The study assessed the knowledge and practice of hepatitis B prevention among 192 healthcare workers in a Nigerian hospital. The results showed that:
1) 99.5% of respondents had good knowledge of hepatitis B infection, though not all with good knowledge carried out good prevention practices.
2) Most respondents had good knowledge of hepatitis B prevention through vaccination, protective equipment, handwashing, and antiseptics.
3) 60.9% reported good prevention practices, though years of experience was not significantly associated with practice level.
4) Barriers to hepatitis B vaccination included vaccine availability, cost, and needle injection fears.
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
Knowledge and attitude to human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophyla...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy, nursing, and medical students regarding HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) at a university in southeastern Nigeria. A survey was administered to 396 students across various levels. The results found poor overall knowledge of HIV PEP, with only 44.63% of nursing, 38.34% of medical, and 34.11% of pharmacy students demonstrating knowledge. However, attitudes were generally favorable, with over 60% of students from each program expressing positive attitudes toward HIV PEP. The study highlights the need for improved educational programs to enhance students' understanding and awareness of HIV PEP protocols.
Evaluation of the Awareness about Hepatitis among Ardabil Medical University ...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the five infectious diseases in the world that yearly one million people die and nearly 2 million sufferers from it. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most important cause of liver disease and the major cause of death from hepatitis in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge about hepatitis among medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that has been done on 150 students were selected randomly from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences students in 2016. The data collected by a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS version 16. P < 5% was considered significant. Results: Of all students, 56% were female, and the rest of them were male with an average age of 20 years. The average of student knowledge was 11.06. Nursing and health students had the highest and IT students had the lowest level of knowledge. 61.3% of students referred to the use of a common syringe as an agent for the transmission of hepatitis and 62% believed that the level of knowledge of people in the community could prevent the transmission of HBV infection to individuals. Conclusion: The results present study showed that students’ knowledge about HBV was moderate and because of medical personnel is at high risk of infection due to their occupational status. Hence, promoting their level of knowledge about HBV is essential.
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden UniversiMaximaSheffield592
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs invade the patients central line after which they get into the bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said that central line catheters are the common causes of health callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur within the central line and this may cause central line related illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing, contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the issue?
What is desired outcome?
How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT components will help develop questions about the what are kind of population or patients affec ...
knowledge and practice of needle stick Dr. Gawad AlwabrYemen .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
This study assessed the knowledge and practices of nurses in Sana'a, Yemen regarding needlestick injury prevention measures. A survey of 259 nurses found that 44% had poor knowledge of prevention measures and 76.5% had poor practices. The level of knowledge was significantly associated with gender and hospital, while practices did not significantly vary by demographics. Needlestick injuries were commonly reported, with 37.5% of nurses experiencing one in the last 6 months, but most injuries went unreported. The results indicate that knowledge and prevention practices among nurses need to be improved through education programs.
Intensive care nurses’ knowledge & practices regardingAlexander Decker
1. The study assessed the knowledge and practices of 77 intensive care unit nurses regarding infection control standard precautions at a cancer hospital in Egypt.
2. The results found that over 63% of nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge levels, though over 57% had satisfactory performance adhering to standard precautions.
3. There were negative correlations between knowledge/performance and age/experience, but positive correlations between knowledge and performance. The study concluded nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge despite satisfactory performance, and recommended continued education programs to update knowledge and adherence to best practices.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG SURGEONS REGARDING CROSS INFECTION CONTROL PROC...Anil Haripriya
The study revealed good knowledge of infection control procedures but there were problems in practices of
sterilization. Most of them did not separate the needle from the syringe prior to disposal therefore needle
prick injuries were common. So more intensive and regular training programs to surgeons must be included
in the plans of quality control in all hospital and regular inspection from the ministry of health guarantees
good infection control practices
Exploring Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of ICU Health Workers Regarding ...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Nosocomial Infection is a localized or systemic infection acquired at any health care facility including hospitals by a patient admitted for any reason other than the pathology present during admission. Including an infection acquired in a healthcare facility that manifest 48 hours after the patient's admission or discharge. Objective: Themain aim of this study is toassess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practice of ICU health personnel with regards to the spread of nosocomial infections. Methodology: A cross-sectional and facility based study was conducted from March to November 2016 at King Khalid hospital in Najran, Saudi Arabia. By adopting convenience technique, 50 subjects had been recruited to participate in this study. Results: 62% of respondentswere female. The mean age was 29 years. Concerning educational status, 54% of the participants have Bsc. professionally most of them (48%) were nurses. 60% of the participants have less than three year working experience in ICU.86% of them highlighted that hands must be washed with soap and water or even rubbed with alcohol before contacting with patients. Additionally, the result reveals that employees who had master degree or above displayed higher mean knowledge scores as compared to the other two groups (diploma or less & bachelor) (0.7147 & 4.6656) respectively. High significant statistical differences were found between the three academic groups in relation to sharp devices, personal protective equipment (gloves, gowns &masks), care of intravenous infusion therapy, central line care and urinary catheter care (F=4.594, F=7.982, F=5.539, F=4.471, F=15.310, F=4.345) respectively at p < 0.05. Recommendation & conclusion: Health workers in ICU (King Khalid hospital) showed adequate knowledge and faire attitude regarding universal precautions
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
Knowledge and attitude to human immunodeficiency virus post-exposure prophyla...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy, nursing, and medical students regarding HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) at a university in southeastern Nigeria. A survey was administered to 396 students across various levels. The results found poor overall knowledge of HIV PEP, with only 44.63% of nursing, 38.34% of medical, and 34.11% of pharmacy students demonstrating knowledge. However, attitudes were generally favorable, with over 60% of students from each program expressing positive attitudes toward HIV PEP. The study highlights the need for improved educational programs to enhance students' understanding and awareness of HIV PEP protocols.
