Assessment of Knowledge about Standard Precautions and Nosocomial Infection among Nurses Working in Hospitals of Sana'a City, Yemen.
Dr. Gawad Alwabr Yemen
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
PRACTICE OF FIVE MOMENTS OF HAND HYGIENE AMONGTHE NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :A Quantitative Research approach with a Cross sectional descriptive survey design was used in
the study. 100 Nurses from Thumbay University Hospital, Ajman, UAE who met the sampling criteria were
selected. Written consent was taken. A structured questionnaire to elicit the demographic profile, as well as a
modified Self-reported hand hygiene practice scale, was used online to assess the practice of five moments of
hand hygiene.The majority of the nurses 94-99 % of them had moderate to adequate hand hygiene practice
during the five moments of hand hygiene of which 99% before touching the patients, 95 % before carrying out
clean and aseptic procedures, and after body fluid exposure, 96 % after touching patient unit and 94 % after
touching patient surroundings. Overall, 90 % of the nurses had good hand hygiene practice. No significant
association was found between hand hygiene practices among the nurses with their demographic variables.
KEYWORDS: Five moments, Hand Hygiene, Infection, Nurses.
Abstract—In India, communicable diseases account for nearly half of its disease burden. Nursing staff plays a major role in the health care delivery system; therefore their role in prevention of infectious diseases by taking care of universal precautions is very important. So this study was conducted aimed to know the status of universal precaution practices of nursing personnel of a tertiary care hospital of Rajasthan. 100 nursing professionals were interrogated and supervised for practice and as per a semi- structured schedule. It was concluded from this study that all nursing personals were washing hands after toilet and hands were washed properly but they were reluctant regarding every time washing hands before starting work, washing with antiseptic after contacting contaminated gauze, linen etc. Apron was weared by 89% but none was wearing mask while dealing with patients. And only 40% were wearing gloves while handling patient but none was changing gloves before handling new patient. It was also concluded that all the nursing personals were using sterile syringes and new syringe was taken every time for new patients which was destroyed after use but only 43% were wearing glove while taking out needle/syringes from its wrapper and only 29% nursing personals were recapping syringes after use. Proper disposal of syringes, soiled infected gauze, needles, I.V. Drip set and gloves was done by almost all nursing personals
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden UniversiMaximaSheffield592
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs invade the patients central line after which they get into the bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said that central line catheters are the common causes of health callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur within the central line and this may cause central line related illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing, contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the issue?
What is desired outcome?
How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT components will help develop questions about the what are kind of population or patients affec ...
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisispateldrona
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisisclinicsoncology
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisisgeorgemarini
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and determinants of distress among residents during COVID crisiskomalicarol
Residents completed an online survey assessing the sociodemographic characteristics, the workload, the work environment, the
burden, and the psychological impact of the pandemic. Wellbeing, burnout, and depression were assessed using respectively the
Residents and fellows’ wellbeing index (RSWBI), the abbreviated
Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI) and the PHQ-9 questionnaire.
Analysis was done on SPSS 25. Variables were significantly
associated with the outcomes if p value ≤ 0.05.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION) AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WAH CANTT
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REAbramMartino96
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REGION, SAUDI ARABIA DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
AWAD EID NADAA ALSHAMMARI
MASTER OF ARTS IN NURSING
GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF HAIL
April 14, 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of __________ on _______________________.
______________________
Chairman
____________________ ____________________
Panel Member Panel Member
___________________________________________________________________________
This is to certify further that AWAD EID NADAA AL-SHAMMARI, have satisfactorily completed all academic requirements in the MASTER’S DEGREE IN NURSING.
______________________________
Dean, Graduate Studies
Hail University
Date Signed: __________
Dedication
This study is primarily dedicated to Allah. Peace be unto Him!
To my parents, siblings, and relatives.
To my colleagues in the profession.
To my Hail University family.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page............................................................................................................................ 1 Approval Sheet .................................................................................................................. 2
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 4
List of Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………………. 7
List of Appendices ……………………………………………………………………… 8
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Introduction to the Research Project ……………………………………………. 10
Statement of the Research Problem …………………………………………….. 11
Background of the Problem …………………………………………………….. 11
Purpose of the Project …………………………………………………………... 14
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….. 14
Significance to Nursing ………………………………………………………… 15
Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 15
Chapter 2 – Review of Evidence
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 16
Conceptual Model/ Theoretical Framework …………………………………… 16
Evaluation of Evidences ………………………………………………………. 18
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 28
Chapter 3 – Project Methodology
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 30
Research Design ………………………………………………………………. 30
Target Population, Subjects, Sample, and Setting ……………………………. 30
Instrument …………………………………………………………………….. 31
Plan and Implementation Process …………………………………………….. 32
Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………. 33
Ethical Consideration …………………………………………………………. 35
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 36
Chapter 4 – Project Outcome
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 37
Findings ………………………………………………………………………. 37
Chapter 5 – Discussion
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 41
Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 41
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 43
Implications to Nursing …………………………………………………… 43
Recommendations for fu ...
Running head ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE .docxtodd521
Running head: ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE 1
ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE 8
Role of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Steve Akinbehinje
DNP/825- Population Management
May 22, 2019
Descriptive Epidemiology
According to Naito (2014), “descriptive epidemiology is the epidemiological studies with much of the activities being in the descriptive component rather than the analytical component”. From the analytical epidemiology prospective, descriptive epidemiology deals with the reporting and identification of patterns and frequency of disease process in a population. In descriptive epidemiology, “the focus is on the occurrence of the diseases which is described through temporal trends and geographical comparisons” (Cassone & Mody, 2015). Descriptive epidemiology is therefore at the realm of evidence-based pyramid, they dictate an influence that is strong in the approach of epidemiology. Prevalence and incidence data of disease are relevant in today’s healthcare setting and research.
Relationship of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Unarguably, descriptive epidemiology centers on distribution and frequency of the health-related exposure or health outcome. “The analysis of who is affected by health outcome and how common it is showing prevalence as well as incidence” (Kim & Hooper, 2014). Person, place, and time can describe the aspect of people affected. An example in the explanation of the description of the distribution of health outcome with elements such as geography, population and time. “These aspects are crucial in nursing science as they provide a guideline which will be employed in the provision of quality care to outcome” (Montoya, Cassone & Mody, 2016). Subsequently, better understanding of disease severity is increased which enhance the development of prevention and management strategies. Whenever there is an improvement in healthcare outcome, the process that allows understanding of the changes that resulted in attaining the improvement is made possible through descriptive epidemiology.
Role of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Health data source and disease surveillance system are used to gather information when monitoring disease and health trends, and they are organized in such a way that enables the data to be systematically analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Thus, the discrepancies in the frequency of the disease can be better understood over a given time (Fazel, Geddes & Kushel, 2014). Moreover, better understanding of disease variation of individuals in the basis of personal traits such as place and time is made possible thereby making the process of planning resources to address healthcare issues of the population easier. “The hypothesis that are used in making of the determinants about health and diseases are generated from the descriptive epidemiology” (Karimi et al., 2014). Most importantly, generating hypothesis is an initial s.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
PRACTICE OF FIVE MOMENTS OF HAND HYGIENE AMONGTHE NURSES IN SELECTED HOSPITAL...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :A Quantitative Research approach with a Cross sectional descriptive survey design was used in
the study. 100 Nurses from Thumbay University Hospital, Ajman, UAE who met the sampling criteria were
selected. Written consent was taken. A structured questionnaire to elicit the demographic profile, as well as a
modified Self-reported hand hygiene practice scale, was used online to assess the practice of five moments of
hand hygiene.The majority of the nurses 94-99 % of them had moderate to adequate hand hygiene practice
during the five moments of hand hygiene of which 99% before touching the patients, 95 % before carrying out
clean and aseptic procedures, and after body fluid exposure, 96 % after touching patient unit and 94 % after
touching patient surroundings. Overall, 90 % of the nurses had good hand hygiene practice. No significant
association was found between hand hygiene practices among the nurses with their demographic variables.
KEYWORDS: Five moments, Hand Hygiene, Infection, Nurses.
Abstract—In India, communicable diseases account for nearly half of its disease burden. Nursing staff plays a major role in the health care delivery system; therefore their role in prevention of infectious diseases by taking care of universal precautions is very important. So this study was conducted aimed to know the status of universal precaution practices of nursing personnel of a tertiary care hospital of Rajasthan. 100 nursing professionals were interrogated and supervised for practice and as per a semi- structured schedule. It was concluded from this study that all nursing personals were washing hands after toilet and hands were washed properly but they were reluctant regarding every time washing hands before starting work, washing with antiseptic after contacting contaminated gauze, linen etc. Apron was weared by 89% but none was wearing mask while dealing with patients. And only 40% were wearing gloves while handling patient but none was changing gloves before handling new patient. It was also concluded that all the nursing personals were using sterile syringes and new syringe was taken every time for new patients which was destroyed after use but only 43% were wearing glove while taking out needle/syringes from its wrapper and only 29% nursing personals were recapping syringes after use. Proper disposal of syringes, soiled infected gauze, needles, I.V. Drip set and gloves was done by almost all nursing personals
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden UniversiMaximaSheffield592
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs invade the patients central line after which they get into the bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said that central line catheters are the common causes of health callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur within the central line and this may cause central line related illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing, contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the issue?
What is desired outcome?
How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT components will help develop questions about the what are kind of population or patients affec ...
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisispateldrona
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisisclinicsoncology
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and Determinants of Distress Among Residents During COVID Crisisgeorgemarini
Residents are predisposed to develop distress, burnout, and depression. With COVID-19, new stressful working conditions were imposed. This study aims to assess the impact of COVID-19 on residents’ wellbeing in France.
Prevalence and determinants of distress among residents during COVID crisiskomalicarol
Residents completed an online survey assessing the sociodemographic characteristics, the workload, the work environment, the
burden, and the psychological impact of the pandemic. Wellbeing, burnout, and depression were assessed using respectively the
Residents and fellows’ wellbeing index (RSWBI), the abbreviated
Maslach Burnout Inventory (aMBI) and the PHQ-9 questionnaire.
Analysis was done on SPSS 25. Variables were significantly
associated with the outcomes if p value ≤ 0.05.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE REGARDING HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION) AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF WAH CANTT
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REAbramMartino96
MENTAL WELL-BEING OF EMERGENCY ROOM NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF HAIL REGION, SAUDI ARABIA DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
AWAD EID NADAA ALSHAMMARI
MASTER OF ARTS IN NURSING
GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF HAIL
April 14, 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of __________ on _______________________.
______________________
Chairman
____________________ ____________________
Panel Member Panel Member
___________________________________________________________________________
This is to certify further that AWAD EID NADAA AL-SHAMMARI, have satisfactorily completed all academic requirements in the MASTER’S DEGREE IN NURSING.
______________________________
Dean, Graduate Studies
Hail University
Date Signed: __________
Dedication
This study is primarily dedicated to Allah. Peace be unto Him!
To my parents, siblings, and relatives.
To my colleagues in the profession.
To my Hail University family.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page............................................................................................................................ 1 Approval Sheet .................................................................................................................. 2
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Table of Contents................................................................................................................ 4
List of Tables and Figures ………………………………………………………………. 7
List of Appendices ……………………………………………………………………… 8
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………. 9
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Introduction to the Research Project ……………………………………………. 10
Statement of the Research Problem …………………………………………….. 11
Background of the Problem …………………………………………………….. 11
Purpose of the Project …………………………………………………………... 14
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….. 14
Significance to Nursing ………………………………………………………… 15
Summary ……………………………………………………………………….. 15
Chapter 2 – Review of Evidence
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 16
Conceptual Model/ Theoretical Framework …………………………………… 16
Evaluation of Evidences ………………………………………………………. 18
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 28
Chapter 3 – Project Methodology
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 30
Research Design ………………………………………………………………. 30
Target Population, Subjects, Sample, and Setting ……………………………. 30
Instrument …………………………………………………………………….. 31
Plan and Implementation Process …………………………………………….. 32
Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………. 33
Ethical Consideration …………………………………………………………. 35
Summary ……………………………………………………………………… 36
Chapter 4 – Project Outcome
Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 37
Findings ………………………………………………………………………. 37
Chapter 5 – Discussion
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 41
Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 41
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………. 43
Implications to Nursing …………………………………………………… 43
Recommendations for fu ...
Running head ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE .docxtodd521
Running head: ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE 1
ROLE OF DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY IN NURSING SCIENCE 8
Role of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Steve Akinbehinje
DNP/825- Population Management
May 22, 2019
Descriptive Epidemiology
According to Naito (2014), “descriptive epidemiology is the epidemiological studies with much of the activities being in the descriptive component rather than the analytical component”. From the analytical epidemiology prospective, descriptive epidemiology deals with the reporting and identification of patterns and frequency of disease process in a population. In descriptive epidemiology, “the focus is on the occurrence of the diseases which is described through temporal trends and geographical comparisons” (Cassone & Mody, 2015). Descriptive epidemiology is therefore at the realm of evidence-based pyramid, they dictate an influence that is strong in the approach of epidemiology. Prevalence and incidence data of disease are relevant in today’s healthcare setting and research.
Relationship of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Unarguably, descriptive epidemiology centers on distribution and frequency of the health-related exposure or health outcome. “The analysis of who is affected by health outcome and how common it is showing prevalence as well as incidence” (Kim & Hooper, 2014). Person, place, and time can describe the aspect of people affected. An example in the explanation of the description of the distribution of health outcome with elements such as geography, population and time. “These aspects are crucial in nursing science as they provide a guideline which will be employed in the provision of quality care to outcome” (Montoya, Cassone & Mody, 2016). Subsequently, better understanding of disease severity is increased which enhance the development of prevention and management strategies. Whenever there is an improvement in healthcare outcome, the process that allows understanding of the changes that resulted in attaining the improvement is made possible through descriptive epidemiology.
Role of Descriptive Epidemiology in Nursing Science
Health data source and disease surveillance system are used to gather information when monitoring disease and health trends, and they are organized in such a way that enables the data to be systematically analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Thus, the discrepancies in the frequency of the disease can be better understood over a given time (Fazel, Geddes & Kushel, 2014). Moreover, better understanding of disease variation of individuals in the basis of personal traits such as place and time is made possible thereby making the process of planning resources to address healthcare issues of the population easier. “The hypothesis that are used in making of the determinants about health and diseases are generated from the descriptive epidemiology” (Karimi et al., 2014). Most importantly, generating hypothesis is an initial s.
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19_alwarb_original_10_1 article د. جواد الوبر .pdf
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Original Article
Assessment of Knowledge about Standard Precautions and Nosocomial
Infection among Nurses Working in Hospitals of Sana'a City, Yemen
Alwabr Gawad, MA, PhD
Assistant professor of Public Health & Environmental Safety, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Sana'a Community College, Sana'a, Yemen
Correspondence: Alwabr, Gawad, Assistant professor of Public Health & Environmental Safety,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sana'a Community College, Sana'a, Yemen
E-mail: alwabr2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background: Earlier research indicates that human beings after suffering often go through personal changes
and dedicate to themselves a greater understanding of life.
Aims: The aim of this study is to uncover the deeper dimensions in the understanding of life that the human
being may dedicate to herself or himself after having lived through suffering. The research question is: what
existential changes and deeper dimensions in the understanding of life may the human being dedicate to herself
or himself after having lived through suffering?
Methodology: A hermeneutical approach is used in this study. The material was collected through focused
interviews with ten adults who had lived through personal suffering. The texts were interpreted through
hermeneutical reading. Participation in the study, data storage and handling for research purposes were
approved by the participants when they provided their informed consent. Permission to conduct the study was
granted by an ethical committee.
Results: The results show that human beings experience deeper gratitude, wisdom and meaning in life after
suffering. Human beings show greater empathy and acceptance of others. The courage to create well-being is
strengthened since they attain a greater awareness of their inner source of strength. Living in the present
becomes important at the same time as a greater awareness of life’s fragility and finiteness evolves.
Conclusion: After having lived through suffering the human being has potential to grow and gain deeper
gratitude in life thanks to a deeper awareness of the existential dimensions. The human being gains greater
empathy and understanding of suffering. Further research should focus on uncovering the existential fragility
that emerged as an interesting aspect in this study that adults experience after suffering.
Keywords: suffering, existential issues, gratitude, meaning in life, well-being, quality of life, interviews,
hermeneutical reading
Introduction
Nosocomial infection refers to an infection that is
acquired during the process of patients' care
inside the healthcare facilities (Varshney et al.,
2014). It is an infection whose development is
favored by a hospital environment (Sternal,
Franek, and Pieńkus, 2014). There are many
different exposure routes: through injury (cut,
prick), through contact with the skin or mucous
membranes, through inhalation or through
ingestion (Alwabr et al., 2016).
Nosocomial infection poses a real and serious
threat to both patients and health care workers.
Nurses face a serious danger that may threaten
their life; it is their exposure to blood and body
fluids. Indeed, accidental exposure may lead to
infections by blood-borne pathogens, particularly
hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV),
and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
(Sabbah I et al., 2013). Data estimate that among
the 35 million health care workers worldwide,
approximately 3 million experience percutaneous
exposures to blood borne viruses each year (2
million HBV; 900,000 HCV and 300,000 HIV)
(Ahmed, Hassan, and Abd-Allah, 2008). These
injuries are estimated to result in 66,000 hepatitis
BV; 16,000 hepatitis CV and 2000 to 5000 HIV
infection. More than 90% of these infections are
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occurring in low-income countries, and most are
preventable (Vaz et al., 2010).
Common pathogens may easily be transmitted
through health care workers’ hands, equipment,
supplies and unhygienic practices (Gichuhi et al.,
2015). So, all health care workers should
routinely use appropriate barrier precautions to
prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure
during contact with any patient's blood or body
fluids that require universal precautions (Kaur R,
Kaur B, and Walia, 2008). Failure to comply with
policies and procedures that support the reduction
of nosocomial infection or hospital-acquired
infection is a recognized and complex problem
that may be contributing to the current trend in
the world (Abubakar et al., 2015). Therefore,
knowledge about the frequency and distribution
of nosocomial infection or hospital-acquired
infections is important to improve infection
control measures as well as to develop effective
preventive and curative strategies which, in turn,
will help us in decreasing the incidence,
morbidity, and mortality (Al-Jubouri, 2014;
Masavkar and Naikwadi, 2016). In Yemen, few
efforts have been undertaken to raise awareness
about infection control precautions among
healthcare workers and hospital managers.
Additionally, there is a lack of regulations and
policies to protect healthcare workers from
exposure (Sherah and Jaafar, 2015).
This study aimed to assess knowledge of
standard precautions and nosocomial infection
among nurses working in the governmental and
private hospitals in Sana'a city, Yemen.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess
the knowledge about standard precautions and
nosocomial infection among 196 nurses working
in the departments of Emergency, Abdomen, and
surgery at governmental hospitals of (Police,
Republic, and 48th) and private hospitals of (Al-
Moutawakel, Consultant, and Azal) in Sana'a
city, Yemen, during the period from March to
May 2015. In total, from the 220 questionnaires
distributed, 196 were returned fully completed,
giving a response rate 89.09%. The inclusion
criteria are nursing staff working in departments
of Emergency, Abdomen, and surgery in (Police,
Republic, and 48th, Al-Moutawakel, Consultant,
and Azal) hospitals.
Data was collected using a structured self-
administered questionnaire, which had been
designed after an extensive literature search. This
questionnaire was used in a similar study
(Pratheeksha, 2010).
The questionnaire was divided into two main
components. The first part included socio-
demographic characteristics such as (age, gender,
qualification, years of experience , hospital type,
and place of work), the second part included
twenty-seven multiple choice questions reflecting
the knowledge of the nurses towards the concept
of standard precautions and nosocomial infection
such as (hand hygiene, hospital acquired
infection, needle stick injuries, immunization,
blood and body fluid isolation, and sterilization
of equipment). The participants were requested to
respond to questions according to their own
awareness about the subject. The questionnaire
was validated by experts at Ministry of Public
Health and Population, Yemen and the reliability
of the questionnaire was determined through a
test-retest method using 20 copies of the
questionnaire at Hospital of Sciences and
Technology, Sana'a. The Pearson’s coefficient
was calculated. The coefficient of 0.81 was
determined which indicated the reliability of the
questionnaire.
A scoring system was used giving a value of one
score of each correct item, and a value of zero
scores for the wrong item. Scores of each
respondent were calculated by adding the scores
of all items of the questionnaire. The score was
converted to percentage and level. The
knowledge score's levels were considered below
average with a percentage of ≤ 59%; average
knowledge with a percentage of 60-69%; good
knowledge with a percentage of 70-79%; and
very good knowledge with a percentage of 80-
100%. Data were coded and analyzed using
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
software version16. Data were presented using
descriptive statistics in form of frequencies and
percentages for qualitative variables, and mean
and standard deviation (SD) for quantitative
variables. Chi-square test was used to determine
association and a statistical significance was
assessed at P < 0.05.
Results
Table 1 shows demographic characteristics of the
studied sample. It clarifies that the nurses
working in governmental hospitals were (46.9%)
and (53.1%) of them works in private hospitals.
The majority of them were between 20-30 year-
old (63.3%) and male (64.8%).
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Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (n=196)
Variables Freq. %
Sex
Male
Female
127
69
64.8
35.2
Age Group (years)
20 - 30
> 30
124
72
63.3
36.7
Work Experience (years)
< 3
3-5
> 5
35
76
85
17.9
38.7
43.4
Level of Education
Diploma degree
Bachelor's degree
Postgraduate
121
68
7
61.7
34.7
3.6
Type of Hospital
Governmental
private
92
104
46.9
53.1
Name of Hospital
48th
Police
Republic
Consultant
Al-Moutwakel
Azal
34
30
28
29
33
42
17.3
15.3
14.3
14.8
16.8
21.4
The department
Emergency
Abdomen
Surgical
67
71
58
34.2
36.2
29.6
Figure 1: Knowledge levels about standard precautions and nosocomial infection
(n= 196)
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Table 2: Association between the nurses' demographical characteristics and their
knowledge (n=196)
Variables Knowledge levels Total P -Value
Below
average
Average Good Very Good Excellent
Sex
Male
Female
Total
41
19
60
44
21
65
29
15
44
11
13
24
2
1
3
127
69
196
0.357
Age Group (years)
20 - 30
> 30
Total
38
22
60
43
22
65
27
17
44
16
8
24
0
3
3
124
72
196
0.232
Work Experience (years)
< 3
3-5
> 5
Total
10
29
21
60
13
28
24
65
6
14
24
44
6
4
14
24
0
1
2
3
35
76
85
196
0.167
Level of Education
Diploma degree
Bachelor's degree
Postgraduate
Total
39
20
1
60
41
23'
1
65
26
15
3
44
13
9
2
24
2
1
0
3
121
68
7
196
0.779
Type of Hospital
Governmental
private
Total
29
31
60
27
38
65
24
20
44
9
15
24
3
0
3
92
104
196
0.193
Name of Hospital
48th
Police
Republic
Consultant
Al-Moutwakel
Azal
Total
3
4
22
8
10
13
60
15
8
4
14
16
8
65
9
13
2
4
5
11
44
6
3
0
3
2
10
24
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
34
30
28
29
33
42
196
0.001
The department
Emergency
Abdomen
Surgical
Total
20
25
15
60
18
25
22
65
20
13
11
44
7
7
10
24
2
1
0
3
67
71
58
196
0.412
Respondents with diploma degree and bachelor's
degree made up the highest proportions, (61.7 %)
and (34.7%) respectively. Those with working
experience >5 years were about 85 respondents
(43.4%).Figure 1 indicates that the participating
knowledge was average, below average, good,
very good, and excellent (33.2%, 30.6%, 22.4%,
12.2%, and 1.2%) respectively. The knowledge
was significantly associated with the hospital's
name (P = 0.001). In addition, there was no
association with sex (P = 0.357), age (P = 0.232),
work experience (P = 0.167), education (P =
0.779), The hospital type (P = 0.193) and the
department (P = 0.412) (Table 2).
Discussion
This study assessed knowledge of nurses about
standard precautions and nosocomial infection. In
the present study, the majority of the nurses
(63.8%) had poor knowledge. The low level of
knowledge might be due to poor infection control
programs and policies. Additionally, attributed to
the insufficient information of knowledge the
lack of training and continuing education about
standard precautions and nosocomial infection.
This finding agreed with the results obtained
from previous studies. A previous study
conducted in Yemen revealed the low awareness
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of knowledge about infection control (Sherah and
Jaafar, 2015). A study conducted in Saudi Arabia
indicated a significant lack of knowledge among
healthcare workers regarding personal protective
equipment uses as a standard precautionary
measure for infection control (AL-Saleh,
Ibrahim, and Lillian, 2014). A study conducted in
Iran indicated that 67.9% of the nursing staff had
an average knowledge and 29.9% had good
knowledge about infection control (Abubakar et
al., 2015). A study conducted in Iraq indicated
that the majority of the sample (69%) have poor
knowledge toward nosocomial infection (Al-
Jubouri, 2014). A study conducted in India
reported that knowledge about nosocomial
infection was the lowest among the nurses and
healthcare workers (72.54%) (Varshney et al.,
2014). Other study conducted in India reported
that 41.1% and 33.03% of the participants
respectively had intermediate and high level of
knowledge about infection control
(Kalantarzadeh et al., 2014). A study conducted
in Nepal reported that only 22% had correct
knowledge of universal precautions (Timilshina,
Ansari, and Dayal, 2011). A study conducted in
Nigeria indicated that only (28.75%) of the
respondents had good knowledge of the
components of standard precautions
(Ghadamgahi et al., 2011). This study agreed
with the previous studies mentioned above may
refer to the similarity of socio-economic and
cultural factors to those countries.
However, this study result disagreed with the
results obtained from previous studies. A
previous study conducted in Jamaica indicated
that the majority (64.0%) of the health care
workers had knowledge of universal precautions
while just over one-quarter had no knowledge
(Vaz et al., 2010). A study conducted in Australia
indicated that the participants demonstrated a
considerably stronger level of knowledge on the
topic of standard precautions (88.9%) (Mitchell
et al., 2014). A study conducted in Ethiopia
indicated that majority of the respondents
(84.2%) had good knowledge regarding infection
prevention (Gulilat and Tiruneh, 2014). A study
conducted in Vietnam indicated that the large
percentages of correct responses to the items
about knowledge of standard precautions (range
for individual items 83.9% -99.2%) (Thu et al.,
2012). This study disagreed with the previous
studies mentioned above may refer to the
difference of socio-economic and cultural factors
to those countries.
In this study, the results of table 2 reflects that
there is an insignificant relationship between
nurses' age and their knowledge toward standard
precautions and nosocomial infection, this results
might relate to inadequate training for the nurses
about standard precautions and nosocomial
infection. This result agreed with the results
obtained from a previous study done in Iraq
indicated that there is no relation between nurses'
age and their knowledge of nosocomial infection
(Al-Jubouri, 2014). However, is incompatible
with the results obtained from a study conducted
in Poland indicated that there is a significant
association between nurses' age and their
knowledge toward nosocomial infection
(P=0.001) (Sternal, Franek, and Pieńkus, 2014).
This study result also showed an insignificant
relationship with nurses' gender and their
knowledge toward standard precautions and
nosocomial infection. This result agreed with the
results obtained from a previous study conducted
in Iraq indicated that there is no relation between
nurse's gender and their knowledge toward
nosocomial infection (Al-Jubouri, 2014). While
incompatible with the results obtained from a
study conducted in Jamaica indicated that the
knowledge of universal precautions was highest
among women compared with men (Vaz et al.,
2010).
Relative to educational levels, this study results
showed an insignificant relationship between
nurses' educational level and their knowledge of
standard precautions and nosocomial infection.
This result incompatible with previous studies. A
study conducted in Iraq indicated that there is a
significant association between nurses'
educational level and their knowledge of
nosocomial infection (Al-Jubouri, 2014). A study
conducted in Poland indicated that there is a
significant association between nurses'
educational level and their knowledge of
nosocomial infection (P=0.000) (Sternal, Franek,
and Pieńkus, 2014).
Concerning to the nurses' work experience, this
study result showed an insignificant relationship
between the nurses' work experience and their
knowledge of standard precautions and
nosocomial infection, this might relate to
inadequate training for the nurses about standard
precautions and nosocomial infection during the
previous years of working. This result agreed
with the results obtained from a previous study
done in Iraq indicated that there is an
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insignificant association between the knowledge
and the years of employment (Al-Jubouri, 2014).
Regarding of the hospital type, this study results
showed an insignificant relationship between the
hospital type and their nurses' knowledge toward
standard precautions and nosocomial infection,
this might due to ignoring attention to
implementing training courses of standard
precautions and nosocomial infection in both the
governmental and private hospitals.
Relative to the nurses' working area, this study
results showed an insignificant relationship
between the nurses' working area and their
knowledge of standard precautions and
nosocomial infection, this might due to ignoring
to implement additional training courses of
standard precautions and nosocomial infection
for the nurses that working in the more sensitive
department.
In relation to the hospital name, this study results
showed a significant relationship between the
hospital name and their nurses' knowledge
toward standard precautions and nosocomial
infection, this might due to the facts that, some
hospitals might implement training courses
relative to standard precautions and nosocomial
infection more than others.
Conclusion
Nursing staff had inappropriate knowledge
regarding of standard precautions and nosocomial
infections, there is a significant need to
intervention programs that associated with
standard precautions and nosocomial infection
control to increase nurses' knowledge in order to
adopt appropriate health behaviors and positive
attitudes.
Acknowledgement
The researcher would like to express his gratitude
to the team working on this project (Esam
Alomise, Ali Alsolihe, Esam A. Alhagame, Faiz
A. Mohammed, Hemear Alsaleme, Radwan A.
Alhagame, Farouk M. Abdo, and Khaled M.
Yahya) for their assistance in the field of
working. Many thanks to Eng. Khalid Ali Al-
Salehi for revise the English language of this
manuscript.
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