1.Compare the modes of transmission of giardia vs C. difficile2. .pdf
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1.Compare the modes of transmission of giardia vs C. difficile? 2. How may C. difficile infections be prevented? (see resource links USA Today article and Cincinnati hospital link) resources: http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/deadly-bacteria-hospital- infections/57079514/1 Bailey Quishenberry’s C. Diff Journey http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/cincinnati-hospital-clostridium- difficile/57079520/1 Hospital Successfully Battles C. Diff http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/medical/2010-12-14-Last-ditch-method-at-fighting- intestinal-superbug---_N.htm (takes a while to load so maybe copy and paste link) Last Ditch Method of Fighting Intestinal Superbug Solution 1. Giardia and C. difficlie are different types of organisms. Giardia is a water-borne protozoa, and is primarily contracted due to ingesting or coming in contact with contaminated food, water or feces of an infected carrier, usually in unsanitary conditions. C.difficile is spread through it\'s bacterial spores, and the primary source of transmission of this bacterium is nosocomical (hospital acquired infection), but the path is similar to that of Giardia, that is the fecal-oral route. The site of transmission is the major difference between the two as the mode of transmission between the two is largely the same. 2. C. diff is normally found in the digestive system, but is a poor competitor and is thus often outnumbered by other bacteria in the normal human gut flora. But in a hospital setting where patients take antibiotics, the normal gut flora is disrupted and the gut becomes a breeding ground for any bacteria which can survive. C. diff is both antibiotic resistant and spore-forming, which causes it to survive antibiotic use and increase in number as competition decreases. C. diff can be managed by reducing use of antibiotics wherever possible, using disinfectants which are effective against C. diff such as chlorine bleach, and in case of a possible infection, using the gut flora from the same patient extracted at an earlier time to restore the balance of bacteria in the gut..
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1.Describe the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of C. difficile..pdf
1.Describe the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of C. difficile.
2. How may Giardia lamblia infections be prevented?
3. What is the prevalence of Giardia lamblia parasite in a population (i.e. travelers to particular
area)?
4. How did patient in resource article (Bailey Quishenberry’s story) contract C. Difficile? (see
first link)
resources:
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/deadly-bacteria-hospital-
infections/57079514/1 Bailey Quishenberry’s C. Diff Journey
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/cincinnati-hospital-clostridium-
difficile/57079520/1 Hospital Successfully Battles C. Diff
http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/medical/2010-12-14-Last-ditch-method-at-fighting-
intestinal-superbug---_N.htm (takes a while to load so maybe copy and paste link)
Last Ditch Method of Fighting Intestinal Superbug
Solution
1. The investigation carried out by the A USA TODAY showed that the infecton due to
Clostridium difficile is far more prevalent than suggested by federal reports.Mostly hospitals
and nursing homes negligency towards : cleanliness of patient rooms; track and limit the use of
antibiotics allows C. difficle to ennumerate in sick patients. The patients with surgery or admited
for a long period or patients under prolonged medication in hospitals or nursing homes are
commonly infected by the bacteria.
More than 30,000 mortality rate per year has been repoted in hospital records at the United
States.
2.
Giardia lamblia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. It
is common on contaminated surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been exposed fecal
contamination from infected humans or animals.
The prevention include:
•Drinking of well treated boiled water or filtered through <1 micrometer pore size filter paper, so
as to exclude trophozoites and cysts.
•Avoid using direct tap water for brushing teeth or making ice as it may be contaminated.
•Avoid eating unpeeled fruits and vegetables as they are grown in conditions in which
contamination with Giardia might occur.
•Cook your food properly before consuming.
•Washing hands properly before cooking, eating food, after using wash roooms or playing with
pets.
3.The part of the world with poor sanitation the Giardia species are endemic.The travelers to
these places are high-risk groups for giardiasis as ingestion of as few as 10 Giardia cysts may be
sufficient to cause infection.
4.After removal of brain tumor in a hospital Bailey Quishenberry had contracted C. Difficile..
C. Difficile & Probiotics, May 2010 Formatted & Edited
Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes intestinal infections and can be life-threatening. It is becoming more common in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Standard treatments include antibiotics, but some strains are resistant. Probiotics may help prevent and treat C. difficile infections by replacing normal gut bacteria. Preliminary clinical trials found probiotic supplements containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces yeast reduced the risk of C. difficile infections in hospitals and recurrences after treatment. However, more research is still needed to establish effective probiotic treatment protocols.
Adv. microbiology case study
This patient, a 67-year-old female, presented with watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and loss of appetite. She had recently taken antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. Stool tests found Clostridium difficile, confirming a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile infection is associated with antibiotic use and can cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. The patient was likely infected due to her prior antibiotic treatment and hospital stay.
Review of Clostridium Difficile
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a bacteria that commonly causes infections in healthcare facilities. It is associated with antibiotic use, which disrupts the normal gut flora and allows C. diff to colonize. C. diff produces toxins that cause inflammation and symptoms like diarrhea. It is a significant healthcare problem, especially for the elderly, young children, and hospitalized patients. Tracking the epidemiology of C. diff is challenging due to limitations in record-keeping in some parts of the world. Treatment can also be difficult as the infection is often linked to antibiotic use.
Your microbiome may be key factor determining your health and longevity
1. Your gut microbiome plays a key role in your health and longevity. A healthy microbiome can help prevent diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes, while an unhealthy one allows disease to take hold.
2. Certain bacteria in the gut, like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, appear to have anti-inflammatory properties that can protect against conditions like Crohn's disease. Maintaining a diverse population of beneficial microbes is important for immune function.
3. Widespread antibiotic overuse has fueled deadly infections like Clostridium difficile, which causes life-threatening diarrhea. C. difficile infections are especially prevalent in hospitals and nursing homes.
Clostridium Difficile
C. difficile is a bacterium that causes symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. It is most commonly found in healthcare settings and spreads through spores that can persist on surfaces for weeks. Antibiotic use allows C. difficile to overgrow in the gut by wiping out competing bacteria. Diagnosis involves stool testing and colon exams. Treatment focuses on stopping antibiotics, using targeted antibiotics to kill C. difficile, and restoring healthy gut bacteria with probiotics or yeast supplements to prevent recurrence. Strict handwashing, patient isolation, and surface disinfection are important to control the spread of C. difficile.
