The document summarizes trends in climate tech and carbon removal strategies. It finds that climate tech is becoming a trillion dollar opportunity as the costs of solutions like solar and batteries decline. While emissions are still rising, exponential policy support and performance improvements in areas like solar and green steel integration mean emissions will peak this decade as climate tech scales up. Carbon removal strategies discussed include nature-based approaches like reforestation and regenerative farming, technical approaches like direct air capture and carbon storage, and hybrid approaches. Removal at gigatonne scales is needed to limit warming to 1.5C.
Business and Climate Change lecture given in March 2009 to students on my CSR course as part of the Birkbeck College Corporate Governance and Ethics MSC. Birkbeck is a college of London University.
Presentation looking at climate science, business drivers, action and opportunities for leading company who are taking action to save money and minimise environmental damage around the world
Emerging Trends #5 | Cleantech, climate tech : to the rescue ?Leonard
Alors que l’urgence climatique et écologique s’impose comme l'un des thèmes structurants de la décennie à venir, les technologies peuvent-elles apporter leur lot de réponses ? Soutenues par les attentes de la société civile, des acteurs publics et des investisseurs, ainsi qu’une nouvelle vague d’entrepreneurs, les cleantech et autres climate tech semblent connaître un retour en grâce. Sans tomber dans le solutionnisme technologique, ces innovations pourraient être décisives pour relever le défi de la décarbonation et de la préservation des ressources.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
Business and Climate Change lecture given in March 2009 to students on my CSR course as part of the Birkbeck College Corporate Governance and Ethics MSC. Birkbeck is a college of London University.
Presentation looking at climate science, business drivers, action and opportunities for leading company who are taking action to save money and minimise environmental damage around the world
Emerging Trends #5 | Cleantech, climate tech : to the rescue ?Leonard
Alors que l’urgence climatique et écologique s’impose comme l'un des thèmes structurants de la décennie à venir, les technologies peuvent-elles apporter leur lot de réponses ? Soutenues par les attentes de la société civile, des acteurs publics et des investisseurs, ainsi qu’une nouvelle vague d’entrepreneurs, les cleantech et autres climate tech semblent connaître un retour en grâce. Sans tomber dans le solutionnisme technologique, ces innovations pourraient être décisives pour relever le défi de la décarbonation et de la préservation des ressources.
Sesti project: Global Sustainable Energy optionsVictor Van Rij
This presentation gives the result of the emerging issues analysis of the SESTI project on the energy domain in 2010. It provides the questions around 5 of the less well known future sustainable options/risks that were discussed in the project. The topics that were addressed are still worth while to review today.
These topics were :
1. Enhancement of the photosynthetic cycle on global scale to provide all food, energy and maintain biodiversity (briefly biomimics)
2. Use of desert areas for gaining solar energy (the DESERTEC scheme)
3. Hybrid nuclear fission-fusion to speed up nuclear fusion
4. The unknown risks of going deeper and further for energy mining
5. The unknown risks of and hydrogen leaking economy
Climate Change: A Business Guide to Action PlanningPECB
Today, businesses struggle to adapt their policies and operations to the reality of a changing climate. More than ever, it is critical for organizations to make informed decision-making on the best actions to take to ensure their long-term viability and success.
In this webinar, we will review the state of climate action planning for the business. We will start off with a review of current (as well as foreseeable future) mandatory governmental policies and legislation, before moving on to action planning strategies for business organizations. We will look at some of the important benefits of climate action planning (innovation, opportunity, risk reduction, cost savings, efficiency). We will review the important concept of "carbon footprint": how to calculate it, and the how-to's of carbon reporting using major international protocols (such as GRI, CDP, GRESB, etc.). We will take a quick look at various mitigation and adaption measures that organizations may undertake, before closing out the session with some tips for success.
Main points covered:
• What is Climate Change?
