water borne diseases & Water purification-small and large scale
b)Air: Composition of air, Airborne diseases, Air pollution and its effect on health & Control of air pollution and use of safety measures.
c)Waste: Refuse, garbage, excreta and sewage, Health hazards, Waste management: collection, transportation and disposal.
d)Housing: Location, Type , Characteristics of good housing, Basic amenities, Town planning
e)Ventilation: Types and standards of ventilation
f)Lighting: Requirements of good lighting, Natural and artificial lighting & Use of solar energy
g)Noise: Sources of noise, Community noise levels, Effects of noise pollution & Noise Control measures
h)Arthropods: Mosquitoes, housefly, sand fly, human louse, rat fleas, rodents, ticks etc. and Control measures
a)Water:
Water is a essential basic need of human and all living things
Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
The water is very important for life, because it is vital.
The animals or humans drink water because the body needs 75% water
Pure water has no colour, no taste and doesn’t smell of anything and absence of micro organism
Sources:
Rain water
Surface water
Ground water:
Rain water: Natural source & pure
Surface water:
Lakes
Ponds
Streams
Rivers
Storage reservoir
Characteristics of safe and wholesome water: Safe and wholesome water is defined as that which is
free from pathogenic agents
free from harmful chemical substances
pleasant to taste, colorless and odorless
usable for domestic purposes
Uses of water:
Household or domestic(drinking, preparing food, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, brushing your teeth, watering the yard and garden)
Agricultural (farming gardening fisheries)
Industrial (manufacturing)
Recreational (swimming, water shows, boating)
Environmental activities (park, street cleaning)
Fire extinction (control & stoppage of fire disaster)
Hydro power generation (production of electricity)
Rain water harvesting:
Rainwater harvesting is the simple process or technology used to conserve rainwater by collecting, storing, conveying and purifying of rainwater that runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc. for later use.
Components: Rainwater harvesting systems consists of the following components:
Catchment (Collection): Used to collect and store
Conveyance system (transport): It is used to transport the harvested water from the catchment to the recharge zone.
Flush: It is used to flush out the first spell of rain.
Filter: Used for filtering the collected rainwater and removing pollutants.
Tanks and the recharge structures: Used to store the filtered water which is ready to use.
The process of rainwater harvesting involves the collection and the
4. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 1 - Environmental Hygiene - intro.pptx
Community Health Nursing I Environmental Hygiene
By,
Thiru murugan
Environmental Hygiene:
Unit I: Introduction:
Components of environment
Importance of healthy environment
Environment:
The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Components of environment:
Everything in our immediate surrounds, including both living and nonliving things like soil, water, creatures, and plants that adapt to their conditions, is referred to as the “environment.”
It is a gift from nature that helps to sustain life on Earth.
The survival of life on Earth depends on the environment.
A biosphere component that affects the condition of the entire planet is an ecosystem.
It includes both live and non living objects in the environment.
The elements that make up the environment can be broadly separated into two groups:
Biotic Components: The biotic or biological component of environment consists of all living organisms. Animals, plants, and microorganisms interact with abiotic elements to build ecosystems.
Abiotic Components: the Non living things like Water, Light, Temperature, Humidity and Soil.
Importance of healthy environment:
As our activities affect the environment in a way, they also affect our life, health, families and communities.
Human civilization has always formed a close bond with their environment. Sitting in fresh air and greenery can increase mental peace, reduce blood pressure, increase attention span.
Healthy environments are essential with human safety and emotional well-being.
Healthy environment reduces the risk of diseases
Enhances quality and length of life
Healthy environment helps to protect the creatures and plants around us.
It Limits global warming
It prevent all types of pollutions
Control vectors and flies
Food hygiene and safety
Proper waste disposal
3. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 8 - Records & Reports.pptx
Community Health Nursing I Records and reports
By,
Thiru murugan
Community health nursing – I (1st GNM)
Unit – VIII: Records and reports
Types and uses
Essential requirements of records and reports.
Preparation & Maintenance.
RECORD:
A record is a clinical, scientific, administrative and legal document relating to the nursing care given to the individual family or community.
REPORTS:
Reports are oral or written exchanges of information shared between caregivers or workers in a number of ways
Reports can be compiled daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually.
Report summarizes the services of the nurse and/or the agency.