Evaluation of the Awareness about Hepatitis among Ardabil Medical University ...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the five infectious diseases in the world that yearly one million people die and nearly 2 million sufferers from it. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most important cause of liver disease and the major cause of death from hepatitis in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge about hepatitis among medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that has been done on 150 students were selected randomly from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences students in 2016. The data collected by a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS version 16. P < 5% was considered significant. Results: Of all students, 56% were female, and the rest of them were male with an average age of 20 years. The average of student knowledge was 11.06. Nursing and health students had the highest and IT students had the lowest level of knowledge. 61.3% of students referred to the use of a common syringe as an agent for the transmission of hepatitis and 62% believed that the level of knowledge of people in the community could prevent the transmission of HBV infection to individuals. Conclusion: The results present study showed that students’ knowledge about HBV was moderate and because of medical personnel is at high risk of infection due to their occupational status. Hence, promoting their level of knowledge about HBV is essential.
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.Walden UniversiMaximaSheffield592
Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections.
Walden University
Dr. Linda Johanson
Francis Mercado
1
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
The clinical issue or problem identified for my study is the central line bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Central line bloodstream infections(CLABSI) is a health condition that affects many people.
It occurs when pathogens such as bacteria and other germs invade the patients central line after which they get into the bloodstream.
CLABSI related infections are often serious but they can be successfully managed through appropriate treatment approaches.
Femoral central venous catheters and internal jugular along with subclavian central lines have high risk of getting infected.
As per the survey conducted in 2019 about the central line bloodstream infections, it was found that the infection ratio for the said infections was 0.8 per 1000 central line days. This means that over 250000 people across the world bloodstream infections occur yearly and most of them are associated with the presence of intravascular devices.
2
Identification and description of the clinical issue.
Cont.………
Risk factors for Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
presence of gastrostomy tube.
ICU placement of central venous catheter.
Immunosuppression.
Antibiotic therapy(Steffens et al., 2019,).
Poor nutrition;
Multiple invasive procedures.
nonoperative cardiovascular disease.
Central line bloodstream infection is associated with numerous predisposing risk factors. From healthcare stats, it can be said that central line catheters are the common causes of health callings linked to CLABSI. However there are many other risk factors that predispose patients to contracting or developing central line bloodstream infections. Contamination may occur within the central line and this may cause central line related illness. Such contamination include; non interact dressing, contaminated infusion, central venous access devices as well as patient's skin flora.
3
How to develop PICOT question for CLABSI
By analyzing the major components of PICOT, that is P-population, patients, or problem at hand, I-interventions required to solve the issue, C- control or alternative interventions to be compared, O-outcome or the objective to be achieved and T-time framework required to achieve desired outcome(Steffens et al., 2019).
This will help formulate questions such as;
Who and what is the issues that need to be addressed?
What is the proposed intervention and actions to remedy the issue?
What is desired outcome?
How much time is required to realized anticipated results?
To come up with PICOT statement of question on the clinical issues that I had chosen I had to analyze all the components of PICOT to identify their meanings so as to develop a questions that meets PICOT guidelines. The analysis of the PICOT components will help develop questions about the what are kind of population or patients affec ...
knowledge and practice of needle stick Dr. Gawad AlwabrYemen .pdfDr. Gawad Alwabr
This study assessed the knowledge and practices of nurses in Sana'a, Yemen regarding needlestick injury prevention measures. A survey of 259 nurses found that 44% had poor knowledge of prevention measures and 76.5% had poor practices. The level of knowledge was significantly associated with gender and hospital, while practices did not significantly vary by demographics. Needlestick injuries were commonly reported, with 37.5% of nurses experiencing one in the last 6 months, but most injuries went unreported. The results indicate that knowledge and prevention practices among nurses need to be improved through education programs.
Intensive care nurses’ knowledge & practices regardingAlexander Decker
1. The study assessed the knowledge and practices of 77 intensive care unit nurses regarding infection control standard precautions at a cancer hospital in Egypt.
2. The results found that over 63% of nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge levels, though over 57% had satisfactory performance adhering to standard precautions.
3. There were negative correlations between knowledge/performance and age/experience, but positive correlations between knowledge and performance. The study concluded nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge despite satisfactory performance, and recommended continued education programs to update knowledge and adherence to best practices.
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG SURGEONS REGARDING CROSS INFECTION CONTROL PROC...Anil Haripriya
The study revealed good knowledge of infection control procedures but there were problems in practices of
sterilization. Most of them did not separate the needle from the syringe prior to disposal therefore needle
prick injuries were common. So more intensive and regular training programs to surgeons must be included
in the plans of quality control in all hospital and regular inspection from the ministry of health guarantees
good infection control practices
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that evaluated factors contributing to treatment default among tuberculosis patients at an ART clinic in Uganda. The study found that the majority of participants were over 30 years old, unemployed, and had to travel over 10km to receive treatment. Most participants were not diagnosed with TB more than a year ago. The majority felt that TB treatment is curative but takes longer than 6 months to complete. Fear of isolation was the most common reason patients did not inform family/friends of their TB status. The study concludes that strengthening TB treatment, prevention, and control systems is needed.
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Comparison of Ultrabio HIV DNA PCR and Gag Real-Time PCR Assays for Total Hiv-1 DNA Quantification by Tuofu Zhu in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
REVIEW CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2REVIEW CENTRAL .docxzmark3
REVIEW: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
REVIEW
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM 2
October 9, 2018
CLABSI Supporting Literature
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter (CVC), refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. There were 200 articles that were established to talk about the CVCs, CLABSIs, risk factors, intervention, and benefits of preventive measures. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria many journal articles were left out because of being written in other languages rather than English. Therefore, the use of the English language index the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to search related journal articles. Other search tools includeThe National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) – PubMed. Studies older than five years were excluded to ensure that the research remained current and up to date. Using real-time cases or conditions helps to improve the quality and validity of the resulted research.