- Definitions
- major contributors and effects
• Climate Action Planning
- Government legislation and policies
- Business approaches
- Benefits (innovation, opportunity, cost savings, efficiency)
- Carbon Footprint (measurement and reporting)
- Mitigation and adaptation measures
• Tips for Success
- how and where to start
- Setting priorities
- Communications
Presenter:
Our presenter for this webinar, Jessica Mann is the CEO and founder of Green Futures Unlimited, a sustainability consultancy, and an instructor at the University of California San Diego extension's sustainable business program. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of environmental health & safety and sustainability, she previously served in leadership roles at several international corporations. Currently specializing in carbon accounting and climate action planning, Jessica is a regular speaker and author on the subject. She holds a BS in Environmental Science and an MPH in Occupational and Environmental Health (University of Michigan), and is a LEED Accredited Professional, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 45001 Auditor, Greenhouse Gas Verifier, Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), and Certified Safety Professional (CSP).
Date: April 11th, 2019
Recorded Webinar: https://youtu.be/cMKXPoepF3k
This presentation was prepared by Ben Cipiti, author of The Energy Construct, and guest of the May 1, 2008 Midtown Brews conversation with Meet The Bloggers and citizens.
Global warming concerns leading to decarbonization is shifting energy from fossil fuels to renewable energy. The slides briefly touch on different ways of decarbonizing & alternative energy resources.
zerocarbonbritain2030 is a positive, realistic vision for a society without fossil fuels, grounded in the latest climate science. Produced by the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT), the report is the first fully integrated solution to climate change and energy security for Britain. It demonstrates that society and our quality of life could thrive, whilst keeping Britain’s net greenhouse gas emissions at zero.
El 16 de marzo de 2016 visitó la Fundación Ramón Areces el físico Chris Llewellyn Smith, ex director del CERN, profesor de la Universidad de Oxford y presidente del Consejo de SESAME. Tituló su conferencia: '¿Serán las necesidades energéticas del futuro compatibles con la sostenibilidad?'. Esta actividad formó parte del ciclo organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Sociedad Española de Física.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Climate Change: A Business Guide to Action PlanningPECB
Today, businesses struggle to adapt their policies and operations to the reality of a changing climate. More than ever, it is critical for organizations to make informed decision-making on the best actions to take to ensure their long-term viability and success.
In this webinar, we will review the state of climate action planning for the business. We will start off with a review of current (as well as foreseeable future) mandatory governmental policies and legislation, before moving on to action planning strategies for business organizations. We will look at some of the important benefits of climate action planning (innovation, opportunity, risk reduction, cost savings, efficiency). We will review the important concept of "carbon footprint": how to calculate it, and the how-to's of carbon reporting using major international protocols (such as GRI, CDP, GRESB, etc.). We will take a quick look at various mitigation and adaption measures that organizations may undertake, before closing out the session with some tips for success.
Main points covered:
• What is Climate Change?
- Definitions
- major contributors and effects
• Climate Action Planning
- Government legislation and policies
- Business approaches
- Benefits (innovation, opportunity, cost savings, efficiency)
- Carbon Footprint (measurement and reporting)
- Mitigation and adaptation measures
• Tips for Success
- how and where to start
- Setting priorities
- Communications
Presenter:
Our presenter for this webinar, Jessica Mann is the CEO and founder of Green Futures Unlimited, a sustainability consultancy, and an instructor at the University of California San Diego extension's sustainable business program. With over 30 years of experience in the fields of environmental health & safety and sustainability, she previously served in leadership roles at several international corporations. Currently specializing in carbon accounting and climate action planning, Jessica is a regular speaker and author on the subject. She holds a BS in Environmental Science and an MPH in Occupational and Environmental Health (University of Michigan), and is a LEED Accredited Professional, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 45001 Auditor, Greenhouse Gas Verifier, Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), and Certified Safety Professional (CSP).
Date: April 11th, 2019
Recorded Webinar: https://youtu.be/cMKXPoepF3k
This presentation was prepared by Ben Cipiti, author of The Energy Construct, and guest of the May 1, 2008 Midtown Brews conversation with Meet The Bloggers and citizens.
Global warming concerns leading to decarbonization is shifting energy from fossil fuels to renewable energy. The slides briefly touch on different ways of decarbonizing & alternative energy resources.
zerocarbonbritain2030 is a positive, realistic vision for a society without fossil fuels, grounded in the latest climate science. Produced by the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT), the report is the first fully integrated solution to climate change and energy security for Britain. It demonstrates that society and our quality of life could thrive, whilst keeping Britain’s net greenhouse gas emissions at zero.