Is Clostridium Difficile still a problem in UK hospitals
The document discusses Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infections in UK hospitals. It notes that C. difficile is a common cause of antibiotic-resistant diarrhea and more severe infections can occur. Hospital-acquired C. difficile infections increased sharply in the UK from 1990-2004. In response, the UK government issued new guidelines in 2008 to combat the infection rate. The guidelines focused on early detection and isolation of suspected C. difficile cases as well as environmental cleaning to prevent transmission of the hardy spores that allow the bacteria to spread. While still an issue, adherence to the guidelines has helped reduce C. difficile infection rates in UK hospitals.
Normal Microbial Flora in Human Body
A brief explanation of Normal Microbial flora in the human body - 2021.
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1.Describe the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of C. difficile..pdf
1.Describe the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of C. difficile.
2. How may Giardia lamblia infections be prevented?
3. What is the prevalence of Giardia lamblia parasite in a population (i.e. travelers to particular
area)?
4. How did patient in resource article (Bailey Quishenberry’s story) contract C. Difficile? (see
first link)
resources:
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/deadly-bacteria-hospital-
infections/57079514/1 Bailey Quishenberry’s C. Diff Journey
http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/story/2012-08-16/cincinnati-hospital-clostridium-
difficile/57079520/1 Hospital Successfully Battles C. Diff
http://www.usatoday.com/yourlife/health/medical/2010-12-14-Last-ditch-method-at-fighting-
intestinal-superbug---_N.htm (takes a while to load so maybe copy and paste link)
Last Ditch Method of Fighting Intestinal Superbug
Solution
1. The investigation carried out by the A USA TODAY showed that the infecton due to
Clostridium difficile is far more prevalent than suggested by federal reports.Mostly hospitals
and nursing homes negligency towards : cleanliness of patient rooms; track and limit the use of
antibiotics allows C. difficle to ennumerate in sick patients. The patients with surgery or admited
for a long period or patients under prolonged medication in hospitals or nursing homes are
commonly infected by the bacteria.
More than 30,000 mortality rate per year has been repoted in hospital records at the United
States.
2.
Giardia lamblia is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. It
is common on contaminated surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been exposed fecal
contamination from infected humans or animals.
The prevention include:
•Drinking of well treated boiled water or filtered through <1 micrometer pore size filter paper, so
as to exclude trophozoites and cysts.
•Avoid using direct tap water for brushing teeth or making ice as it may be contaminated.
•Avoid eating unpeeled fruits and vegetables as they are grown in conditions in which
contamination with Giardia might occur.
•Cook your food properly before consuming.
•Washing hands properly before cooking, eating food, after using wash roooms or playing with
pets.
3.The part of the world with poor sanitation the Giardia species are endemic.The travelers to
these places are high-risk groups for giardiasis as ingestion of as few as 10 Giardia cysts may be
sufficient to cause infection.
4.After removal of brain tumor in a hospital Bailey Quishenberry had contracted C. Difficile..
C. Difficile & Probiotics, May 2010 Formatted & Edited
Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes intestinal infections and can be life-threatening. It is becoming more common in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Standard treatments include antibiotics, but some strains are resistant. Probiotics may help prevent and treat C. difficile infections by replacing normal gut bacteria. Preliminary clinical trials found probiotic supplements containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces yeast reduced the risk of C. difficile infections in hospitals and recurrences after treatment. However, more research is still needed to establish effective probiotic treatment protocols.
Adv. microbiology case study
This patient, a 67-year-old female, presented with watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and loss of appetite. She had recently taken antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. Stool tests found Clostridium difficile, confirming a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis. C. difficile infection is associated with antibiotic use and can cause symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. The patient was likely infected due to her prior antibiotic treatment and hospital stay.
Review of Clostridium Difficile
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a bacteria that commonly causes infections in healthcare facilities. It is associated with antibiotic use, which disrupts the normal gut flora and allows C. diff to colonize. C. diff produces toxins that cause inflammation and symptoms like diarrhea. It is a significant healthcare problem, especially for the elderly, young children, and hospitalized patients. Tracking the epidemiology of C. diff is challenging due to limitations in record-keeping in some parts of the world. Treatment can also be difficult as the infection is often linked to antibiotic use.
Your microbiome may be key factor determining your health and longevity
1. Your gut microbiome plays a key role in your health and longevity. A healthy microbiome can help prevent diseases like inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes, while an unhealthy one allows disease to take hold.
2. Certain bacteria in the gut, like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, appear to have anti-inflammatory properties that can protect against conditions like Crohn's disease. Maintaining a diverse population of beneficial microbes is important for immune function.
3. Widespread antibiotic overuse has fueled deadly infections like Clostridium difficile, which causes life-threatening diarrhea. C. difficile infections are especially prevalent in hospitals and nursing homes.
Clostridium Difficile
C. difficile is a bacterium that causes symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. It is most commonly found in healthcare settings and spreads through spores that can persist on surfaces for weeks. Antibiotic use allows C. difficile to overgrow in the gut by wiping out competing bacteria. Diagnosis involves stool testing and colon exams. Treatment focuses on stopping antibiotics, using targeted antibiotics to kill C. difficile, and restoring healthy gut bacteria with probiotics or yeast supplements to prevent recurrence. Strict handwashing, patient isolation, and surface disinfection are important to control the spread of C. difficile.
Is Clostridium Difficile still a problem in UK hospitals
The document discusses Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infections in UK hospitals. It notes that C. difficile is a common cause of antibiotic-resistant diarrhea and more severe infections can occur. Hospital-acquired C. difficile infections increased sharply in the UK from 1990-2004. In response, the UK government issued new guidelines in 2008 to combat the infection rate. The guidelines focused on early detection and isolation of suspected C. difficile cases as well as environmental cleaning to prevent transmission of the hardy spores that allow the bacteria to spread. While still an issue, adherence to the guidelines has helped reduce C. difficile infection rates in UK hospitals.
Normal Microbial Flora in Human Body
A brief explanation of Normal Microbial flora in the human body - 2021.
For Scientific Free Lectures, Visit - http://bit.ly/VisitZofirAcademy
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73120 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docx
731
20
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
20.1 Distinguish between foodborne infection and
foodborne intoxication and provide an example
of each.
20.2 Summarize strategies to prevent foodborne
illness in the home and when traveling.
20.3 Describe how the food supply is protected in
the United States.
20.4 Compare the risks and benefits of food
additives and the use of hormones, antibiot-
ics, and pesticides in both traditionally and
organically grown food.
20.5 Explain what constitutes a sustainable food
system.
20.6 Compare the benefits and risks of the use of
biotechnology in our current food system.
True or False?
