A field study on the environment condition especially air temperature was carried out in the main prayer hall of Al-Malik Khalid mosque, Penang, Malaysia. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and observe the indoor air temperature conditions during the occurrence of the sun path towards qibla direction on 16th July 2010. The scope of the study covers the main prayer hall under the pyramid roof. A quantitative method was used in the analysis by using thermo hygro anemometer instrument to measure the indoor and outdoor air temperature. The temperature was measured hourly, during daylight hours from 7am to 7pm in July 2010 from 15th to 17th. The result obtained shows that the mosque has the correct and accurate orientation to the qibla. In addition, there are no significant difference between the day of 16th July where the sun was perpendicular over the Ka’abah and one day after and before. The average difference between indoor and outdoor is about 0.46°C to 1.71°C.
This document provides an overview of an IAQ (indoor air quality) course. The course covers standards and codes, the respiratory system, HVAC systems, contaminants, how to conduct IAQ investigations, and case studies. Typical IAQ complaints include respiratory irritation, coughing, and headaches. Causes can include actual problems like bacteria in HVAC systems or non-verifiable issues like mass psychogenic illness. Standards from organizations like OSHA, ASHRAE, ACGIH, and EPA are discussed. Maintaining good IAQ is important for productivity, health, and limiting liability.
Temperature sensors measure temperature by exchanging energy with their surroundings through conduction, convection, or radiation. An ideal temperature measurement occurs when the sensor and its surroundings reach thermal equilibrium so there is no energy transfer between them. One type of temperature sensor is the bulb and capillary sensor.
This document provides information about Ambrish Rai, including his name, roll number, section, and program of study. It then discusses the importance of accurate temperature measurement in various industries and activities. It notes that temperature is often a key parameter that must be measured and outlines some of the challenges in making objective temperature measurements. Finally, it lists several common devices used for measuring temperature, including various types of thermometers, thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and infrared thermometers.
Learn about practical solutions for automating temperature calibration in the field and at the bench. Transcat and Fluke Calibration cover how to set-up each solution and the pros and cons of each.
Temperature measurments and its used devices. i.e, divided into three catageory mevhanical,electrical and wireless devices used for temperature devices.
This document discusses various methods for measuring low pressures below 1 torr. It describes mechanical gauges like the McLeod gauge, thermal gauges like the Pirani gauge, and ionization gauges like hot cathode ionization gauges. The McLeod gauge uses multiple compression to indirectly measure pressure based on gas volume and height. The Pirani gauge measures changes in electrical resistance of a heated wire as pressure and gas conductivity changes. Ionization gauges produce ions from electron bombardment and measure pressure through ratios of collected currents. Absolute techniques like the Knudsen gauge and Alphatron gauge also are discussed which relate pressure to momentum transfer or ionization from radioactive sources.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors and their working principles. It describes mechanical sensors like thermometers and bimetallic strips, electrical sensors such as thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and wireless sensors like pyrometers. For each sensor type, the document outlines their measurement ranges, costs, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The key purpose is to provide an overview of common temperature measuring sensor technologies.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for the WIKA-Handbook on Pressure and Temperature Measurement. It describes WIKA as a leading manufacturer of pressure and temperature instruments for over 50 years. The handbook is intended to be a reference for customers, covering fundamentals and practical applications of industrial pressure and temperature measurement. It will present all common measurement methods and consider new developments in mechanical and electronic sensors. The table of contents provides an overview of topics that will be covered in the two main sections on pressure measurement and thermometry.
This document provides an overview of an IAQ (indoor air quality) course. The course covers standards and codes, the respiratory system, HVAC systems, contaminants, how to conduct IAQ investigations, and case studies. Typical IAQ complaints include respiratory irritation, coughing, and headaches. Causes can include actual problems like bacteria in HVAC systems or non-verifiable issues like mass psychogenic illness. Standards from organizations like OSHA, ASHRAE, ACGIH, and EPA are discussed. Maintaining good IAQ is important for productivity, health, and limiting liability.
Temperature sensors measure temperature by exchanging energy with their surroundings through conduction, convection, or radiation. An ideal temperature measurement occurs when the sensor and its surroundings reach thermal equilibrium so there is no energy transfer between them. One type of temperature sensor is the bulb and capillary sensor.
This document provides information about Ambrish Rai, including his name, roll number, section, and program of study. It then discusses the importance of accurate temperature measurement in various industries and activities. It notes that temperature is often a key parameter that must be measured and outlines some of the challenges in making objective temperature measurements. Finally, it lists several common devices used for measuring temperature, including various types of thermometers, thermocouples, thermistors, RTDs, and infrared thermometers.
Learn about practical solutions for automating temperature calibration in the field and at the bench. Transcat and Fluke Calibration cover how to set-up each solution and the pros and cons of each.
Temperature measurments and its used devices. i.e, divided into three catageory mevhanical,electrical and wireless devices used for temperature devices.
This document discusses various methods for measuring low pressures below 1 torr. It describes mechanical gauges like the McLeod gauge, thermal gauges like the Pirani gauge, and ionization gauges like hot cathode ionization gauges. The McLeod gauge uses multiple compression to indirectly measure pressure based on gas volume and height. The Pirani gauge measures changes in electrical resistance of a heated wire as pressure and gas conductivity changes. Ionization gauges produce ions from electron bombardment and measure pressure through ratios of collected currents. Absolute techniques like the Knudsen gauge and Alphatron gauge also are discussed which relate pressure to momentum transfer or ionization from radioactive sources.
This document discusses different types of temperature sensors and their working principles. It describes mechanical sensors like thermometers and bimetallic strips, electrical sensors such as thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and wireless sensors like pyrometers. For each sensor type, the document outlines their measurement ranges, costs, applications, advantages and disadvantages. The key purpose is to provide an overview of common temperature measuring sensor technologies.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for the WIKA-Handbook on Pressure and Temperature Measurement. It describes WIKA as a leading manufacturer of pressure and temperature instruments for over 50 years. The handbook is intended to be a reference for customers, covering fundamentals and practical applications of industrial pressure and temperature measurement. It will present all common measurement methods and consider new developments in mechanical and electronic sensors. The table of contents provides an overview of topics that will be covered in the two main sections on pressure measurement and thermometry.
1) Temperature is measured using various instruments like liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), pyrometers, and radiation pyrometers.
2) Liquid-in-glass thermometers use the expansion of liquid mercury in a glass tube to measure temperature, while bimetallic thermometers use the differential expansion of two bonded metals.
3) RTDs measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance, with platinum being a commonly used sensing element.
This document discusses various methods for temperature measurement. It describes liquid-in-glass thermometers, which measure temperature based on the expansion of liquid in a glass bulb. Electrical thermometers are also discussed, including resistive thermometers made of materials like platinum and nickel, as well as thermistors. Infrared thermometers measure the thermal radiation emitted by objects based on properties like Planck's law and Wien's law. Other methods mentioned include bimetal thermometers, pyrometers, and more.
This document discusses various methods of industrial temperature measurement. It describes common temperature sensors such as liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and radiation/infrared thermometers. For each sensor, the document outlines the basic measurement principle, advantages, disadvantages, typical temperature ranges, and other specifications. It also discusses related topics such as temperature scales, reference junction compensation, sensor installation considerations, and change-of-state indicators.