El 16 de marzo de 2016 visitó la Fundación Ramón Areces el físico Chris Llewellyn Smith, ex director del CERN, profesor de la Universidad de Oxford y presidente del Consejo de SESAME. Tituló su conferencia: '¿Serán las necesidades energéticas del futuro compatibles con la sostenibilidad?'. Esta actividad formó parte del ciclo organizado por la Fundación Ramón Areces en colaboración con la Real Sociedad Española de Física.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. Climate Tech Global Trends
Reversal emerging as a trillion-dollar opportunity
12 July 2023 - Thailand Carbon Neutral Network
David Fullbrook
Managing Director 350 Limited
Chief Climate Of
fi
cer NRF
david@350corp.com
350 Limited is the climate solutions business of NR Instant Produce PCL
2. Climate tech: Trend of the century recap
Performance
Lower costs or better
quality drive tech uptake
🇺🇸 🇮🇳
🇪🇺 🇨🇳
Warming
problem
Emissions rising - 1.5º
warming likely before
2030
But, emissions will
peak this decade as
solutions, led by
climate tech, scale up
Energy shocks,
geopolitics & health
concerns fuel demand
for climate tech
Exponential
policy
Big four pursuing
exponential change in
different ways - strong
tailwinds for the world
US In
fl
ation Reduction
Act sets the pace for
subsidies
EU CBAM & Supply
Chain Due Diligence
Directive drives
transparency & CO2
pricing
Rebuild
everything
Energy, power, heat,
water, farming, food,
transport, materials
Jobs, jobs, jobs
Climate tech boom
creates new jobs as
AI automates IT,
services & admin
Three cobene
fi
ts
(driving demand)
1
2
3
Health
Lower pollution e.g. PM2.5
Security
Vladimir Putin can’t stop
ef
fi
ciency, sun or wind
3. 33
Climate tech: Three strategies
1. Mitigate
Eliminate greenhouse gas
emissions
Well-de
fi
ned stable
problem - we know how
to do it
Status: Established
Examples:
Preferences, Behaviour,
Ef
fi
ciency, Solar, Wind,
Nuclear, Biogases,
Batteries, EVs, etc
33
2. Adapt
Cooler living in a hotter
world
Fuzzy problem, moving
target - may overwhelm
solutions & capabilities
Status: Unclear
Examples: Aircon,
Refrigeration, Insulation
Migration, Crop
switching, Behaviour,
Processes, Genetic
engineering, etc
3. Reverse
Removing carbon from
the atmosphere into long-
term stable storage
Well-de
fi
ned problem,
moving target (until
emissions peak) - we
know how to do it
Status: Emerging
Examples: Oceans, Soils,
Biochar, BECCS, DAC,
etc
Digital control & coordination x AI
Recombination
& integration
Add technologies in
new ways & couple
energy systems
between industries
Recombine & integrate
within & across
strategies
Examples:EVs
Green steel, Biogas
AI innovation
accelerator
Find, test & optimize
materials, designs,
manufacturing,
operations & integration
is slow
AI empowers faster
search of the climate-
tech opportunity space
by scientists & engineers
Climate tech will
innovate & scale faster
than we think?