1. Foods that contain pathogens that
cause foodborne illness always smell bad. T/F
2. Handwashing is more effective in
preventing food contamination than using a hand sanitizer. T/F
3. A kitchen sponge is a prime environment for the breeding and spread of bacteria. T/F
4. Freezing foods kills the harmful bacteria. T/F
5. Leftovers that have been stored in the fridge for a week are safe to eat. T/F
6. As long as the expiration date hasn’t passed, packaged food is always safe to eat. T/F
7. Food additives must demonstrate a “zero risk” of cancer to human beings in order to meet FDA approval. T/F
8. A diet consisting only of locally grown foods is a sustainable diet. T/F
9. Foods grown organically that carry the USDA organic seal are free of pesticides. T/F
10. Genetically engineered foods are
plentiful in the United States. T/F
See page 773–774 for the answers.
Food Safety,
Technology, and
Sustainability
732 Chapter 20 | Food Safety, Technology, and Sustainability
What Causes Foodborne Illness?
LO 20.1 Distinguish between foodborne infection and foodborne intoxication
and provide an example of each.
Foodborne illness is any disorder caused by consuming contaminated food. It is a major
preventable public health threat worldwide. Every year in the United States, 1 in 6 Ameri-
cans (or 48 million people) experience foodborne illness, and about 128,000 are hospital-
ized.1 Foodborne illness most commonly results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as
cramps, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting, but in extreme circumstances it can result in
death. Approximately 3,000 Americans die of foodborne illness every year.2
Pathogens and Their Toxins Cause Most Foodborne Illness
The two types of foodborne illness are infection and intoxication. Consuming foods or
beverages that are contaminated with disease-causing organisms, known as pathogens,
causes foodborne infection. Once ingested, the pathogens multiply in the GI tract and
cause illness. Pathogens commonly implicated in foodborne infection include viruses,
bacteria, molds, parasites, and prions (Table 20.1).
Eating foods contaminated with a toxin causes foodborne intoxication. Viruses
and parasites do not cause foodborne intoxication. Certain species of bacteria, however,
do secrete toxins. These include Cl.
JAVA A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and.pdf
**JAVA** A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and removal of items from
either end. One end is arbitrarily called the front and other the rear, but the two ends behave
identically. Specify, design and implement a class for a double-ended queue. Include operations
to check if it is empty and to return the number of items in the list. For each end, include
operations for adding and deleting items. Use doubly linked list for your implementation. Call
your class Deque (pronounced \"deck\").
Solution
//package com.java2novice.ds.queue;
public class DequeDblLinkedListImpl {
private LinkedNode front;
private LinkedNode rear;
public void insertFront(T item){
//add element at the beginning of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at front: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setNext(front);
if(front != null) front.setPrev(nd);
if(front == null) rear = nd;
front = nd;
}
public void insertRear(T item){
//add element at the end of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at rear: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setPrev(rear);
if(rear != null) rear.setNext(nd);
if(rear == null) front = nd;
rear = nd;
}
public void removeFront(){
if(front == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front.getNext();
if(tmpFront != null) tmpFront.setPrev(null);
if(tmpFront == null) rear = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from front: \"+front.getValue());
front = tmpFront;
}
public int size(){
if(front == null && rear ==null){
return 0;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front;
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear;
int i=0;
while(tmpFront != rear)
{
i++;
tmpFront=tmpFront.getNext();
}
i++;
return i;
}
public void removeRear(){
if(rear == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear.getPrev();
if(tmpRear != null) tmpRear.setNext(null);
if(tmpRear == null) front = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from rear: \"+rear.getValue());
rear = tmpRear;
}
public static void main(String a[]){
DequeDblLinkedListImpl deque = new DequeDblLinkedListImpl();
deque.insertFront(34);
deque.insertFront(67);
System.out.println(\"Size of the queue : \"+deque.size());
deque.insertFront(29);
deque.insertFront(765);
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.insertRear(43);
deque.insertRear(83);
deque.insertRear(84);
deque.insertRear(546);
deque.insertRear(356);
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
}
}
class LinkedNode{
private LinkedNode prev;
private LinkedNode next;
private T value;
public LinkedNode getPrev() {
return prev;
}
public void setPrev(LinkedNode prev) {
this.prev = prev;
}
public LinkedNode getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(L.
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove.pdf
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove that f is a polynomial of
degree at most n?
Solution
We can prove the above formula using mathematical induction.
So lets us take multiple cases.
For f(x) = x, f(x)\'=1, f(x)\'\'=0. so for f(x)^2 the polynomial power is 1,
for f(x)=x^2, f(x)\'=2x, f(x)\'\'=2, f(x)\'\'\'=0, so for f(x)\'\'\' the polynomial is 2.
So we can deduce that for a polynomial with n power it should be differentiated n+1 times to get
fn+1(z)=0,
So it could be stated otherwise if fn+1(z)=0 then f(z) has a power of atmost x^n..
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HOW MICROBES RULE THE WORLD?
Microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play important roles in human health and disease. While some microbes cause illness, most are harmless or beneficial. Microbes are found everywhere including in the air, water, soil, and inside and on the human body. They aid in digestion and prevent infection. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in microbes, threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance occurs as bacteria evolve and share DNA allowing them to survive drug exposure. Prudent antibiotic use is needed to slow the development and spread of resistant microbes.
Food pathogen
This document discusses several foodborne pathogens, including Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium botulinum. It provides details on the organism, associated foods and symptoms, transmission, diagnosis and prevention for each pathogen. Clostridium perfringens causes nearly 1 million cases of foodborne illness annually in the US, often through undercooked meats and gravies. Salmonella transmission can occur through raw eggs and poultry and causes abdominal pain and diarrhea. Listeria risks are reduced through proper food handling and avoiding raw milk or vegetables.
Normal flora (rby)
The document discusses the normal human flora or microbiome. It notes that the human microbiome includes bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that reside on and inside the human body. While some of these organisms are beneficial to the host, most have no known effect. Those expected to be present without causing disease are considered part of the normal flora. The normal flora is established shortly after birth and provides benefits like aiding digestion and stimulating immune system development. It varies between body sites and can be influenced by factors like age, diet, and health status.
FILA 150 Final Paper
1. The overuse of antibiotics has led to an increase in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) cases worldwide, making it a current pandemic. CDI disrupts the gut microbiome and allows the C. difficile bacteria to flourish, causing diarrhea and colitis.
2. CDI spreads easily through contaminated surfaces and facilities. C. difficile spores can survive for months on surfaces and are difficult to eradicate. Healthcare facilities are especially susceptible due to the proximity of patients.
3. Two lineages of C. difficile, FQR1 and FQR2, have developed resistance to antibiotics and have caused major outbreaks globally due to increased international
Infectious Disease Git
1. Gastrointestinal infections are a major global cause of illness and death, with acute gastroenteritis second only to cardiovascular disease worldwide in mortality.
2. Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It has also been linked to gastric cancer through a sequence of events from acute to chronic gastritis.
3. Foodborne illnesses remain an important public health problem, causing millions of cases annually in the US despite efforts to improve food safety. The major syndromes of food poisoning vary based on the causative organism and time of symptom onset.
Resisten antibiotik
This document provides an introduction to the book "Antimicrobial Resistance in Developing Countries". It discusses how antimicrobial resistance poses greater challenges in developing countries due to factors like malnutrition, lack of medical services, inadequate training, and counterfeit drugs. The introduction emphasizes the need for more data on the scale and spread of resistance in developing countries to inform effective containment strategies. It aims to provide an overview of the magnitude, causes, consequences and potential actions regarding microbial resistance in developing nations.
Vibrio Vulnificus Research Paper
This document discusses Vibrio vulnificus infection, which is caused by eating seafood contaminated with the Vibrio vulnificus bacteria or having an open wound exposed to contaminated seawater. The infection is life-threatening for those with chronic liver disease or a weakened immune system. Risk factors include visiting warm coastal waters and eating raw or undercooked shellfish during the summer months.
Dysentery
This document provides information about bacillary and amoebic dysentery. It defines dysentery as passing blood and mucus in stool with abdominal pain. It discusses the objectives, types, magnitude, epidemiological features, pathophysiology, clinical features, assessment, treatment and prevention of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria and amoebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Key differences between the two types are also summarized. The document aims to educate about the infectious diseases.
clostridium difficile by Ismail surchi
Clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and life-threatening complications. It is commonly acquired in healthcare settings due to antibiotic use disrupting the normal gut flora. Symptoms range from watery diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. Diagnosis involves toxin detection in stool samples. Treatment focuses on antibiotic therapy and infection control measures to limit transmission.
Antibiotics, Use and Misuse
Brief explanation on what are antibiotics, history of antibiotics, their use, misuse, overuse and its effects.
Giardia
1. Giardiasis, caused by the protozoan Giardia, is one of the most common parasitic infections in Washington state. Dr. Samuel Palpant sees around 500 cases per year.
2. Giardia has a simple two-stage life cycle, alternating between infectious cysts and actively reproducing trophozoites in the small intestine.
3. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea and dehydration. Diagnosis is via stool sample examination and treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole.
Leaky Gut Syndrome--Hidden Modern Epidemic that is Killing You
This document discusses leaky gut syndrome, which affects over 100 million Americans and is caused by the overuse of pain medications and antibiotics. Leaky gut allows undigested foods and toxins to enter the bloodstream, overstimulating the immune system and leading to chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. While modern medicine focuses on treating symptoms, the root cause of leaky gut and many chronic diseases can be healed by consuming bovine colostrum. Colostrum contains antibodies and growth factors that can heal the intestinal lining and has been shown to successfully treat and prevent leaky gut in both animals and humans.
Cholera
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae found in contaminated food or water. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment involves oral rehydration therapy to replace lost fluids, along with antibiotics. Prevention relies on access to clean water, proper sanitation, and thorough cooking of food. Cholera remains a risk in areas with poor sanitation and is spread through contaminated water and food sources.
Pathogenicity of bacteria
This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It begins by explaining that the human body is inhabited by many microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are generally harmless. These microorganisms are termed normal flora and help maintain a healthy balance. The document then examines the human microbiome using both traditional and modern molecular techniques, finding greater bacterial diversity than previously known. It explores the dominant microorganisms found in different body sites like skin, mouth, gut, and urogenital tract. The document also discusses how normal flora can be beneficial but also potentially harmful if displaced or allowing overgrowth of pathogens.
AMOEBIASIS.pdf
This document discusses the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebiasis. It is a common intestinal infection in humans that can also spread to other organs and be lethal. Around 10% of infected people develop invasive amoebiasis. The parasite has a worldwide distribution and is a major health problem in many developing areas. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water, or hands. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene, and health education.
AMOEBIASIS.pdf
This document discusses intestinal parasitic infections caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica and helminths such as roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm. It notes that these infections collectively affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide, especially children in developing areas with poor sanitation. The infections are transmitted via ingestion of eggs from contaminated food, water, or soil. Symptoms range from mild gastrointestinal discomfort to potentially lethal complications like liver abscesses. Prevention relies on improved sanitation, water treatment, hygiene education, and mass deworming treatments in endemic regions.
Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter Pylori
This document discusses Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterial pathogen that can cause peptic ulcers and is responsible for most stomach cancers. It begins by providing background on the history of understanding H. pylori's role in ulcers. It was originally thought that stress and diet caused ulcers, but in 1982 Robin Warren and Barry Marshall discovered the connection between H. pylori and ulcers. The document then discusses how H. pylori can cause ulcers if left untreated in the stomach or duodenum. It also notes that H. pylori infection is very common, affecting over half of the world's population.
enumeration of bacteria from food borne vegetables (URBAS ASHIQ)
Urbas Ashiq submitted a project report on enumerating bacteria from food-borne vegetables. The report discussed how bacteria commonly cause food poisoning due to improper food handling. It outlined several bacteria that often cause food-borne diseases like Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, and norovirus. To prevent such diseases, the report recommended keeping food clean, separating raw and cooked food, storing food at safe temperatures, and using safe water. It also described treating food poisoning by replacing lost fluids and electrolytes.
ARE WE KILLING ANTIBIOTICS?
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
73120 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docx
731
20
Learning Outcomes
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
20.1 Distinguish between foodborne infection and
foodborne intoxication and provide an example
of each.
20.2 Summarize strategies to prevent foodborne
illness in the home and when traveling.
20.3 Describe how the food supply is protected in
the United States.
20.4 Compare the risks and benefits of food
additives and the use of hormones, antibiot-
ics, and pesticides in both traditionally and
organically grown food.
20.5 Explain what constitutes a sustainable food
system.
20.6 Compare the benefits and risks of the use of
biotechnology in our current food system.
True or False?
1. Foods that contain pathogens that
cause foodborne illness always smell bad. T/F
2. Handwashing is more effective in
preventing food contamination than using a hand sanitizer. T/F
3. A kitchen sponge is a prime environment for the breeding and spread of bacteria. T/F
4. Freezing foods kills the harmful bacteria. T/F
5. Leftovers that have been stored in the fridge for a week are safe to eat. T/F
6. As long as the expiration date hasn’t passed, packaged food is always safe to eat. T/F
7. Food additives must demonstrate a “zero risk” of cancer to human beings in order to meet FDA approval. T/F
8. A diet consisting only of locally grown foods is a sustainable diet. T/F
9. Foods grown organically that carry the USDA organic seal are free of pesticides. T/F
10. Genetically engineered foods are
plentiful in the United States. T/F
See page 773–774 for the answers.