TYPES OF RECORDS
Periodical
Unit Based
Subject Based
Collection Placed Based
TYPES OF RECORDS
1. Periodical:
Permanent Records (Cumulative)
Temporary Records (casual/daily records)
2. Unit Based:
Individual (individual health cards)
Related to family (family folders)
Related to community (community folders)
3. Subject Based:
Economical (financial structure of family, village)
Social (records of social structure)
Political
Medical and nursing (treatment and medicine records)
4. Collection Placed Based:
Collected at institution (records of hospital/ health centers)
Records to be kept within individual (immunization cards, disease cards)
Nurses responsibility for record keeping and reporting:
The patient has a right to inspect and copy the record after being discharged
Failure to record significant patient information on the medical record makes a nurse guilty of negligence.
Medical record must be accurate to provide a sound basis for care planning.
Errors in nursing charting must be corrected promptly in a manner that leaves no doubts about the facts.
In reporting information about criminal acts obtained during patient care, the nurse must reveal such information only to the police, because it is considered a privileged communication.
Keep under safe custody of nurses
No individual sheet should be separated
Not accessible to others until necessary
Strangers are not permitted to read records
Records are not handed over the legal advisors without written permission of the administration
Handed carefully, not destroyed
Identified with bio-data of the patients such as the name, age, admission number, diagnosis, etc. (Legal issues)
Never sent outside of the hospital without the written administrative permission.
2. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit 5 FHS.pptx
Community Health Nursing I Family Health Nursing Care
By,
Thiru murugan
Unit – 5: Family Health Nursing Care:
Family as a unit of health
Concept, goals, objectives
Family health care services
Family health care plan and nursing process.
FHS - Maternal, child care & family welfare services.
Roles & function of a CHN in family health service.
Family health records.
Family as a unit of health care services
Health of an individual depends upon the health of the family.
In health care needs, the family plays an important role.
Family members have the IPR & dependency on each other.
Family size, structure, income, education, environment affect the health of the family
Family important role as supportive groups
Illness of one family members affects the total health of the family
Individual’s health problems can be tackled easily
Customs, traditions, habits & socio-cultural aspects related to the health risk & illness
Comprehensive health care can be provided to community through family health care
The successful family life cycle can be achieved by the family health care services
Family health services:
Definition:
"Family health services can be defined as the special care given to family members to promote their health, prevent health problems, and for the well-being of the family."
Concepts:
The family is the basic unit of any health system.
Without family care services, the goal of health services cannot be achieved.
Family health services act as a problem-solving process
It provides services regardless of the families' socioeconomic status.
Comprehensive health care can be provided to the community and family through health care services.
Family planning, nutrition, maternal and child health and geriatric care are the important aspects of family health services.
Goals:
Reduce maternal mortality, morbidity and the infant mortality rate.
Spacing of children's births.
Solve the problem of malnutrition in the family.
Health education
Objectives:
To Identify and assess the family's health problems.
To ensure understanding and acceptance of the problem by the family.
To provide nursing services according to the health needs of the family.
To develop the competence of members to care for their family.
To promote the use of available resources to maintain health.
To provide health education to lead a healthy and fruitful life.
To provide health services to family members at a cost-effective level.
To help family members achieve their health goals.
Scopes
The goals of individual and community health and growth at the national health level can be achieved through family health services:
Reproductive health
Children's health
Adolescent health
Principles
Provide services without discrimination
Periodic and continuous appraisal and evaluation of family health situation
Proper maintenance of record and reports.
Provide continuous services
Health education, guidance and supervision as integral part of family health nursing.
Maintain good IPR.
1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptx
Community Health Nursing I Epidemiology
By,
Thiru murugan
UNIT-IV: Principles of Epidemiology and Epidemiological methods:
Definition and aims of epidemiology, communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Basic tools of measurement in epidemiology
Uses of epidemiology
Disease cycle
Spectrum of disease
Levels of prevention of disease.
Disease transmission – direct and indirect.
Immunizing agents, immunization and national immunization schedule.
Control of infectious diseases.
Disinfection
Epidemiology:
Introduction: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on,
DEMOS – people;
LOGOS – study.
Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
Definition: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases or health problems”.
Terminologies used in epidemiology:
Infection: the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
Endemic: the constant presence of a disease in particular area or population. Ex- malaria, dengue, chikungunya.
Epidemic: an out break of disease from one area to other area in a community. Ex - cholera, polio, small pox
Sporadic: refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Ex - Tetanus, rabies, and plague.
Pandemic: a disease which spreads from country to country or over the whole world. Ex - swine flu, HIV, COVID – 19.
Zoonosis: diseases or infections transmitted from animals to men. Ex - rabies.
Incubation period: this is the time interval between the entry of the disease agent into the body and the appearance of first sign & symptom of the disease.
Carrier: a person who harbors or carry the disease agent with or without having any outward signs and symptoms.
Isolation: a separation of a person with infectious disease (communicable disease) from contact with other human beings to avoid spread of disease.