4. Mitigate: Solar is getting better with age
Bollinger et al 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104378
Manufacturing 2033
Silicon g/Watt -27% to 1.6g/W
TOPCON silver -40%
Factory throughput +40-50%
Larger wafers & modules
Technology
TOPCON leading cell tech by
late 2020s, displacing PERC
Bifacial cells and modules
dominate from 2026
(VDPI 2023 ITRPV)
Accelerating
innovation
Solar leads climate tech
down the cost curve
Recent price rises due to
COVID etc erased by 2025
Performance (ef
fi
ciency)
Mass production modules
2023 2033
TOPCON 22% 24%
Tandem
Silicon-
Perovskites
- >26%
5. Mitigate: Solar on track for Net Zero
High-e
ffi
ciency cell capacity & shipment
Gigawatts
Terawatt/year by 2030
Installed capacity doubles every
3 years
Install 1,000-1,500 GW/year by
2030
Ample cell capacity suggests
excess supply fuelling demand
upside
Policies & spillovers
Governments & corporates
increasing solar goals &
auctions e.g. southeast
Asia 2023
EV & battery policies
tailwind for solar
Solar rising
2022: 4.5% global electricity
1,289 TWh
(>10% solar + wind)
2050: 69% global energy
104,000 TWh (Breyer)
6. Mitigate: Green steel integrates climate tech
H
Electrolyzer
Solar/
wind
Biochar
pyrolysis
Enzymes feed on
CO2 excreting
bioethanol
CCU CO2
H20
Bio-
ethanol
Industry
SAF
CO2
Bio-
reactor
“Carbon-neutral”
green steel mill,
Belgium
Combine & integrate climate
tech to decarbonize industry
ArcelorMIttal upgrading Gent steel mill in
Belgium with direct-reduced iron +
electric furnace tech to produce 2.5m
tonnes/year low/zero-carbon steel
Goal: eliminate 3.9m tCO2/year by
2030
Industrial symbiosis captures &
upcycles CO2 into bioethanol to
decarbonize downstream sectors like
aviation
EU ETS carbon price drives innovation,
levels playing
fi
eld
Optimize integration & replicate = lower
costs
Simpli
fi
ed concept - work-in-progress
7. Reverse: Remove CO2 to cool the world
Why we need reversal
“All pathways that limit global warming to
1.5°C … use carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
on the order of 100–1000 gigatonnes over the
21st century…[unless] global CO2 emissions
start to decline well before 2030”
UN IPCC (2018) Global Warming of 1.5°C
Summary for Policymakers
BAU
On track for 3ºC
SwissRe: Damage @
18% of GDP in 2050
-$18 trillion/year
(2022 terms)
Reversal
CO2 removal market
average value/year
2023-2073+
-$0.2-1 trillion/year
@$100/tCO2
+$co-bene
fi
ts =
XX% removal cost?
Scale-up 2040s
Technical removals lead
Emissions fall not rise
Climate damage
matches models
Why wait?
Emissions still rising
Warming & damage > IPCC
Hybrid & Nature solutions
ready for gigatonne scale -
policy gap
Removal policy
EU ETS will include
removals
US may approve
carbon-removal
subsidies 2023
Corporates buyers
Microsoft, NASDAQ
(Puro), Airbus, United
Airlines, Occidental,
Stripe, Spotify, Nestle,
Apple, etc
8. Reverse: Three removal strategies
1. Nature
Protect, restore and expand
natural carbon sinks to reduce
CO2
CO2 removal is temporary —
natural carbon sinks are volatile
e.g. forest
fi
res, drought, pests,
heat
Nature methods only reduce
but do not remove CO2 from the
terrestrial carbon pool
Many co-bene
fi
ts, socially
acceptable
Examples: forests, seaweed,
regenerative farming, etc.
2. Technical
Engineer technologies to
capture & remove CO2 into
geological carbon sinks
Technical solutions are in principle
speci
fi
c, accurate &
transparent
Many challenges: novel
technologies, high costs & limited
sites
Few co-bene
fi
ts, may face
strong social opposition
Example: direct air capture &
storage
3. Hybrid
Combine natural reduction with
technical removal of CO2
Nature better at capturing CO2,
while technical methods are
better for transport and
removal
Challenge is integration to reduce
cost & risk, while accelerating
scale-up
Many co-bene
fi
ts, socially
acceptable
Examples: biochar, biomass CCS,
mass timber, mineralization
Removal
performance
Timely
Durable
Scalable
Veri
fi
ed
Trusted
Guaranteed
Co-bene
fi
ts
Equitable
Regenerative
Affordable
9. Reverse: Everywhere, everyone
SwissRe (2020) SONAR report
Everywhere
Removal opportunities
available in every community &
country
Solutions & scale vary within
and between countries
re
fl
ecting natural conditions
Everyone
A wide range of direct jobs for
all skill levels
Many jobs in supporting
industries
A lot of work for companies &
investors
11. Reverse: Ocean methods
