Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs invade the patients central line after which they get into the bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said that central line catheters are the common causes of health callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur within the central line and this may cause central line related illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing, contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the issue?
What is desired outcome?
How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT components will help develop questions about the what are kind of population or patients affec ...
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2CENTRAL LINE-ASS.docxsleeperharwell
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Literature Review
Kerry S. Murphy
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Dr. Kari Lane
September 26, 2018
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Literature ReviewComment by Microsoft Office User: The heading of introduction is inferred in APA format
I. Introduction
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter, refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. Comment by Microsoft Office User: Add a description of how the literature search was completed. Tell the reader how you did your literature search, which databases you searched, how many articles were found, and how you eliminated articles to come to the ones you included here.
II. Questions Posed in the Studies
a. Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
b. Kadium, M. (2015) inquired into how the education program for 1 month, based on the
evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care?
c. CDC and NCBI (2011) raise the research question, how many people have been affected in the USA from 2001-2009?
d. Srinivasan, Wise, Bell, Cardo,Edwards, Fridkin, Jernigan, Kallen, McDonald, & Patel (2011) considers questioning the perception of central line-associated bloodstream infection.
e. Dougherty (2012) questions the potential solutions in reducing incidences of central-line associated bloodstream infections have to be created in line with the clinical setting and careful consideration of the patients and the organizational culture.
f. Lin, Apisarnthanarak, Jaggi, Harrington, Morikane, Thu, Ching, Villanueva.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
REVIEW CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2REVIEW CENTRAL .docxzmark3
REVIEW: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
REVIEW
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM 2
October 9, 2018
CLABSI Supporting Literature
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter (CVC), refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. There were 200 articles that were established to talk about the CVCs, CLABSIs, risk factors, intervention, and benefits of preventive measures. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria many journal articles were left out because of being written in other languages rather than English. Therefore, the use of the English language index the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to search related journal articles. Other search tools includeThe National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) – PubMed. Studies older than five years were excluded to ensure that the research remained current and up to date. Using real-time cases or conditions helps to improve the quality and validity of the resulted research.
Questions Posed in the Studies
Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
Education, Simulated Training, Experience, and Knowledge
Kadium (2015) inquired into how the education program for one month, based on the evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care? Other researchers that focus on how education, experience, and workshops enhance prevention or reduction of CVC infections include; El-Sol & Badawy, (2017), Leistner, Thürnagel, Schwab, Gastmeier, & Geffers (2013), and Soffle, Hayes, & Smith (2018). Dougherty (2014) questions the potential solutions in reducin.
5 Direct Practice Improvement Project ProspectusAntim.docxtarifarmarie
5
Direct Practice Improvement Project Prospectus
Antimicrobial Stewardship program (ASP): An evidence based quality assurance measure in combating Healthcare Associated Clostridium Difficile Infection in an acute care facility and the role of the Staff Nurse.
Submitted by
Date
Insert Chairperson Name
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your Prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with criteria required for each section. These criteria will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of the proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criteria table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criteria table as this is used by you and your Committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your Chair or Methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criteria into the Learner Self-Evaluation column.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your Chair and Methodologist will also use the criteria tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be between 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
Score
Assessment
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present, But Does Not Meet Expectations: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item Approaches Meeting Expectations, But Needs Revision: Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Meets Expectations: Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
2
Introduction
The world today is faced with very dangerous infectious diseases due to antibiotic resistance and in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has named this escalating antibiotic resistance as one of the top five threats in the country (CDC, 2017). According to statistics from the CDC, drug-resistant bacteria cause more than 20, 000 deaths annually and result to 2 million cases of disease recurrence annually (Lagier et al., 2015). For this reason, there is an increased need to make changes to the clinical practice to encourage appropriate use of antibiotics. In late 2014, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) published a report on how to combat.
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2CENTRAL LINE-ASS.docxsleeperharwell
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Literature Review
Kerry S. Murphy
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Dr. Kari Lane
September 26, 2018
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections Literature ReviewComment by Microsoft Office User: The heading of introduction is inferred in APA format
I. Introduction
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter, refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. Comment by Microsoft Office User: Add a description of how the literature search was completed. Tell the reader how you did your literature search, which databases you searched, how many articles were found, and how you eliminated articles to come to the ones you included here.
II. Questions Posed in the Studies
a. Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
b. Kadium, M. (2015) inquired into how the education program for 1 month, based on the
evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care?
c. CDC and NCBI (2011) raise the research question, how many people have been affected in the USA from 2001-2009?
d. Srinivasan, Wise, Bell, Cardo,Edwards, Fridkin, Jernigan, Kallen, McDonald, & Patel (2011) considers questioning the perception of central line-associated bloodstream infection.
e. Dougherty (2012) questions the potential solutions in reducing incidences of central-line associated bloodstream infections have to be created in line with the clinical setting and careful consideration of the patients and the organizational culture.
f. Lin, Apisarnthanarak, Jaggi, Harrington, Morikane, Thu, Ching, Villanueva.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
REVIEW CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2REVIEW CENTRAL .docxzmark3
REVIEW: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
REVIEW
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM 2
October 9, 2018
CLABSI Supporting Literature
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter (CVC), refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. There were 200 articles that were established to talk about the CVCs, CLABSIs, risk factors, intervention, and benefits of preventive measures. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria many journal articles were left out because of being written in other languages rather than English. Therefore, the use of the English language index the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to search related journal articles. Other search tools includeThe National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) – PubMed. Studies older than five years were excluded to ensure that the research remained current and up to date. Using real-time cases or conditions helps to improve the quality and validity of the resulted research.
Questions Posed in the Studies
Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
Education, Simulated Training, Experience, and Knowledge
Kadium (2015) inquired into how the education program for one month, based on the evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care? Other researchers that focus on how education, experience, and workshops enhance prevention or reduction of CVC infections include; El-Sol & Badawy, (2017), Leistner, Thürnagel, Schwab, Gastmeier, & Geffers (2013), and Soffle, Hayes, & Smith (2018). Dougherty (2014) questions the potential solutions in reducin.
5 Direct Practice Improvement Project ProspectusAntim.docxtarifarmarie
5
Direct Practice Improvement Project Prospectus
Antimicrobial Stewardship program (ASP): An evidence based quality assurance measure in combating Healthcare Associated Clostridium Difficile Infection in an acute care facility and the role of the Staff Nurse.
Submitted by
Date
Insert Chairperson Name
Prospectus Instructions:
1. Read the entire Prospectus Template to understand the requirements for writing your Prospectus. Each section contains a narrative overview of what should be included in the section and a table with criteria required for each section. These criteria will be used to assess the prospectus for overall quality and feasibility of the proposed research study.
2. As you draft each section, delete the narrative instructions and insert your work related to that section. Use the criteria table for each section to ensure that you address the requirements for that particular section. Do not delete/remove the criteria table as this is used by you and your Committee to evaluate your prospectus.
3. Prior to submitting your prospectus for review by your Chair or Methodologist, use the criteria table for each section to complete a self-evaluation, inserting what you believe is your score for each listed criteria into the Learner Self-Evaluation column.
4. The scoring for the criteria ranges from a 0-3 as defined below. Complete a realistic and thoughtful evaluation of your work. Your Chair and Methodologist will also use the criteria tables to evaluate your work.
5. Your Prospectus should be between 6-10 pages when the tables are deleted.
Score
Assessment
0
Item Not Present
1
Item is Present, But Does Not Meet Expectations: Not all components are present. Large gaps are present in the components that leave the reader with significant questions. All items scored at 1 must be addressed by learner per reviewer comments.
2
Item Approaches Meeting Expectations, But Needs Revision: Component is present and adequate. Small gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. Any item scored at 2 must be addressed by the learner per the reviewer comments.
3
Item Meets Expectations: Component is addressed clearly and comprehensively. No gaps are present that leave the reader with questions. No changes required.
2
Introduction
The world today is faced with very dangerous infectious diseases due to antibiotic resistance and in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), has named this escalating antibiotic resistance as one of the top five threats in the country (CDC, 2017). According to statistics from the CDC, drug-resistant bacteria cause more than 20, 000 deaths annually and result to 2 million cases of disease recurrence annually (Lagier et al., 2015). For this reason, there is an increased need to make changes to the clinical practice to encourage appropriate use of antibiotics. In late 2014, the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) published a report on how to combat.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER6.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 6
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS in hospitals in florida?
(Qualitative Study)
Dayana Lewandowski
Florida International University
HSA 6977
Dr. Mariceli Comellas
May 17, 2020
Background Information
Explain overall what the problem is? Statistics in the usa, in the usa there are 4574 hospitalizations due to the infections acquired in hospitals, use citations and use government websites. Download research guidelines.
1.The objective of the study is.
2. results of the study
3.connect that study with your study and how ur study fills in the gap of that study
“citation”Hospital-acquired infection, otherwise known as nosocomial diseases are a common problem that affects many healthcare institutions around the world. Such diseases are not only a burden to healthcare institutions but also the patients served. The total costs associated with the management of hospital-acquired infections have constantly been rising despite the implementation of many intervention policies, (Khan, Baig, & Mehboob, 2017). The government has formulated various nursing intervention policies through various federal and state departments to resolve the issues of nosocomial infections. However, many of these interventions have barely led to a permanent solution. Hospitals and patients are still incurring huge costs as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Hospitals are often subjected to expensive litigation procedures whenever patients contract infections while admitted.
On the other hand, patients are sometimes required to spend more on treatment after contracting infections while admitted in various healthcare institutions. In the University of Miami Hospital, for instance, operational costs have been increasing annually mainly because the hospital has to deal with many nosocomial infections annually, (Chang, 2017). A similar scenario is noted among healthcare institutions operating in the Southern Florida region. While this problem has been identified and discussed a lot, not much attention has been directed to dissect the most affected persons. People with pre-existing chronic diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and asthma are more susceptible to nosocomial infections compared to people who do not have pre-existing chronic illnesses.
Problem Statement
Pre-existing chronic illnesses increase the risk of opportunistic illnesses and infections. For instance, diabetes type I affects immunity hence diabetic people have greater risks, (Casqueiro, Casqueiro, & Alves, 2012). Healthcare practitioners, as well as patients, are at risk of contracting nosocomial infections, especially when they have pre-existing chronic diseases. “Add citations”Past research indicates that the majority of persons who are severely affected by hospital-acquired infections have pre-existing conditions. Many healthcare institutions in the Southern Florida region have high cases of nosocomial infections because p.
Literature Evaluation You did a great job on your PICOT and .docxmanningchassidy
Literature Evaluation
You did a great job on your PICOT and completing this assignment. I look forward to reading your papers regarding hospital acquired infections!! You just need to work on proper formatting of your references.
Thank you,
June
Summary of Clinical Issue
The clinical issue, in this case, is patient infections. Hospitals have always been a place of refuge for patients but there is a worrying fact about infections in hospitals. Some of the patients are taken to the hospital to get better but they leave with more infections than they came in with. The issue of infections in hospitals is motivated by two major factors. The first factor is associated with medical errors. Most of the infections which occur in hospitals affect people who have gone through surgeries are people who are receiving blood, water, and food through tubes. It, therefore, means that in most cases, doctors are responsible for infections. When the inner body organs are exposed to the environment, they get exposed to germs and germs increase the chances of infections. The second factor that supports infections is hygiene in the hospital. A hospital is a sensitive place and therefore, there is a dire need to make sure that it is hygienically fit for patients. Dirt has the ability to increase high exposure to infections. Contaminated foods and drinks increase the chances of infections. It is essential to note that the cleanliness of the water and other equipment that is used in hospitals is imperative.
PICOT Question:
In hospital infections, can improved hospital hygiene reduces the number of hospital infections among patients of all ages in the next twelve months
?
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink
Saint, S. (2017). Can intersectional innovations reduce hospital infection?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.11.013
Starr, J. B., Tirschwell, D. L., & Becker, K. J. (2017). Labetalol use is associated with increased in-hospital infection compared with nicardipine use in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 48(10), 2693-2698.
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017230
Van Kleef, E., Luangasanatip, N., Bonten, M. J., & Cooper, B. S. (2017). Why sensitive bacteria are resistant to hospital infection control. Wellcome open research, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721567/
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question?
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)
It is qualitative research because it has employed a qualitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
Purpose Statement
To know the role that innovations play in reducing infections in hospitals
The purpose of the article is to know the fac.
EVALUATION EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 2EVALUATION EMPIRICAL RESEARCH .docxturveycharlyn
EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 2
EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 7
Running head: EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 1
Evaluation: Empirical Research
Introduction
The primary purpose of the research study has been to evaluate if, in adult patients with Central Venous Catheters (CVC), interventional staff education about hub hygiene provided to RN’s who access the CVC impact Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) rates compared to pre and post-intervention assessments over a two-month period. CLABSI rates will be compared to the Patient Safety Component from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network’s (NHSN) that includes identifying the causation and surveillance methods to track device-associated infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). In addressing the issue and providing the answer the to the research question, this researcher will examine the literature available on the stated topic. Some of the research articles on the subject show similarities regarding research approaches and themes and some have differences. The researcher also looked for evidence that suggests that the data supported the conclusion, and, in some studies, the findings answered the research question.
Evaluation of Research
Regarding similarity in the theme, the researcher did find some regularity in the articles by O’Neil et al. and Salma et al. In the research study, “A Central Line Care Maintenance Bundle for the Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Non-Intensive Care Unit Setting,” O’Neil et al. (2016) have suggested that there is a higher rate of compliance with optimal dressing care practices in the control group against the expectations. The primary theme of the research study has been the degree of hygiene maintained by nursing professionals in the context of caregiving in a central line care maintenance setting. In the research study a 12-month study was conducted by Caroline and associates to establish the effectiveness of a central line care maintenance bundle in the reduction of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in general medicine wards. They substantiated their research by disseminating educative guidelines and proper hands-on training for catheter insertion and care for nurses of the experimental group against those of a control group, along with asepsis (hygiene and evaluation of microbiological data). The trained nurses were instructed to examine the central line dressings twice a week for secureness or any purulent discharge. The results of the study revealed higher rates of compliance in optimal dressing care practices in the control group against the expectations. They exemplified a marginal reduction in the incidence of CLABSIs in the intervention group over the control group. The study lacks documentation of dating the dressing changes-a key factor in CLABSI prevention. Moreover, the research is restricted.
In 2014, US healthcare spending exceeded $3.0 trillion with nearly 1/3 spent on hospitalizations. Informed by real-world data from an Electronic Health Record (EHR) database of clinical and administrative records spanning 273 million encounters for 60 million patients in 600+ hospitals across the US, Boston Strategic Partners (BSP) Clinical Insights report, Hospital Treated Sepsis, estimates 30% of all hospital discharges involve treatment of infectious organisms.