This document provides a site analysis for a proposed pavilion at the Kuala Selangor Nature Park. It includes sections, plans, and diagrams analyzing the site conditions including topography, vegetation, existing structures, climate, views, and circulation. Key existing structures discussed include the lighthouse, historical museum, gazebos, and cannons. Drainage and hardscape elements are also analyzed. Vegetation surveyed includes pine trees, palms, angsana, and ara beringin trees. Climate data presented includes sun path diagrams, temperature graphs, rainfall amounts, and monsoon wind patterns.
Pressure measurement and control is an integral part of many industrial process operations. Handbook outlines the basics of pressure, how it is measured, and provides good illustration and description for anyone interested in pressure measurement and control.
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
Diaphragm pressure gauges use a thin circular plate that deflects in proportion to applied pressure. Common types include thin film diaphragms, corrugated diaphragms, and capsules which use multiple diaphragms joined together. Bourdon tubes are curved tubes that straighten with pressure to indicate amount. Strain gauge transducers bond strain gauges to a deflecting diaphragm to convert pressure to electrical resistance changes. Variable reluctance transducers use a diaphragm to change the magnetic reluctance in an electromagnetic circuit proportional to pressure.
The document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It describes the bourdon tube pressure gauge, which uses a coiled tube that straightens under pressure, moving a pointer on a scale. Diaphragm pressure gauges use a flexible metal disc to isolate process fluids or measure high pressures, and can be used with electrical transducers. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) measure pressure by converting diaphragm, bellows, or bourdon tube movement into electrical signals using transformer coils and a movable core.
There are several types of pressure transducers commonly used to measure pressure, including mechanical devices like the manometer and dead-weight tester, as well as the bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges. The manometer uses fluid columns to measure pressure differences simply and is well-suited for steady laboratory measurements. Dead-weight testers are used to calibrate other pressure gauges by applying precisely known pressures. Bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges all function by elastically deforming in response to pressure differences, which can then be converted to an electrical signal or mechanical readout.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
Temperature measurement is important across many industries and applications. There are several common temperature sensors including glass thermometers, bi-metallic thermometers, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and IC sensors. Each sensor has advantages and disadvantages regarding factors like accuracy, sensitivity, temperature range, cost, and stability over time that must be considered when choosing a sensor for a particular application like industrial processes, manufacturing, health and safety applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of a wind chimney as a natural ventilation strategy in a contemporary art gallery in Malaysia. Field measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were taken at various locations in the gallery over several hours. Additionally, computer simulations of wind flow patterns were conducted. The results showed that locations near the wind chimney had lower temperatures and humidity, demonstrating that the wind chimney helped provide thermal comfort. Therefore, the wind chimney was found to be an effective passive design for natural ventilation, except on non-windy days.
The document summarizes the re-adaptation of Malay vernacular architecture in Sekeping Serendah, Selangor to achieve thermal comfort. Some key features of traditional Malay houses that provide thermal comfort include elevated structures, large openings and overhangs to promote air flow, and use of sustainable materials. Sekeping Serendah incorporates these features, such as elevated rooms within the surrounding tropical forest and large openings covered by overhangs. The document examines how these vernacular design strategies help minimize environmental factors and provide thermal comfort, while maintaining aesthetic qualities in the modern retreat architecture.
Investigating the applicability of pm ve ppde model in non air-conditioned ho...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the applicability of the PMVe-PPDe thermal comfort model in a non-air conditioned hostel building in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Physical measurements of indoor environmental variables like air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were taken in the hostel and used to calculate PMVe and PPDe values. Most of the calculated PMVe values fell within the comfort range recommended by standards. The obtained PPDe results showed slight overestimation of dissatisfaction under neutral conditions. The study concluded that the PMVe-PPDe model is applicable in the non-air conditioned hostel building in this climate when the proper expectancy factor is used.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that analyzed the internal temperature distribution in two test cells with different roof types on a typical summer day in Brazil. Thermocouples measured the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air or dry bulb temperature (DBT) at various heights in each test cell - one with a green roof and one with a conventional ceramic roof. The results showed that the IST distribution was almost uniform in both cells, but the conventional cell exhibited a small vertical DBT gradient. The study aimed to establish appropriate guidelines for collecting internal temperature data experimentally and contribute to future comfort and building performance research.
Adaptive thermal comfort in university classrooms in Malaysia and.pdfRejaneViegas
This study investigated thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors of university students in classrooms in Malaysia and Japan during the summer season. Indoor environmental conditions and students' thermal perceptions were measured in classrooms with both mechanical cooling and natural ventilation. A total of 1428 students from three universities participated. The results showed that average comfortable temperatures were similar between the two countries, around 25-26°C, and generally aligned with international comfort standards. While most students reported taking no actions to adjust their comfort, changing the air conditioning settings was a common behavior among Malaysian students where mechanical cooling was prevalent.
Daylighting Analysis of Pedentive Dome’s Mosque Design during Summer Solstice...drboon
In this study, the analysis is to measure lighting performance of single pedentive dome type in mosque design built during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, Turkey. The selected case studies are the Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi Mosque. This study investigates whether Turkish style’s pedentive dome mosque design provides efficient indoor daylighting in the Orhan Gazi Mosque in compression with the Firuzaga Mosque. This assessment is simulated during summer solstice occurred when the sun is perimetering at its most northern position along the Tropic of Cancer. This study applies simulation analysis using Autodesk software known as 3DStudio Max Design 2011 programme. The weather data file was used to provide weather information and climate changes of the study area. The analysis shows that both mosques have mostly an evenly distributed illuminance level with Scale 3, 4 and 5. The Orhan Gazi Mosque has slightly higher illuminance levels compared to those of the Firuzaga Mosque. The study concludes that the pedentive dome mosque design has an effect on the mosque indoor daylighting. Having excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques with pedentive dome roof cover are built by Ottoman master builders.
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE [ARC 2234]- Project 1: Case Study Paper: Openings as a Met...Angeline KH
This document is a student project report that analyzes and compares the use of openings in adapted vernacular architecture and contemporary architecture at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It discusses factors that affect thermal comfort, how openings react to these factors, and describes the types and placement of openings in the Kampung House villas and Deluxe Suites at the resort. The report finds that both building types utilize openings strategically through orientation, size, location and shading elements to maximize natural ventilation and minimize solar heat gain to achieve thermal comfort for occupants.