Questions Posed in the Studies
Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
Education, Simulated Training, Experience, and Knowledge
Kadium (2015) inquired into how the education program for one month, based on the evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care? Other researchers that focus on how education, experience, and workshops enhance prevention or reduction of CVC infections include; El-Sol & Badawy, (2017), Leistner, Thürnagel, Schwab, Gastmeier, & Geffers (2013), and Soffle, Hayes, & Smith (2018). Dougherty (2014) questions the potential solutions in reducin.
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
This document summarizes a study that correlated CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in 100 HIV-positive patients in India. The study found that lower CD4 counts were associated with a wider range of oral and systemic manifestations, which can serve as a prognostic marker for immune suppression. Specifically, the study found that tuberculosis was the most common systemic manifestation. Candidiasis and chronic generalized periodontitis were the most prevalent oral manifestations in males, while candidiasis and recurrent aphthous ulcers were most common in females. Nearly all patients with CD4 counts below 200 showed oral manifestations, demonstrating a significant correlation between oral manifestations and lower CD4 counts.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and presents information from AdvaMed. It notes that HAIs occur worldwide and affect hundreds of millions annually, increasing morbidity, mortality, and costs. Up to 90% of HAI deaths in the US are caused by multi-drug resistant organisms. Surveillance shows HAI incidence is 3 times higher in developing economies compared to EU/US. HAIs lead to prolonged hospital stays and increased costs. Prevention through evidence-based interventions could reduce HAIs by 65-70% and save resources. Strong infection control including surveillance is needed to combat HAIs and antimicrobial resistance.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
The document proposes a knowledge-based framework called HAIKU that uses ontologies, web services, and rules to improve surveillance of healthcare-associated infections. The framework focuses on consistently classifying infections like surgical site infections according to standards and guidelines. It uses the HAI ontology to group thousands of codes into a hierarchy of infection concepts and relationships. Statistical analysis and heuristics are used to define rules to improve detection of surgical site infection cases. The framework aims to use "e-triggers" identified through the ontology to better assess risk of postoperative infections for certain surgeries.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
This document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence of hepatitis B antigenemia among dental students in South India. The study found:
1) A total of 352 dental students participated in the study, with 46% vaccinated against hepatitis B and 54% unvaccinated.
2) All 352 dental students tested negative for hepatitis B surface antigen.
3) While the study found no current hepatitis B infections, the significant number of unvaccinated students indicates a need for improved vaccination programs for dental students to protect against occupational risk of hepatitis B exposure.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
- The study assessed the knowledge and practices of nurses regarding post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal.
- It found that while most nurses had satisfactory knowledge of PEP, their practices regarding seeking care after exposure were less than ideal. Only around 15% sought healthcare after an exposure.
- The study concluded that while knowledge of PEP was high, practices needed improvement. It recommended further training and education to promote safer work practices among nurses.
A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
This study was done to carry out a survey of Human Parainfluenza Virus in children aged 1-12years
in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Diagnostic kits. Of the 376
samples tested for IgG antibody of HPIV 1, 2 and 3, 288 were seropositive (76.6%). Risk and demographic
factors such as age of the children parental occupation, parental educational status, vitamin A deficiency,
frequency of eating, household size, duration of breastfeeding, environmental smoke, respiratory symptoms,
fever, sickle cell and underlying diseases were analysed. Age (χ2=17.408, p=0.001), parental occupation
(χ2=10.116, p=0.039), duration of breastfeeding (χ2=8.439, p=0.015), presence of respiratory symptoms
(χ2=5.116, p=0.024) were significantly associated with the infection. Observation from the study showed the
importance of Human Parainfluenza Virus as an agent of respiratory tract infection in children. As antiviral
drugs are not readily available, preventive measures should be adhered to in the control of the infection.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
This document presents a model for an online fuzzy-logic knowledge warehousing and mining system for diagnosing and treating HIV/AIDS. The system would store patient data and medical knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It uses fuzzy logic and data mining to predict HIV/AIDS status, monitor patient health over time, and determine recommended treatment plans. The system was tested on real patient data from a hospital in Nigeria. It aims to provide an efficient way to diagnose, treat, and monitor people living with HIV/AIDS.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
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Neurological system includes brain and spinal cord. It plays an important role in functioning of our body. Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain. Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects the brain. It can be life-threatening or cause long-term complications. Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support.
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Similar to Knowledge-and-Practice-of-Hepatitis-B-Prevention-among-Health-Care-Workers-in-Wesley-Guild-Hospit.pdf
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the biggest public health problem and now ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as the world’s leading infectious cause of death. Globally, patient compliance with anti-TB therapy estimated as low as 40% in developing countries, remains the principle cause of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to establish the factors contributing to treatment default by Tuberculosis patients at ART clinic in Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District. A cross-sectional and descriptive study which employed both qualitative and quantitative approach of data collection were used. The study was conducted in ART clinic at Ishaka Adventist Hospital, Bushenyi District and it took a period of four weeks. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Results showed that out of 38 study participants, majority 26 (68%) were of age 30 years and above. A large proportion 24 (63%) of the participants were unemployed compared to the least 14 (37%) who were employed. Majority 21 (55%) travel at a distance of 10km and above to get TB treatment. Out of 38 participants, majority 26 (68%) did not informed the family or friends when they were on TB treatment. Of 26 participants 16 (61.5%) had fear of being isolated and 2 (7.7%) were other reason of no support. A large proportion of participants rated the attitude of staff who attended to them at the health facility to be unfriendly with 21 (55%) while very few 6 (16%) were rude. The ministry should ensure availability of and access to resources for strengthening systems for delivery of quality tuberculosis treatment, prevention and control.
Keywords: treatment, default, tuberculosis, ART, Uganda
Evaluation factors contributing to the treatment default by tuberculosis pati...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
This document summarizes a study that evaluated factors contributing to treatment default among tuberculosis patients at an ART clinic in Uganda. The study found that the majority of participants were over 30 years old, unemployed, and had to travel over 10km to receive treatment. Most participants were not diagnosed with TB more than a year ago. The majority felt that TB treatment is curative but takes longer than 6 months to complete. Fear of isolation was the most common reason patients did not inform family/friends of their TB status. The study concludes that strengthening TB treatment, prevention, and control systems is needed.