Quarantine: a quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease
Pathogenicity: ability to cause the disease.
Contagious: a disease that is transmitted through contact.
Reservoir: the habitat ( place for living) where an infectious agent living, grows and multiplies.
Virulence: measure the severity of disease.
Fomites: inanimate articles other than food or water contaminated by the infectious discharges.
Vector: usually an arthropod eg. Mosquito which transfers an infectious agent from an infected person to a healthy person.
Aims
To describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human
To identify the etiological factors.
To provide the data (information) essential to the preparation) implementation (providing) & evaluation (checking the outcome).
Communicable and non-communicable diseases:
Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. Ex - polio, typhoid, chickenpox, TB,AIDS
Non-communicable disease (NCD) are disease that is not spread from one person to another. Ex - most heart disease
1 GNM anatomy Unit _ 14 Muscular System.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit XIV
Type, structure and functions of muscle
Origin, Insertion, and action of muscles
Muscle:
Muscle is a soft tissue and it is one of the 4 basic tissues, along with nervous tissue, epithelium, and connective tissue.
Muscles helps in movement, support and protection of internal organs.
Muscle cells or myocytes contain protein filaments called myofilaments actin & myosin that producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
Types of Muscles:
There are 3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle or “voluntary muscle” or striated Muscles is attached to bone, helps in movement & in maintaining posture.
Smooth muscle or “involuntary muscle” or non striated muscles is found within the walls of organs and structures
Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" found only in the heart.
Structure of Skeletal muscle:
Skeletal muscle consist plasma membrane is called sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm & specialized sarcoplasmic reticulum that play important role in regulation of Calcium.
Cells contain many nucleus peripherally
It consist of number of elongated cells called muscle fibers or muscle cell , that consist of myofibrils (elongated protein molecules).
These Muscle fibers are arranged in bundle called fasciculi
Each muscle fibers covered by endomysium, each fasciculi covered by perimysium & the whole muscle is covered by epimysium.
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or myoneural junction is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.
Properties of skeletal muscle:
Excitability: this refers to muscle tissue being able to react to nervous stimulation.
Extensibility: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to lengthen when contracting
Elasticity: this refers to the ability of muscle tissue to return to its normal resting length once it has been stretched.
Contractility: this refers to the capacity of a muscle to contract or shorten forcibly when stimulated by nerves and hormones
Muscle contraction:
Muscle use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction.
In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves
Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with.
All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Types of muscle contraction:
Isotonic contractions maintain constant force or tone in the muscle as the muscle length changes
Isometric contractions changes in force without changing the length of the muscle
Muscle tone is defined as the tension in a muscle at rest.
Function of skeletal muscles
Body movement (Locomotion)
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Constriction of organs and vess
1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 13:
Formation and growth of bones
Tendons, ligaments and cartilages
Classification of bones, joints
Joint movement
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Skeletal system:
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body & It Provide framework of the body
Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person's body weight. An adult's skeleton contains 206 bones
Formation and growth of bones:
Ossification, or osteogenesis, is the process of bone formation.
In fetal life the bone growth occurs in 2 process: intramembranous and endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification is the process of bone development from fibrous membranes. It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles.
Endochondral ossification is the process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. All of the bones of the body (except for the flat bones) are formed through endochondral ossification
Stages of bone growth:
Cartilage “model” of bone forms. This model continues to grow as ossification takes place.
Ossification begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of bone.
Ossification then starts to occur at secondary ossification centers at the ends of bone.
The medullary cavity forms. This cavity will contain red bone marrow.
Areas of ossification meet at epiphyseal plates, and articular cartilage forms. Bone growth ends.
Ossification centers:
Bone forms from cartilage, ossification begins with a middle point in the cartilage called the primary ossification center & secondary ossification centers (ends part of the bones) form after birth.
Skeletal maturity:
Throughout childhood, the cartilage remaining in the skeleton keeps growing, and allows for bones to grow in size.
Once all of the cartilage has been replaced by bone, and fusion has taken place at the epiphyseal plates, bones can no longer keep growing in length.
At this point, skeletal maturity has been reached. It generally takes place by age 18 to 25.
Tendons, ligaments and cartilages:
A tendon is a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone.
Functions of Tendons:
Attach muscles to bones
Anchors muscle to bone for movement
Ligament:
A ligament is an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint.
Functions of Ligaments:
Attach bones to bones
Provide stability
Cartilage:
Cartilage is a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement.
Functions of Cartilage:
Model for bone growth in embryo & fetus
Provides a smooth cushion between adjacent bones
Provides firm flexible support (nose, ears, ribs & trachea)
Excellent shock absorber
Classification of bones:
Bones:
Bone are specialized forms of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 12:
Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium.
