19. disaster managemnet

2. DEFINITION
• Disaster:-
Any occurrence that causes damage,
ecological disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health services on a scale,
sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response
from outside the affected community or area.
A disaster can be defines as an
occurrence either nature or man made that
causes human suffering and creates human
needs that victim cannot alleviate without
assistance.

5. WIND
M

6. The body of policy and administrative
decisions and operational activities that pertain
to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic
observation and analysis of disasters to improve
measures relating to prevention, emergency
response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for and
responding to disasters, including both pre and
post disaster activities.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
A continuous and integrated process of planning,
organizing, coordinating and implementing measures
which are necessary or expedient for:
1- Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
2- Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or
consequences.
3- Capacity building.
4- Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
5- Prompt response to any threatening disaster
situation or disaster.
6-Ascending the severity or magnitude of effects of
any disaster.
7- Evacuation, rescue and relief.
8- Rehabilitation and reconstruction.

9. BUILDING CODES AND REGULATORY
MEASURES
Hazard-resistant construction, is clearly an
effective way to reduce vulnerability to selects
hazards. However, the builder of the house must
apply these resistant construction measures for
there to be an actual reduction in a population’s
overall vulnerability. One way that governments
can ensure members of the population apply
hazard-resistant construction is by creating
building codes to guide construction and passing
legislation that requires those codes to be
followed.

10. Cont..
Regulatory structures are one of the most
widely adopted structural mitigation measures,
used in almost every country of the world in
some form. With sufficient knowledge about the
hazards likely to affect a region or a country,
engineers can develop building codes that guide
builders to ensure that their design are able to
resists the forces of the relevant hazard. Although
simple in theory, inherent problems with codes
and regulations can drastically decrease their
effectiveness

11. Cont..
Building codes ensure that structure design include
resistance to various forms of external pressure. Each
hazard emits a unique set of external pressure on
structures, including:
1- Lateral or vertical shaking (earthquakes)
2- Lateral or uplift load pressure( severe storms, cyclonic
storms, tornadoes, windstorm)
3- Extreme heat (structure fires, wild land fires, forest fires)
4- Roof loading (hailstorms, snowstorms, ash falls)
5- Hydrological pressure (floods, storm surge)

13. RELOCATION
Occasionally, the most suitable way to protect a
structure or a people from hazard is to relocate it or them
away from the hazard. Homes and other structures may be
dissembled or transported intact.
Flooding is the most common reason that structures
are relocated. Although destroying the original structure
and rebuilding it else is often feasible in certain
circumstances. For example, the structure in question may
be cultural heritage site cannot be replaced. The Abu
symbol temple in Egypt, which would have been flooded
after the damming of the Nile at Aswan was moved 90m
from its original location to protect it.

14. STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATION
Steel braces as part of the 2003 seismic retrofit of the
architecture building in Tohoku University
Scientific progress and ongoing
research continually provide new
information about hazards. This new
information can reveal that structures
in identified risk zones are not
designed to resist the forces of a likely
hazard. There are three treatment
option for these structure. The first is
to do nothing. Second the structure
may be demolished and rebuilt to
accommodate the new hazard
information. Third, often the most
appropriate action, is to modify the
structure such that it resists the
anticipated external forces. This action
is often referred as retrofitting.

15. How the retrofit affects the structure depends on the hazard risk
that is being treated. Examples of hazards and their retrofits
include:
CYCLONIC STORMS: Wind resistant
shingles; shutters; waterproofing
(often called secondary water
resistance SWR); stronger frame
connections and joints (including
“roof straps,” which help secure the
roof to the main structure of the
house); structural elevation;
lateral support structures; stronger
doorways (including garage doors)

16. Cont..
EARTHQUAKES:
Sheer walls,
removal of cripple walls,
foundation anchor bolts,
frame anchor connections,
floor framing, chimney
reinforcement, base isolation
systems, external frames,
removal of roof weight, soft-story
reinforcement.

17. EARTHQUAKES
Engineers have a saying: ‘Earthquakes don’t kill people,
buildings do.’ Destructive earthquakes have taught New
Zealanders hard lessons in designing safe buildings. In early
Wellington, buildings of brick and masonry collapsed in the
1848 earthquake. As a result, the town was largely rebuilt in
wood, and suffered less damage during the magnitude 8.2
earthquake of 1855.

18. (to counter the
effects of lateral
load acting on a
Structure)
(A deep wide ditch)

20. Cont..
FLOODS:
Structural elevation,
first-floor conversion, “wet” and
“dry” flood proofing, foundation
flood vents.

22. High Resolution Quick Bird image of the devastated
area - Tsunami in Southeast Asia, December 26, 2004
(Source: Prof. Alton)

23. Cont..
WILDFIRE:
Replacement of
external materials,
Including decks, gutters,
downspouts, paneling,
doors, windows frames,
and floor shingles with
those that are fire-resistant.

26. Cont..
HAIL: Increase roof slope, strengthen
roof materials, strengthen load
carrying capacity of flat or shallow
-angle roofs.

28. Cont..
TORNADOES: In addition
to the modification for
cyclonic storms,
construction of a safe
room or basement shelter.

30. Cont..
LIGHTNING: Electrical
grounding of the
house with lightning
rods or other devices.

32. Cont..
EXTREME HEAT: Air-conditioning systems.

33. Cont..
TERRORISM: Hardening of exterior
walls, construction of blast walls,
replacement of glass with shatter
-resistant material, use of a filters and
restricted-access air system, restricted
-acces entryway.

34. NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
Non-structural mitigation generally involves a
reduction in the likelihood or consequence of risk
through modifications in human behavior or
natural processes, without requiring the use of
engineers structure. Non-structural mitigation
techniques are often considered mechanisms
where “man adopts to nature”. They tend to be
less costly and fairly easy for communities with
few financial or technological resources to
implement.

35. CONT..
The following section describes several of the
various categories into which non-structural
mitigation measures may be groups and provides
several examples of each:
Regulatory measures
Community awareness and education programs
Non-structural physical modification
Environmental control
Behavior modification

36. Regulatory Measures
BUILDING USE REGULATIONS:
To protect against certain hazards, it is
possible to restrict the types of activities that
may be performed in a building. These
restrictions may apply to people, materials, or
activities.

37. NON-STRUCTURAL PHISICAL
MODIFICATIONS
Securing of furniture, pictures and appliances and
installing latches on cupboards. In many
earthquakes, the majority of injuries are caused
by falling furniture and other unsecured
belongings.
Removal or securing of projectiles. During
tornadoes, items commonly found outside the
house, such as cooking grills, furniture, and
stored woods may become air burn projectiles
that cause harm, fatalities or further property
damage.

38. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Many practice in both urban and rural areas are
very destructive to the environment. Once the
environmental feature-a body of water , a
forest, or a hillside- is destroyed hazardous
consequences may appear that could have
been avoided.