Food Safety,
Technology, and
Sustainability
732 Chapter 20 | Food Safety, Technology, and Sustainability
What Causes Foodborne Illness?
LO 20.1 Distinguish between foodborne infection and foodborne intoxication
and provide an example of each.
Foodborne illness is any disorder caused by consuming contaminated food. It is a major
preventable public health threat worldwide. Every year in the United States, 1 in 6 Ameri-
cans (or 48 million people) experience foodborne illness, and about 128,000 are hospital-
ized.1 Foodborne illness most commonly results in gastrointestinal symptoms such as
cramps, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting, but in extreme circumstances it can result in
death. Approximately 3,000 Americans die of foodborne illness every year.2
Pathogens and Their Toxins Cause Most Foodborne Illness
The two types of foodborne illness are infection and intoxication. Consuming foods or
beverages that are contaminated with disease-causing organisms, known as pathogens,
causes foodborne infection. Once ingested, the pathogens multiply in the GI tract and
cause illness. Pathogens commonly implicated in foodborne infection include viruses,
bacteria, molds, parasites, and prions (Table 20.1).
Eating foods contaminated with a toxin causes foodborne intoxication. Viruses
and parasites do not cause foodborne intoxication. Certain species of bacteria, however,
do secrete toxins. These include Cl.
Similar to 1.Compare the modes of transmission of giardia vs C. difficile2. .pdf (20)
Leaky Gut Syndrome--Hidden Modern Epidemic that is Killing You
Leaky Gut Syndrome--Hidden Modern Epidemic that is Killing You
Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter Pylori
Regional Antibiotic Resistance Of Helicobacter Pylori
enumeration of bacteria from food borne vegetables (URBAS ASHIQ)
enumeration of bacteria from food borne vegetables (URBAS ASHIQ)
73120 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docx
73120 Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, .docx
More from amrishinda
JAVA A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and.pdf
**JAVA** A double-ended queue is a list that allows the addition and removal of items from
either end. One end is arbitrarily called the front and other the rear, but the two ends behave
identically. Specify, design and implement a class for a double-ended queue. Include operations
to check if it is empty and to return the number of items in the list. For each end, include
operations for adding and deleting items. Use doubly linked list for your implementation. Call
your class Deque (pronounced \"deck\").
Solution
//package com.java2novice.ds.queue;
public class DequeDblLinkedListImpl {
private LinkedNode front;
private LinkedNode rear;
public void insertFront(T item){
//add element at the beginning of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at front: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setNext(front);
if(front != null) front.setPrev(nd);
if(front == null) rear = nd;
front = nd;
}
public void insertRear(T item){
//add element at the end of the queue
System.out.println(\"adding at rear: \"+item);
LinkedNode nd = new LinkedNode();
nd.setValue(item);
nd.setPrev(rear);
if(rear != null) rear.setNext(nd);
if(rear == null) front = nd;
rear = nd;
}
public void removeFront(){
if(front == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front.getNext();
if(tmpFront != null) tmpFront.setPrev(null);
if(tmpFront == null) rear = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from front: \"+front.getValue());
front = tmpFront;
}
public int size(){
if(front == null && rear ==null){
return 0;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpFront = front;
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear;
int i=0;
while(tmpFront != rear)
{
i++;
tmpFront=tmpFront.getNext();
}
i++;
return i;
}
public void removeRear(){
if(rear == null){
System.out.println(\"Deque underflow!! unable to remove.\");
return;
}
//remove an item from the beginning of the queue
LinkedNode tmpRear = rear.getPrev();
if(tmpRear != null) tmpRear.setNext(null);
if(tmpRear == null) front = null;
System.out.println(\"removed from rear: \"+rear.getValue());
rear = tmpRear;
}
public static void main(String a[]){
DequeDblLinkedListImpl deque = new DequeDblLinkedListImpl();
deque.insertFront(34);
deque.insertFront(67);
System.out.println(\"Size of the queue : \"+deque.size());
deque.insertFront(29);
deque.insertFront(765);
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.insertRear(43);
deque.insertRear(83);
deque.insertRear(84);
deque.insertRear(546);
deque.insertRear(356);
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeRear();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
deque.removeFront();
}
}
class LinkedNode{
private LinkedNode prev;
private LinkedNode next;
private T value;
public LinkedNode getPrev() {
return prev;
}
public void setPrev(LinkedNode prev) {
this.prev = prev;
}
public LinkedNode getNext() {
return next;
}
public void setNext(L.
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove.pdf
Let f(z) be an entire function such that fn+1(z) equivalent 0, Prove that f is a polynomial of
degree at most n?
Solution
We can prove the above formula using mathematical induction.
So lets us take multiple cases.
For f(x) = x, f(x)\'=1, f(x)\'\'=0. so for f(x)^2 the polynomial power is 1,
for f(x)=x^2, f(x)\'=2x, f(x)\'\'=2, f(x)\'\'\'=0, so for f(x)\'\'\' the polynomial is 2.
So we can deduce that for a polynomial with n power it should be differentiated n+1 times to get
fn+1(z)=0,
So it could be stated otherwise if fn+1(z)=0 then f(z) has a power of atmost x^n..
Implement threads and a GUI interface using advanced Java Swing clas.pdf
Implement threads and a GUI interface using advanced Java Swing classes.
Required data structure - the advanced data structure uses implementation of a multi-tree with
the following levels: Cave - level 0 Party - Level 1 Creature - Level 2 Artifacts - Level 3
Treasures - Level 3 Jobs
Use the Swing class JTree effectively to display the contents of the data file. Implement a JTable
to also show the contents of the data file.
Threads: Implement a thread for each job representing a task that creature will perform. Use the
synchronize directive to avoid race conditions and insure that a creature is performing only one
job at a time. The thread for each job should be started as the job is read in from the data file.
Only one job should be progressing for each creature at any moment. Use delays to show the
creature doing the task.
Use a JProgressBar for each creature to show the creature performing the task. Use JButton\'s on
the Job panel to allow the task to be suspended and cancelled. The GUI elements should be
distinct from the other classes in the program.