Sepsis is responsible for an estimated 12% of all hospital stays. At an average cost of $15,500 per occurrence, we estimate that hospitalizations for severe infections account for $212 billion in annual spending or 7% of total healthcare expenditure. In this report, we conduct an in-depth analysis of sepsis patient characteristics, medication management, costs, and laboratory testing.
The Hospital-Treated Sepsis Report is available at www.bostonsp.com/reports
Gram-positive bacteria are the likely causative agents of most sepsis infections. Physicians treat the vast majority of these infections with vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. From 2010-2015, drug-resistant organisms caused an astonishing 40% of bacterial sepsis infections. After confirmatory diagnosis, over half of sepsis patients undergo a change in antibiotic therapy.
This report provides quantitative, objective data captured by hospitals contributing to Cerner Health Facts. This data provides real-world patient encounters and reflects real physician decisions and encounter characteristics (e.g. patient response to therapy and outcomes) in key areas, such as antibiotic resistant pathogens and antimicrobial stewardship.
Background & Objective: Worldwide, nearly 350 and125 million persons have chronic hepatitis B &C virus (HBV& HCV) infections, respectively. This study aimed to bridge the gap between knowledge of HBV & HCV infections and theirs prevalence among pregnant women, through assessing the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge of pregnant women toward HBV & HCV infections.
Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental one, 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study they were in third trimester. Structured interviewing sheet, laboratory investigations, educational interventions and pre & posttest formats were utilized for the study.
1Running Header PICO Statement and Literature SearchDECREASIN.docxvickeryr87
1
Running Header: PICO Statement and Literature Search
DECREASING CLABSI INFECTIONS
PICO Statement and Literature Search
NRS 433-V
Grand Canyon University
Literature Search
In researching articles for this paper, I turned to both Qualitative and Quantitative peer reviewed articles. I also performed a lot of independent research so I could knowledgably select the best articles for this research. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Disease Society of America (SHEA-IDSA) report, the most common Healthcare Associated Infection are Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections or CLABSI. With nearly 50% of all ICU patients requiring a central line, the amount of recorded CLABSI infections is extremely high. The research on CLABSI indicates the most common pathogens are Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococci, and Candida. To better understand the nature of CLABSI incidence and therefore employ prevention strategies we must understand the dynamics of a central line. The National Healthcare Safety Network defines a central line as “a catheter whose tip terminates in a great vessel” (IHI, 2011). The catheter on a central line punctures the skin, which by default makes bacterial and fungal infections possible. Once the infection has entered the body it can spread to the blood stream. The infection can then cause hemodynamic changes possibly causing death of a patient. Proof of an infection is found in the recovery of a pathogen from a blood culture from a patient who had a central line. For declarative purposes, a pathogen not commonly present on the skin must only be found in one culture whereas a pathogen commonly found on the skin must be detected in two or more cultures.
To be confirmed as a central line infection, the central line must have been installed a minimum of two days prior to the development of the infection and there must be no other apparent source of the infection. Regarding the cost of Healthcare Associated Infections; both are indicators of the enormity of the problem. The 2010 CDC report titled “Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections” stated 1.7 million cases occur each year in the United States. According to the same report 99,000 cases result in death. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement estimates that of these 99,000 deaths, up to 4,000 are a direct result of bloodstream infections. The human cost is much greater than the financial costs, which alone have a crippling effect on the healthcare industry. Reflecting on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement report, each CLABSI incident prolongs hospitalization on average of seven days. Each infection costs between $3,700 and $29,000. Having established the common CLABSI incidents, identifying the risk of infection, and examining the cost, the healthcare staff must move into prevention s.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
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Running head ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 1ANALYSIS OF LITERA.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 1
ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 7
Literature Review
Atsede Iyasu
NRS-490- 0500- Professional Capstone and Practicum
Grand Canyon University
08/11/2019
Analysis of Literature Review
Introduction
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) more so in the ICU seems to be an issue that is challenging hospitals and health care centers. Nurses are the healthcare staffs who are responsible for ensuring that patients do not acquire CAUTI in their stay in the ICU (Mody et al., 2015). There are proven techniques and methods identified to be effective at preventing the catheter associated urinary tract infection. One technique that is highly mentioned in the prevention of CAUTI is strict aseptic technique and hand hygiene. The technique can significantly help nurses reduce CAUTI in intensive care units and lessen the health burden of patients in the intensive care unit (Bradley et al., 2018).
In order to confirm whether the above-mentioned technique is effective at preventing CAUTI, a literature review was carried out. The review touched on these method as well as other known methods or techniques for preventing CAUTI. A total of eight studies were reviewed. All the reviewed studies were on publications made between 2014 and 2018. It is important that the studies reviewed are not over five years old. The above was important as it ensured only relevant and up-to-date information established from the review. Comment by Shanna Foley: Great introduction. Be sure your thesis discusses the purpose of the current paper, not the purpose of your change proposal.
A comparison of the research questions
There were three main research questions that were identified in the studies reviewed. The first main research question identified was whether there was an effective scientific method of preventing CAUTI (Purvis et al., 2014). Five of the studies reviewed were interested in answering whether there is a well-known and established medical interventions or scientific interventions that can effectively prevent CAUTI. All the five studies are driven by the hypothesis that CAUTI can be prevented and treated by given medication and it is for the above reason that all the five studies were seeking to confirm whether medical interventions can effectively prevent the infection.
The second main research question was what is the role of hospitals or health centers in the acquiring of CAUTI? According to a publication done in 2017 by Theobald and his colleagues, Hospital conditions are the primary reasons that patients acquire CAUTI. The conditions being mentioned above include; general hospital cleanliness practices and the handling of patients. The third main research question identified was whether the method of administering and removing the catheter was the main reason that patients were acquiring CAUTI. Three of the studies reviewed seemed to run on the hypothesis that the main reason that CAUTIs are acquir ...
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS,21THE 10 STRATEGIC P.docxtodd801
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 21
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 28
DPI Project Milestone:10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Direct Practice Improvement Project
Running head: THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 1
The 10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Direct Practice Improvement Project
The 10 Strategic Points
Broad Topic Area
1. Broad Topic Area:
The topic taken into consideration is the Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) and prevention
Introduction
2. Introduction
· The paper is an analysis of the CLABSIs infection and how best the infection can be prevented or even eliminated among patients.
· The infection is characterized by a catheter gaining entry into the bloodstream, greatly affecting either the inferior or the superior vena cava or the vessels of the neck.
· The location of the catheter makes entry of pathogens into the bloodstream very occasional. Patients thus become sick easily.
· The risk factors associated with the infection can result from the healthcare provider and also the patients and include; contamination on insertion, the skin flora of the patient, non-intact dressing, poor nutrition, position of the central line, poor patient and healthcare provider hygiene.
· Symptoms include redness, swelling, discharge at the central line exit, fever, chills, respiratory distress, and altered cognitive state.
· The infection can be prevented, through monitoring of the patients for any signs and symptoms, ensuring proper hygiene practices, and keeping patients educated about management of their central line.
· The paper gives all these information in detail, why there is a need to address Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and how best the infection can be handled both by the health care givers and the patients.
Literature Review
3. Literature Review:
1. Primary points basis four sections in the Literature Review:
a. Background of the problem/gap:
· Researchers have dedicated numerous efforts towards the cause and the probable symptoms related to Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) that one needs to be on the look-out for.
· Attention has thus been shifted from the different measures to prevent the occurrence of the infection among patients.
· There arises an urgency to intervene and develop effective measures to curtail the incidence of CLABSIs.
· The use of proper hand hygiene and skin aseptic techniques over the insertion site is necessary for preventing microbial infections
· The nurses need to have the significant knowledge associated with evidence-based practices for the Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), their attitude towards the guidelines and the utilization of the hygienic measures for the Central Venous Catheter (CVC) patients.
b. Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be the foundation for the project)
· The efficacy of training of nu.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER15.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 15
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention in Blessings Healthcare Facility 4
The Problem 5
Significance of the problem 6
Purpose of this study 7
Research Questions 8
Masters Essentials aligned with the topic 8
Design 10
Literature Review 10
Methodology and the design of the study 13
Sampling Methods 14
Necessary tools 14
Any logarithm or flow map developed 15
Healthcare Facility 15
Implementation 15
Stage 1: Assessment of the current practices (One Week) 16
Stage 2: Identification of the factors leading to high cases of healthcare-acquired infection (5 days) 17
Stage 3: Pre-Training (Two Weeks) 17
Stage 4: Training (5 weeks) 17
Stage 5: an ongoing process of assessing the situation 18
Materials, activities and the cost 20
Results 21
Socio-demographics features of the research population 21
Knowledge concerning the infection prevention 23
Aspects related to the knowledge of the healthcare professionals regarding the issue of preventing healthcare-acquired infections 27
Limitation of the study 28
References 30
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Healthcare acquired infection/nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infections are becoming a major international challenge in many healthcare facilities especially in the low or middle income nations. It is anticipated that around 10 percent of patients in the healthcare facilities from developing nations are developing healthcare acquired infections and this subsequently leads to negative impacts on healthcare outcomes. It also leads to increase hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity cases, and increase in the mortality incidences. Some of the common healthcare acquired infections include Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV infections, and even Tuberculosis which are often transmitted by healthcare workers who are not observing the practice related to the infection prevention measures.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are about 1.7 million patients who have been hospitalized as a result of acquiring infection within the facilities while undergoing treatment for other healthcare concerns. Many studies reveal that simple infection control procedures like cleaning of the hands using alcohol-based hand rub is helping in the prevention of the spread of the disease. The increase in the infection rate caused by the healthcare acquired infection is due to the poor practices of infection prevention and control, lack of knowledge or failure to implement knowledge related to the process of preventing and controlling nosocomial illnesses, and other associated f.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
1
2
Quality Improvement Project - Sepsis
Student’s Name:
Course Name:
Institution Affiliation:
1.
Identify the clinical issue that will be the focus of your Quality Improvement project.
The importance of undertaking and implementing quality improvement project in the healthcare environment cannot be understated. It would serve to boost the performance in a specific healthcare environment. Optimization of sepsis care is the first clinical issue that the quality improvement project would focus on. Sepsis is becoming a major health concern globally as there is high risk of death when one gets it. Specifically, delayed sepsis identification has been one of the biggest impediments to achieving desirable health outcomes among patients. However, integrating an analytical system as part of the quality improvement project will help in optimizing sepsis care. Specifically, this will involve early identification of sepsis through use of a robust data-driven approach. Developing this type of analytical system such as machine learning would help clinicians to have real-time actionable data that will then aid in boost early detection of sepsis (Klompas et al., 2020). Consequently, requisite health interventions would be implemented. On top of this, there would be rapid intervention concerning severe sepsis and this will help reduce mortality and improve health outcomes among patients. One of the most significant challenges when dealing with sepsis is that scientists have not been able to come up with an approved medicine that can help in targeting the impaired or aggressive immune system. For this reason, the need for clinicians to have access to high quality and robust analytical systems aimed at detecting sepsis would be crucial.
2.
Provide rationale for the need to change the status quo.
Additionally, the current status quo with respect to sepsis is that there is lack of a robust analytical system aimed at detecting and identifying sepsis at an early stage. Globally, there is an ongoing debate especially in the healthcare industry regarding the exact timing of treatment for sepsis. In this perspective, incorporating a robust early detection and identification system for sepsis can be vital in boosting sepsis survival rates globally. Clinicians are the first line of care especially for patients who are at a critical stage of sepsis. There exist various reasons why there is need to shift from the status quo regarding sepsis and implement actionable, efficient and robust analytical frameworks for sepsis. First, it will aid in saving many lives of people affected by sepsis. The analytical system will aid in early detection, identification and diagnosis of sepsis by clinicians thus boosting survival rates and achieve desirable outcomes among patients. The cost of treating sepsis especially at later stages can be very high. Increased cost can make many patients shy away from accessing such care as they cannot afford ...
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Chapter 1 Overview of geneticsQUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Overview of genetics
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
7. What criteria would you use to determine whether synesthesia is a disorder or a variation of normal sensation and perception?
8. Why do you think that synesthesia is more common today than it was 20 years ago?
9. Why might it be possible for infants to have synesthesia, but the ability is gradually lost?
10. Would you want to take a genetic test for synesthesia? Cite a reason for your answer.
11. Do you think that synesthesia should be regarded as a learning disability, an advantage, or neither?
Chapter 2 Cells
10. Historical references as well as current anecdotal reports suggest that under very unusual circumstances, males can breastfeed. The Talmud, a book of Jewish law, discusses a man whose wife died and who had no money to pay a wet nurse (a woman who breastfeeds another woman’s child). He was able to nourish the child with his own body. The writings of other religions report similar tales. In agriculture, male goats can receive hormonal treatments and make milk. Do you think that it is possible for a human male to breastfeed, and if so, what conditions must be provided to coax his body to produce and secrete milk?
12. Compare the roles of mitosis and apoptosis in remodeling Sheila’s breast from a fatty sac to an active milk gland.
You are to prepare 16 slides PowerPoints of health care system in Cuba. Rubric includes: type of Government Demographics Population, type of health care system currently in place, History of the health care system, including changes and recent developments, How is the delivery system organized and financed? Who is covered and how is insurance financed? What is covered? What is the role of government? What are the key entities for health system governance? World Health Organization rankings in major indices of health (infant mortality, life expectancy, etc.). Strengths and weaknesses of the system. Popularity of system among citizens. (5-6) reputable and current sources (within 5 years).
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Genetics
Senses Working Overtime Eighteen-year-old Sean Maxwell has always perceived the world in an unusual way. To most people, color is a characteristic of an object—a cherry is red; a hippo, gray. To Sean, colors are much more. When he plays a note on his guitar, or hears it from another instrument, a distinctively colored shape pops into his mind. His brain, while perceiving the note as an E flat or a C sharp, creates an overwhelming feeling of iridescent orange-yellow diamonds, or a single, shimmering sky blue crescent. Soaring crescendos of sound become detailed landscapes, peppered with alternating black and white imagery that parallels the staccato notes. These images flash by his consciousness in such rapid succession that he is barely aware of them, yet they seem to burst through his fingers in the patterns of notes that he plays. Sean has experienced these peculiar specific sound-color-shape associations for as ...
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Similar to Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden Universi
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER6.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 6
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS AMONG PATIENTS in hospitals in florida?
(Qualitative Study)
Dayana Lewandowski
Florida International University
HSA 6977
Dr. Mariceli Comellas
May 17, 2020
Background Information
Explain overall what the problem is? Statistics in the usa, in the usa there are 4574 hospitalizations due to the infections acquired in hospitals, use citations and use government websites. Download research guidelines.
1.The objective of the study is.