Volume/year
5 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$30-300/tCO2
Permanence
50-1,000+ years
Geography
Worldwide
Status
R&D
Sustainability
Uncertain, risks vary greatly
across methods
Acceptability
Varies, likely medium to high
Feasibility
Low-to-high
Viability
Low-to-high, sensitive to co-
bene
fi
ts & local economics
Pathways
Biological: restore ecosystems, cultivate macroalgae (seaweed),
like kelp, at great scale, & iron fertilization of phytoplankton to
catpure & store carbon
Chemical: add alkaline minerals to react with ocean CO2 to form
bicarbonates, reducing acidi
fi
cation & increasing storage capacity
Electrochemical: apply low-carbon electricity to seawater
transforming CO2 into bicarbonate, may also yield hydrogen or pure
CO2 for industry
12. Reverse: Soils and regenerative farming
Volume/year
2-10 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$30-100/tCO2
Permanence
50-100+ years
Geography
Most farmland
Status
Methods common, carbon
credits emerging
Sustainability
High, restores soil microbiome
Acceptability
High, awareness of bene
fi
ts
Feasibility
High
Viability
Medium-high, subject to policy,
market forces
Healthy soils are a rich microbiome naturally absorbing CO2
from the air and carbon from plants
Changes in farming methods, particularly low/no-till and cover crops
and reduction/elimination of fossil-fuel based chemicals, restore &
nurture the microbiome
Practises used for millennia
Carbon-removal credits add incentives for farmers to switch from
high-emissions farming
Many approaches: regenerative, agroecological, permaculture,
biodynamic, organic
13. Reverse: Mineralization
Volume/year
5 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$200-300/tCO2
Permanence
10,000+ years
Geography
Suitable rocks widely distributed
around the world
Status
Startups, pilots, R&D
Sustainability
High, subject to safeguards
Acceptability
High, low-impact plus co-bene
fi
ts
Feasibility
High
Viability
High, subject to policy
Weathering of rocks naturally converts CO2 into solid and stable
calcium carbonates
A hybrid strategy is mineralization combining natural
weathering with technical methods
A common example is grinding suitable rocks, such as basalts or
silicates, into dust applied to farmland. Rock dust exposed to air
and rain reacts with CO2 to form calcium carbonates which
enhance soil fertility or washed into oceans reducing seawater
acidity. Dust may also be mixed with industrial CO2 streams to
form calcium carbonate
14. Reverse: Biochar
Volume/year
5 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$80-150/tCO2
Permanence
100-500+ years
Geography
Farms & biomass industries
worldwide
Status
Early commercial
Sustainability
High, subject to safeguards
Acceptability
High, low-impact plus co-bene
fi
ts
Feasibility
High
Viability
High, subject to agricultural policy
Pyrolysis of biomass, such as crop residues or feedstock crops,
produces biochar up to 80-90 per cent carbon
Biochar applied to soils deliver many bene
fi
ts e.g. restores the
microbiome, enhances fertility, conserves nutrients, stores
water
Biochar’s bene
fi
ts help farmers reduce or eliminate fossil-fuel based
agrichemicals (mitigation), strengthens drought resistance
(adaptation) and removes CO2 (reversal)
Many industrial applications for biochar e.g.
fi
ltration, carbon-neutral/
negative biochar-based concrete
Solution to farm burning local air pollution & GHG emissions
15. Reverse: Woody-biomass burial (WBB)
Volume/year
2 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$30-50/tCO2
Permanence
1,000+ years
Geography
Farms, forests, deserts &
rangeland
Status
Pilots, R&D
Sustainability
High, subject to biomass
sourcing & transport emissions
Acceptability
High, low-impact
Feasibility
High, limited by wood supply,
price & sites
Viability
High
Trees or wood residues are buried in dry chambers below ground
level safe from decomposition or risks such as
fi
re
Wood may also be stored above ground in deserts at any latitude
Expanding commercial forestry globally by 25 per cent will yield
suf
fi
cient biomass to remove 1 gigatonne/year
Wood burial chambers are
located in sub-soils (B) below
biologically-active surface soils
(A)
Chambers are located in
locations with low moisture,
typically above the water table
Zeng & Hausmann (2022)
16. Reverse: Mass engineered timber (MET)
Volume/year