Solution
Please find the code below for the above problem :
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Random;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import javax.swing.JProgressBar;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.JPanel;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JTextArea;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.SwingConstants;
import java.awt.GridLayout;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
public class Cave2 {
ArrayList parties = new ArrayList (); // the parties
ArrayList loners = new ArrayList (); // creatures not in parties
ArrayList drops = new ArrayList (); // Treasures not carried
ArrayList magics = new ArrayList (); // Artifacts not carried
ArrayList jobs = new ArrayList (); // Jobs to be performed
JFrame jf = new JFrame ();
JPanel jrun = new JPanel ();
JTextArea jta = new JTextArea (10, 10);
// hashmap of everything by index
HashMap hmElements = new HashMap ();
public Cave2 () {
Scanner sf = null;
String fileName = \"dataC.txt\";
try {
// sf = new Scanner (new File (fileName));
// getResourceAsStream is the way to access a data file in a jar package file
// this works in general, so leave it here as is.
sf = new Scanner (getClass().getResourceAsStream (fileName));
}
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println (e + \"\ File bummer: \" + fileName);
} // end open file try/catch block
if (sf == null)
return;
readFile (sf);
jta.setText (toString ());
jf.setTitle (\"Cave2\");
jf.add (jrun, BorderLayout.PAGE_END);
jrun.setLayout (new GridLayout (0, 5, 2, 5));
jf.add (new JScrollPane (jta), BorderLayout.CENTER);
jta.setFont (new Font (\"Monospaced\", 0, 12));
jf.pack ();
jf.setVisible (true);
jf.setLocationRelativeTo (null);
} // end no-parameter constru.
If a cells contents are greatly hypo-osmotic to the surrounding env.pdf
If a cell\'s contents are greatly hypo-osmotic to the surrounding environment, the cell will
probably A. burst divide shrivel expand
Solution
hypo-osmotic cell means the cell contains less amount of sloute than surrounding ..indirectly
saying cell has more water content..surrounndings are hyperosmotic ..water always moves from
hypo osmotic to hyperosmotic so here water moves out of the cell to surroundings thats leading
dehydration of cells results in shrinkage of cell answer is C shrivel.
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of ba.pdf
How are the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of bats, the wings of insects
similar, how are they different, and what do we think happened in the past evolution of these
structures ?
Solution
All these structures mentioned, that is, the forelimbs of humans, the wings of birds, the wings of
bats, the wings of insects have a similarfunction because they all are used for movement. But
they are structurally very dissimilar. Hence they are also known as analogous characters.
The independent evolution of characters in members of different species with similar function
but differences in structure and ancestral origin is known as convergent evolution. This type of
evolution leads to the formation of analogous characters or traits. The convergent evolution of
flight of birds, bats and insects is known as functional convergence, as their function is similar.
In the very past, there must have been a common ancestor, from whom the wings and forelimbs
were evolved and structurally became different in the course of evolution..
Fom 1120, Sched Mark for follow up Question 15 of 105. A corporat.pdf
Fom 1120, Sched Mark for follow up Question 15 of 105. A corporation is required to file an
annual Form 1120 if all of the following are true EXCEPT The corporation was dissolved in the
prior year O The corporation retains no assets rts a loss The corporation no longer carries on
substantial activities Mark for follow up « Back Save /Return Later Summary Next >»
Solution
Answer to Question 1:
The correct option is (a) , a corporation was dissolved in the prior year..
Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to .pdf
Germ cells are set aside during animal development and give rise to the gonads during
embryogensis. Discuss the implications of this with regards to inheritance of the genetic
mutations inherited from a parent vs. mutations acquired during the lifespan of the organism.
Solution
Inheritance of the genetic mutations inherited from a parent:
Genetic mutations inherited from a parent are also called germline mutations because they are
present in the parent’s germ cells i.e. their egg or sperm cells. These cells give rise to the gonads
during embryogenesis. When embryogenesis takes place the resulting fertilized egg cell receives
DNA from both parents. The mutated germ cells thus result in formation of mutated DNA
making it an inherited mutation.
Mutations acquired during the lifespan of the organism:
When mutation takes place during lifespan and in some cells of the body, it results in acquired
mutation. These can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the
sun, or can occur if a mistake in DNA copieng during cell division. Acquired mutations takes
place in somatic cells which are other than the germ cells. Such mutations which are not
inherited do not take place in germ cells..
Determine the missing amounts. (Hint For example, to solve for (a), .pdf
Determine the missing amounts. (Hint: For example, to solve for (a), Assets Liabilities
Stockholders Equity - $28,730.) anuary 1, 2015 Assets Liabilities Stockholders\' equity $ 86,190
$126,412 s 137904 (g) 86,190 51,714 $172,380 57,460 57460 (d) 68,952 57460 0) 114,920
28730 (a) December 31, 2015 Assets Liabilities Stockholders\' equity 109174 (b) 63,206 45,968
157,440 229,840 252824 (k) 91,936 86,190 71250 (e) 17,238 80444 (h) 149,396 160,888
Stockholders\' equity changes in year Additional investment Dividends Total revenues Total
expenses 17,238 11,492 574,600 11,492 11,492 402,220 379,236 16,089 482,664 442,442
393,026
Solution
Donatello Company:
January 1, 2015:
Stockholders’ Equity = Assets - Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity = $86,190 - $57,460
Stockholders’ Equity = $28,730
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $63,206 + $45,968
Assets = $109,174
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $45,968 - $28,730
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $17,238
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$17,238 = Additional Investment + $402,220 - $379,236 - $11,492
Additional Investment = $5,746
Leonardo Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$126,412 = Liabilities + $68,952
Liabilities = $57,460
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$157,440 = $86,190 + Stockholders’ Equity
Stockholders’ Equity = $71,250
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $71,250 - $68,952
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $2,298
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$2,298 = $17,238 + $482,664 - $442,442 - Dividends
Dividends = $55,162
Michelangelo Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $86,190 + $51,714
Assets = $137,904
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$229,840 = Liabilities + $149,396
Liabilities = $80,444
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $149,396 - $51,714
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $97,682
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Additional Investment + Total Revenues - Total Expenses -
Dividends
$97,682 = $11,492 + Total Revenues - $393,026 - $16,089
Total Revenues = $495,305
Raphael Company:
January 1, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
$172,380 = Liabilities + $114,920
Liabilities = $57,460
December 31, 2015:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Assets = $91,936 + $160,888
Assets = $252,824
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = Stockholders’ Equity, December 31, 2015 - Stockholders’
Equity, January 1, 2015
Change in Stockholders’ Equity = $160,888 - $114,920
Cha.
Discuss the various methods of intellectual property protection avai.pdf
Discuss the various methods of intellectual property protection available to businesses and
individuals.
Solution
The World Trade organisation (WTO) divides intellectual property in two main areas:
(i) Copyright and rights related to copyright. back to top
The rights authors have over literary and artistic works of their creation (such as books and other
types of creations, like paintings, sculpture, computer programs, music and films), are protected
by copyright, for a minimum time of 50 years after the author’s death.
Also are protected by copyright (neighbouring) the rights of performers such as actors, singers,
musicians, producers of phongrams and broadcasting agencies. The main purpose of copyright
laws is to protect and encourage authors and creators to keep working on their artistic and
creative products, having a legal base to cover them as owners of their work.
Industrial property
Industrial property is divided in two areas:
Industrial property is protected by law so as to encourage inventors, technology creators in all
areas to do their work, and to ensure they are the owners of their own work and gained
knowledge about some technical or technological solution, useful to mankind..
devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of m.pdf
devise a hypothesis that explains the geographical distribution of modern species, that if backed
by evidence would support the theory of evolution. Devise a hypothesis that explains the
geographical distribution of modern species, that is backed by evidence would refute the theory
of evolution. regarding chapter 22 descent with modification campbell 10ed
Solution
One of the difficulties in knowledge the ecological basis for species range distributions is
knowing the general significance of abiotic factors like temperature, precipitation, topography, or
earth situations (i.e., bioclimatic or potential niche) vs. biotic interactions among species like
predation, opposition or mutualisms (biotic or noticed niche) in deciding wherever species can be
found geographically. Moreover, if weather change stands to improve species geographic
locations, we however don\'t know if their biotic interdependencies, established by their
interactions, will become unravelled called community disassembly or if community can transfer
as intact units. Modern analyses of species geographic range distributions concentration on
bioclimatic niches, with restricted work to think about biotic interactions.
Classically there were two hypotheses for the progress of humans, the multiregional hypothesis -
modern Homo sapiens evolved simultaneously for the duration of the old world from archaic
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens with exchange of with exchange of genetic data by gene flow and
the out-of-Africa hypothesis - modern humans evolved in Africa and transferred out changing
previously widely dispersed archaic humans. The newest kind, the modern horse (Equus), is a lot
larger in size, is one-toed, and has teeth appropriate for grazing. The transitional forms are well
preserved as fossils, as are a great many other types of extinct horses that evolved in different
directions and remaining no living descendants..
Describe a diode array detector and CCD camera. Differentiate betwee.pdf
Describe a diode array detector and CCD camera. Differentiate between them in terms of the
output and how signal is collected.
Solution
diode array detector are linear array fabricated in single strip of semiconductor. They are used in
high level application and they are available in single or double array. typically diode array
detector cost less than CCD and have similar spectral senitivity in some range.
CCD means charge coupled device . these are also built in single semiconductor chip but they
are two dimensional. here pixels are read out sequentially. down side is CCD have long response
time than diode array..
Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as sho.pdf
Connect a motor, two push buttons and two LEDS to the Arduino as shown below. The fan
should operate as listed.
Begin with
int buttonPin1 = 2;
int buttonPin2 = 4;
int ledPinGreen = 11;
int ledPinRed = 6;
int motorPin = 9;
Please program in Arduino as the following:
1. Fan is started or stopped by pressing push button 1
When starting the fan, ramp up using 110ms delay from 0 to 4 volts (levels 0 to 200), fan
remains running at 4 volts.
When stopping the fan, slow down using the same values (110ms delay and level 200 to 0).
2. When operator presses the overload switch (button 2), fan starts working at full speed (255)
and the overload alarm is lit (red LED).
3. When the overload switch (button 2) is pressed again, fan returns to normal operation at 4
volts (level 200).
4. Pressing the overload button when the fan is not operating has no effect.
5. Anytime the fan is on, on/off indictor is lit, otherwise it is off.
Solution
const int buttonPin1 = 2;
const int buttonPin2 = 4;
const int ledPinGreen = 11;
const int ledPinRed = 6;
const int motorPin = 9
//state varibles
boolean B1_state = false; //button 1 state
boolean B2_state = false; //button 2 state
// function declaration
void motorRun_Stop(boolean);
void overload(boolean,boolean);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // for debugging
pinMode(buttonPin1,INPUT); // declaring as input
digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor
pinMode(buttonPin2,INPUT); // declaring as input
digitalWrite(buttonPin1,HIGH); // activating the pullup resistor
pinMode(ledPinGreen,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledPinRed,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
if(digitalRead(buttonPin1)== 1)
{
B1_state != B1_state;
motorRun_Stop(B1_state);
}
else if(digitalRead(buttonPin2)== 1)
{
B2_state != B2_state;
overload();
}
else
{
}
}
void motorRun_Stop(boolean x)
{
byte wait = 0;
if(x == true )
{
Serial.println(\"Motor has Overloaded\");
digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,HIGH);
for (int i = 0; i<200;i++)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,i);
wait = micros();
while((micros()-wait)>550);
}
}
else if(x == false)
{
for (int i = 200; i>0;i--)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,i);
wait = micros();
while((micros()-wait)>550);
}
Serial.println(\"Motor has Stoped\");
digitalWrite(ledPinGreen,LOW);
}
else
{
}
}
void overload(boolean x,boolean y)
{
byte wait = 0;
if(x == true && y == true)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,255);
Serial.println(\"Motor has overloaded\");
digitalWrite(ledPinRed,HIGH);
}
else if(x == true && y==false)
{
analogWrite(motorPin,200);
Serial.println(\"Motor has stopped Overloading\");
digitalWrite(ledPinRed,LOW);
}
else
{
}
}.
Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past.pdf
Consider managers (supervisors) that you have worked for in the past. What type of power did
they have? Was it effective?
Must be a good sized paragraph and site information
Solution
earlier i worked with 2 different kind of people who were my bosses. the previous one is Naveen,
HOD of management studies in the college. he is a consultative manager, he recieves the targets
and orders from the top level people and once he recieves the orders he called all of us and ask
how to implement and what are the limitations and possibilities. here he have the ultimate power
to do it and implement it. and some times he distributes the work along with power to others and
they work in their own limitations.
when ever he feels that if any activity involves much risk, then he used to call top level people
and explain them about the consequences and the decision of them. if they ask to proceed he can
move forward otherwilse they rethinks about the task and re-assign it by doing some
modifications.
the power has been enjoying by him is given by the position (HOD) and he is the answerable
person to the higher authorities. he is the whole responsible person to the failures and even for
success also. yes, it was effective and it makes sense. ofcourse some times it leads to delay the
work and once a while fail also..
Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sell.pdf
Caterpillar is one of the Americas major exporters. The company sells its construction
equipment, mining, equipment and engines to some 200 contries.
Discuss the following questions briefly
1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger
dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed?
2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange
risk? What is the downside of its its approach?
3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the
material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer.
Solution
1.In the 1980s a stronger dollar hurt Caterpillars competitive position, but in 2008 a stronger
dollar did not seem to have the same effect. What had changed?
Confidence in US Assets: The dollar started to strengthen again in 2008, foreing investment in
US assests was strong, Treasury bills was safe haven in economic stom
Deal with Unions: in the 80´s : employee layoffs and striks, outsourcing parts of production .
Mid 2000s: reached deal with union, increase of productivity.
Change in company structure: Centralized to decentralized, own pricing decisions, own product
desings, improved quality and efficiency
Improvement in product technology & energy efficiency.
2. How did Caterpillar use strategy as a \"real hudge\" to reduce its exposure to foreign exchange
risk? What is the downside of its its approach?
Caterpillar´s global foot print: \"From Calgary to Cairo and from Sydney to Salt Lake city
Caterpillar operates hundreds of offices and facilitites across the world. Caterpillar´s global
presence, product breadth and financial strenght enable us wo tin in today´s competitive market
place.
Forward Exchange: When 2 parties agree to exchange and execute the deal at some specific date
in the future.
Downside of its approach:
Currency´s value is determinated by market force, government intervention as well as demand
and supply of currency:
Globalisation: More competition within the global market that have adopted globalisation
Forward Exchange: Based on future expectation of the foreign exchange market
3. Explain the difference between transaction exposure and translation exposure using the
material in the Caterpillar case to illustrate your answer.
Transaction Exposure: The extent to which income from invididual transactions is affected by
fluctuation in foreign exchange valus
1980´s
Us dollar strenfthens
Foreign payable to Caterpillar become more expensive
Loss of foreign sales = reduced revenues + Limited means of managing transaction exposure =
Massive reduction in future cash flows
Translation Exposure: The extent to which consolidated financial results of a corporation are
affected by movements in exchange rates.
what numbers go with these descriptions.1. Uses ATP hydrolysis2..pdf
what numbers go with these descriptions.
1. Uses ATP hydrolysis
2.Has highly nonpolar structure
3.Powered by an ion gradient
4.Transports glucose across the membrane
5.Na+/glucose symport
6.Na+/K+ ATPase
7.Movement of water molecules
8.Direction of transport depends on concentration gradient
ONLY ONE ANSWER GOES WITH EACH! For each of the following, choose the item from
the list that best describes the item being described. There is only 1 best answer for each. Some
of the items from the list may be used more than once, some may not be used at all Numbe Item
Simple diffusion and facilitated transport Active transport None of the listed processes Simple
diffusion 5 Coupled transport Facilitated diffusion and active transport Facilitated diffusion
(passive transport) Active transport and coupled transport
Solution
6. Na+/K+ ATPase : Active transport
5. Na+/glucose : Active transport and coupled transport
4. Transport glucose across the membrane: Faciliated transport
7. Movement of water molecules: simple diffusion and facilitated transport.
What are the three forms of Business Organizations Answer the follow.pdf
What are the three forms of Business Organizations? Answer the following Accounts: (A)Asset
(L)Liability (SE)Stockholders\' Equity 1. Cash 2. Common Stock 3. Accounts Payable 4. Rent
Expense 5. Sales or Revenue 6. Accounts Receivable What is the first financial statement to be
prepared? What are the three Activities of a Business? Financial Accounting provides
information for decision makers primarily inside or outside the entity? What are the Rules of
Accounting called? Write the Accounting Equation? Can it be written another way?
Solution
The three forms of business organizations are Sole proprietorship, Partnership, and a
Corporation.
1. Cash – (A)
2. Common stock – (SE)
3. Accounts payable – (L)
4. Rent expense – (SE)
5. Sales or Revenue – (SE)
6. Accounts receivable – (A)
The first financial statement to be prepared is the Income Statement.
The three activities of a business are Operating activities, Investing activities, and Financing
activities.
Financial Accounting provides information for decision makers primarily outside the entity such
as shareholders, creditors, etc.
The Rules of Accounting are called the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAP for
short.
The Accounting Equation is typically written as:
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
It can also be written in two more ways as under:
Liabilities = Assets – Stockholders’ Equity; or
Stockholders’ Equity = Assets - Liabilities.
Anatomy Question Use your own words.A girl with a defective heart.pdf
Anatomy Question: Use your own words.
A girl with a defective heart receives a new heart transplanted from another child who was killed
in an accident. The patient is given an antilymphocyte serum containing antibodies against her
lymphocytes. The transplanted heart is not rejected, but the patient dies of an overwhelming
bacterial infection. Why was the antilymphocyte serum given? Why was the patient so
vulnerable to infection?
Solution
Ans: antilymphocyte serum is given or suppress immune response to stop graft rejection as the
heart received is not matched with receiver due to different HLA or MHC on the donor and
recepient tissues. So that heart I.e allograft can\'t be rejected by host immune system.
But here comes a problem I.e host immune system is compromised due to antilymphocyte
serum,so no longer host immune system can fight against disease.so host is more prone to
diseases and soon dies.
Why parkinsons disease is special among the different neurological.pdf
Why parkinson\'s disease is special among the different neurological movement disorders in
terms of understanding and therapy?
Solution
Hi,
Perkinson\'s disease is neurological disorder which is degenerative and progressive.
It is due to degeneration of cell of substangia nigra which is small part of brain.
Symptoms:
Therapies :
I hope my answer is satisfactory.
Thanks!!.
Which statement is not true promoters are transcribed the Pribnow .pdf
Which statement is not true? promoters are transcribed the Pribnow box found in bacteria,
consists of TATAAT Enhancers are DNA sequences exons are spliced activators are proteins
Solution
Promoters are transcribed
This statement is false because promoters are regions which binds to transcription factors that
initiate transcription upstream. Thus they are the regions that regulate the transcription but itself
is not transcribed.
Exons are spliced
The above sequence is correct because in alternative splicing some exons may be included and
some are spliced to generate multiple RNA from single DNA sequence.
Hence option A is correct..
When extracting DNA of an fruit how does the environemnt (how hot or.pdf
When extracting DNA of an fruit how does the environemnt (how hot or cold the onion is) affect
the DNA?
Solution
The temperature of the extraction will determine the working of the enzymatic systems (internal
and external). As increasing the temperature will hamper the the enzymes, further the DNA
might undergo annealing (happens in PCR).
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