2. results of the study
3.connect that study with your study and how ur study fills in the gap of that study
“citation”Hospital-acquired infection, otherwise known as nosocomial diseases are a common problem that affects many healthcare institutions around the world. Such diseases are not only a burden to healthcare institutions but also the patients served. The total costs associated with the management of hospital-acquired infections have constantly been rising despite the implementation of many intervention policies, (Khan, Baig, & Mehboob, 2017). The government has formulated various nursing intervention policies through various federal and state departments to resolve the issues of nosocomial infections. However, many of these interventions have barely led to a permanent solution. Hospitals and patients are still incurring huge costs as a result of hospital-acquired infections. Hospitals are often subjected to expensive litigation procedures whenever patients contract infections while admitted.
On the other hand, patients are sometimes required to spend more on treatment after contracting infections while admitted in various healthcare institutions. In the University of Miami Hospital, for instance, operational costs have been increasing annually mainly because the hospital has to deal with many nosocomial infections annually, (Chang, 2017). A similar scenario is noted among healthcare institutions operating in the Southern Florida region. While this problem has been identified and discussed a lot, not much attention has been directed to dissect the most affected persons. People with pre-existing chronic diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, and asthma are more susceptible to nosocomial infections compared to people who do not have pre-existing chronic illnesses.
Problem Statement
Pre-existing chronic illnesses increase the risk of opportunistic illnesses and infections. For instance, diabetes type I affects immunity hence diabetic people have greater risks, (Casqueiro, Casqueiro, & Alves, 2012). Healthcare practitioners, as well as patients, are at risk of contracting nosocomial infections, especially when they have pre-existing chronic diseases. “Add citations”Past research indicates that the majority of persons who are severely affected by hospital-acquired infections have pre-existing conditions. Many healthcare institutions in the Southern Florida region have high cases of nosocomial infections because p.
Literature Evaluation You did a great job on your PICOT and .docxmanningchassidy
Literature Evaluation
You did a great job on your PICOT and completing this assignment. I look forward to reading your papers regarding hospital acquired infections!! You just need to work on proper formatting of your references.
Thank you,
June
Summary of Clinical Issue
The clinical issue, in this case, is patient infections. Hospitals have always been a place of refuge for patients but there is a worrying fact about infections in hospitals. Some of the patients are taken to the hospital to get better but they leave with more infections than they came in with. The issue of infections in hospitals is motivated by two major factors. The first factor is associated with medical errors. Most of the infections which occur in hospitals affect people who have gone through surgeries are people who are receiving blood, water, and food through tubes. It, therefore, means that in most cases, doctors are responsible for infections. When the inner body organs are exposed to the environment, they get exposed to germs and germs increase the chances of infections. The second factor that supports infections is hygiene in the hospital. A hospital is a sensitive place and therefore, there is a dire need to make sure that it is hygienically fit for patients. Dirt has the ability to increase high exposure to infections. Contaminated foods and drinks increase the chances of infections. It is essential to note that the cleanliness of the water and other equipment that is used in hospitals is imperative.
PICOT Question:
In hospital infections, can improved hospital hygiene reduces the number of hospital infections among patients of all ages in the next twelve months
?
Criteria
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
APA-Formatted Article Citation with Permalink
Saint, S. (2017). Can intersectional innovations reduce hospital infection?. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(2), 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2016.11.013
Starr, J. B., Tirschwell, D. L., & Becker, K. J. (2017). Labetalol use is associated with increased in-hospital infection compared with nicardipine use in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 48(10), 2693-2698.
https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017230
Van Kleef, E., Luangasanatip, N., Bonten, M. J., & Cooper, B. S. (2017). Why sensitive bacteria are resistant to hospital infection control. Wellcome open research, 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5721567/
How Does the Article Relate to the PICOT Question?
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
The article focuses on the PICOT question.
Quantitative, Qualitative (How do you know?)
It is qualitative research because it has employed a qualitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
It is quantitative research because it has employed a quantitative design.
Purpose Statement
To know the role that innovations play in reducing infections in hospitals
The purpose of the article is to know the fac.
EVALUATION EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 2EVALUATION EMPIRICAL RESEARCH .docxturveycharlyn
EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 2
EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 7
Running head: EVALUATION: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH 1
Evaluation: Empirical Research
Introduction
The primary purpose of the research study has been to evaluate if, in adult patients with Central Venous Catheters (CVC), interventional staff education about hub hygiene provided to RN’s who access the CVC impact Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI) rates compared to pre and post-intervention assessments over a two-month period. CLABSI rates will be compared to the Patient Safety Component from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network’s (NHSN) that includes identifying the causation and surveillance methods to track device-associated infections (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). In addressing the issue and providing the answer the to the research question, this researcher will examine the literature available on the stated topic. Some of the research articles on the subject show similarities regarding research approaches and themes and some have differences. The researcher also looked for evidence that suggests that the data supported the conclusion, and, in some studies, the findings answered the research question.
Evaluation of Research
Regarding similarity in the theme, the researcher did find some regularity in the articles by O’Neil et al. and Salma et al. In the research study, “A Central Line Care Maintenance Bundle for the Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection in Non-Intensive Care Unit Setting,” O’Neil et al. (2016) have suggested that there is a higher rate of compliance with optimal dressing care practices in the control group against the expectations. The primary theme of the research study has been the degree of hygiene maintained by nursing professionals in the context of caregiving in a central line care maintenance setting. In the research study a 12-month study was conducted by Caroline and associates to establish the effectiveness of a central line care maintenance bundle in the reduction of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in general medicine wards. They substantiated their research by disseminating educative guidelines and proper hands-on training for catheter insertion and care for nurses of the experimental group against those of a control group, along with asepsis (hygiene and evaluation of microbiological data). The trained nurses were instructed to examine the central line dressings twice a week for secureness or any purulent discharge. The results of the study revealed higher rates of compliance in optimal dressing care practices in the control group against the expectations. They exemplified a marginal reduction in the incidence of CLABSIs in the intervention group over the control group. The study lacks documentation of dating the dressing changes-a key factor in CLABSI prevention. Moreover, the research is restricted.
In 2014, US healthcare spending exceeded $3.0 trillion with nearly 1/3 spent on hospitalizations. Informed by real-world data from an Electronic Health Record (EHR) database of clinical and administrative records spanning 273 million encounters for 60 million patients in 600+ hospitals across the US, Boston Strategic Partners (BSP) Clinical Insights report, Hospital Treated Sepsis, estimates 30% of all hospital discharges involve treatment of infectious organisms.
Sepsis is responsible for an estimated 12% of all hospital stays. At an average cost of $15,500 per occurrence, we estimate that hospitalizations for severe infections account for $212 billion in annual spending or 7% of total healthcare expenditure. In this report, we conduct an in-depth analysis of sepsis patient characteristics, medication management, costs, and laboratory testing.
The Hospital-Treated Sepsis Report is available at www.bostonsp.com/reports
Gram-positive bacteria are the likely causative agents of most sepsis infections. Physicians treat the vast majority of these infections with vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, levofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. From 2010-2015, drug-resistant organisms caused an astonishing 40% of bacterial sepsis infections. After confirmatory diagnosis, over half of sepsis patients undergo a change in antibiotic therapy.
This report provides quantitative, objective data captured by hospitals contributing to Cerner Health Facts. This data provides real-world patient encounters and reflects real physician decisions and encounter characteristics (e.g. patient response to therapy and outcomes) in key areas, such as antibiotic resistant pathogens and antimicrobial stewardship.
Background & Objective: Worldwide, nearly 350 and125 million persons have chronic hepatitis B &C virus (HBV& HCV) infections, respectively. This study aimed to bridge the gap between knowledge of HBV & HCV infections and theirs prevalence among pregnant women, through assessing the impact of an educational intervention on knowledge of pregnant women toward HBV & HCV infections.
Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental one, 100 pregnant women were enrolled in the study they were in third trimester. Structured interviewing sheet, laboratory investigations, educational interventions and pre & posttest formats were utilized for the study.
1Running Header PICO Statement and Literature SearchDECREASIN.docxvickeryr87
1
Running Header: PICO Statement and Literature Search
DECREASING CLABSI INFECTIONS
PICO Statement and Literature Search
NRS 433-V
Grand Canyon University
Literature Search
In researching articles for this paper, I turned to both Qualitative and Quantitative peer reviewed articles. I also performed a lot of independent research so I could knowledgably select the best articles for this research. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Disease Society of America (SHEA-IDSA) report, the most common Healthcare Associated Infection are Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections or CLABSI. With nearly 50% of all ICU patients requiring a central line, the amount of recorded CLABSI infections is extremely high. The research on CLABSI indicates the most common pathogens are Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococci, and Candida. To better understand the nature of CLABSI incidence and therefore employ prevention strategies we must understand the dynamics of a central line. The National Healthcare Safety Network defines a central line as “a catheter whose tip terminates in a great vessel” (IHI, 2011). The catheter on a central line punctures the skin, which by default makes bacterial and fungal infections possible. Once the infection has entered the body it can spread to the blood stream. The infection can then cause hemodynamic changes possibly causing death of a patient. Proof of an infection is found in the recovery of a pathogen from a blood culture from a patient who had a central line. For declarative purposes, a pathogen not commonly present on the skin must only be found in one culture whereas a pathogen commonly found on the skin must be detected in two or more cultures.
To be confirmed as a central line infection, the central line must have been installed a minimum of two days prior to the development of the infection and there must be no other apparent source of the infection. Regarding the cost of Healthcare Associated Infections; both are indicators of the enormity of the problem. The 2010 CDC report titled “Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections” stated 1.7 million cases occur each year in the United States. According to the same report 99,000 cases result in death. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement estimates that of these 99,000 deaths, up to 4,000 are a direct result of bloodstream infections. The human cost is much greater than the financial costs, which alone have a crippling effect on the healthcare industry. Reflecting on the Institute for Healthcare Improvement report, each CLABSI incident prolongs hospitalization on average of seven days. Each infection costs between $3,700 and $29,000. Having established the common CLABSI incidents, identifying the risk of infection, and examining the cost, the healthcare staff must move into prevention s.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
Role of Biostatistician and Biostatistical Programming in Epidemiological Stu...PEPGRA Healthcare
Pepgra experts provide regulatory biostatistics and epidemiology statistical programming support to all phases of clinical trial process development and commercialization. Our Epidemiological statistical services is are located globally & trained in current methods and standards to support the successful execution of your projects.
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Running head ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 1ANALYSIS OF LITERA.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 1
ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE REVIEW 7
Literature Review
Atsede Iyasu
NRS-490- 0500- Professional Capstone and Practicum
Grand Canyon University
08/11/2019
Analysis of Literature Review
Introduction
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) more so in the ICU seems to be an issue that is challenging hospitals and health care centers. Nurses are the healthcare staffs who are responsible for ensuring that patients do not acquire CAUTI in their stay in the ICU (Mody et al., 2015). There are proven techniques and methods identified to be effective at preventing the catheter associated urinary tract infection. One technique that is highly mentioned in the prevention of CAUTI is strict aseptic technique and hand hygiene. The technique can significantly help nurses reduce CAUTI in intensive care units and lessen the health burden of patients in the intensive care unit (Bradley et al., 2018).
In order to confirm whether the above-mentioned technique is effective at preventing CAUTI, a literature review was carried out. The review touched on these method as well as other known methods or techniques for preventing CAUTI. A total of eight studies were reviewed. All the reviewed studies were on publications made between 2014 and 2018. It is important that the studies reviewed are not over five years old. The above was important as it ensured only relevant and up-to-date information established from the review. Comment by Shanna Foley: Great introduction. Be sure your thesis discusses the purpose of the current paper, not the purpose of your change proposal.
A comparison of the research questions
There were three main research questions that were identified in the studies reviewed. The first main research question identified was whether there was an effective scientific method of preventing CAUTI (Purvis et al., 2014). Five of the studies reviewed were interested in answering whether there is a well-known and established medical interventions or scientific interventions that can effectively prevent CAUTI. All the five studies are driven by the hypothesis that CAUTI can be prevented and treated by given medication and it is for the above reason that all the five studies were seeking to confirm whether medical interventions can effectively prevent the infection.
The second main research question was what is the role of hospitals or health centers in the acquiring of CAUTI? According to a publication done in 2017 by Theobald and his colleagues, Hospital conditions are the primary reasons that patients acquire CAUTI. The conditions being mentioned above include; general hospital cleanliness practices and the handling of patients. The third main research question identified was whether the method of administering and removing the catheter was the main reason that patients were acquiring CAUTI. Three of the studies reviewed seemed to run on the hypothesis that the main reason that CAUTIs are acquir ...
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS,21THE 10 STRATEGIC P.docxtodd801
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 21
THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 28
DPI Project Milestone:10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Direct Practice Improvement Project
Running head: THE 10 STRATEGIC POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTUS, 1
The 10 Strategic Points for the Prospectus, Proposal, and Direct Practice Improvement Project
The 10 Strategic Points
Broad Topic Area
1. Broad Topic Area:
The topic taken into consideration is the Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) and prevention
Introduction
2. Introduction
· The paper is an analysis of the CLABSIs infection and how best the infection can be prevented or even eliminated among patients.
· The infection is characterized by a catheter gaining entry into the bloodstream, greatly affecting either the inferior or the superior vena cava or the vessels of the neck.
· The location of the catheter makes entry of pathogens into the bloodstream very occasional. Patients thus become sick easily.
· The risk factors associated with the infection can result from the healthcare provider and also the patients and include; contamination on insertion, the skin flora of the patient, non-intact dressing, poor nutrition, position of the central line, poor patient and healthcare provider hygiene.
· Symptoms include redness, swelling, discharge at the central line exit, fever, chills, respiratory distress, and altered cognitive state.
· The infection can be prevented, through monitoring of the patients for any signs and symptoms, ensuring proper hygiene practices, and keeping patients educated about management of their central line.
· The paper gives all these information in detail, why there is a need to address Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and how best the infection can be handled both by the health care givers and the patients.
Literature Review
3. Literature Review:
1. Primary points basis four sections in the Literature Review:
a. Background of the problem/gap:
· Researchers have dedicated numerous efforts towards the cause and the probable symptoms related to Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) that one needs to be on the look-out for.
· Attention has thus been shifted from the different measures to prevent the occurrence of the infection among patients.
· There arises an urgency to intervene and develop effective measures to curtail the incidence of CLABSIs.
· The use of proper hand hygiene and skin aseptic techniques over the insertion site is necessary for preventing microbial infections
· The nurses need to have the significant knowledge associated with evidence-based practices for the Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs), their attitude towards the guidelines and the utilization of the hygienic measures for the Central Venous Catheter (CVC) patients.
b. Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be the foundation for the project)
· The efficacy of training of nu.