1-2 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$100-150/tCO2
Permanence
50-100+ years
Geography
Settlements & infrastructure
worldwide
Status
Scaling up
Sustainability
High, subject to biomass
sourcing & transport emissions
Acceptability
High, low-impact + sustainable
forestry co-bene
fi
ts
Feasibility
High, limited by timber supply &
regulation
Viability
Medium-high, sensitive to
concrete price/emissions
Timber and/or bamboo processed into cross-laminated (CLT) or
glue-laminated (glulam) beams and other structural elements of
buildings and bridges
MET used in long-life buildings & structures stores carbon for
decades to centuries
MET stronger, lighter & more
fi
re resistant than steel
End-of-life MET becomes feedstock for biomass CCS projects
Increasing use in Canada, China, EU, Japan, Norway, Singapore,
Switzerland, UK, US, etc
MET buildings already 20-30 storeys, up to 100-storeys proposed in
Japan and UK
Long cycle MET forestry delivers many ecosystem bene
fi
ts
17. Reverse: Biomass carbon capture & storage
Volume/year
5-10 gigatonnes
Carbon price
$100-150/tCO2
Permanence
1,000+ years
Geography
Biomass, water & geological
sequestration
Status
Early commercial
Sustainability
High, subject to biomass
sourcing & transport emissions
Acceptability
High, subject to emissions &
biomass supply management
Feasibility
High, limited by geological
sequestration sites
Viability
Medium-high, sensitive to
competing solutions cost etc
Biomass, e.g. crop residues, feedstock crops, MET, etc, converted
into gases for industry or fuel, or directly combusted to
generate electricity, with CO2 emissions captured for
geological sequestration
Bioenergy CCS (BECCS) combusts biomass to generate electricity
Biothermal gasi
fi
cation CCS (BGCCS) produces hydrogen,
methane or ammonia for energy storage, vehicle fuel or
transformation into methanol or sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
Biomass pyrolysis CCS produces biooil for geological
sequestration
Feedstock BECCS & BGCSS 500-1,000+ tonnes/day
18. Reverse: Direct air capture (DAC)
Volume/year
10+ gigatonnes
Carbon price
$300-600/tCO2
Permanence
1,000+ years
Geography
Zero-carbon electricity, geological
sequestration
Status
Pilots, R&D
Sustainability
Medium, energy intensive
Acceptability
Low, millions of capture devices,
land-ef
fi
ciency co-bene
fi
t?
Feasibility
Low-to-high, limited locations
Viability
Low-to-medium, cost & material
challenges
Catalysts react with air, usually caught & directed by fans, to
capture CO2 for geological sequestration
Requires large volumes of cheap zero-carbon electricity, e.g.
solar & wind, near geological sequestration sites
System removing 4,000 tCO2/year = 160,000 trees requires 0.25 ha
+ land for wind, solar, power lines & CO2 pipelines
Installing millions of devices & pipelines may blight the landscape
Assumed carbon price will drop from $600 to $300 & maybe $100
Expected to reach gigatonne scale in the 2040s - complementing
nature & hybrid solutions ready to scale now
Only co-bene
fi
t is land-use ef
fi
ciency claim
Climeworks Orca Project, Iceland, designed to remove 4,000 tonnes/year
1 gigatonne / 4,000 tonnes = 250,000 Orca-scale systems
Occidental’s STRATOS project, Texas, costing $500m+ will remove 500,000
tonnes/year from mid-2025 - 1 gigatonne capacity = $1 trillion
19. Reverse: Removal is cheap
Fossil fuel subsidies
$500 billion/year
0.5% Global GDP
Subsidy external costs
$6,000 billion/year
6% Global GDP
Health, climate, environmental &
other damage costs attributed to
additional fossil-fuel use enabled
by subsidies
Remove 5 billion tCO2
$500 billion/year
+ cobene
fi
ts
GDP neutral/positive?
Global warming damage
$18,000 billion/year
18% Global GDP
(2050 estimate SwissRe)
Fossil-fuels leading cause of 8.7 million
deaths/year caused by air pollution
Air pollution kills 30% of Asians
IMF Working Paper 2021/236
World Bank (2023) Detox Development
20. Climate tech: Takeaways
1. Reversal: emerging climate tech giga-trend
2. We can remove 5-10 gigatonnes/year with solutions available now at
modest risk & cost = regenerative farming + mineralization + biochar +
biomass CCS
3. Reversal is a
ff
ordable - and delivers incredible co-bene
fi
ts for society,
economy & Nature
4. Biggest obstacles are: vision, ambition, policy, regulation & carbon
pricing
5. Thailand Carbon Neutral Network can help Thailand become a reversal
leader
Negative