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REVIEW CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2REVIEW CENTRAL .docxzmark3
REVIEW: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
REVIEW
CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM2
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Grand Canyon University
Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice
DNP-820-O501
Running head: CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM 2
October 9, 2018
CLABSI Supporting Literature
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSIs) in a fatal infection that results from bacteria or viruses entering the bloodstream through the central line. A central line, also known as a central venous catheter (CVC), refers to a tube used by doctors to administer medication, fluids or to collect blood from the body of a patient (Deason & Gray, 2018). Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection is one of the leading causes of deaths each year in different countries across the globe. Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection has been an area of interest for many healthcare researchers representing a diverse body of knowledge about the infection while still expanding on what is already known. The paper is an analysis of articles related to CLABSIs with the major themes of concern to the authors including risk factors, interventions, CLABSIs and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), benefits of the preventive measures and the common symptoms of CLABSIs. There were 200 articles that were established to talk about the CVCs, CLABSIs, risk factors, intervention, and benefits of preventive measures. Through inclusion and exclusion criteria many journal articles were left out because of being written in other languages rather than English. Therefore, the use of the English language index the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was used to search related journal articles. Other search tools includeThe National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) – PubMed. Studies older than five years were excluded to ensure that the research remained current and up to date. Using real-time cases or conditions helps to improve the quality and validity of the resulted research.
Questions Posed in the Studies
Afonso, Blot, & Blot (2016) seeks to establish how hospital-acquired bloodstream infections can be prevented through the use of chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated washcloth bathing in intensive care units. In the study by Chidambaram (2015), the question raised is, what associations dental procedure and CVCs have.
Education, Simulated Training, Experience, and Knowledge
Kadium (2015) inquired into how the education program for one month, based on the evidence-based guidelines recommended by CDC, will improve registered dialysis nurses’ knowledge regarding CVC maintenance care? Other researchers that focus on how education, experience, and workshops enhance prevention or reduction of CVC infections include; El-Sol & Badawy, (2017), Leistner, Thürnagel, Schwab, Gastmeier, & Geffers (2013), and Soffle, Hayes, & Smith (2018). Dougherty (2014) questions the potential solutions in reducin.
33.Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RVC, Althaf MN, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Oct;8(10):3247-3252. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_767_19. eCollection 2019 Oct. PubMed PMID: 31742150; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6857402.
This document summarizes a study that correlated CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in 100 HIV-positive patients in India. The study found that lower CD4 counts were associated with a wider range of oral and systemic manifestations, which can serve as a prognostic marker for immune suppression. Specifically, the study found that tuberculosis was the most common systemic manifestation. Candidiasis and chronic generalized periodontitis were the most prevalent oral manifestations in males, while candidiasis and recurrent aphthous ulcers were most common in females. Nearly all patients with CD4 counts below 200 showed oral manifestations, demonstrating a significant correlation between oral manifestations and lower CD4 counts.
Vohra P, Jamatia K, Subhada B, Tiwari RV, Althaf MS, Jain C. Correlation of CD4 counts with oral and systemic manifestations in HIV patients. J Family Med Prim Care 2019;8:3247-52.
Running head INFECTION PREVENTION1INFECTION PREVENTION.docxjeanettehully
Running head: INFECTION PREVENTION 1
INFECTION PREVENTION 15
Phase # 2 Infection Prevention
Literature Review
Healthcare acquired infections constitute a major public health issue and it is affecting millions of people on a yearly basis. The approximation from the recent studies is showing more than 5 percent of the hospitalized patients are exposed to nosocomial infections. Many studies further show that the surgical site infections are the common infections associated with nosocomial infections and it is contributing to about 30 percent of all healthcare acquired infections cases.
Study by Ayed et al (2015) shows that healthcare providers are continuously exposed to pathogens which are sometimes severe and lethal. Nurses specifically are more exposed to different infections during the course of providing healthcare services to the patients. This study indicates that it is therefore crucial for nurses to possess sound knowledge as well as strict adherence to the infection control practices. Updating the acquaintance and the practices of nurses through involvement in ongoing in-service educational programs and putting more focus on the role of the current evidence-based practices of infection prevention in the continuous training is important. Provision of the training to the newly recruited nurses regarding the infection control frequently as well as replicating the study through observation checklist is necessary in assessing the level of practice (Imad, Ayed, Faeda, & Lubna, 2015).
Study by Desta et al (2018) reveals that working experience is a stronger predictor of the knowledge in relation to the prevention of the infection. In this study, the goal was to the relationship between the acquaintance, practice and connected aspects of infection prevention among healthcare employees. Education level is a key determinant to the level of experience when it comes to the control or the prevention of infections. According to this study, it is clear that healthcare providers with advanced experience as well as advanced age are significantly linked with the knowledge. This is basically based on the fact that as healthcare providers are getting older, they are more likely to have advance knowledge due to their experiences as well as having worked with their seniors (Desta, Ayenew, Sitotaw, Tegegne, Dires, & Getie, 2018).
Teshager et al (2015) also studies the knowledge, practices, and the related aspects towards the reduction or prevention of the surgical site infections among nurses who were employed in Amhara Regional State Referral healthcare facilities, in the Northwest Ethiopia. This study looked at some of the factors linked with the knowledge of the nurses regarding the preventi ...
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Knolisandrai1k
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
From Cues to Nudge: A Knowledge-Based Framework
for Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Arash Shaban-Nejad1,2 & Hiroshi Mamiya2 & Alexandre Riazanov3 & Alan J. Forster4 &
Christopher J. O. Baker2,5 & Robyn Tamblyn2 & David L. Buckeridge2
Received: 3 June 2015 /Accepted: 30 September 2015 /Published online: 4 November 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract We propose an integrated semantic web framework
consisting of formal ontologies, web services, a reasoner and a
rule engine that together recommend appropriate level of
patient-care based on the defined semantic rules and guide-
lines. The classification of healthcare-associated infections
within the HAIKU (Hospital Acquired Infections – Knowl-
edge in Use) framework enables hospitals to consistently fol-
low the standards along with their routine clinical practice and
diagnosis coding to improve quality of care and patient safety.
The HAI ontology (HAIO) groups over thousands of codes
into a consistent hierarchy of concepts, along with relation-
ships and axioms to capture knowledge on hospital-associated
infections and complications with focus on the big four types,
surgical site infections (SSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract
infection (CAUTI); hospital-acquired pneumonia, and blood
stream infection. By employing statistical inferencing in our
study we use a set of heuristics to define the rule axioms to
improve the SSI case detection. We also demonstrate how the
occurrence of an SSI is identified using semantic e-triggers.
The e-triggers will be used to improve our risk assessment of
post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) for patients un-
dergoing certain type of surgeries (e.g., coronary artery bypass
graft surgery (CABG)).
Keywords Ontologies . Knowledge modeling .
Healthcare-associated infections . Surveillance . Semantic
framework . Surgical site infections
Introduction
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) affect millions of
patients around the world, killing hundreds of thousands
and imposing, directly or indirectly, a significant socio-
economic burden on healthcare systems [1]. According
to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) [2], hospital-
acquired infections in the U.S., where the point preva-
lence of HAIs among hospitalized patients is 4 %, result
in an estimated 1.7 million infections, which lead to as
many as 99,000 deaths and cost up to $45 billion annually
[3, 4]. Similar or higher rates of HAI occur in other coun-
tries as well with an estimated 10.5 % of patients in Ca-
nadian hospitals having an HAI [5]. Clinical assessment
and laboratory testing are generally used to detect and
confirm an infection, identify its origin, and determine
appropriate infection control methods to stop the infection
from spreading within a healthcare institution. Failure to
monitor, and detect HAI in timely manner can delay di-
agnosis, leading to complications (e.g., sepsis), and
allowing an epid ...
This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and presents information from AdvaMed. It notes that HAIs occur worldwide and affect hundreds of millions annually, increasing morbidity, mortality, and costs. Up to 90% of HAI deaths in the US are caused by multi-drug resistant organisms. Surveillance shows HAI incidence is 3 times higher in developing economies compared to EU/US. HAIs lead to prolonged hospital stays and increased costs. Prevention through evidence-based interventions could reduce HAIs by 65-70% and save resources. Strong infection control including surveillance is needed to combat HAIs and antimicrobial resistance.
SYSTEMS-LEVEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENTFrom Cues to Nudge A Kno.docxdeanmtaylor1545
The document proposes a knowledge-based framework called HAIKU that uses ontologies, web services, and rules to improve surveillance of healthcare-associated infections. The framework focuses on consistently classifying infections like surgical site infections according to standards and guidelines. It uses the HAI ontology to group thousands of codes into a hierarchy of infection concepts and relationships. Statistical analysis and heuristics are used to define rules to improve detection of surgical site infection cases. The framework aims to use "e-triggers" identified through the ontology to better assess risk of postoperative infections for certain surgeries.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
This document summarizes a study on the seroprevalence of hepatitis B antigenemia among dental students in South India. The study found:
1) A total of 352 dental students participated in the study, with 46% vaccinated against hepatitis B and 54% unvaccinated.
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3) While the study found no current hepatitis B infections, the significant number of unvaccinated students indicates a need for improved vaccination programs for dental students to protect against occupational risk of hepatitis B exposure.
HIV surveillance involves systematically collecting and analyzing HIV/AIDS data to guide prevention and treatment programs. Key aspects of HIV surveillance include monitoring prevalence, incidence, opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral drug resistance. Accurate case definitions and timely reporting are important for effective surveillance. The goals of HIV surveillance are to detect trends in the epidemic, identify at-risk groups, evaluate prevention programs, and inform research and policy.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
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Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
- The study assessed the knowledge and practices of nurses regarding post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV at BPKIHS hospital in Nepal.
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A Serological Survey of Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) among Children in...iosrjce
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ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
This document presents a model for an online fuzzy-logic knowledge warehousing and mining system for diagnosing and treating HIV/AIDS. The system would store patient data and medical knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It uses fuzzy logic and data mining to predict HIV/AIDS status, monitor patient health over time, and determine recommended treatment plans. The system was tested on real patient data from a hospital in Nigeria. It aims to provide an efficient way to diagnose, treat, and monitor people living with HIV/AIDS.
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1. International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity
Vol.4, No.2, pp.1-10, December 2018
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
1
Print ISSN: ISSN 2397-7779, Online ISSN: ISSN 2397-7787
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF HEPATITIS B PREVENTION AMONG
HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN WESLEY GUILD HOSPITAL, ILESA, OSUN
STATE NIGERIA
Idowu Olanrewaju A, Faremi Adenike O, Joel Faronbi (PhD), Akinpelu Adewale O
and Adedeji Modupe M
Department of Nursing Services, Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa Osun State
ABSTRACT: Background: Globally, health workers are at risk of contracting Hepatitis B
infection if preventive measures are jeopardized. This study assessed the knowledge and
practice of prevention of Hepatitis B, identified factors affecting practice of HBV prevention
among health care workers (HCW) and assessed factors influencing vaccination against
hepatitis B in Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesa, Osun State, Nigeria. Method: A descriptive cross
sectional design was adopted. One hundred and ninety-two health care workers were selected
using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire
and was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 Result: Findings showed that 99.5% of the
respondents had good knowledge about HBV infection, 99% of the respondents had good
knowledge on prevention of HBV infection. Knowledge was associated with academic
qualification (P = 0.001). Also, 60.9% had good practice of prevention of hepatitis. Years of
experience was not associated with practice of prevention of HBV Infection (P = 0.056). Also,
85.4% of health workers had been tested for hepatitis virus before and less than three – quarter
had received HBV vaccine. Also, (29.2%) had never received hepatitis B vaccine. Barriers
associated with HBV vaccination among HCW include: availability of hepatitis B vaccine in
the hospital (87.5%), cost of the vaccine (76%) fear of needle prick during vaccination (50%).
Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of the health care workers had good knowledge
of Hepatitis B prevention but not all of them with good knowledge carried out good practices
regarding to HBV infection prevention.
KEYWORDS: HBV Infection Prevention, Knowledge, Health Care Workers
INTRODUCTION
The burden of Hepatitis B among healthcare professionals cannot be over-emphasized. It is
associated with serious public and personal health outcomes and considered to be the most
important cause of occupational acquired viral hepatitis amongst Doctors and Nurses who are
particularly at risk of contracting the infection via contact with blood and other secretions in
the course of discharging their duty (Gonieweicz, Wiosczcak, Neimcewicz, Wilt & Marciniak,
2012).
More importantly, Hepatitis B is a serious global health public problem and the health
professionals are at most risk. The infection is contagious and easily transmitted from one
infected person to another by blood to blood contact, mother to child, unprotected sexual
intercourse, sharing of eating utensils and other barber shop and beauty salon equipment.
Hepatitis B is an important occupational hazard for health workers but can be prevented if the
individual has the knowledge about the disease process (Adekanle, Ndububa, Olowookere,
Ijarotimi & Ijadunola, 2015).
2. International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity
Vol.4, No.2, pp.1-10, December 2018
___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
2
Print ISSN: ISSN 2397-7779, Online ISSN: ISSN 2397-7787
According to the World Health Organization (2016) the average number of injuries per
healthcare worker (0.2 to 4.7% sharp injuries per year). The annual proportion of healthcare
workers exposed to blood-borne pathogens was 5.9% for HBV, corresponding to about 66,000
HBV infections in healthcare workers worldwide (Aspinall, Hawkins, Fraser, Hutchinson &
Goldberg, 2011). Health Care Workers (HCWs) have been shown to have an up to four-fold
increased risk of acquiring HBV infection (Jha, Chadha, Bhalla & Saini, 2012). The main risk
factor to contract HBV infection for HCWs is direct contact with infectious material, especially
HBV-infected blood or via a needle stick injury with HBV-contaminated body fluids. For
example, recapping of hollow-bore needles are associated with increased risk of needle stick
injuries, consequently, proper precautions (e.g., use of disposable gloves) against blood-borne
infections are lacking in these workers (Ansa, Udoma, Umoh & Anah, 2002). This makes
health professionals at risk of being infected with Hepatitis B Virus. Hepatitis B is an important
occupational hazard for health care workers (WHO 2012). Previous studies have shown that
HCWs have up to four-fold increased risk of acquiring HBV infection (Jha, Chadha, Bhalla &
Saini, 2012). The main risk factor to contract HBV infection for HCWs is direct contact with
infectious material, especially HBV-infected blood or via a needle stick injury with HBV-
contaminated body fluids (Pellissier, Yazdanpanah, Adehossi, Tosini, Madougou & Ibrahima,
2012). Previous studies have reported a lack of awareness of HBV among HCWs;
consequently, proper precautions (e.g., use of disposable gloves) against blood-borne
infections are lacking among these workers (Ansa, Udoma, Umoh & Anah, 2012).
Previous studies have shown that there is low perceived risk of Hepatitis B infection and low
vaccination coverage despite high awareness of Hepatitis B vaccine (Adekanle et al., 2015).
Despite being health care workers, it seems that health care workers lack adequate knowledge
on prevention of Hepatitis B, though, few studies had focused on knowledge of health care
workers in this environment, hence, the need for study. The objectives of the study are as
follows, to;
Assess the level of knowledge of health care workers on causes and risks factors that
predisposes them to HBV Infection.
Determine health care workers knowledge on the mode prevention and treatment of
HBV Infection
Identify factors affecting practice of HBV prevention among health care workers and
Assess the barriers that prevent health care workers from being vaccinated against
hepatitis B.
METHODOLOGY
The study employed a descriptive cross sectional design to determine the knowledge of
prevention of hepatitis B among health care workers in a Nigerian hospital.
Population and sampling; The study population comprises health care workers in WGH,
Ilesa, such as Nurses, Doctors, Pharmacist, Medical Scientist, Physiotherapist, Health
attendants and Laundry workers. Simple random sampling techniques were used to
proportionately select 192 health workers in various department of the institution using shift
duty roaster and call duty roaster as the sampling frame. The sample size for this study was
determined using Naegle’s rule.
N = Z2
PQ/d2
3. International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity
Vol.4, No.2, pp.1-10, December 2018
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Where Z is the standard normal variance = 1.96, P is the prevalence rate, Q = 1-P, D = 0.05
Prevalence rate (P) = as summed to be 13% among health care workers. It gave the sample
size of 174respondents, 10% attrition rate added (18) which makes 192 respondents.
Instrument for data collection and analysis; Data were collected with aid of a self
administered questionnaire; the instrument was structured in line with the culture, settings and
objectives of the study. The instrument was subjected to proper scrutiny by experts in the fields
of nursing and medicine. The questionnaire has four sections. Section A consist of socio
demographics variables of the respondents, section B consist of questions on knowledge of the
respondents about hepatitis B, which consist of 34 items altogether (32) in closed ended format
, section C assessed respondents preventive measure practice on hepatitis B, it consists of 6
items with options ranged from Yes (3), No (2), Don’t know (1),while section D assessed
barriers to vaccination respondent faced in preventing themselves from hepatitis B, comprises
of 4 test items in closed ended format. Each correct option was given 1 mark while wrong
answers had 0. The highest possible mark was 29. Scores above 50% were categorized as
having good knowledge, while scores below had poor knowledge.
Ethnical consideration; Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from Ethic and Research
Committee of Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife and permission
was also obtained from the Head of each Department and other administration. In addition,
respondents gave informed consent before the commencement of the study.
RESULTS
Table 1 presents the socio-demographic distribution of the respondents. It showed that majority
of the respondents were female (60.9%), More than half (55.7%) of them were within age range
of 31-40, while 76.6% were married and Yoruba were the predominant ethnic group (92.7%) .
Also, 52.6% of the respondents were nurses; the table further showed that (34.4%) had 1-5years
of work experience.
Table 2 showed the summary of knowledge of respondents by their profession and depicted
that majority (99.5%) of the respondents had good knowledge about HBV infection. Of all the
health workers included in the study, only 0.5% of the attendant had poor knowledge.
Table 3 showed that all (100%) of the respondents indicated that hepatitis B is preventable by
vaccination. Majority (98.4%) of the respondents signified that vaccine is effective against
HBV, and that wearing of protective materials could prevent HBV infection (97.9%). Also,
86.5% agreed that hand washing (91.1%) and lotions such as jik could prevent HBV infection.
Table 4 showed that majority (85.4%) of the respondents had been tested for hepatitis B virus.
Meanwhile, almost three-quarter (70.8%) had received HBV vaccine. While near to half of the
respondents (46.4%) had completed the 3 doses of HBV vaccine, more than a quarter (29.2%)
had never received hepatitis B vaccine.
Table 5 showed that majority (87.5%) opposed that non-availability of hepatitis B vaccine is a
barrier preventing health workers from taking hepatitis B vaccination in the institution.
Majority (76.0%) agreed that cost of vaccine is a barrier to HBV prevention. 70.8% disagreed
with the protocol for the needle stick injury as a barrier. Half (50.5%) signified that fear of
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needle prick during vaccination as a barrier, while majority (90.6%) opposed adverse reaction
as a barrier to hepatitis B prevention.
Table 6: Association between Academic Qualification and Knowledge on HBV Infection
Variables Knowledge Level Total
Poor Good
Academic
Qualifications
SSCE 1 5 6 X2 = 31.162
Df = 8
Exact P value =
0.001
OND/HND 0 35 35
RN/RM/RPON/RAEN 0 68 68
BNSC 0 34 34
MBBS 0 23 23
MSC 0 7 7
B.PHARM 0 10 10
BMLS 0 8 8
BMR/B.PHY 0 1 1
Total 1 191 192
Table 6 showed that all the respondents had good knowledge, except the lowest academic
qualification (SSCE) with poor knowledge. Pearson Chi square test indicates a significant
association between academic qualification and HBV infection (X2
= 31.162, df = 8, P = 0.001).
Table 7: Association of knowledge and Years of Experience of respondents and their
practice of prevention of Hepatitis B infection
Practice Total
poor fair good
Knowledge
Poor 0 0 1 1 X2
= .644a
Df = 2
P= .725
Good 9 66 116 191
Total 9 66 117 192
Table 7 shows the association of knowledge and years of experience of the respondents and
practice of hepatitis B prevention. Pearson Chi square test indicates no significant relationship
(X2
= .644, df = 2, P = 0.725). We therefore conclude that there is no significant relationship
between the knowledge of respondents and their practice of prevention of HBV infection.
Table 8: Association between years of experience and Practice of prevention of Hepatitis
B infection
Level of Practice Total
Poor Fair Good
Years of
experience
1-5 years 3(33.3) 30(45.5) 33(28.2) 66(34.4) X2
= 15.066a
Df = 8
P= .056
6-10 years 1(11.1) 15(22.7) 45(38.5) 61(31.8)
11-20 years 2(22.2) 13(19.7) 21(17.9) 36(18.8)
21-30 years 2(22.2) 4(4.1) 16(13.7) 22(11.5)
≥30 years 1(11.1) 4(6.1) 2(1.7) 7(3.6)
Total 9(100) 66(100) 117(100) 192(100)
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Table 8 shows there is no significant relationship between years of experience and practice of
prevention oh HBV Infection (X2
= 15.066, df = 8, P = 0.056).
DISCUSSION
The socio- demographic distribution of the respondents revealed that more than half (55.7%)
of the respondents were within age range of 31-40years. More than three quarter (76.6%) were
married and Yoruba were the predominant ethnic group (92.7%). Academic qualifications
obtained by more than one-third were RN/RM/RPON/RAEN. More than half (52.6%) of the
respondents were nurses, and 34.4% had 1-5years of experience. The study revealed that
majority (99.5%) of the respondents had good knowledge about HBV infection, This is similar
to Abiola, et al, (2013) who reported in a study among health workers at the Lagos State that
majority (70.2%) had good knowledge of hepatitis B infection and vaccination and the mean
knowledge score (%) was 61.2 ± 20.7, this is less than 99.5% found in this study. Similarly.
findings by Oyewusi, et al (2015) showed that 65.2% of health workers had good knowledge
about hepatitis B prevention.
Findings from this study also revealed that, majority (99%) of the respondents had good
knowledge on prevention of HBV infection. This conforms with Muller et al (2015), who
reported that vaccines against Hepatitis B is 95% effective in preventing the infection and the
development of chronic disease and liver cancer. Also, all the respondents in this study agreed
that hepatitis B is preventable by vaccination and majority (80%) perceived that vaccine,
wearing of protective materials, hand washing and lotions can prevent HBV infection. This
supports assertions of Molinari (2003) that hepatitis B can be prevented by practicing standard
precautions such as regular personal hygiene, use of protective barriers and by proper disposal
of sharps, body fluids and other clinical wastes in health care institutions.
Furthermore, the study showed that majority (60.9%) had good practice, while 34.4% had fair
practice of prevention of hepatitis B infection. Majority (85.4%) of the health workers had been
tested for hepatitis B virus before and less than three-quarter had received HBV vaccine, this
reflects a good practice. This is contrary to the result of Abiola, et al, (2013), who reported
poor practices among respondents of up to 84.5%. 46.4% of healthcare workers in this study
had completed the 3 doses of HBV vaccine, more than a quarter (29.2%) had none. This is
close to 24% of the health Workforce reported worldwide that remain unvaccinated against
HBV (Malewezi, et al 2016). Similar study carried out among Hong Kong adult Chinese
population showed that 26% had HBV vaccination (Chunk, 2012). Also from the study,
Availability of hepatitis B vaccine was not a barrier in this study as majority (87.5%) of HCWs
signified that it is available in the hospital. This also opposes Abiola, et al, (2013) who reported
that 67.6% gave non-availability of vaccine the reason for poor practice of HBV prevention.
76% indicated that the cost of the vaccine is a barrier, while 50.5% indicated that fear of needle
prick during vaccination as a barrier.
CONCLUSION
The study concludes that despite the knowledge possessed by health care workers in this
setting, the uptake of vaccination still leaves much to be desired owing to the good number
who had not been vaccinated. Efforts should be intensified to ensure clear and concise
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immunization policies, and also effective monitoring should be put in place to ensure
compliance at all government health facilities.
Implications of the study
The health status of a care provider is directly linked to the quality of care delivered. Hepatitis
B affects the quality of care delivered. It is however important that attention should be given
to factors that predispose health workers to hepatitis B infection care. The lack of compliance
to hepatitis B vaccination among health workers calls for concern among stakeholders seeing
that the only way to prevent hepatitis B infection among health workers is through effective
vaccination programmes and adherence to universal precaution which often times cannot be
guaranteed. There is need for increased awareness of the health workers on the availability and
importance of vaccination as it is crucial in preventing hepatitis B infection. Nurses and other
stakeholders should advocate for the provision of personal protective equipments in various
health institutions to prevent hepatitis.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of from this study, a gap exists between the knowledge and practice of
prevention of hepatitis B infection; hence the following recommendations were made:
• A significant number of health workers had poor practice of hepatitis B virus
prevention, hence compulsory vaccination of HCWs and monitoring immune responses
to the vaccine is recommended.
• Promotion of accessibility to vaccines against relevant vaccine preventable diseases in
the healthcare facilities are hereby suggested, these can be subsidized for the health
workers.
• Further studies with the aim of increasing the scope of this study are hereby
recommended.
Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics (n= 192)
Variables Frequency Percent
Age
20-30 34 17.7
31-40 107 55.7
41-50 22 11.5
51-60 29 15.1
Total 192 100.0
Sex
Male 75 39.1
Female 117 60.9
Total 192 100.0
Marital status
Single 39 20.3
Married 147 76.6
Widow/widower 6 3.1
Total 192 100.0
Ethnicity
Yoruba 178 92.7
Igbo 11 5.7
Others 3 1.6
7. International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity
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Total 192 100.0
Academic
qualifications
SSCE 6 3.1
OND/HND 35 18.2
RN/RM/RPON/RAEN 68 35.4
BNSC 34 17.7
MBBS 23 12.0
MSC 7 3.6
B.PHARM 10 5.2
BMLS 8 4.2
BMR/B.PHY 1 .5
Total 192 100.0
Professions
Nurses 101 52.6
Pharmacists 10 5.2
Health attendant/technician 41 21.4
Laundry workers 4 2.1
Doctors 24 12.5
Medical scientist 10 5.2
Physiotherapists 2 1.0
Total 192 100.0
Years of experience
1-5 years 66 34.4
6-10 years 61 31.8
11-20 years 36 18.8
21-30 years 22 11.5
30 years and above 7 3.6
Total 192 100.0
Table 2; Summary of Knowledge on Hepatitis B Virus Infection by Profession.
Professions (%) Total(%)
Nurses Pharm. Health
assistant
Laundry
workers
Doctors Medical
scientist
Physio.
Knowledge
Poor 0 0 1(0.5) 0 0 0 0 1(0.5)
Good 101(100) 10(100) 40(99.5) 4(100) 24(100) 10(100) 2(100) 191(99.5)
Total 101(100) 10(100) 41(100) 4(100) 24(100) 10(100) 2(100) 192(100)
Table 3: knowledge on Prevention of Hepatitis B Viral Infection
Variables Yes No
Is hepatitis B preventable by vaccination? 192(100.0%) -
Do you think hepatitis B vaccine is effective against the virus? 189(98.4%) 3(1.6%)
Do you think wearing of protective materials like gloves, apron,
and face masks when in contact with hospital equipment can
prevent hepatitis B virus infection?
188(97.9%) 4(2.1%)
Do you think hand washing prevents hepatitis B virus? 166(86.5%) 26(13.5%)
Do you think lotions such as Jik and Savlon can help prevent
hepatitis B virus infection?
175(91.1%) 17(8.9%)
8. International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity
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Table 4: Practice of Hepatitis B Prevention
Variables Yes No
Have you been tested for hepatitis B virus before? 164(85.4%) 28(14.6%)
If yes, when last?
More than 2 years
1-2years
Less than a year
28 (17.1%)
50 (30.5%)
86(52.4%)
Have you received hepatitis B vaccine? 136(70.8%) 56(29.2%)
How many doses have you received?
None 56(29.2%) -
1 dose 23(12.0%) -
2 doses 24(12.5%) -
3 doses 89(46.4%) -
Table 5: Barriers Preventing Health Workers from Taking Hepatitis B Vaccination
Indicate the barriers to HBV prevention in your institution
Variables No Yes
Availability of vaccine 168(87.5%) 24(12.5%)
Cost of vaccine 46(24.0%) 146(76.0%)
Protocol for needle stick injury 136(70.8%) 56(29.2%)
Fear of needle prick during vaccination 95 (49.5%) 97(50.5%)
Adverse reaction to HBV vaccine 174(90.6%) 18(9.4%)
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