Thermal Comfort Assessment to Building Envelope: A Case Study for New Mosque ...drboon
The work is carried out with an objective of first, evaluating: the thermal characteristics of opaque and transparent parts of the building envelope in hot dry climate of case study “new mosque” building in Baghdad, the impact of sol-air temperatures, heat gain factors and the u-value of envelope section components. Second, it aims to assess the architectural criteria for appropriate passive design of new mosques in hot dry climates. Architectural design and construction of the new mosque (musalla) envelope in Baghdad are thermally inefficient in protecting the indoor space from climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the existing new mosques are not within thermal comfort level. To achieve and maintain that, applying architectural and construction alternatives on the mosque envelope contributes to controlling heat exchange through it as well as enhancing its thermal behaviors that contribute to getting internal thermal balance. The research covers survey of design, construction features, comfort levels in new mosques, and definition of the “model mosque”, as well as identification and thermal assessment of the typical “model mosque”. Computer simulations for building thermal behavior and design modification of building construction components also covered by the research. The findings and conclusion of the impact of simulation changes stated as well as recommendations for possible future mosque and design strategy. The findings show that HVAC systems entail capital, functional and maintenance costs whereas the passive mosque (musallas) building consumes less energy as well as being more likely to be in sympathy with the environment.
This document presents a case study on the PAM Centre office building in Malaysia. The study examines the effects of natural ventilation on the building in the tropical climate. Experimental research was conducted to measure temperature and relative humidity at different levels of the building on a cloudy day. The results showed that natural ventilation was more effective on higher floors where the temperature difference between interior and exterior was larger, promoting cross ventilation. Stack ventilation was also effective as relative humidity decreased on lower floors. A post-occupancy survey found that passive ventilation was efficient. As a result, the building received platinum rating from the Green Building Index and complied with ventilation standards.
Asian Architecture Case Study Report Louvrebox HouseCalvinSuah
This document provides a case study on adapting nature design approaches from traditional Malay kampong houses to achieve thermal comfort in contemporary architecture. It discusses factors for thermal comfort like human, climatic, and building factors. It outlines the design approaches of kampong houses like large roof overhangs, fully openable windows, minimal partitions and tall surrounding trees. The Louvrebox house case study adapts these approaches through features like orientation, landscape integration, openings for cross ventilation, and sustainable materials. The goal is to design modern homes that provide thermal comfort through natural strategies like in traditional vernacular architecture.
1) Temperature is measured using various instruments like liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), pyrometers, and radiation pyrometers.
2) Liquid-in-glass thermometers use the expansion of liquid mercury in a glass tube to measure temperature, while bimetallic thermometers use the differential expansion of two bonded metals.
3) RTDs measure temperature by detecting changes in electrical resistance, with platinum being a commonly used sensing element.
This document discusses various methods for temperature measurement. It describes liquid-in-glass thermometers, which measure temperature based on the expansion of liquid in a glass bulb. Electrical thermometers are also discussed, including resistive thermometers made of materials like platinum and nickel, as well as thermistors. Infrared thermometers measure the thermal radiation emitted by objects based on properties like Planck's law and Wien's law. Other methods mentioned include bimetal thermometers, pyrometers, and more.
This document discusses various methods of industrial temperature measurement. It describes common temperature sensors such as liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and radiation/infrared thermometers. For each sensor, the document outlines the basic measurement principle, advantages, disadvantages, typical temperature ranges, and other specifications. It also discusses related topics such as temperature scales, reference junction compensation, sensor installation considerations, and change-of-state indicators.
This document provides a site analysis for a proposed pavilion at the Kuala Selangor Nature Park. It includes sections, plans, and diagrams analyzing the site conditions including topography, vegetation, existing structures, climate, views, and circulation. Key existing structures discussed include the lighthouse, historical museum, gazebos, and cannons. Drainage and hardscape elements are also analyzed. Vegetation surveyed includes pine trees, palms, angsana, and ara beringin trees. Climate data presented includes sun path diagrams, temperature graphs, rainfall amounts, and monsoon wind patterns.
Pressure measurement and control is an integral part of many industrial process operations. Handbook outlines the basics of pressure, how it is measured, and provides good illustration and description for anyone interested in pressure measurement and control.
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
Diaphragm pressure gauges use a thin circular plate that deflects in proportion to applied pressure. Common types include thin film diaphragms, corrugated diaphragms, and capsules which use multiple diaphragms joined together. Bourdon tubes are curved tubes that straighten with pressure to indicate amount. Strain gauge transducers bond strain gauges to a deflecting diaphragm to convert pressure to electrical resistance changes. Variable reluctance transducers use a diaphragm to change the magnetic reluctance in an electromagnetic circuit proportional to pressure.
The document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It describes the bourdon tube pressure gauge, which uses a coiled tube that straightens under pressure, moving a pointer on a scale. Diaphragm pressure gauges use a flexible metal disc to isolate process fluids or measure high pressures, and can be used with electrical transducers. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) measure pressure by converting diaphragm, bellows, or bourdon tube movement into electrical signals using transformer coils and a movable core.
There are several types of pressure transducers commonly used to measure pressure, including mechanical devices like the manometer and dead-weight tester, as well as the bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges. The manometer uses fluid columns to measure pressure differences simply and is well-suited for steady laboratory measurements. Dead-weight testers are used to calibrate other pressure gauges by applying precisely known pressures. Bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges all function by elastically deforming in response to pressure differences, which can then be converted to an electrical signal or mechanical readout.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes the basic components of a PLC including the central processing unit, input and output modules, power supply, and programming software. PLCs were developed to provide flexibility compared to traditional hardwired control systems. The document discusses PLC applications, advantages such as ease of programming and modification, as well as some disadvantages like proprietary aspects. It also covers PLC size, history, and leading manufacturers.
Temperature measurement is important across many industries and applications. There are several common temperature sensors including glass thermometers, bi-metallic thermometers, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and IC sensors. Each sensor has advantages and disadvantages regarding factors like accuracy, sensitivity, temperature range, cost, and stability over time that must be considered when choosing a sensor for a particular application like industrial processes, manufacturing, health and safety applications.
This document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of a wind chimney as a natural ventilation strategy in a contemporary art gallery in Malaysia. Field measurements of air temperature and relative humidity were taken at various locations in the gallery over several hours. Additionally, computer simulations of wind flow patterns were conducted. The results showed that locations near the wind chimney had lower temperatures and humidity, demonstrating that the wind chimney helped provide thermal comfort. Therefore, the wind chimney was found to be an effective passive design for natural ventilation, except on non-windy days.
The document summarizes the re-adaptation of Malay vernacular architecture in Sekeping Serendah, Selangor to achieve thermal comfort. Some key features of traditional Malay houses that provide thermal comfort include elevated structures, large openings and overhangs to promote air flow, and use of sustainable materials. Sekeping Serendah incorporates these features, such as elevated rooms within the surrounding tropical forest and large openings covered by overhangs. The document examines how these vernacular design strategies help minimize environmental factors and provide thermal comfort, while maintaining aesthetic qualities in the modern retreat architecture.
Investigating the applicability of pm ve ppde model in non air-conditioned ho...Alexander Decker
This document investigates the applicability of the PMVe-PPDe thermal comfort model in a non-air conditioned hostel building in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Physical measurements of indoor environmental variables like air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were taken in the hostel and used to calculate PMVe and PPDe values. Most of the calculated PMVe values fell within the comfort range recommended by standards. The obtained PPDe results showed slight overestimation of dissatisfaction under neutral conditions. The study concluded that the PMVe-PPDe model is applicable in the non-air conditioned hostel building in this climate when the proper expectancy factor is used.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that analyzed the internal temperature distribution in two test cells with different roof types on a typical summer day in Brazil. Thermocouples measured the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air or dry bulb temperature (DBT) at various heights in each test cell - one with a green roof and one with a conventional ceramic roof. The results showed that the IST distribution was almost uniform in both cells, but the conventional cell exhibited a small vertical DBT gradient. The study aimed to establish appropriate guidelines for collecting internal temperature data experimentally and contribute to future comfort and building performance research.
Adaptive thermal comfort in university classrooms in Malaysia and.pdfRejaneViegas
This study investigated thermal comfort and adaptive behaviors of university students in classrooms in Malaysia and Japan during the summer season. Indoor environmental conditions and students' thermal perceptions were measured in classrooms with both mechanical cooling and natural ventilation. A total of 1428 students from three universities participated. The results showed that average comfortable temperatures were similar between the two countries, around 25-26°C, and generally aligned with international comfort standards. While most students reported taking no actions to adjust their comfort, changing the air conditioning settings was a common behavior among Malaysian students where mechanical cooling was prevalent.
Daylighting Analysis of Pedentive Dome’s Mosque Design during Summer Solstice...drboon
In this study, the analysis is to measure lighting performance of single pedentive dome type in mosque design built during the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, Turkey. The selected case studies are the Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi Mosque. This study investigates whether Turkish style’s pedentive dome mosque design provides efficient indoor daylighting in the Orhan Gazi Mosque in compression with the Firuzaga Mosque. This assessment is simulated during summer solstice occurred when the sun is perimetering at its most northern position along the Tropic of Cancer. This study applies simulation analysis using Autodesk software known as 3DStudio Max Design 2011 programme. The weather data file was used to provide weather information and climate changes of the study area. The analysis shows that both mosques have mostly an evenly distributed illuminance level with Scale 3, 4 and 5. The Orhan Gazi Mosque has slightly higher illuminance levels compared to those of the Firuzaga Mosque. The study concludes that the pedentive dome mosque design has an effect on the mosque indoor daylighting. Having excellent illuminance level distributed at all the locations is one of the crucial reasons why the mosques with pedentive dome roof cover are built by Ottoman master builders.
ASIAN ARCHITECTURE [ARC 2234]- Project 1: Case Study Paper: Openings as a Met...Angeline KH
This document is a student project report that analyzes and compares the use of openings in adapted vernacular architecture and contemporary architecture at the Belum Rainforest Resort in Pulau Banding, Malaysia. It discusses factors that affect thermal comfort, how openings react to these factors, and describes the types and placement of openings in the Kampung House villas and Deluxe Suites at the resort. The report finds that both building types utilize openings strategically through orientation, size, location and shading elements to maximize natural ventilation and minimize solar heat gain to achieve thermal comfort for occupants.
Thermal Comfort Assessment to Building Envelope: A Case Study for New Mosque ...drboon
The work is carried out with an objective of first, evaluating: the thermal characteristics of opaque and transparent parts of the building envelope in hot dry climate of case study “new mosque” building in Baghdad, the impact of sol-air temperatures, heat gain factors and the u-value of envelope section components. Second, it aims to assess the architectural criteria for appropriate passive design of new mosques in hot dry climates. Architectural design and construction of the new mosque (musalla) envelope in Baghdad are thermally inefficient in protecting the indoor space from climatic fluctuations. Therefore, the existing new mosques are not within thermal comfort level. To achieve and maintain that, applying architectural and construction alternatives on the mosque envelope contributes to controlling heat exchange through it as well as enhancing its thermal behaviors that contribute to getting internal thermal balance. The research covers survey of design, construction features, comfort levels in new mosques, and definition of the “model mosque”, as well as identification and thermal assessment of the typical “model mosque”. Computer simulations for building thermal behavior and design modification of building construction components also covered by the research. The findings and conclusion of the impact of simulation changes stated as well as recommendations for possible future mosque and design strategy. The findings show that HVAC systems entail capital, functional and maintenance costs whereas the passive mosque (musallas) building consumes less energy as well as being more likely to be in sympathy with the environment.
This document presents a case study on the PAM Centre office building in Malaysia. The study examines the effects of natural ventilation on the building in the tropical climate. Experimental research was conducted to measure temperature and relative humidity at different levels of the building on a cloudy day. The results showed that natural ventilation was more effective on higher floors where the temperature difference between interior and exterior was larger, promoting cross ventilation. Stack ventilation was also effective as relative humidity decreased on lower floors. A post-occupancy survey found that passive ventilation was efficient. As a result, the building received platinum rating from the Green Building Index and complied with ventilation standards.
Asian Architecture Case Study Report Louvrebox HouseCalvinSuah
This document provides a case study on adapting nature design approaches from traditional Malay kampong houses to achieve thermal comfort in contemporary architecture. It discusses factors for thermal comfort like human, climatic, and building factors. It outlines the design approaches of kampong houses like large roof overhangs, fully openable windows, minimal partitions and tall surrounding trees. The Louvrebox house case study adapts these approaches through features like orientation, landscape integration, openings for cross ventilation, and sustainable materials. The goal is to design modern homes that provide thermal comfort through natural strategies like in traditional vernacular architecture.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated thermal comfort conditions in an urban entertainment centre located in Nigeria's hot-dry climate. Data loggers were used to record temperature and humidity over time in different spaces to analyze how design elements like thermal mass, glazing size/type, and orientation impacted thermal performance. The study found that these factors most significantly affected thermal comfort. Simulations also showed that brick, double glazing, and larger north-south openings performed better thermally than other options. The results highlighted features that enhance thermal comfort and can be applied in future entertainment centre designs in hot-dry climates.
Exploring the preferred temperature on occupants thermal comfort in the humid...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study on Indoor Temperature and Comfort Temperatureinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: A residential building is a dynamic system in which the internal heat gains occur mainly through
roof and walls. The heat transmission to the inside of a building is primarily based on the outdoor temperature.
The indoor environment of a building consists of two primary variables. One is indoor temperature (IT) and the
other is indoor relative humidity (IRH). The indoor temperature is a combination of radiations received through
the roof and walls of the building. If the indoor temperature is too high (summer), or too low (winter) then the
building is said to be thermally uncomfortable.In the above two,cases thermal performance of the building is
said to be poor. Increasing or decreasing the indoor temperature to a satisfactory level of the occupants leads
to comfort temperature. The comfort temperature is the critical state of the indoor temperature. In this study, a
new design of roof, based on passive cooling has been constructed, in which hybrid techniques were
incorporated to bring down the indoor temperature.The daily mean indoor temperatures obtained were very
close to the comfort temperature in summer and is within the comfort band in the other seasons of the year.
This document discusses the design strategies of passive architecture (PA) for terraced houses in Malaysia. It describes the features of conventional terraced houses, including deep floor plans with limited cross ventilation, large solar gains from insufficient sun shading, and nighttime indoor discomfort requiring mechanical cooling. The document advocates for PA design strategies to create natural thermal comfort, including building orientation, shallow floor plans, large window openings for cross ventilation, appropriate sun shading devices, and insulated roofs/walls. It presents a methodology to simulate thermal comfort in conventional and PA terraced houses to demonstrate when mechanical cooling is unnecessary in the PA design.
This document discusses natural ventilation in residential buildings in hot-humid climates like Malaysia. It notes that while energy efficient cooling strategies have been implemented to reduce dependency on non-renewable energy, natural ventilation is a passive strategy that can provide thermal comfort while saving energy. Previous studies on occupants' ventilation behavior have shown that occupants prefer natural ventilation over mechanical systems. However, more research is needed on ventilation behavior in individual living spaces and under different house designs in hot-humid climates. The document aims to investigate natural ventilation provisions and occupants' utilization of openings in different terrace house designs in Malaysia, and factors that influence occupants' satisfaction with indoor ventilation when using natural ventilation.
This document provides a case study analysis of the Sekeping Serendah Glass Shed in Malaysia. The glass shed utilizes various passive design elements and natural materials to maximize natural ventilation and thermal comfort for visitors. These include cross ventilation facilitated by openings on the southeast and northeast sides to catch prevailing winds, a elevated design to promote airflow, and a open floor plan and roof structure similar to traditional Malay houses. Materials with low thermal capacity, like glass and wood, are used to reduce heat gain. The design successfully demonstrates how passive strategies can provide thermal comfort with reduced energy usage.
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that investigated the heating patterns of different petroleum crude oils and water samples when exposed to microwave radiation in a modified domestic microwave oven. The key findings were:
1) Water reached the highest temperatures initially, followed by oils from the UAE and Saudi Arabia. After 110 seconds, a Kuwait crude oil sample surpassed the others in temperature.
2) Water absorbed microwave energy at the highest rate, followed by oils from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.
3) Water had the highest dielectric loss and lowest wavelength, while oil samples had lower and consistent dielectric properties and a longer wavelength.
4) Different crude oils exhibited distinct heating profiles when exposed to microwave
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that investigated the heating patterns of different petroleum crude oils and water samples when exposed to microwave radiation in a modified domestic microwave oven. The key findings were:
1) Water reached the highest temperatures initially, followed by oils from the UAE and Saudi Arabia. After 110 seconds, a Kuwait crude oil sample surpassed the others in temperature.
2) Water absorbed microwave energy at the highest rate, followed by oils from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and UAE.
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The Study of Air Temperature When the Sun Path Direction to Ka’abah: with a Case Study of Al-Malik Khalid Mosque, Malaysia
1. 2012 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com, http://go.to/Research
The Study of Air Temperature When the Sun Path
Direction to Ka’abah: with a Case Study of Al-Malik
Khalid Mosque, Malaysia
a* a
Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning, University Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
ARTICLEINFO A B S T RA C T
Article history: A field study on air temperature was carried out in the
Received 15 March 2012
Accepted 24 March 2012 main prayer hall of Al-Malik Khalid mosque, Penang, Malaysia.
Available online The main purpose of this study is to investigate and observe the
24 March 2012 indoor air temperature conditions during the occurrence of the
Keywords: sun path towards qibla direction on 16th July 2010. The scope of
Temperature the study covers the main prayer hall under the pyramid roof. A
Thermal comfort quantitative method was used in the analysis by using thermo
Penang island climate
hygro anemometer instrument to measure the indoor and outdoor
Qibla.
air temperature. The temperature was measured hourly, during
daylight hours from 7am to 7pm in July 2010 from 15th to 17th.
The result obtained shows that the mosque has the correct and
accurate orientation to the qibla. In addition, there are no
significant difference between the day of 16th July where the sun
was perpendicular over the Ka’abah and one day after and before.
The average difference between indoor and outdoor is about
0.46°C to 1.71°C.
2012 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, &
Applied Sciences & Technologies
1. Introduction
Mosque is defined as a place for congregating prayers. The importance of mosque is that
it is the most sacred places by the Muslim believers. The thermal comfort inside the mosque
is therefore one of the basic requirements to ensure the comfort to the worshipers performing
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
185
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
2. their prayers in tranquility and reverence.
Thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment” (ASHRAE, 1992). According to Wang and Wong (2007) comfort
sensation of people who live in tropical or temperate climate is different than those in cold
climate. However, this decision was based on the results of previous studies in the UK, India,
Iraq and Singapore. It is printed out that temperature above 30°C is not considered
uncomfortable in some cases. As argued by Hussein and Rahman (2009) based on the
respondents survey in the tropical regions in Malaysia that the people have a higher heat
tolerance as they accepted the thermal condition which exceeded the American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE) standard.
(Al-ajmi, 2010) noted that to control the thermal sense, it is possible to the residents and
building officers to adjust their dress according to the level of thermal stress in the
surrounding environment, where this feature is limited for the prayers inside the mosque.
Nicol and Humphreys (2002) highlighted the principle of adaptive approach to thermal
comfort as “If a change occurs such as to produce discomfort, people react in ways, which
tend to restore their comfort." They reported that in case of no possibility to adjust cloth or
activity and air movement cannot be used, the comfort zone may be as narrow as ±2°C.
However, in the case of these adaptive opportunities are available and adequate, such as
mechanical ventilation (fans), the comfort range may be considerably wider (Wang and
Wong, 2007).
There is not much literature for investigation the indoor thermal condition in the mosques
in Malaysia. However, a study can be mentioned are taking account on thermal comfort
requirements for Friday prayer in the mosque by Saeed (1996) during the hot season in
Riyadh indicated that most people are feeling comfortable, while a few prefer cooler
conditions. Another study was conducted by Soegijanto and Yohana (2004) by measuring air
temperature, relative humidity and air velocity as well as by conducting simulation using
Energy Plus software. They concluded that thermal condition inside the building was still
within the comfort zone with slightly warm condition. A field study on energy use and
thermal comfort conditions in three air conditioning mosques in hot-humid climates been
carried out by Al-Homoud et al (2009) who evaluated the thermal comfort according to
ASHRAE thermal comfort standard from 20°C to 24°C during winter season while from 23°C
186 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
3. to 26.5°C during summer season. However, the study concluded that there are relatively high-
energy uses for some mosques, which are not necessarily translated into better thermal
comfort conditions. A field study on thermal comfort in the mosque in Indonesia was carried
out by Samad et al (2006) in two main prayer hall, in the first floor and second floor. The
results were compared by the standard of Indonesia published by LPMB institution,
Department of Public Work. The condition in the first floor categorized as not Comfort area
(above 27.1°C), while in the second floor categorized as warm comfort area (between 25.8°C
- 27.1°C).
A study has been conducted in Malaysia by Abdul Rahman (1995) on the indoor comfort
temperature. He concluded that the thermal comfort for tropical region ranges from 25.5 -
28°C. A field study had been conducted on the thermal comfort in Singapore. The study
reported that the thermo-neutrality operative temperature was 28.5°C (Leow, 1988). Wong
and Khoo (2003) conducted the field study in Singapore on classroom temperature, the study
reported that classroom with mechanical ventilation such as fans, the natural temperature
recorded was 28.8°C and the desirable temperatures range from 27.1 to 29.3°C implying that
the ASHRAE Standard 55 is not appropriate in the free-ventilated buildings in the tropical
climate. A field studies on thermal comfort were conducted in Thailand by Busch (1990) and
in Singapore by Dear et al (1991) in office building. Both studies concluded that the natural
temperature for natural ventilation building was 28.5°C. Hussein and Rahman (2009) had
carried out a field study on the environmental conditions and occupant comfort level in
Malaysia, where the natural temperature of 28.4°C with comfort level ranges from 26.0ºC to
30.7ºC was obtained by regression analysis of temperature sensation votes (TSV) on operative
temperature. The finding was compatible with the finding of the study conducted by Wong
and Khoo (2003) for classroom comfort level in Singapore, Busch (1990) for office comfort
level in Thailand and Dear et al (1991) in Singapore.
2. Building Description
A Mosque which was chosen for this study is Al-Malik Khalid mosque, located in
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. The design took a form of a pyramid where the roof
carried by four pairs of ribs (beams) as the main roof structure, with upper windows making
as stack effect (Figure1).
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
187
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
4. The main prayer hall for study has rectangular in shape, with 1:1.3 (the long axis 1.3
facing to qibla) with a total area approximately 14,040 sq. ft.. However, 7612 sq. ft. are with
lower ceiling height about 9 ft. (2. 75m) in the corner and rear of the hall, while in the middle
of the hall the roof start rises up from 13.5 ft. (4. 1m) to 42.75 ft. (13.1 m) in the center of the
hall (Figures 2 and 3). A large area of the glass window openings are on it is four side walls.
Figure 1: Pyramid form of Figure 2: Form of the Figure 3: Lower ceiling
Al-Malik Khalid Mosque indoor ceiling with upper area with window openings
windows
3. The Climate of Penang Island
Penang Island located between latitude of N5°7′ to N5°35′ and longitudes of E100°9′ to
E100°32′ (Weng, 1991). The prevailing climate in the island is uniformly high temperature
and humidity. According to Dale (1964), Penang island is one of the sunniest parts of
Malaysia. According to Weng (1991), sunshine is abundant usually from 8 am to 5 pm with
periods in between overcast and cloudy sky, with an average at least 6 hours. The mean daily
temperature seldom drops below 26.0°C. However, the temperature in general ranges from
about 24°C to 34°C. Relative humidity is ranging from near saturation at the early morning to
50% at mid-day, the average around 80%, with high rainfall about 2000mm (reach 3000mm
in the highlands), the monthly rainfall is between 250mm to 500mm. Penang Island is
sheltered from the wind due to the location between Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra Island.
Most of the days have wind speed between 1 to 5 m/s. The calms period where the wind
speed not exceeds 0.2m/s is relatively high (18.9%). However, the wind direction frequencies
are from the North, north-east and south-east (Weng, 1991).
4. Sky Conditions
Sky condition is defined as a description of the appearance of the sky (OFCM, 2005). It is
very important to refer and classify the data of the outdoor and indoor conditions to the sky
188 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
5. condition. Some authors classified the sky conditions into three categories, namely clear sky
(0 Oktas), partly cloudy or intermediate sky (between 1 - 7 Oktas) and cloudy or overcast sky
(8 Oktas) (Danny and Joseph, 2001). However, 15 standard sky conditions which probably
include all skies conditions found in nature, this standard adopted by The International
Commission on Illumination (CIE) (ISO, 2004). Moreover, the 15 CIE Standard Skies contain
five clear sky, five intermediate sky and five overcast sky conditions (Li et al., 2010).
According to (IESNA) Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA, 2000) to
assess the sky condition normally estimate the amount of cloud cover at the sky which
estimated in tenths. The amount of clouds covers the sky is expressed on a scale from 0.0 for
clear sky to 1.0 for overcast sky as shown on Table 1.
Table 1: Classification of sky condition (IESNA, 2000).
Clear Partly cloudy Overcast
0.0 to 0.3 0.4 to 0.7 0.8 to 1.0
Due to the location of Malaysia under the influence of tropical climate, it has its own
uniqueness of the sky condition. The sky in Malaysia is mostly classified as intermediate sky,
the average coverage of the sky with the clouds of 6 to 7 Oktas (Zain-Ahmed, 2000);(Shahriar
and Mohit, 2006). A study has been conducted in East Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu, Sabah) by
Djamila et al (2011) on the sky condition mentioned that from 70% - 90% of the sky ratio
cover with the cloud, another study conducted in West Malaysia (Shah Alam, Selangor) by
Zain Ahmed et al (2002) classified the sky condition as intermediate 85.6% of the time and
14.0% overcast.
5. Limitation of the Study
It should be noted that all the measurements that were taken from the field was under the
intermediate sky condition (6 to 7 Oktas) which considered as the prevailing sky condition in
Malaysia. As mentioned by Ahmed (2000) the sky condition in Malaysia is sorted as
intermediate or average, whereby the sky clouds 85.7% of the time and the rest 14.0% as
overcast. Due to the period of raining condition from 2pm to 7pm on the first day (15 July
2010) clearly affect the data collection as shown in Figure 4, so the data within this period
cannot be counted. There is an air-conditioning unit installed in the mihrab which cannot be
counted due to the short-period running, when the imam and people performing prayer. It
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
189
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
6. should be noted that the study was not proposed to carry out the thermal comfort evaluation in
the mosques. Rather to give an idea about temperature conditions as related to the comfort
zone.
6. Qibla Direction
The qibla can be defined as the direction toward the Ka’abah, but the question which
must be answered what is the exact direction? Knowing the direction of the qibla is important
and necessary in the Muslim communities, where prayers and the direction depend upon it.
However, there are many ways to determine the direction of qibla such as mathematic
calculation and the compass. But the most basic and easiest method without any doubt is the
direction of the shadow on either 28th of May or 16th of July. However, according to King
(1993) the sun is exactly over Mecca twice a year on 28th of May and 16th of July, at the
middle of the day (noontime). Morban (2009) reported that the exact time where the sun is
perpendicular to the Ka’abah on 28th May is at noon 12:17:52 p.m., and 16th July at noon
12:26:40 p.m. on local time of Saudi Arabia. This time corresponds to 09:17:52 am and
09:26:40 am Greenwich, Main Time (GMT) respectively. So you just need to calculate the
time difference between the place where you want to determine the qibla and the time at
Saudi Arabia or at Greenwich, Main Time. This method only works in places that receive
sunlight at the time when the sun was over the Ka’abah in Mecca which an estimated half of
the world, so it will be possible to determine the qibla just by observing the direction of the
shadow or the direction of the sun at that time. Figure 5, shows a picture taken inside the
mosque on 16th July at 5:26 pm (Malaysia local time), when the sun was perpendicular over
the Ka’abah. The picture shows that the vertical window frame is perpendicular to the prayer
rows. Figure 8 shows the sun-path diagram for Penang during all the year. The path of the
sun on 16 July is highlighted as well as the position at 5.26pm. It is also shown (figure 8) the
façades exposed to the solar radiation. The East and North-East façades receive direct solar
radiation from early morning until 12pm, while the West façade receive direct solar radiation
from 1pm until sunset.
7. Methodology
The measurements were conducted in July 2010 from 15th (Thursday) to 17th (Saturday)
for continuously three days. The reason for selected these days is due to the position of the
190 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
7. sun on the sky as mentioned above. Measurements were carried out indoor and outdoor of the
mosque at high 90 cm from the ground level. This height is supposed to be reasonable for
sitting condition when reading the holy Qur’an and prayers. Five indoor points were selected
for investigation at the prayer hall, and one point selected outdoor about 12 m in front of the
mosque (Figure6).
The measurable factor is air temperature (°C), which can evaluate the thermal
environment and consequently the comfort condition inside the mosque. These measurable
factors were measured hourly, indoor and outdoor during daylight hours from 7am to 7pm for
three days continuously at all points with about10 minutes interval time. No measurement was
conducted at night from 8pm to 6am. The device used to measure air temperature is EXTECH
45160 3in1 Thermo Hygro Anemometer (Figurer7). ASHREA has defined 7 point scale to
quantifying people's thermal sensation, as shows in Table 2.
Table 2: Scale of thermal sensation (ASHRAE, 1992).
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
Cold Cool Slightly cool Natural Slightly warm Warm Hot
The range of thermal sensation (value temperature in table 2) of these points is made
depend on respondents vote, which is different according to their own physiological,
psychological and behavioral adaptations. Because of this fact, according to Singh et al (2010)
it has been found that at the same temperature; different respondents have the different
thermal sensation, or at different temperatures have the same thermal sensation. The
temperature values corresponding to -1 and +1 sensations are always ±3°C – 3.5°C of neutral
temperature. From this study it can conclude the temperature scale for 7 points as follows in
Table 3. Other scale consists of 6 points by Hassan and Ramli (2010) is as shown in Table 4
which refers to the study from Hussein and Rahman (2009) and Abdul Rahman (1995).
Table 3: The scale of measurement for temperature (Singh et al., 2010).
Scale -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
Slightly Slightly
Description Cold Cool Natural Warm Hot
cool warm
Range of
<19°C 19-22.4°C 22.5-25.6°C 25.7-27.5°C 27.6-30°C 30.1-33.5°C >33.5°C
Temperature
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
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8. Table 4: The scale of measurement for temperature (Hassan and Ramli, 2010).
Scale 0 1 2 3 4 5
Description Cold Cool Comfort Warm Hot Extremely hot
Range of Temp. <16°C 16–25.5°C 25.5–28°C 28–32°C 32-40°C >40°C
Average indoor and outdoor temperature
34
33
32
Temperature C°
31
30
29
28
Period of rain
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Average indoor Average outdoor
Figure 4: Average indoor air temperature (Orange line), and average outdoor air temperature
(Dash dot line) on 15 July 2010.
About 90°
Figure 5: Picture taken in side mosque on 16th July at 5:26pm (Malaysia local time).
192 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
9. Figure 6: The plan of Al-Malik Khalid mosque, Figure 7: EXTECH 45160 3in1 Thermo
shows the selected five indoor location and Hygro Anemometer.
outdoor location.
Position of the Sun path
sun at 5.26pm on16th July
Figure 8: Sun bath diagram of Al-Malik Khalid Mosque throughout the year, shows the
position of the sun at 5.26pm on the day of 16 July. Source: Suntool Software
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
193
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
10. 8. Result and Analysis
The air temperatures taken from the survey for indoor and outdoor temperature are shown
in the line chart graphs to indicate the results. The X-axis represents either specific points
been selected indoor or the hours when the air temperature data was taken from indoor and
outdoor, while the Y-axis represents the degree of air temperature in degree Celsius (°C),
(Figures 9 to 14).
From the analysis of indoor air temperature (Figure 9-A,B,C,D), it was observed very
small difference among the points. However, from the average, the warmest point was at No
4, No 3 then No1, No2 and No5. This difference is due to position of the point in the mosque
(near or far from the windows and walls) and the pyramid shape of the roof lead to different
surface exposure to the solar radiation (different sun angle) thus different heat gain for a
different indoor point position.
The graphs in Figure 10 shows that the average indoor air temperature for all points are
lower than the average outdoor air temperature from 10am to 6pm, the average of air
temperature difference is about 0.46°C to 1.71°C, While the transformation begins at about 7
pm until 9am where the indoor air temperature is higher than outdoor air temperature with an
average range from 0.05°C to 0.68°C (within the period of data collection) because of no
direct solar radiation.
The lowest outdoor air temperature recorded at 7am 27.83°C while the highest recorded
at 3pm 33.15°C, in contrast to the lowest indoor air temperature recorded at 8am 28.00°C
while the highest recorded at 4pm 32.85°C.
All indoor and outdoor air temperature at point 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 (Figures 11-15 and Table
5) recorded higher than 28.5°C except six degrees recorded indoor at 7am and 8am, and three
degrees outdoor at 7am and 8am, so both indoor and outdoor can be considered under
discomfort level (above 28.5°C) during the day time. However, within the period of data
collection, if we agree with the range of thermal comfort determined in the literature ranging
from 26°C – 30.7°C, the indoor air temperature approaches from comfort level from 7am to
12pm, while outdoor from 7am to 10am. The night time is supposedly under 28°C by
referring to these results of the day time temperature as no solar radiation.
194 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
11. The indoor air temperature becomes within the discomfort level after 12pm, where the air
temperature mostly recorded between 30.7°C to 32.85°C. While the outdoor air temperature
becomes within the discomfort level after 10am, where the air temperature mostly recorded
between 30.73°C to 33.15°C. As a result, the use of natural air ventilation (passive design)
and mechanical fan operation (active design) are necessary. Comparison was carried out
between the indoor air temperatures for each point on 16 July (when the sun path toward
qibla) with the average of the same point and the average of outdoor air temperature (Figure
11 to 15). It can be noted that there are no significant different between the day of 16 July and
one day after and before, that is due to no significant different occurs in the sun-path within
three days.
29.30 30.40
30.35
29.20
Temperature °C
30.30
Temperature °C
29.10 30.25
30.20
29.00
30.15
28.90 30.10
28.80 30.05
30.00
28.70
29.95
28.60 29.90
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Points Points
Average at 8am Average at 11am
A B
31.85 31.50
31.80
31.45
Temperature °C
Temperature °C
31.75
31.40
31.70
31.65 31.35
31.60 31.30
31.55
31.25
31.50
31.45 31.20
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Points Points
Average at 6pm Average at 2pm
C D
Figure 9-A,B,C,D: Average indoor air temperature for all points at different time in order to
clarify the different among the points.
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
195
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
12. 34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Average all indoor points Average outdoor
Figure 10: Average indoor air temperature for all points (red line), and average outdoor air
temperature (Dash Dot line).
34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Point No-1 16.Jul Average Point No-1 Average outdoor
Figure 11: Average indoor air temperature for point 1 (Red line), indoor air temperature point
1 on 16 July 2010 (Orange line) and average outdoor air temperature (Dash Dot line)
196 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
13. 34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Point No-2 16.Jul Average Point No-2 Average outdoor
Figure 12: Average indoor air temperature for point 2 (Red line), indoor air temperature point
2 on 16 July 2010 (Orange line) and average outdoor air temperature (Dash Dot line).
34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Point No-3 16.Jul Average Point No-3 Average outdoor
Figure 13: Average indoor air temperature for point 3 (Red line), indoor air temperature point
3 on 16 July 2010 (Orange line) and average outdoor air temperature (Dash Dot line).
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
197
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
14. 34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Point No-4 16.Jul Average Point No-4 Average outdoor
Figure 14: Average indoor air temperature for point 4 (Red line), indoor air temperature point
4 on 16 July 2010 (Orange line) and average outdoor air temperature (Dash Dot line).
34
33
32
Temperature °C
31
30
29
28
27
26
7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm
Hour
Point No-5 16.Jul Average Point No-5 Average outdoor
Figure 15: Average indoor air temperature for point 5 (Red line), indoor air temperature point
5 on 16 July 2010 (Orange line) and average outdoor air temperature (Dash Dot line).
198 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
15. Table 5: Indoor and outdoor air temperature in Celsius.
Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor
Day Hour Outdoor
Point 1 Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5
7am 29 29.1 29.5 29.6 29.8 28.73
8am 29.3 28.9 29 29.25 28.5 29.27
9am 30.35 30.3 30.05 30.2 30.4 29.47
10am 29.5 29.9 30.2 30.2 29.7 31.60
11am 30.35 30.35 30 30.2 29.95 31.90
Day 1 12pm 30.5 30.7 30.7 31.1 30.55 32.15
Thursday 1pm 31.5 31.5 31.1 30.95 31.4 31.70
15/7/2010 2pm 31 31.4 31.8 31.4 31.6 32.50
3pm 29.55 29.7 29.2 29.35 29.6 29.67
4pm 29.1 29.3 29.7 29.8 29.3 29.73
5pm 29.55 29.45 29.7 29.3 29.45 29.90
6pm 29.85 29.8 30.05 29.8 29.95 30.30
7pm 29.85 29.9 29.6 30 29.9 29.9
7am 28.5 28.5 28.15 28.6 28.3 28
8am 29.2 29.1 29.3 29.2 29.2 28.5
9am 29.4 29.1 29.1 29.05 29.25 28.7
10am 29.8 29.5 29.6 29.8 29.2 30.73
11am 30.1 30.2 31.6 31.55 30.1 31.7
Day 2 12pm 30.45 30.45 30.65 30.8 30.5 32.2
Friday 1pm 31.18 31.03 30.9 31 31.2 32.5
16/7/2010 2pm 31.3 31.45 31.45 31.35 31.45 32.67
3pm 30.5 30.65 31.4 31.4 30.45 33.15
4pm 31.55 31.7 31.7 31.7 32.1 32.5
5pm 31.4 31.75 31.9 31.85 31.8 32.68
6pm 31.3 31.8 31.5 31.2 31.2 32.87
7pm 30.9 31.1 31.35 30.85 31.1 31.6
7am 28.85 28.95 29 28.9 29 27.83
8am 28 28.45 28.7 28.4 28.1 28.03
9am 29.05 29.3 28.65 29 28.55 29.60
10am 29.3 29.65 29.4 29.75 29.1 30.80
11am 30.2 30 29.9 29.95 30.1 32.20
Day 3 12pm 30.4 30.2 30.6 30.5 30.45 32.48
Saturday 1pm 30.85 30.55 30.7 31.05 31 32.54
17/7/2010 2pm 31.6 31.5 31.1 31.3 31.3 32.83
3pm 31.65 31.7 31.95 31.95 31.8 32.50
4pm 32.6 32.85 32.2 32.25 32.25 32.60
5pm 32.25 32.32 32.1 32.05 32.8 32.2
6pm 31.9 31.8 32 31.85 31.9 31.45
7pm 31.4 31.5 31.5 31.6 31.35 30.50
9. Discussion
From the observation of sun penetration into the mosque, it is clearly indicated that the
mosque has the correct and accurate orientation to the qibla. The analysis of temperature
found that the average difference between indoor and outdoor is about 0.46°C to 1.71°C, this
small difference is due to the large area of the window and large amount of natural ventilation
*Corresponding author (Mohammed Salem Bakhlah). Tel/Fax: +6-017-4458546 E-mail
address: msob07@gmail.com. 2012. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 3 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN
199
1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V03/185-202.pdf.
16. between indoor and outdoor. From the temperature recording, it is also observed that the
maximum of outdoor temperature and indoor temperature has a time difference of 1 - 2 hours.
This time lag different is due to the large area of window and doors in the prayer hall with
roof cover, which lead to a large amount of natural ventilation. Within the period of date
collection from 7am to 12pm the temperature considered as an acceptable thermal condition.
From the analysis of indoor air temperature, it was found a very small difference between
the points. However, point N1 record lowest reading after 12pm it is due to the position of the
point in the south side of the mosque and the walls and roof surfaces near this point is not
exposed directly to solar radiation. Point No 2 records high temperature reading after 12pm
until 6pm due to the exposed of the walls and roof surfaces near this point to solar radiation
from the early morning until the afternoon, where these positions gained heat and then
reradiate heat to the indoor afternoon. Point No3 and No4 record high reading from 7am to
12pm due to near from the window having direct heat gain from the wall in the frontal side
and roof surfaces which receive the solar radiation from noon until sunset. Point No5 record
low temperature reading from 7am to 11am then starts rise-up from 12pm to 4pm, and then
cool-down from 4pm to 7pm. These phenomena are due to the high of the roof over this point
(highest roof height) and due to the sun angle where the roof surface receives a large amount
of heat over this point at noon. Consolidate the warm air ventilated at the upper roof space.
10. Conclusion
It can be concluded from this study that the mosque oriented towards the qibla correctly
and accurately. No significant difference between the day of 16 July where the sun was
perpendicular over the Ka’abah and the other two days. Due to the small different in air
temperature between indoor and outdoor and short time lag, it becomes more important to
study the mosque envelope to determine the most significant solution to protecting the indoor
environment from outdoor climatic factors, especially to induce the wind speed level such as
air cross ventilation and stack effect to the indoor area, and the use of efficient active
mechanical operation, as well as the use of shading devises on frontal façade to prevent the
entering of low angle solar radiation.
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Mohammed Salem Bakhlah received his Bachelor degree in engineering with: Architecture Engineering in
2002 from Hadhramout University of Science & Technology, Yemen. He also received his master degree in
building technology from University Sains Malaysia. 2008. From August 2009 until now he is a post
graduate student PhD at the school of Housing, Building and Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang,
Malaysia. His research is related to building envelope design for passive heating and cooling strategy for mud brick
houses in hot and dry climate.
Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan is an Associate Professor in Architecture Programme at the School of Housing,
Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He obtains a Bachelor and
Master of Architecture degrees from University of Houston, Texas, USA, and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
degree focussing on sustainable architecture and urban planning development for Southeast Asia from
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. At the university, he is lecturing in courses related to urban
design, studio architecture and history and theory of architecture. He is also teaching architecture courses in
Computer Aided Design (CAD) and computer animation that he is emphasised in heritage and architectural
building’s study.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
202 Mohammed Salem Bakhlah and Ahmad Sanusi Hassan