Running head RESEARCH PAPER1RESEARCH PAPER15.docxtodd521
Running head: RESEARCH PAPER 1
RESEARCH PAPER 15
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 2
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention in Blessings Healthcare Facility 4
The Problem 5
Significance of the problem 6
Purpose of this study 7
Research Questions 8
Masters Essentials aligned with the topic 8
Design 10
Literature Review 10
Methodology and the design of the study 13
Sampling Methods 14
Necessary tools 14
Any logarithm or flow map developed 15
Healthcare Facility 15
Implementation 15
Stage 1: Assessment of the current practices (One Week) 16
Stage 2: Identification of the factors leading to high cases of healthcare-acquired infection (5 days) 17
Stage 3: Pre-Training (Two Weeks) 17
Stage 4: Training (5 weeks) 17
Stage 5: an ongoing process of assessing the situation 18
Materials, activities and the cost 20
Results 21
Socio-demographics features of the research population 21
Knowledge concerning the infection prevention 23
Aspects related to the knowledge of the healthcare professionals regarding the issue of preventing healthcare-acquired infections 27
Limitation of the study 28
References 30
Assessment of the knowledge, practice, and the associated factors of Healthcare Acquired Infection Prevention
Healthcare acquired infection/nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infections are becoming a major international challenge in many healthcare facilities especially in the low or middle income nations. It is anticipated that around 10 percent of patients in the healthcare facilities from developing nations are developing healthcare acquired infections and this subsequently leads to negative impacts on healthcare outcomes. It also leads to increase hospital stay, economic burden, morbidity cases, and increase in the mortality incidences. Some of the common healthcare acquired infections include Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV infections, and even Tuberculosis which are often transmitted by healthcare workers who are not observing the practice related to the infection prevention measures.
According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, there are about 1.7 million patients who have been hospitalized as a result of acquiring infection within the facilities while undergoing treatment for other healthcare concerns. Many studies reveal that simple infection control procedures like cleaning of the hands using alcohol-based hand rub is helping in the prevention of the spread of the disease. The increase in the infection rate caused by the healthcare acquired infection is due to the poor practices of infection prevention and control, lack of knowledge or failure to implement knowledge related to the process of preventing and controlling nosocomial illnesses, and other associated f.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
1
2
Quality Improvement Project - Sepsis
Student’s Name:
Course Name:
Institution Affiliation:
1.
Identify the clinical issue that will be the focus of your Quality Improvement project.
The importance of undertaking and implementing quality improvement project in the healthcare environment cannot be understated. It would serve to boost the performance in a specific healthcare environment. Optimization of sepsis care is the first clinical issue that the quality improvement project would focus on. Sepsis is becoming a major health concern globally as there is high risk of death when one gets it. Specifically, delayed sepsis identification has been one of the biggest impediments to achieving desirable health outcomes among patients. However, integrating an analytical system as part of the quality improvement project will help in optimizing sepsis care. Specifically, this will involve early identification of sepsis through use of a robust data-driven approach. Developing this type of analytical system such as machine learning would help clinicians to have real-time actionable data that will then aid in boost early detection of sepsis (Klompas et al., 2020). Consequently, requisite health interventions would be implemented. On top of this, there would be rapid intervention concerning severe sepsis and this will help reduce mortality and improve health outcomes among patients. One of the most significant challenges when dealing with sepsis is that scientists have not been able to come up with an approved medicine that can help in targeting the impaired or aggressive immune system. For this reason, the need for clinicians to have access to high quality and robust analytical systems aimed at detecting sepsis would be crucial.
2.
Provide rationale for the need to change the status quo.
Additionally, the current status quo with respect to sepsis is that there is lack of a robust analytical system aimed at detecting and identifying sepsis at an early stage. Globally, there is an ongoing debate especially in the healthcare industry regarding the exact timing of treatment for sepsis. In this perspective, incorporating a robust early detection and identification system for sepsis can be vital in boosting sepsis survival rates globally. Clinicians are the first line of care especially for patients who are at a critical stage of sepsis. There exist various reasons why there is need to shift from the status quo regarding sepsis and implement actionable, efficient and robust analytical frameworks for sepsis. First, it will aid in saving many lives of people affected by sepsis. The analytical system will aid in early detection, identification and diagnosis of sepsis by clinicians thus boosting survival rates and achieve desirable outcomes among patients. The cost of treating sepsis especially at later stages can be very high. Increased cost can make many patients shy away from accessing such care as they cannot afford ...
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Similar to Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden Universi (20)
Chapter 1 Overview of geneticsQUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Overview of genetics
QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
7. What criteria would you use to determine whether synesthesia is a disorder or a variation of normal sensation and perception?
8. Why do you think that synesthesia is more common today than it was 20 years ago?
9. Why might it be possible for infants to have synesthesia, but the ability is gradually lost?
10. Would you want to take a genetic test for synesthesia? Cite a reason for your answer.
11. Do you think that synesthesia should be regarded as a learning disability, an advantage, or neither?
Chapter 2 Cells
10. Historical references as well as current anecdotal reports suggest that under very unusual circumstances, males can breastfeed. The Talmud, a book of Jewish law, discusses a man whose wife died and who had no money to pay a wet nurse (a woman who breastfeeds another woman’s child). He was able to nourish the child with his own body. The writings of other religions report similar tales. In agriculture, male goats can receive hormonal treatments and make milk. Do you think that it is possible for a human male to breastfeed, and if so, what conditions must be provided to coax his body to produce and secrete milk?
12. Compare the roles of mitosis and apoptosis in remodeling Sheila’s breast from a fatty sac to an active milk gland.
You are to prepare 16 slides PowerPoints of health care system in Cuba. Rubric includes: type of Government Demographics Population, type of health care system currently in place, History of the health care system, including changes and recent developments, How is the delivery system organized and financed? Who is covered and how is insurance financed? What is covered? What is the role of government? What are the key entities for health system governance? World Health Organization rankings in major indices of health (infant mortality, life expectancy, etc.). Strengths and weaknesses of the system. Popularity of system among citizens. (5-6) reputable and current sources (within 5 years).
CHAPTER 1 Overview of Genetics
Senses Working Overtime Eighteen-year-old Sean Maxwell has always perceived the world in an unusual way. To most people, color is a characteristic of an object—a cherry is red; a hippo, gray. To Sean, colors are much more. When he plays a note on his guitar, or hears it from another instrument, a distinctively colored shape pops into his mind. His brain, while perceiving the note as an E flat or a C sharp, creates an overwhelming feeling of iridescent orange-yellow diamonds, or a single, shimmering sky blue crescent. Soaring crescendos of sound become detailed landscapes, peppered with alternating black and white imagery that parallels the staccato notes. These images flash by his consciousness in such rapid succession that he is barely aware of them, yet they seem to burst through his fingers in the patterns of notes that he plays. Sean has experienced these peculiar specific sound-color-shape associations for as ...
Chapter 1 OutlineI. Thinking About DevelopmentA. What Is HumMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Outline
I. Thinking About Development
A. What Is Human Development?
1. Human development is the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time.
2. The science of human development (1) reflects the complexity and uniqueness of each person and their experiences, (2) seeks to understand commonalities and patterns across people, (3) is firmly grounded in theory, and (4) seeks to understand human behavior.
B. Recurring Issues in Human Development: Three fundamental issues dominate the study of human development.
1. Nature Versus Nurture is the degree to which genetic influences (nature) or experiential/environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are. Despite the ongoing debate as to which influence is greater, theorists and researchers recognize that development is always shaped by both—nature and nurture are mutually interactive influences.
2. Continuity Versus Discontinuity focuses on whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
3. Universal Versus Context-Specific Development focuses on whether there is just one path of development or several. In other words, does development follow the same general path in all people, or is it fundamentally different, depending on the sociocultural context?
C. Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework. This framework emphasizes that these four forces are mutually interactive and that development cannot be understood by examining them in isolation. By combining the four developmental forces, we have a view of human development that encompasses the life span, yet appreciates the unique aspects of each phase of life.
1. Biological forces include genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Some biological forces, such as puberty and menopause, are universal and affect people across generations, whereas others, such as diet or disease, affect people in specific generations or occur in a small number of people.
2. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological forces are the ones used most often to describe the characteristics of a person and have received the most attention.
3. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Culture refers to the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a group of people. Overall, sociocultural forces provide the context or backdrop for development. Consequently, there is a need for research on different cultural groups. Another practical problem is how to describe racial and ethnic groups.
4. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. The influence of life-cycle forces reflects the influences of biological, psychological, and sociocultural force ...
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice Myths and RealitiesMyths and RealiMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice: Myths and RealitiesMyths and Realities
It’s only me.” These were the tragic words spoken by Charles “Andy” Williams as the San Diego Sheriff’s Department SWAT team closed in
on the frail high school sophomore who had just turned 15 years old. Williams had just shot a number of his classmates at Santana High
School, killing two and wounding 13. This was another in a series of school shootings that shocked the nation; however, the young Mr.
Williams did not fit the stereotype of the “superpredator” that has had an undue influence on juvenile justice policy for decades. There have
been other very high-profile cases involving children and teens that have generated a vigorous international debate on needed changes in the
system of justice as applied to young people.
In Birmingham, Alabama, an 8-year-old boy was charged with “viciously” attacking a toddler, Kelci Lewis, and murdering her (Binder, 2015).
The law enforcement officials announced their intent to prosecute the boy as an adult. The accused perpetrator would be among the youngest
criminal court victims in U.S. history. The 8-year-old became angry and violent, and beat the toddler because she would not stop crying. Kelci
suffered severe head trauma and injuries to major internal organs. The victim’s mother, Katerra Lewis, left the two children alone so that she
could attend a local nightclub. There were six other children under the age of 8 also left alone in the house. Within days, the mother was
arrested and charged with manslaughter and released on a $15,000 bond after being in custody for less than 90 minutes. The 8-year-old was
held by the Alabama Department of Human Services pending his adjudication.
A very disturbing video showed a Richland County, South Carolina, deputy sheriff grab a 16-year-old African American teen by her hair,
flipping her out her chair and tossing her across the classroom. The officer wrapped his forearm around her neck and then handcuffed her. It is
alleged that the teen refused to surrender her phone to the deputy. She received multiple injuries from the encounter. The classroom teacher and
a vice principal said that they believed the police response was “appropriate.” The deputy was suspended and subsequently fired after the
Richland County Sheriff reviewed the video. There is a civil suit against the school district and the sheriff’s department for the injuries that
were sustained (Strehike, 2015).
One of the highest profile cases involving juvenile offenders was known as the New York Central Park jogger case (Burns, 2011; Gray, 2013).
In 1989 a young female investment banker was raped, attacked, and left in a coma. The horrendous crime captured worldwide attention.
Initially, 11 young people were arrested and five confessed to the crimes. These five juvenile males, four African American and one Latino,
were convicted for a range of crimes including assault, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. There were two separate jury t ...
CHAPTER 1 Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum DecisioMaximaSheffield592
CHAPTER
1
Philosophy as a Basis for
Curriculum Decisions
ALLAN C. ORNSTEIN
FOCUSING QUESTIONS . . d implementation of curriculum?
hil h uide the orgaruzation an
1. How does p osop y g 1 d that shape a person's philosophy of
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What is the major philosop~cal is~ue th
5. define a philosophy of curncul~- hil hies that have influenced curriculum
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7. What is your philosophy of curriculum?
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continuous appraisal and reappraisal of th directionless in the whats and hows of
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organizing and implementing what we ar~ t determines, our educational decisions,
of education influences, and to a large ex en
choices, and alternatives.
PHILOSOPHY AND CURRICULUM . 1· ts with a framework for
. 11 curriculum specia is , h
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organizing schools and classrooms. t f 1 how students learn, and what methods
school's purpose is, what subjects are: va;~ with a framework for broad issues and
and materials to use. Philosophy provi es e
CHAPTER ONE Philosophy as a Basis for Curriculum Decisions 3
tasks, such as determining the goals of edu and activities, and dealing with verbal traps
cation, subject content and its organization, (what we see versus what is read). Curricu
the process of teaching and learning, and, in lum theorists, they point out, often fail to rec
general, what experiences and activities to ognize both how important philosophy is to
stress in schools and classrooms. It also pro developing curriculum and how it influences
vides educators with a basis for making such aspects of curriculum.
decisions as what workbooks, textbooks, or
other cognitive and noncognitive activities to
Philosophy and the Curriculum Sp
utilize and how to utilize them, what and
how much homework to assign, how to test The philosophy of curriculum sp
students and how to use the test results, and reflects their life experiences, comma
what courses or subject matter to emphasize. social and economic background, ed
The importance of philosophy in deter and general beliefs about people. f._•• .....u
mining curriculum decisions is expressed vidual's philosophy evolves and continues
well by the classic statement of Thomas to evolve as long as there is personal growth,
Hopkins (1941): "Philosop ...
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion• Introduction – states general MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Introduction Criterion
• Introduction – states general nature of problem
• Identifies project as quality or leadership focused project
• Background – briefly describes general context of the topic
• Statement of the problem – ‘Therefore the problem/topic addressed in this study is…’
• Purpose of the study – describes specific objectives of the study, related to the problem described above.
• Rationale – Ties together the identified problem, the purpose/goal of the study, and identifies how the writer intends the results will be used to accomplish identified goals.
• Research questions – lists 2-4 specific research questions/objectives for the study.
• Nature of the study – identifies method of study to be used (descriptive, relational, causal, exploratory, or predictive}
• Significance of the study – personal, professional, and/or research.
• Definition of terms
• Assumptions and Limitations
Writing the Personal Statement
The personal statement is an important document in your application packet. Admissions committees not only read them, they remember the memorable ones! A strong personal statement can be make-or-break for your application process.
What is it? It’s a combination of things:
· It is a business document: you are selling yourself, and need to know how to do so persuasively.
· It is an argument: you are showing the reader that they need and want you in their
program, but rather than convince with reasons, you are often arguing using narrative.
· It is an assignment, and your target audience is looking for you to show them that you know how to give what is asked for.
Consider your audience. Beware of Web sites and other sources that simply tell you to “tell your story.” Which story will you choose and for which purpose?
Medical and Law Schools
Science Programs
Humanities MA Programs
Humanities PhD Programs
Diplomatic
Service Scholarships
Want to know
Want to know
Want to see that
Want to know
Want to know
you as a person
your work as a
you are
how you will
you as a person
researcher and
interested in
succeed both in
your work ethic
further study and
and beyond the
know your long-
program
term goals
Remember that your resume tells them that you can do good undergraduate or graduate work. Now they need to know that they are choosing a winner, one who can perform at a higher level and will finish!
Five Standard Topics:
1. your motivation for your career
2. the influence of your family or early experiences
3. the influence of extracurricular, work, or volunteer experiences
4. your long-term goals
5. your personal philosophy
Activity One:
Below is a list of attributes that applicants to professional programs highlight in their personal statements. On the right is a list of indications of the attribute. Read through the list and
· Check off those attributes you want to highlight.
· List possible stories you can tell about yourself, your family, your extracurricular activities, your goals, or your personal ph ...
Chapter 1 IntroductionThis research paper seeks to examine the reMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction
This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between strategic performance and appraisal systems in contemporary organizations. Strategic management in organizations refers to setting goals, procedures, and objectives to gain a competitive advantage. The strategies aim at making businesses distinct from their competitors while attracting consumers to the market. Stakeholders in business entities use strategic management approaches to execute short- and long-term organizational projects. Some strategies include innovation, product segmentation, and corporate social responsibility. On the other hand, a performance appraisal system refers to identifying, evaluating, and developing the work performance of employees to aid in the process of achieving the organization's goals and processes. The organization has to track the performance progress of each employee to keep them accountable for their roles at the workplace.
The definition of the appraisal system and strategic management incorporates objectives and goals. Consequently, the purpose of both strategic management and performance appraisal is to deliver the existing objectives and stay ahead of competitors. The performance appraisal system denotes the type of assessment used by an organization to measure performance. There are different assessment methods. One of the evaluation techniques is straight ranking appraisal where employees are ranked from the best performers to poor performers. Another assessment criterion is grading where employees are assigned specific grades for their performance in different areas. There is also the management-by-objective method of review. The employees and managers set goals under the approach and measure them at the end of the agreed time. Organizations may also assess their employees based on their behaviors and conduct at the workplace. Lastly, organizations can adopt a 360-degree assessment method where employees and managers are assessed. Organizations use one or a combination of the frameworks to evaluate the employees with a view of improving performance.
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between strategic management and performance appraisal systems. The study will evaluate whether managers consider their strategies when selecting the appraisal system or consider other factors. Also, the study will assess the implications of selecting an appraisal system based on the existing strategies in different organizations and the impacts of ignoring organizational strategies when deciding on the performance of the appraisal system. The findings will be crucial in the organizational and human resource management field setting the stage for further research.
Statement of Problem
A brief literature review reveals that there is little to no information on balancing between appraisal systems and organizational strategies. Most researchers in the field tend to focus on how appraisal systems boost organizatio ...
Chapter 1 Introduction to Career Development in the Global EconoMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Introduction to Career Development in the Global Economy and Its Role in Social Justice
Things to Remember
· The reality of the global economy and its implications for employment in the United States
· Why the need for career development services may be at its highest level in half a century
· The language of career development The reasons that careers and career development are important in the fight for social justice
· The major events in the history of career development
History of Vocational Guidance and Career Development
As will be discussed later in this chapter, there are currently calls for the adoption of a new paradigm for the theory and practice of career counseling and career development services that focuses on both individuals and the social contexts in which they function. These ideas are not new, but throughout much of the twentieth century they were neglected. The call for understanding the individual and how he or she is influenced by his or her context is a century-old echo of the voices of the social reformers who founded the vocational guidance movement in education, business, industry, and elsewhere. Reformers in Boston, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; and Grand Rapids, Michigan, focused on immigrants from Europe who came to the United States by the tens of thousands; high school dropouts who were unprepared for the changing workplace; oppression in the workplace; substandard public schools; and the need to apply scientific principles to career planning and vocational education. It is the latter idea, the focus on scientific principles that has received the most criticism, along with the failure to adequately address multicultural issues. Currently, some career development specialists are urging practitioners to abandon theories and strategies rooted in modern philosophies in favor of those rooted in postmodernism.
Looking backward to 1913 and earlier, it is worth noting that social reformers formed the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education (NSPIE) in 1906, which became the parent organization of the National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) in 1913. These reformers were advocates for vocational education, and they carried their fight to state legislators, to the National Education Association, and beyond. One of NSPIE’s achievements was drafting and successfully lobbying for the passage of the Smith–Hughes act in 1917, legislation that laid the foundation for land grant universities and vocational education in public schools (Stephens, 1970).
These earlier reformers were advocates. One mechanism they used to initiate local reforms was the settlement house, which was a place in a working-class neighborhood that housed researchers who studied people’s lives and problems in that neighborhood. In 1901, Frank Parsons founded the Civic Service House in Boston’s North End, and in 1908, the Vocation Bureau, an adjunct of the Boston Civic Service House, was opened. Leader ...
Chapter 1 Goals and Governance of the CorporationChapter 1 LeMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1: Goals and Governance of the Corporation
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
1. Give examples of the investment and financing decisions that financial managers make.
2. Distinguish between real and financial assets.
3. Cite some of the advantages and disadvantages of organizing a business as a corporation.
4. Describe the responsibilities of the CFO, treasurer, and controller.
5. Explain why maximizing market value is the logical financial goal of the corporation.
6. Explain why value maximization is not inconsistent with ethical behavior.
7. Explain how corporations mitigate conflicts and encourage cooperative behavior.
Goals and Governance of the Corporation
This chapter introduces the corporation, its goals, and the roles of financial managers.
Chapter 1 Outline
· Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Corporation
· The Financial Managers
· Goals of the Corporation
· Value Maximization
· Corporate Governance
Note: What are the primary differences among the various legal forms of business?
Investment and Financing Decisions
· The Investment Decision
· Real Assets
· The Financial Assets
· Financial Assets
The Investment Decision– Decision to invest in tangible or intangible assets.
Also known as the “capital budgeting” or “CAPEX” decision.
The Financing Decision– The form and amount of financing of a firm’s investments.
Real Assets– Assets used to produce goods and services.
Financial Assets– Financial claims to the income generated by the firm’s real assets.
Are the following capital budgeting or financing decisions?
· Apple decides to spend $500 million to develop a new iPhone.
· GE borrows $400 million from bond investors.
· Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a small technology company.
· When Apple spends $500 million to develop a new iPhone it is investing in real assets and is making a capital budgeting decision.
· When GE borrows $400 million from bond investors it is investing in financial assets and is making a financing decision.
· When Microsoft issues 100 million shares to buy a smaller company it is investing in both financial and real assets. It is making both a capital budgeting and financing decision.
What is a Corporation?
· Corporation-A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
· Types of Corporations:
· Public Corporations
· Private Corporations
Corporation – A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders.
Public Company – A corporation whose shares are traded in public markets such as the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ.
Private Corporation – A corporation whose shares are not traded publicly.
Benefits of the Corporation
· Limited liability
· Infinite lifespan
· Ease of raising capital
Limited Liability – The owners of a corporation are not personally liable for its obligation.
Drawbacks of the Corporation
· Corporation face the problem of double taxation
· Improper corporate structures may lead to “Agency Problem”
Double Taxation– Corpor ...
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life EXERCISE 1.1 Self-AssessmMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Adjusting to Modern Life
EXERCISE 1.1 Self-Assessment: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Instructions
Read each pair of statements below and place an "X" by the one that comes closest to describing your
feelings and beliefs about yourself. You may feel that neither statement describes you well, but pick the
one that comes closest. Please complete all pairs.
The Scale
1. _A. I have a natural talent for influencing people.
_B. I am not good at influencing people.
2. _A. Modesty doesn't become me.
_B. I am essentially a modest person.
3. _A. I would do almost anything on a dare.
_B. I tend to be a fairly cautious person.
4. _A. When people compliment me I sometimes get
embarrassed.
B. I know that I am good because everybody keeps telling
me so.
5. _A. The thought of ruling the world frightens the hell out
of me.
_B. If I ruled the world it would be a better place.
6. A. I can usually talk my way out of anything.
_B. I try to accept the consequences of my behavior.
7. A. I prefer to blend in with the crowd.
B. I like to be the center of attention.
8. A. I will be a success.
B. I am not too concerned about success.
9. A. I am no better or worse than most people.
_B. I think I am a special person.
10. A. I am not sure if I would make a good leader.
B. I see myself as a good leader.
11. A. I am assertive.
B. I wish I were more assertive.
12. _A. I like to have authority over other people.
_B. I don't mind following orders.
13. _A. I find it easy to manipulate people.
B. I don't like it when I find myself manipulating people.
14. _A. I insist upon getting the respect that is due me.
_B. I usually get the respect that I deserve.
15. _A. I don't particularly like to show off my body.
_B. I like to show off my body.
16. _A. I can read people like a book.
_B. People are sometimes hard to understand.
17. _A. If I feel competent I am willing to take responsibility for
making decisions.
_B. I like to take responsibility for making decisions.
18. _A. I just want to be reasonably happy.
_B. I want to amount to something in the eyes of the world.
19. _A. My body is nothing special.
_B. I like to look at my body.
20. _A. I try not to be a show off.
_B. I will usually show off if I get the chance.
21. _A. I always know what I am doing.
_B. Sometimes I am not sure of what I am doing.
22. _A. I sometimes depend on people to get things done.
B. I rarely depend on anyone else to get things done.
23. _A. Sometimes I tell good stories.
_B. Everybody likes to hear my stories.
24. _A. I expect a great deal from other people.
B. I like to do things for other people.
25. A. I will never be satisfied until I get all that I deserve.
_B. I take my satisfactions as they come.
26. _A. Compliments embarrass me.
_B. I like to be complimented.
27. _A. I have a strong will to power.
B. Power for its own sake doesn't interest me.
28. A. I don't care about new fads and fashion ...
Chapter 1 The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492 MaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
CHAPTER 1
The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe on the Brink of Change
1.3 West Africa and the Role of Slavery
Introduction
Globalization, the ever-increasing interconnectedness of the world, is not a new phenomenon,
but it accelerated when western Europeans discovered the riches of the East. During the
Crusades (1095–1291), Europeans developed an appetite for spices, silk, porcelain, sugar, and
other luxury items from the East, for which they traded fur, timber, and Slavic people they
captured and sold (hence the word slave). But when the Silk Road, the long overland trading
route from China to the Mediterranean, became costlier and more dangerous to travel, Europeans
searched for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route over water, initiating the development
of what we now call the Atlantic World.
In pursuit of commerce in Asia, fifteenth-century traders unexpectedly encountered a “New
World” populated by millions and home to sophisticated and numerous peoples. Mistakenly
believing they had reached the East Indies, these early explorers called its inhabitants Indians.
West Africa, a diverse and culturally rich area, soon entered the stage as other nations exploited
its slave trade and brought its peoples to the New World in chains. Although Europeans would
come to dominate the New World, they could not have done so without Africans and native
peoples.
1.1 The Americas
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
● Locate on a map the major American civilizations before the arrival of the Spanish
● Discuss the cultural achievements of these civilizations
● Discuss the differences and similarities between lifestyles, religious practices, and
customs among the native peoples
Chapter 1 | The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492
Between nine and fifteen thousand years ago, some scholars believe that a land bridge existed
between Asia and North America that we now call Beringia . The first inhabitants of what would
be named the Americas migrated across this bridge in search of food. When the glaciers melted,
water engulfed Beringia, and the Bering Strait was formed. Later settlers came by boat across the
narrow strait. (The fact that Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y
chromosome lends credibility to this migration theory.) Continually moving southward, the
settlers eventually populated both North and South America, creating unique cultures that ranged
from the highly complex and urban Aztec civilization in what is now Mexico City to the
woodland tribes of eastern North America. Recent research along the west coast of South
America suggests that migrant populations may have traveled down this coast by water as well
as by land.
Researchers believe that about ten thousand years ago, humans also began the domestication of
plants and animals, a ...
Chapter 1 - Overview Gang Growth and Migration Studies v AMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 - Overview
Gang Growth and Migration Studies
v A
Now we will examine the problems and issues of not having a nationally accepted definition for a street gang. We will also examine mechanisms that influence gang migration and growth. After reading this section you will also understand that there are sub-populations within the general gang population.
Two of the most frequently asked questions about the gang sub-culture are: Why do gangs grow? Why do gangs migrate? Some law enforcement officials, politicians, educators and parents might suggest and believe that youth in their city are only “imitating” tougher L.A. street gangs or that the gang problem in their jurisdiction is result of migrating gang members from Los Angeles or Chicago. You will hear the terms “wanna be” or “street comer groups” or “misguided youth” used to describe the groups and you can be given a number of reasons why the groups in these areas are not gangs. You might also hear comments suggesting that gang imitation and migration are the reasons why street gangs have now been reported in all 50 states.
Gang Definition
There is another issue here that has to be addressed before the questions can be asked. It is accepting a standard to measure gang growth and migration. That standard is the definition of a street gang. Developing and then using a nationally accepted definition for a street gang becomes the fundamental basis to build examination of growth and migration. Having a standard definition becomes the fundamental building block to answer the two questions.
Studying gang growth is a little more complicated than just surveying cities for data. Without a standard gang definition to identify a gang, any official findings could be biased and misleading. Any responding jurisdiction could potentially use a different definition to identify the gangs in their area. Often, law enforcers, the public, educators and politicians use a penal code gang based definitions of a criminal street gang as a general working definition for a street gang. If the gang does fit within this legal definition used for penalty enhancement only, then the group is not reported as a gang according to this philosophy. The jurisdiction has no gangs. You can clearly see the issue here.
This will certainly lead to under reporting the number and types of street gangs present. Using a legal based definition of a street gang is appropriate from a prosecutor’s point of view. Unfortunately, too many communities, politicians, educators, parents and law enforcement officials use this philosophy. This way of thinking will only reinforce denial and delay the identification and treatment of the gang-community issue.
Many states now have gang enhancement laws similar to California Penal Code Section 186.22. In California this law is commonly known as the STEP Act. It outlines a legal definition for a violent criminal street gang. That definition is used to qualify a defendant(s) for sentencing
46
...
Chapter 06 Video Case - Theo Chocolate CompanyVideo TranscriptMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 06: Video Case - Theo Chocolate Company
Video Transcript:
>> It's rich, it's velvety, it's almost sinful. But creating the perfect bar at this Seattle chocolate factory is about more than just the ingredients on the wrapper.
>> I feel that everybody in the whole supply chain, all he way back to the farmers, should be better off as a result of this delicious food that we use to share with the people we love.
>> So these are these are the beans.
>> These are the beans; this is cacao.
>> At Theo Chocolate, owner Joe Whinney pays farmers two to three times more than the going rate to buy this cacao from the Democratic Republic of Congo, or DRC.
>> Where does cocoa come from? It's coming from farmers in Africa, and in Indonesia, and in Central and South America.
>> Whinney believes that Americans will be willing to pay more for chocolate if they know that, in turn, impoverished farmers will earn more.
>> Of all places, why Congo
>> Why Congo? Well, it was really Ben Affleck's fault.
>> Yes. That Ben Affleck.
>> Like this?
>> Like -- yeah. See that's really well fermented, this isn't.
>> Earlier this year, we joined Ben Affleck and Joe Whinney on a trip to the DRC. Cacao can only grow within a narrow climate zone close to the equator. In 2009, Affleck started a charity called Eastern Congo Initiative to spur economic development in this war-torn region. Five million people have died here due to decades of conflict.
>> As I was reading and I just sort of stumbled upon some of the statistics, and I was struck not only by the numbers, but by the fact that, you know, I hadn't heard about it.
>> So Affleck decided to use his celebrity as a sort of currency to attract investment. He led a small group of philanthropists, protected by armed guards, through jungles where cacao trees thrived and farmers struggled.
>> The cocoa industry here has potential if the value can be increased.
>> For the last two years, Affleck's Eastern Congo Initiative has worked with Whinney and local groups to train farmers to improve the crop. Cacao grows in these greenish-yellow pods that are cracked open to harvest. It's quite slimy, huh?
>> It is. But when you suck on it, it's absolutely delicious.
>> It doesn't taste like chocolate at all.
>> Not at all, does it.
>> It tastes like passion fruit or something.
>> Theo Chocolate has now committed to buy 340 tons of cacao from the DRC --
>> This is really good quality.
>> -- creating a dependable export market.
>> We have brought these people together. They're selling to a chocolate company in the United States. Those markets had been completely closed off to them in the past. And it's not just aid, it's investment.
>> We have security guards around us. There have been attacks recently. This is a tough place to do business.
>> It is, but that's also a place that really needs this kind of business.
>> Business in Seattle is a little sweeter these days. Theo is raising money for charity with its $5 Congo ...
Chapter 08 Motor Behavior
8
Motor Behavior
Katherine T. Thomas and Jerry R. Thomas
C H A P T E R
What Is Motor Behavior?The study of how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed across the lifespan. Applications often focus on what, how, and how much to practice.Motor behavior guides us in providing better situations for learning and practice, including the selection of effective of cues and feedback.
(continued)
(continued)
What Is Motor Behavior? (continued)Valuable to performers and those who teach motor skills (e.g. physical education teachers, adapted physical educators, gerontologists, physical therapists and coaches)
Figure 8.1
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
What Does a Motor Behaviorist Do?Colleges or universitiesTeachingResearchService
Other research facilities: hospitals, industrial, militaryResearch with applications related to settingGrant writing
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor BehaviorTo understand how motor skills are learnedTo understand how motor skills are controlledTo understand how the learning and control of motor skills change across the life spanThree subdisciplinesMotor learningMotor controlMotor development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Three Subdisciplines of Motor BehaviorMotor LearningMotor ControlMotor Development
Goals of Motor LearningTo explain how processes such as feedback and practice improve the learning and performance of motor skillsTo explain how response selection and response execution become more efficient and effective
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Goals of Motor ControlTo analyze how the mechanisms in response selection and response execution control the body’s movementTo explain how environmental and individual factors affect the mechanisms of response selection and response execution
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
To explain how motor learning and control improve during childhood and adolescenceTo explain how motor learning and control deteriorate with aging
Goals of Motor Development
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond SportBabies learning to use a fork and spoonDentists learning to control the drill while looking in a mirrorSurgeons controlling a scalpel; microsurgeons using a laser Children learning to ride a bicycle or to roller skate
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Motor Movements Studied Beyond Sport (continued)Teenagers learning to driveDancers performing choreographed movementsPilots learning to control an airplaneYoung children learning to control a pencil when writing or learning to type on a computer
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
History of Motor Behavior
Five themes have persisted over the years in motor behavior research
Knowledge of results (feedback)
Distribution of practice
Transfer of training
Retention
Individual differences
(continued)
Chapter 8 - Hoffman (2005)
*
Late 1800s and early 1900s: Motor skills to understand cognition and neura ...
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OMaximaSheffield592
Changes in APA Writing Style 6th Edition (2006) to 7th Edition OCT 2019 according to Streefkerk, 2019.
References and in-text citations in APA Style
When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been added that make citing online sources easier and clearer. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:
1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.
2. The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.
(Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)
(Taylor et al., 2018)
3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference list.
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., … Lee, L. H. (2018).
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T. P. (2018).
4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no longer necessary.
doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
5. URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
Walker, A. (2019, November 14). Germany avoids recession but growth remains weak. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127
6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2
7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.
8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. The use of emojis and hashtags is also explained.
Inclusive and bias-free language
Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA’s new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topi ...
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden Universi
1. Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the
central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health
condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs
invade the patients central line after which they get into the
bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be
successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with
subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line
bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for
the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This
means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream
infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with
the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
2. Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections
(CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous
predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said
that central line catheters are the common causes of health
callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk
factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing
central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur
within the central line and this may cause central line related
illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing,
contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as
patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-
population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions
required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative
interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be
achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired
outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the
issue?
What is desired outcome?
3. How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical
issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of
PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions
that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT
components will help develop questions about the what are
kind of population or patients affected with central line
bloodstream infection in Belgian home care setting.
4
Research questions used to refine the search outcome.
Numerous questions may be developed which are associated
with the issue of compliance with EBP healthcare guidelines
that can be used to reduce incidences of patients contracting
central line associated bloodstream infections.
What are main causes of CLABSI in Belgian home care setting?
From the result generated, it can be said that many patients are
suffering from the CLABSI health challenges as a result of
incorrect insertion of a central line by healthcare professionals.
Another questions for refining the EBP on the said issues was
about the most applicable approaches or medical interventions
that could be used to reduce increased chances of developing
CLABSI
CLABSI has been identified as one of the health challenge that
whose causes have been associated contaminated infusion,
patient’s skin flora and contamination on insertion. Such risk
may be reduce if nurses and other healthcare professional get
extensive understanding on the major causes and risk factors
leading to occurrence of CLABSI among patients.
5
PICOT Question on CLABSI
4. will treatment of adults patients with CLABSI (P) be effective
when using intravenous antibiotics therapy (I) as opposed to use
of supportive approaches such as oxygen therapy along with
maintenance of hand hygiene (C) to reduce the incidence of
CLABSI (O) among the adults within a period of eight
months(T)?
antibiotics such as ampicillin should be used as the first line
of antibiotic therapy to treat adult patients with CLABSI.
Also Vancomycin, Linezolid or daptomycin may be used in
serious cases where the CLABSI pathogens seem to be resistant
to ampicillin.
Antibiotics are type of medication that are used to treat
infections caused by wide rage of pathogens. Normally the type
of antibiotics given to patients largely depend on the kind of
bacterial found in the blood stream of the patient. For serious
infections, both antifungal and antibiotic medicine may be given
via PICC line to reduce the rate of infection.
6
Four Research Databases Used To Conduct Search
I used wide range of research databases to conduct search for
the clinical issues of my interest. These included;
Scopus: it’s the world's largest abstract and citation database.
MedlinePlus: this contains chapters and whole articles that use
@MCPHS option to locate whole test for incomplete chapters.
Cochrane Library (De Miranda Costa et al., 2020).
PubMed: provides medicine and science based publications.
By the help of the above mentioned research databases it was
much easy to collected numerous articles have been enriched
with content on the adult CLABSI along with its causes,
predisposing factors, diagnosis and treatment measures to be
used to effectively control such conditions. PubMed, Cochrane
5. Library, Scopus and Scopus are all better equipped in terms of
articles and chapters whose content provide more insights about
medicine and other healthcare related problems together with
possible remedies to such issues.
7
Levels Of Evidence In Each Of The Four Peer-reviewed Articles
Article #1: there was evidence acquired from a thorough
examination and evaluation of how compliance are healthcare
facilities based in the nursing practice that promote well -being
of patients suffering from central line bloodstream infections.
(level2)
Artcle#2: through various trails, the article determined the best
EBP approaches that could be utilized for quality improvement
to reduce CLABSI cases among children. (Level 3)
8
Levels Of Evidence In Each Of The Four Peer-reviewed Articles
Cont.….
Article#3: via randomized trials and systematic review of the
existing approaches, the article provided that EBP treatment
approaches need to deployed within a comprehensive
ambulatory cancer to promote better strategies that standardize
neurology practices for central line infections(level 1).
Article #4. systematic review and evaluation of the impacts of
existing national systems that promote patient health, well-
being and safety. (Level 4)
Strengths of using systematic review for clinical research is that
it provides scientists and other research with opportunity to
6. identify and select research database whose content reduce the
incidence of biased projection or results. This increases the
accuracy of data collected and perhaps provide reliable content
that is trusted, credible and therefore can be adopted for
implementation in a clinical setup.
9
References
Conley, S. (2016). Central line–associated bloodstream
infection prevention: Standardizing practice focused on
evidence-based guidelines. Clinical Journal of Oncology
Nursing, 20(1), 23-26. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.cjon.23-26
De Miranda Costa, M., Santana, H., Saturno Hernandez, P.,
Carvalho, A., & Da Silva Gama, Z. (2020). Results of a national
system-wide quality improvement initiative for the
implementation of evidence-based infection prevention
practices in Brazilian hospitals. Journal of Hospital
Infection, 105(1), 24-
34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.005
Steffens, E., Spriet, I., Van Eldere, J., & Schuermans, A.
(2019). Compliance with evidence-based guidelines for the
prevention of central line–associated bloodstream infections in
a Belgian home care setting: An observational study. American
Journal of Infection Control, 47(6), 723-
725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.10.019
Ting, J. Y., Goh, V. S., & Osiovich, H. (2013). Reduction of
central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in a neonatal
intensive care unit after implementation of a multidisciplinary
evidence-based quality improvement collaborative: A four-year
surveillance. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and
Medical Microbiology, 24(4), 185-
190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/781690
10
7. Name:
Sumesh Rajbahak
Date:
Submission Date:
· This SafeWork NSW White Card is a prerequisite qualification
for this course.
· This study assignment is designed to assist learners to qualify
for the following competency: UEENEEE141A Use of routine
equipment/plant/technologies in an energy sector environment.
· This study assignment must be completed and submitted to
your teacher by the submission date specified. Commence and
complete this assignment as soon as possible to allow for
marking and any corrections required.
· After completing this study assignment, return it to your
TAFE Teacher for marking.
Contents
1Introduction to SafeWork NSW.4
2Risk Management.5
3Personal Protective Equipment.8
4Construction Work.9
5The Safe Wok Method Statement.10
Construction Site Access.15
Element 1: Prepare to use routine equipment, plant and
technologies.17
1.1: Instructions in the use of routine equipment, plant or
technologies are communicated and confirmed to ensure clear
understanding.17
1.2 OHS policies and procedures are communicated and
confirmed to ensure they are understood as they apply in the
carrying out of the work.20
8. 1.3 Tools, equipment and personnel protective equipment
necessary for the work are identified, scheduled and checked to
ensure they work correctly as intended and are safe to use in
accordance with established procedures.20
1.4 Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is
coordinated effectively with others involved.21
1.5 Resources and materials needed to do the work are
confirmed, scheduled and obtained in accordance with
established procedures.22
1.6 Schedule of work including practices for working safely are
confirmed in accordance with instructions and requirements.23
Element 2: Use routine equipment, plant and technologies.28
2.1 OHS policies and procedures and safe work practices are
followed to eliminate or minimise incidents.28
2.2 Routine equipment, plant or technologies are used in
accordance with schedule of work to ensure work is completed
in an agreed time, to a quality standard and with a minimum of
waste.29
2.3 Further instructions are sought from appropriate personnel
in the event of unplanned happenings or conditions.29
2.4 Ongoing checks of work quality are undertaken in
accordance with instructions and requirements.30
Element 3: Complete use of routine equipment, plant and
technologies.30
3.1 Final checks are made to ensure the use of routine
equipment, plant or technologies conforms with instructions and
to requirements.30
3.2 Appropriate personnel are notified of completion of the
work using routine equipment, plant or technologies.31
3.3 Tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials
are, where appropriate, cleaned, checked and returned to storage
in accordance with established procedures.31
3.4 Work area is cleaned up and made safe and sustainable
energy practices are followed.32
3.5 Appropriate records are updated in accordance with
instructions and established procedures.34
9. Introduction to SafeWork NSW.
SafeWork NSW is the NSW government body that focuses on
workplace safety.
Go to this web page: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/about-
us. Find the information required to complete the following
sentence by adding the missing words:
The Work health and safety roadmap for NSW 2022 (Roadmap)
is aimed at everyone to enable the continued reduction in ____
fatalities ___ and ____ serious injury ___ and ____illness ___
in NSW. It sets out agreed priorities to keep safety simple while
focusing on the important risks that will reduce harm.
Go to this web page:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/ 9
9123/whs-roadmap-revised-aug-2018-SW08067.pdf. Find the
information required to complete the following sentence by
adding the missing words:
NSW has met and exceeded the targets of a ____20% decline in
worker fatalities and a _____30% decline in both serious
injuries, illnesses and musculoskeletal injury and illness.
Accordingly, the Government has set more ambitious targets.
By 2022 NSW aims to achieve the following results: ???
What results? From the same web page, list the three target
areas that SafeWork NSW is focusing on for 2022. Also list the
goals set by SafeWork NSW:
1: _____ fatalities
2: ______serious illness and injuries
3: ______serious musculoskeletal injuries and illness
10. Go to this web page: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/legal-
obligations/legislation. Find the information required to
complete the following sentence by adding the missing words:
We administer, provide advice and monitor and enforce
______compliance____ with the Work Health and Safety ACT
act 2011____ and the Work Health and Safety
______2017____..
Risk Management.
Go to this web page:
https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-
2011-010#sec.47. What does the NSW WHS Act 2011 say
about the obligation of an employer (PCBU) to consult with
workers on WHS issues? Add the missing words to complete
the sentence:
The person conducting a business or undertaking must, so far as
is reasonably practicable, ____consult____, in accordance with
this Division and the regulations, with ____workers_____ who
carry out work for the business or undertaking who are, or are
likely to be, directly affected by a matter relating to work health
or safety.
Go to this web page:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/5
0071/Work-health-and-safety-consultation,-cooperation-and-
coordination-COP.pdf Refer to P.6 of this pdf to answer the
following question:
This duty to consult is based on the recognition that worker
input and participation improves _____decesion______-
_____making______ about health and safety matters and assists
in reducing work-related injuries and disease. The broad
definition of a ‘worker’ under the WHS Act means a PCBU
11. must consult with employees and anyone else who carries out
work for the business or undertaking. A PCBU must consult, so
far as is reasonably practicable, with ___contractors_____ and
____sub-contractors____ and their employees, on-hire workers,
outworkers, ___apprentices_______, ______trainees_____,
work experience __students_____, volunteers and other people
who are working for the PCBU and who are, or are likely to be,
directly affected by a health and safety matter.
Go to this web page: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/legal -
obligations/employer-business-obligations/managing-hazards-
and-risks. Study the info on this page then list the three steps
in Risk Management:
1: _________Identify hazards in the work
place_______________________________
2: _________Access the risk those hazards can
create__________________________
3: _________Eliminate or minimi ze those risk as much as
possible________________
Go to this web page:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/4
46028/hierarchy-of-controls-SW09182.pdf. List the preferred
method to control hazards. Also list other methods if the
preferred method is not possible:
Hazard ___Control Measures_____ is the preferred method to
control hazards. If this preferred method is not possible, other
hazard control methods include:
1:
_______ADMINISTRATION_____________________________
____
12. 2: _______ENGINEERING CONTROLS
___________________________
3: _______PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
(PPE)_____________
If risks remain, the possible impact on people must be
controlled using ______PPE_____.
When engaging in Risk Management, it is wise to refer to the
Codes of Practice published by SafeWork NSW.
The RHS photo shows the cutting and chasing of a wall in
preparation for the installation of an electrical pipe and
electrical outlets.
Refer to the following web page and list all Codes of Practic e
that relate to this work activity:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/resource-library/list-of-all-
codes-of-practice
1: ____Construction
work____________________________________
2: ____First aid in work
place_________________________________
3: ____Hazardous manual
task________________________________
4: ____Managing noise and preventing hearing
loss_______________
5: ____Managing electrical
risks_______________________________
6: ____How to manage work health and safety
risks_______________
7: ____Managing the risk of falls in housing
construction.___________
8: ____Managing then risk of plant in the work
place_______________
Download these Codes of Practice for future reference when
13. completing assignments.
This SafeWork NSW web page provides info on the Hierarchy
of Risk Control Measures:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/4
46028/hierarchy-of-controls-SW09182.pdf.
Provide examples of the following:
Elimination:
Change working environment. Like instead of working at
heights we should move it to ground levels.
Engineering:
Using manhole lid seal breaker or using powered mechanism
instead of manual handling.
Substitution:
Using powered tools instead of manual tools.
Isolation:
Installing screens or barriers to hazardous area.
Administration:
Providing training. Team induction or toolbox meeting. Using
signages and warning signs.
PPE:
Mask, Hearing protection, safety boots, gloves and
Personal Protective Equipment.
The illustrations below represent some of the PPE items
commonly used by tradespeople including electricians.
In the table below, list the PPE items required to cut and chase
14. a wall as shown in previous illustrations. Also specify the
reason these PPE items are essential:
PPE ITEM:
REASON REQUIRED:
Gloves
Because of vibration
Hearing protection
Prevents for loud noise
Face shield
Prevents from bits and piece
Respiratory mask
Prevents from dust particles
Eye protection
Prevents from small bits
Construction Work.
Refer to this web page:
https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/sl-
2017-0404#ch.6. Use the info on this web page to fill in the
missing words:
Part 6.1 Preliminary: 289 Meaning of “construction work”.
(1) In this Chapter, construction work means any work carried
out in connection with the ___construction___,
_____alteration____, conversion, fitting-out, commissioning,
renovation, repair, maintenance, refurbishment, demolition,
decommissioning or dismantling of a _____structure___.
15. Go to this web page: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/your-
industry/construction/construction/general-requirements-
accordians/prepare-safe-work-method-statement. Use info on
this web page to fill in the missing words:
Take into account all relevant matters, including circumstances
that may affect the work and work health and safety
management plans that may be prepared in connection with a
construction project. If the SWMS is not followed, stop work
immediately and only recommence when the statement can be
followed. The SWMS must be understandable to those who use
it and should outline:
•the ____work_____ involved
•the _____hazards_________ and ______risk________
•the ___control___________ measures and how they will be
implemented, monitored and reviewed
Give a copy of the SWMS to the principal contractor before the
work commences. Keep a copy available for inspection and
readily accessible to workers until the work is completed, or for
at least two years if there is a notifiable incident. The SWMS
must be reviewed and, if necessary, revised when control
measures are changed after a notifiable incident.
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
16. ____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
The Safe Wok Method Statement.
A sample of the SafeWork NSW SWMS template appears below,
Note the Headings on each of the three columns:
All workers must read and sign Safe Work Method Statements.
This is a SafeWork NSW requirement:
Because work methods change (possibly with the introduction
of new technology) and because workers may wish to suggest
improved work or safety strategies, there is a need to review
SWMS’s. The above SafeWork NSW pdf emphasises this. Note
the extract below:
This SafeWork NSW pdf that introduces the SWMS also lists
the high risk construction work where the SWMS is mandatory.
Because the SWMS provides documented evidence of Risk
Management plans and the acknowledgement of all workers of
the steps required to work safely, many organisations mandate
the use of SWMS’s for other work activities not regarded as
high risk by SafeWork NSW. You therefore need to familiarise
yourself with SWMS’s and how to complete them.
SafeWork NSW penalties also encourage PCBU’s to implement
very effective safe systems of work and to document them. This
is another reason why PCBU’s may require workers to adhere to
SWMS’s. The current fine for a PCBU in breach of Sections 31
or 32 of the WHS Act extends to 3465 penalty units x $102.95
which equals $356,722. Fines against workers tent to be lower.
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/legal-
obligations/legislation/accordians/increases-to-penalty-
provisions-work-health-and-safety-amendment-review-act-2020-
schedule-2-consequential-amendments-to-the-whs-act
17. Go to this web page:
https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-
2011-010#sec.33
Scroll to Division 5 Offences and Penalties. Read Note 33 -
Category 3 Offences. Assume an individual worker (not a
PCBU) commits a Category 3 offence. How many Penalty Units
apply?
A person commits a Category 3 offence if:
(a) the person has a health and safety duty, and
(b) the person fails to comply with that duty.
Maximum penalty: (a) in the case of an offence committed by
an individual (other than as a person conducting a business or
undertaking or as an officer of a person conducting a business
or undertaking): _________ penalty units.
The 4 figure for a Penalty Unit was $100 but the NSW
Government has linked Penalty Units to the CPI and this will
cause an annual increase. Assume that a Penalty Unit is now
$$102.95. Multiply the number of Penalty Units by $$102.95 to
determine the fine for a Category 3 breach of the NSW WHS
Act.
____________________________________________________
The following page illustrates a SWMS designed to enable an
optical fibre cable to be safely terminated into a Fibre-
Breakout-Out-Tray (FOBOT). This worked example and the
MSDS info will help you to complete an SWMS exercise later
in this paper. It involves the use of cement. A few points when
preparing to write a SWMS:
· Start by noting the task steps in their correct sequence on a
separate sheet.
· Review docs such as Instruction Manuals, Codes of Practice
and MSDS Sheets etc to ensure you identify all possible
hazards.
18. · Before you complete the SWMS exercise (that involves the use
of cement) later in this paper, read this:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/resource-library/hazardous-
chemicals/crystalline-silica/crystalline-silica-general-fact-sheet
A blank SWMS Sheet appears on the next page. To familiarise
yourself with the SWMS, complete this sheet to provide a Step-
by-Step process to enable fencing wire entangled around a
lawnmower cutting disk to be safely removed.
MSDS Sheets.
After an electrician fixes the electrical pipe and wall boxes into
the chased wall, your task is to mix mortar using sand and
cement to grout the cavity around the pipe. You must produce
an effective SWMS before commencing this activity. Before
using any substances, you must obtain the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS) from its manufacturer for each substance that
you will use. To perform this activity, you will need to study
the MSDS for cement. This MSDS can be found here:
https://www.cementaustralia.com.au/sites/default/files/2018-
07/CASDS23%2BConcrete%2BMi x.pdf
https://www.ohsrep.org.au/silica_e6w4qije5l8wpqjctec0iw
Also consider the Hierarchy of Risk Controls. Refresh your
memory:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/4
46028/hierarchy-of-controls-SW09182.pdf.
A number of sections in MSDS contain critical information that
needs to be included in our SWMS’s. Study this MSDS sheet
located at the web page above to complete the table below.
MSDS SHEET SECTION No:
SECTION HEADING.
1
Identification of the Material and Supplier.
2
19. 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Now list the Section No’s that contain critical info that needs to
be included in a SWMS to be used before grouting around the
pipe that you chased into the wall:
Keep all of this info for the future SWMS.
20. Construction Site Access.
Construction Projects must be controlled by a Principle
Contractor. Refer to this pdf to answer the following questions:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/5
2151/Construction-work-COP.pdf
What is Construction work? Give a brief description:
____According to the WHS Regulation any work carried out in
connection with the construction, alteration, fitting out,
commissioning , renovation, repair, maintenance , and
refrubrishment, demolition, decommissioning or dismantli ng of
structure. It can be commercial, civil or housing
___
What is Construction Project? Give a brief description:
_____A construction project is the project that involves
construction work where the cost of construction works
$250,000 or more. A construction project covers the activities
in volved in the construction work over the point where the
construction project is handed over to the person who
commissioned it. The handover usually takes place at the
practical completion of the project, for example when the house
is considered habitable and the buyer or owner takes possession
______
When is a Principle Contractor required?
_______Each time when we get construction project Principle
Contractor is required. And there can be only one principle
contractor for each construction project.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________
The Principle Contractor has significant WHS obligations.
Refer to the Construction Work COP and find the relevant
paragraph to fill in the missing words:
21. Although a principal contractor or builder may not be present
on site, they must still ensure
the work is being carried out __safely____. The principal
contractor or builder should check the
subcontractor’s __work ____ _procedure___ and any
__SWMS____ (if relevant) to ensure risks associated with the
work are addressed and then __visit__ the site as necessary to
verify the work is being carried out __safely__. In every case,
individuals are expected to take reasonable _care__ for their
own __safety___ and that their acts do not adversely affect the
health and safety of others.
When a worker arrives at a Construction Site seeking access to
perform work, it is typical to be met by a person in charge of
site security who will direct the worker to the site
administration office where qualifications and accreditations
will be checked. Workers will require three different WHS
qualifications before they are granted access to the construction
site. One essential qualification required before enteri ng a
construction site is the White Card more correctly known as
General Construction Induction qualification. What are the
other two qualifications required? Refer to this web page pdf to
identify them and their purpose and complete the table below:
https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1
703/information-sheet-work-induction-for-construction.pdf
Qualification
Related Knowledge and Skills.
White Card
White Card training provides workers with information relating
to general WHS issues. The need for WHS. Risk Management.
How to complete a SWMS. etc.
23. Practice above you would have discovered and downloaded the
following pdf:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/5
2156/Managing-the-risks-of-plant-in-the-workplace-COP.pdf
Note that the word plant appears in both the title for the
UEENEEE141A competency and also in the Code of Practice.
What is meant by the word plant? Refer to p. 5 in the code.
You will see Clause 1.1. Here’s an extract:
Note that Power Tools are included as plant. Electricians use
many electrical tools on a daily basis. These tools are capable
of causing severe injuries if misused. Misuse includes the use
of tools contrary to Manufacture’s Instructions or contrary to
accepted safe practices within the industry. The removal of a
safety guard is certainly an unsafe practice. The failure to wear
the required Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is also an
unsafe practice. Using a power saw or an angle grinder in a
single handed manner is also unsafe. These are a few examples
that must be considered when formulating the WHS policies to
be enforced in the workplace.
1.1: Instructions in the use of routine equipment, plant or
technologies are communicated and confirmed to ensure clear
understanding.
Assume that you are a Licensed Electrical Contractor and that
you have just employed an apprentice. In this instance,
SafeWork NSW will no doubt regard you as the PCBU. You are
about to issue a work task to your apprentice. But before you
do, you need to ensure that your apprentice has been fully
trained to the extent that this person is able to perform the work
safely and this means without causing any injury. The task to
be completed includes the use of a hammer drill to chisel out
concrete between two cuts in a concrete wall. Refer to the RHS
photo:
24. What checks will you make to ensure that this hammer drill is
safe to use?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
When you check power tools to ensure that they are safe to use,
don’t forget to check that they have been tested and tagged to
meet SafeWork NSW standards: Study this web page to answer
the following question:
https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/hazards-a-z/electrical-and-
power/electrical-inspection-and-testing
Who is permitted by SafeWork NSW to test and tag electrical
equipment for use on work sites including construction sites?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
The photo below shows the use of a hammer drill on a
construction site and this means that the tool must be tested and
tagged every month. After an electrical tool passes the required
safety test, it is tagged with a colour coded tag. The chart
below shows the tag colours used in NSW:
Where will you obtain instructions for the safe use of the
hammer drill illustrated in the photo?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
25. How will you ensure that your apprentice is able to check that
this power tool is safe to use and has the ability to use this tool
safely?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
What PPE must be used when using this hammer drill to chisel
out concrete as illustrated?
Anti-vibration gloves, safety glasses/face shield, hearing
protection, head protection, respiratory mask, safety boots,
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Study the Makita Demolition Hammer User Manual supplied.
List all of the safe work practices and methods that must be
used with this tool and that you will teach to your apprentice.
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Visit the SafeWork NSW web site that lists Codes of Practice
and list the Codes of Practice that relate to this work activity.
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
27. to be performed safely?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
How will you ensure that your apprentice is caring for their PPE
and that it is in good working order? How will you record store
this data? Paper records? Video evidence? Other?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
How will you ensure that your apprentice is adhering to the
safety standards, policies and rules?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
The use of this hammer drill will produce noise. Neighbouring
offices house workers. How will this impact upon your
scheduling of this work task? Visit the EPA and LGA web sites
and document laws relating to noise pollution regulations:
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Apart from the hammer drill and PPE, what other tools and
equipment might be required to complete this task? Include
tools required to finish off the work to an acceptable standard.
_____________________________________________________
28. _______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
1.4 Appropriate personnel are consulted to ensure the work is
coordinated effectively with others involved.
Looking at the RHS photo and focusing on the type of tool in
use, what service needs to be available at this construction site
to enable the tool to be used?
______________________________________
This worker is a labourer. To ensure effective Project
Management, what trade will follow after this job is complete?
And what steps will you take to ensure timely progress?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________1.5 Resources and materials needed
to do the work are confirmed, scheduled and obtained in
accordance with established procedures.
Looking at the photo above that illustrates the cutting and
chasing of a wall, make a full list of tools, PPE and material
required by this worker to complete the task:
Tools.
29. Reason Required.
Broom
To remove debris, restoring work site to a clean state.
Demolition hammer
For cutting chase in a wall.
Shovel
To dig through through the rock- filled dirt.
Masonry trowel
To place cement mortar.
Chisel
To remove the settled mortar from the wall.
PPE.
Reason Required.
Safety Footwear.
To protect feet if tool is dropped our debris falls.
Anti-vibration gloves
To protect your hands for any vibration syndrome.
Face shield
To prevent the hammered objects struck back to your face.
Hearing protection.
To protect your ears from load and continuous noise.
Head protection.
To protect your head from falling objects.
In the table below, list all materials required to complete the job
illustrated in the photo. Also assume that this worker is
supervised by an electrician. After cutting and chasing the
wall, what are the next logical steps and what materials will be
required to complete them?
Materials.
Reason Required.
Orange conduit.
To house power cables.
wires
30. 1.6 Schedule of work including practices for working safely are
confirmed in accordance with instructions and requirements.
Assume that you are the supervisor organising for this cutting
and chasing work to be completed. The work is at an industrial
complex to be constructed of precast concrete walls. Refer to
the following pdf and search for info on Cutting and Chasing
precast concrete walls.
https://www.ccaa.com.au/imis_prod/documents/Library%20Doc
uments/CCAA%20Technical%20Publications/CCAA%20Guides/
CCAAGUIDE2001-T54-CPH5-9-TBR.pdf
What does this pdf state relating to Cutting and Chasing precast
concrete walls?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Given that this pdf appears to have no name or date or claim to
authority, what document will you access to verify the CCAA
extract above and to ensure adherence to Australian Law? Fill
in the missing word to answer this question: The ___________
Code of Australia. Refer to the following:
https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/land-and-
property-development/building-rules-regulations-and-
information/the-building-code-of-australia
Now answer the following questions:
Who will you need to liaise with to enable this work to
proceed?
31. _____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
What essential work activities must be completed before
arranging for the walls to be cut and chased for power pipe and
cabling?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
What tools and materials need to be gathered for issue to the
worker who completes this task?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Assume you are undertaking the task and your electrician /
supervisor instructs you to complete the Risk Management
activity required for the task of rendering over the pipe after it
has been chased into the wall. L:ist the three Risk Management
steps:
1:
_____________________________________________________
_________________________
2:
_____________________________________________________
_________________________
3:
_____________________________________________________
_________________________
Before commencing the work, what action will you take if you
32. encounter unclear work tasks?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
What action will you take if you discover hazards that are
beyond your control? Eg: Assume that the channel extends up
a wall to a height of 3m. Address this and all other possible
hazards.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________
You previously studied an MSDS Sheet for cement power. You
have adhered to your electrician / supervisor’s instructions to
fix the AS/NZS3000 specified pipe into the wall to the correct
depth etc. You are now required to complete a SWMS that is
capable of keeping you safe as you mix mortar and grout around
the pipe fixed into the channel in the concrete wall.
Use the blank SWMS on the following page to complete this
exercise. There is a spare SWMS on Page 22 in case extra room
is required. Also feel free to construct you’re a replica SWMS
using a spreadsheet if you’d prefer to avoid hand writing.
Think carefully about this exercise to ensure that you are able to
perform the work safely. For example, omitting PPE mandated
on an MSDS Sheet would be difficult to explain if a supervisor
or an Inspector dropped unannounced and started asking
questions. Your SWMS must be capable of keeping all workers
safe. SafeWork NSW Inspectors might use an injured worker as
evidence of an unsatisfactory SWMS or Risk Management
activity or WHS Management Plan.
_____________________________________________________
33. ____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Think about the task of mixing concrete and working from
ground level to a height of 3m to grout around the pipe. Study
the information on this web page:
https://www.service.nsw.gov.au/transaction/apply-high-risk-
work-licence
Now describe how SafeWork NSW legislation will impact upon
the use of specialist equipment to complete this job:
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
What steps might the supervisor take to enable the worker to
complete this grouting work, taking into consideration the
specialised equipment that will be required to complete this
task, and the fact that staff may not possess the licence required
to operate this equipment? Also list possible options open to
the supervisor:
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
35. your intervention if workers fail to comply:
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
When the apprentice attempts the work task for the first time
(and maybe a time or two after that). what level of supervision
will you provide to ensure the work is performed in a safe
manner?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Before the apprentice commences work, what safety document
must be studied and signed?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
Your apprentice might encounter a situation not listed on the
SWMS. What policy will you insist upon in such a
circumstance?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
After your apprentice has demonstrated an acceptable
competency level, how will you ensure that they are adhering to
the SWMS and other safety policies?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
36. _______________________2.2 Routine equipment, plant or
technologies are used in accordance with schedule of work to
ensure work is completed in an agreed time, to a quality
standard and with a minimum of waste.
Assume that your job is small. The length of the cut and chase
is 1.5m. What common tools could be used? And what
consumables are required?
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Now assume multiple cut and chase locations throughout a
factory complex. What specialist equipment might be used to
aid in the timely completion of the job and to meet Project
Management Milestones? This web page should help:
https://www.totaltools.com.au/136987-makita-2-piece-vacuum-
cleaner-dust-extractor-wall-chaser-kit-sg1251jvc30m
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
2.3 Further instructions are sought from appropriate personnel
in the event of unplanned happenings or conditions.
To assist workers on the job, make a list of possible unplanned
happenings and the appropriate personnel to be contacted for
each event. Some info is provided to assist. Complete the
table:
37. Event
You must contact:
All Unplanned events:
Your Supervisor at Cut & Chase Co.
Medical Emergency:
2.4 Ongoing checks of work quality are undertaken in
accordance with instructions and requirements.
Assume that you are the supervisor. Construct a Check Sheet to
be used when you visit the workers to ensure the quality of their
work and that they are working safely.
Work
Activity
Quality
OK?
Safety
OK
Comments:
(Add info that indicates OK or not OK)
38.
39. Element 3: Complete use of routine equipment, plant and
technologies.
3.1 Final checks are made to ensure the use of routine
equipment, plant or technologies conforms with instructions and
to requirements.
When apprentices complete jobs, how will they measure their
work to ensure it meets the requirements of Cut & Chase Co and
the customer?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________3.2 Appropriate personnel are
notified of completion of the work using routine equipment,
plant or technologies.
When you inspect the completed work task, what will you check
to ensure that the work is fit for purpose? And what actions
need to be taken to finish the job to a professional standard?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
When the walls are cut and chased to customer requirements,
and pipes are fixed in the channels with the assistance of a
supervising electrician, what documentation needs to be
submitted?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
40. _____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
3.3 Tools, equipment and any surplus resources and materials
are, where appropriate, cleaned, checked and returned to storage
in accordance with established procedures.
List the power tools used on this job and the basic service /
cleaning activity required before they are packed away in their
cases and returned to the Cut & Chase Co store:
Tool
Servicing Requirements:
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________3.4 Work area is cleaned up
and made safe and sustainable energy practices are followed.
List the equipment to be used to clean up the work site after
cutting and chasing activities.
41. _____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
List all hazards associated with the clean-up activities.
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
List the PPE required to complete the clean-up activities.
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Refer to the Hierarchy of Risk Control, listing alternatives from
this hierarchy to safely control hazards as you clean up the work
site.
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________________________
Create a SWMS to identify the task steps involved in work area
clean-up, associated hazards and control measures required.
The SWMS sheet appears on the following page:
42. 3.5 Appropriate records are updated in accordance with
instructions and established procedures.
The illustration below represents the location of the office desk
in the factory unit requiring two power outlets (one at each end
of the desk) and at a height of 900mm above the floor to
provide easy access. Given that these pipes will be totally
concealed after rendering, complete the diagram below to
accurately identify the location of pipes. Include ALL
measurements. Include the Factory Unit No and the direction
that the wall is facing (N, E, S or W).
There may be a need to access the concealed pipe in the future,
perhaps for the purpose of repair or to remove a blockage.
After completing the job, who will receive copies of this plan
from you?
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
_____________________________________________________
_______________________
2
Running Head: ESSENTIALS OF EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE
1
ESSENTIALS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
2
Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
Francis Mercado
43. Dr. Linda Johanson
Matrix Worksheet Template
Use this document to complete Part 2 of the Module 2
Assessment, Evidence-Based Project, Part 1: An Introduction to
Clinical Inquiry and Part 2: Research Methodologies
Full citation of the selected article
Article #1
Article #2
Article #3
Article #4
Steffens, E., Spriet, I., Van Eldere, J., & Schuermans, A.
(2019). Compliance with evidence-based guidelines for the
prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections in a
Belgian home care setting: An observational study. American
Journal of Infection Control, 47(6), 723-
725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.10.019
Ting, J. Y., Goh, V. S., & Osiovich, H. (2013). Reduction of
central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in a neonatal
intensive care unit after implementation of a multidisciplinary
evidence-based quality improvement collaborative: A four-year
surveillance. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and
Medical Microbiology, 24(4), 185-
190. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/781690
Conley, S. (2016). Central line-associated bloodstream infection
prevention: Standardizing practice focused on evidence-based
guidelines. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 20(1), 23-
26. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.cjon.23-26
De Miranda Costa, M., Santana, H., Saturno Hernandez, P.,
Carvalho, A., & Da Silva Gama, Z. (2020). Results of a national
system-wide quality improvement initiative for the
implementation of evidence-based infection prevention
practices in Brazilian hospitals. Journal of Hospital
Infection, 105(1), 24-
34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.005
44. Why you chose this article and/or how it relates to the clinical
issue of interest (include a brief explanation of the ethics of
research related to your clinical issue of interest)
I chose this article because the study focused on assessing
compliance of healthcare organizations with an acceptable
practice that is recommended for the prevention of central line -
related bloodstream infection. The study was ethical and
perhaps much concerned about community health services
The article was chosen because its research was aimed at
collecting the data about the use of central venous catheters as a
lifesaving treatment approach and perhaps find better
approaches that could be deployed to reduce infections
associated with a central line-associated bloodstream illness
(Ting et al., 2013).
The selection of this article was based on its content that
addressed a case study whereby healthcare professionals were
observed during CVC care. It can be concluded that since its
primary content was based on the patient interviews (Conley,
2016).
I chose this article because its study aimed at analyzing the
impacts of national system-wide QI that was initiated to
promote HCAI prevention. The study was ethical and result-
oriented (Dumpa et al., 2019).
Brief description of the aims of the research of each peer -
reviewed article
The research majorly aimed to evaluate how compliance are
healthcare organizations with respect to care practice that helps
promote the well-being of patients suffering from central line
related blood illness (Steffens et al., 2019).
The article aimed at identifying EBP strategies that can be
implemented to for quality improvement to minimize the
incidence associated with neonatal CLABSI
The study aimed at determining EBP approaches that could be
implemented within a comprehensive ambulatory cancer to help
in standardization of neurology practices for central lines
The researchers of the article intended to assess the effects of
45. national systems that deploy to promote patient safety
Brief description of the research methodology used Be sure to
identify if the methodology used was qualitative, quantitative,
or a mixed-methods approach. Be specific.
The authors used interviews along with questionnaires to assess
the compliance of home care nurses with a good practice that
could help prevent central line-associated bloodstream diseases
and other infections (Steffens et al., 2019).
This was a qualitative approach
During the study, the researcher applied a retrospective
observational technique to enable be able to a comparison of
CLABSI in neonates that had been admitted to level three NICU
between 2007 and 2011. This was to facilitate the assessment of
the trend across the years selected. It was quantitative research.
The author deployed a wide range of research methodologies in
which case the nurses were given two types of tests that
included post and pre-tests (Conley, 2016). As for the patients
they were interviewed and this generated qualitative outcomes
after which the nurses were audited while undertaking CVC care
upon exposure to education.
The study utilized well-designed before and after Quasi-
experiments that targeted over 1869 hospitals. the study
employed a quantitative research technique. The result
indicated that utilization of system-wide interventions for the
patient had an appositive impact in promoting
A brief description of the strengths of each of the research
methodologies used, including reliability and validity of how
the methodology was applied in each of the peer-reviewed
articles you selected.
The approach used by the authors give their study strength of
conducting one-on-one interviews that facilitate effectiveness
and reliability of the data collected
The major strengths of this research are that it applied Do-
46. Study-Act cycles (PDSA). This method of study often generates
desired and reliable outcomes (Ting et al., 2013).
Monthly peer-peer audits were one of the strengths of this
article. Unlike clinical nurses, special audits peer-to-peer audits
provide reliable results. The only weaknesses of the study are
that patients’ interviews were subjective and this could reduce
the study’s reliability.
The strength of this article can be attributed with its efforts to
reach out to more than 26 states during the research as this
increases the accuracy of the results obtained. The assessment
of HCAI prevents indicated a great improvement through the
strategies deployed nationally and in the states (Dumpa et al.,
2019).
General Notes/Comments
The need for home care is on-demand, it is, therefore, necessary
to assess how homecare nurses are prepared in terms of
standardized and recommended good practices that could help
reduce impacts of central line-associated bloodstream infections
(Steffens et al., 2019).
Findings indicated that multidisciplinary EBP and collaboration
often result in a significant reduction in CLABSI (Ting et al.,
2013).
Implementation of EBP policies that are standardized can help
improve patient outcomes (Conley, 2016).
The assessment and evaluation of HCAI prevention provided
insights on how maintenance of hand hygiene by the nurse and
other care providers could serve as the primary intervention.
References
Conley, S. (2016). Central line-associated bloodstream infection
prevention: Standardizing practice focused on evidence-based
guidelines. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 20(1), 23-
26. https://doi.org/10.1188/16.cjon.23-26
De Miranda Costa, M., Santana, H., Saturno Hernandez, P.,
Carvalho, A., & Da Silva Gama, Z. (2020). Results of a national
48. Evidence Level *
(I, II, or III)
Conceptual Framework
Describe the theoretical basis for the study (If there is not one
mentioned in the article, say that here).**
Design/Method
Describe the design and how the study was carried out (In
detail, including inclusion/exclusion criteria).
Sample/Setting
The number and characteristics of
patients, attrition rate, etc.
Major Variables Studied
49. List and define dependent and independent variables
Measurement
Identify primary statistics used to answer clinical questions
(You need to list the actual tests done).
Data Analysis Statistical or
Qualitative findings
(You need to enter the actual numbers determined by the
statistical tests or qualitative data).
Findings and Recommendations
General findings and recommendations of the research
Appraisal and Study Quality
Describe the general worth of this research to practice.
What are the strengths and limitations of study?
What are the risks associated with implementation of the
suggested practices or processes detailed in the research?
What is the feasibility of use in your practice?
50. Key findings
Outcomes
General Notes/Comments
*These levels are from the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-
Based Practice: Evidence Level and Quality Guide
· Level I
Experimental, randomized controlled trial (RCT), systematic
review RTCs with or without meta-analysis
· Level II
Quasi-experimental studies, systematic review of a combination
of RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, or quasi-experimental
studies only, with or without meta-analysis
· Level III
Nonexperimental, systematic review of RCTs, quasi-
experimental with/without meta-analysis, qualitative,
51. qualitative systematic review with/without meta-synthesis
· Level IV
Respected authorities’ opinions, nationally recognized expert
committee/consensus panel reports based on scientific evidence
· Level V
Literature reviews, quality improvement, program evaluation,
financial evaluation, case reports, nationally recognized
expert(s) opinion based on experiential evidence
**Note on Conceptual Framework
· The following information is from Walden academic guides
which helps explain conceptual frameworks and the reasons
they are used in research. Here is the link
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/conceptualframewor
k
· Researchers create theoretical and conceptual frameworks that
include a philosophical and methodological model to help
design their work. A formal theory provides context for the
outcome of the events conducted in the research. The data
collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and
conceptual framework.
· As stated by Grant and Osanloo (2014), “Without a theoretical
framework, the structure and vision for a study is unclear, much
like a house that cannot be constructed without a blueprint. By
contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework
allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an
organized flow from one chapter to the next.”
· Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of
academic standards and procedure. They also offer an