Sensory organs or Special senses:
The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe.
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival).
Skin:
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception.
The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
Structure of the skin:
The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer
Dermis layer
Subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye.
Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation.
It does not contain blood vessels
The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity.
It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers.
is much thicker than the epidermis
The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts).
The main functions of the dermis are:
Protection
Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury;
Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is also called hypodermis.
This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue.
It is the thickest l
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 10:
Structure and functions of the female reproductive system
Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause
Structure and functions of breasts
Structure and functions of the male reproductive system
Reproductive health
Reproductive system:
The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children).
In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race
Located in the pelvic cavity
Parts:
It consist of
External genitalia
Internal genitalia
External genitalia:
Labia minora
Labia majora
Clitoris
Vaginal orifice
Internal genitalia:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vagina:
A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body.
During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen.
Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery.
Ovaries:
Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity.
In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones.
The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum
Uterus:
Hollow organ (also called womb)
Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows.
Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery
Parts: fundus, body & cervix
The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus;
The body, the main part of the uterus,
The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina.
Uterus has 3 layers:
The endometrium is the inner layer
The myometrium is the middle layer
The perimetrium is the outer layer
Function of uterus:
The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops.
The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth.
Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation.
The function of the female reproductive System:
The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell)
Provides a location for fertilization
Growth of a fetus
Secretes female sex hormones
The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Menstruation:
Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle.
Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina.
Menstrual cycle:
Con
More from thiru murugan (20)
4. 2nd pbbsc - Comty - Unit - 4 - Health Education & Communication.pptx
4. 2nd pbbsc - Comty - Unit - 4 - Health Education & Communication.pptx
3. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 3 - Organization and administration of health s...
3. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 3 - Organization and administration of health s...
2. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 2 Family Health Services.pptx
2. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 2 Family Health Services.pptx
1. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 1 Introduction to community health.pptx
1. 2nd PBBSc - Comty - Unit - 1 Introduction to community health.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit-6 BSc (CHN) Demography.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit-6 BSc (CHN) Demography.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit- 3 BSc CHN_-Epidemiology.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit- 3 BSc CHN_-Epidemiology.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 1 Community health nsg - Introduction.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 1 Community health nsg - Introduction.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - UNIT - 7 Population control.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - UNIT - 7 Population control.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 2 Bsc CHN_-Determinants of Health.pptx
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit 2 Bsc CHN_-Determinants of Health.pptx
6. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 3 - Environmental Hygien - Community organ...
6. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 3 - Environmental Hygien - Community organ...
5.1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 2 - Environmental Hygiene - Environmental F...
5.1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 2 - Environmental Hygiene - Environmental F...
4. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 1 - Environmental Hygiene - intro.pptx
4. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 1 - Environmental Hygiene - intro.pptx
3. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 8 - Records & Reports.pptx
3. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - unit- 8 - Records & Reports.pptx
1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptx
1. 1st GNM Community H Nsg - Unit 4 Epidemiology.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx
Recently uploaded
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest VersionIntegrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recently uploaded (20)
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
2. BSc Nursing 1st Semester - Anatomical Plane and Movements by M. Thirumurugan.pptx
- 1. Anatomical planes and Movements By, M. Thiru murugan
- 2. Anatomical planes: • Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts. Types: 1. Sagittal or Vertical plane 2. Axial or Transverse or Horizontal Plane 3. Frontal or Coronal Plane 4. Oblique Plane body into anterior and 1.Sagittal or Vertical plane: A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. 2.Axial or Transverse or Horizontal Plane: divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
- 3. 3. Coronal or frontal Plane: A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior & posterior portions. 4. Oblique Plane: Oblique Plane divides the body at an angle between the horizontal & vertical planes
- 4. • Movements • Movement is the change in the position of a body part with respect to the whole body • Flexion: bending movement of an arm or leg or any body part • Extension: straightens movement of an arm or leg or any body part
- 5. • Adduction: movement toward the midline • Abduction: movement away from the midline • Rotation movement of the limbs around their long axis • Medial rotation: refers to a rotational movement toward the midline of body. Also called internal rotation • Lateral rotation: the rotational movement is away from the midline of the body
- 6. • Inversion refers to movement of the foot sole towards the midline of the body • Eversion refers to movement of the foot sole away from the midline of the body • Supination palm up. • Pronation palm down
- 7. • Elevation movement in a superior direction • Depression movement in an inferior direction. • Plantar flexion: flexion of the foot in an downward direction • Dorsal flexion: flexion of the foot in an upward direction • Circumduction: is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction