Viruses store their genetic information in DNA or RNA. Total-genome synthesis of a viral genome seemed likely to occur first with one of the small DNA viruses; the protocol seemed straightforward: simply transfect the synthetic DNA into suitable host cells and assay the emerging virus. In fact, the first chemical whole-genome synthesis was performed with poliovirus, an RNA virus. Rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing is spearheading the deliberate, large-scale genetic alteration of organisms. These new advances in DNA manipulation have been extended to the level of whole-genome synthesis, as evident from the synthesis of poliovirus, from the resurrection of the extinct 1918 strain of influenza virus and of human endogenous retroviruses and from the restructuring of the phage T7 genome. The largest DNA synthesized so far is the 582,970 base pair genome of Mycoplasma genitalium, although, as yet, this synthetic DNA has not been ‘booted’ to life. As genome synthesis is independent of a natural template, it allows modification of the structure and function of a virus’s genetic information to an extent that was hitherto impossible. The common goal of this new strategy is to further our understanding of an organism’s properties, particularly its pathogenic armory if it causes disease in humans, and to make use of this new information to protect from, or treat, human viral disease. Although only a few applications of virus synthesis have been described as yet, key recent findings have been the resurrection of the 1918 influenza virus and the generation of codon- and codon pair–deoptimized polioviruses

1. Kuvempu University
Sahyadri science college Shivamogga.
Presented by:
G Yadav
M.Sc., 1st year
PG Dept. of Biotechnology
Sahyadri science college
Shivamogga.
Guide:
Arunodaya H. S.
Lecture
PG Dept. of Biotechnology
Sahyadri science college
Shivamogga.
Artificial virus

2. INTODUCTION
Definition: Viruses are ultra-microscopic, non-cellular living particles,
composed solely of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core, surrounded by a protein
envelope called capsid.

3. CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF VIRUS

4. HISTORY
 In 1886, Adolf Meyer observed
viruses in tobacco plants and the
viruses were TMV
 In 1897, Beijer-inck coined the Latin
name ‘virus’ meaning poison
 In 1908, The virus was isolated by
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper
and was first cultured in cell cultures
 In 2002, Eckard Wimmer synthesized
Polio virus artificially.
 In 2003, Craig venter and his team -
PHI-X174
Adolf meyer Beijerinck
Eckard wimmer
Craig venter

5. WHY SYNTHETIC VIRUS
Artificial viruses are "strong curiosity" as much as by "an urgent need to
understand, prevent and cure viral disease," a team of scientists has built a
virus using entirely artificial means.

6. POLIO VIRUS PHI-X 174
ARTIFICIAL VIRUS

7. Polio virus
 Poliovirus disease (Polio) was first
described in Britain in 1789 by Michael
Underwood
 The virus was first isolated in 1909 by
Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper.
 The virus is composed of an ss RNA
genome and a protein capsule.
 The genome is single-stranded positive-
sense RNA genome that is about 7500
nucleotides long,27-30 nm in size.
 Capsid composed of 60 capsomers
arranged in a icosahedral symmetry.

8. STEPWISE OF VIRAL GENOME SYNTHESIS

9. PREPARATION OF ARTIFICIAL POLIOVIRUS

10. METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING VIRAL GENOME
Fig. :Generating RNA viruses via complementary DNA :A) Synthesis of cDNA catalysed with reverse
transcriptase. (B) Chemical synthesis of cDNA.

11. BACTERIOPHAGHE
 The bacteriophage is a single-stranded
DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects E. coli,
and first DNA-based genome to be
sequenced.
 This work was completed by Fred
Sanger and his team in 1977.
 In 2003, it was reported by Craig
Venter's group that the genome of
ΦX174 was the first to be completely
assembled in vitro from synthesized
oligonucleotides.
 The ΦX174 virus particle has also
been successfully assembled in vitro.
Fig. : PHI-X-174(Ø-X-174)

12. STRUCTURE
 PHIX174(φX174) is a virus that infects
the bacterium E. coli. Hence φX174 is
a bacteriophage.
 φX174 consists of a protein coat which
envelopes a core that contains both
protein &DNA.
 The coat contains 60 molecules each
of two proteins (F&G)and12molecules
of another protein (H).
 The virion contains one molecule of
DNA and 60 copies of a 4th J protein.
Fig. : PHI-X-174(Ø-X-174)

13. Fig. : Global synthesis of infectious X174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides
STEPWISE OF BACTERIOPHAGE SYNTHESIS

14. APPLICATION
Viruses are used in gene therapy, they are used to
genetically manipulate somatic cells of individuals and
they are used in production of transgenic plants and
animals.
Vaccines that are developed from viruses are called
viral vaccines. Artificial viruses are now designed to
form the specific vaccines.
Sequencing of genome is an important step to cure the
disease. Nowadays it is done by artificial virus.

15.  virus is the gate way of new deadly
disease .
Example: Ebola
 Ethical reason: design and
construction of new forms not present
in nature is not acceptable by every
one.
 Bringing about the Method of artificial
viruses is leads to the gate way
bioterrorism
DISADVANTAGES

16. CONCLUSION

17. REFERENCE
 EMPO REPORTS VOL7/SPECIAL ISSUE/2006
 PNAS December 23, 2003
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_virology
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2819212/
 http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/new.virus.htm

18. THANK YOU FOR YOUR VALUABLE TIME