Africa's environmental policies
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The document discusses several environmental issues facing Africa, including pollution, water scarcity, and deforestation. Water pollution from industry and waste is a major problem across Africa. Deforestation due to farming, grazing, and fuel collection is exacerbating desertification, particularly in the Sahel region. As forests and vegetation are removed, soil quality declines and deserts expand, negatively impacting populations and biodiversity.
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Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIII
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated chemical use aim to preserve land.
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIII
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated resource use aim to preserve land.
Drought in African Countries
Definition of drought,types of droughts,effects which include political and sociological.Solutions which can be implemented to avoid or eradicate the issues of drought in affected regions
3 D Kar Yearn And Si Ying, Deforestation
Deforestation negatively impacts the environment in several ways:
1) Without trees to hold the soil, erosion increases, causing soil to wash into rivers which turns the water chalky.
2) Lack of oxygen in rivers kills plants and sea creatures like fish.
3) The disrupted food chain affects the whole ecosystem.
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1. Cloud seeding is used by over 50 countries to increase rainfall for agriculture and drinking water, disperse fog, increase hydropower generation, suppress hail storms, mitigate drought and the impacts of global warming. Several countries like the US, Australia, and China have benefited greatly from cloud seeding technologies.
2. Rice provides over half the world's population with their primary food source and energy intake. Rice-based agricultural systems employ nearly 1 billion people in rural areas of developing countries. Efficient rice production is essential for economic development and improved quality of life.
3. Water availability per person is declining in many countries due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. By 2025, over
Cloud Seeding For India (An effective weapon to fight the Draught) by Prof S...
Cloud Seeding For India (An effective weapon to fight the Draught) by Prof S...anamika marathe (Anuradha)
1. Cloud seeding is used by over 50 countries to increase rainfall for agriculture and drinking water, disperse fog, increase hydropower generation, suppress hail storms, mitigate drought and the impacts of global warming. Several countries like the US, Australia, and China have benefited greatly from cloud seeding technologies.
2. Rice provides over half the world's population with their primary food source and energy intake. Rice-based agricultural systems employ nearly 1 billion people in rural areas of developing countries. Efficient rice production is essential for economic development and improved quality of life.
3. Water availability per person is declining in many countries due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. By 2025, overUnit 5 review for guided notes africa
The document describes the geography and peoples of Africa. It discusses the major physical regions including the Sahara desert, Sahel region, savanna grasslands, and tropical rainforests. It also summarizes the main ethnic groups such as the Arabs in North Africa, Ashanti of West Africa, Bantu peoples of southern Africa, and Swahili coastal dwellers who blended Arab and African cultures. Key environmental challenges like desertification, water issues, and deforestation are also outlined.
Desertification
Desertification is land degradation in dryland areas caused by climatic variations and human activities. The main causes are deforestation, soil erosion, clearing land for construction, and population pressures. Deforestation removes trees that anchor soil and regulate rainfall. Soil erosion degrades and depletes soils, reducing their ability to support life. Construction activities and population growth increase pressure on limited resources. Desertification has environmental, economic and social impacts like reduced biodiversity, famine, and climate change. Combating desertification requires awareness, sustainable land management like tree planting, and community involvement. The document provides examples of desertification in regions like Africa, China, and the Mediterranean island of Malta.
Similar to Africa's environmental policies (19)
Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
Chapter0introductiontowaterresources ppt-130630054028-phpapp01
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Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIII
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIII
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIII
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European economies
The document compares the economies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. The UK has a mixed market economy and is one of the world's leading industrial powers, with major industries including machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and food processing. Germany has the largest economy in Europe and is third largest in the world, with industries like iron, steel, chemicals, vehicles, and machinery. Russia has a mixed economy moving from communist command to market principles; it has a large natural resource base but exploitation is challenging due to climate and infrastructure.
Deformation
The video discusses the different types of forces that can act on and deform the Earth's crust, including compression, tension, and shearing. Compression causes squeezing and folding of rocks to form structures like anticlines and synclines. Tension causes pulling apart and thinning of the crust to form rift valleys. Shearing causes twisting and tearing of rocks. Different rock types and environmental conditions influence whether the crust folds or faults under geological forces.
Volcanoes
Volcanoes form where magma reaches the Earth's surface through openings called vents. There are several types of volcanoes defined by their eruptive activity and structure. Cinder cones have short eruptions that build steep slopes from ejected cinders. Shield volcanoes have long-lasting eruptions that spread lava over large areas to form broad dome shapes like Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Composite volcanoes like Italy's Mount Etna are made of layers from violent and quiet eruptions. Volcanoes can be classified as active if currently erupting, dormant if not currently erupting but historically active, or extinct if no known eruptions in history. Most volcanism occurs along zones of
Seismic waves
Deep underground, rocks are under constant pressure until the strain becomes too great and the rocks suddenly break, releasing seismic waves. These waves travel outward from the hypocenter in three types - P waves which push and pull, S waves which move sides to side, and L waves which cause surfaces to bob up and down. When recorded by a seismograph, the first indication of an earthquake is typically the P waves, followed by larger S waves, with surface L waves arriving last.
Earthquakes
An earthquake is caused by the sudden movement of parts of the Earth's crust and results in shaking and trembling of the ground. There are over one million earthquakes each year, with around twenty having the potential to cause severe damage. Earthquakes are caused by faults in the Earth's crust, such as the San Andreas Fault in California where the land west of the fault moves north and the land east moves south. Underwater earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis. The focus is the depth below the surface where the earthquake occurs, and the epicenter is directly above on the surface. Seismographs detect seismic waves that travel out from the epicenter, including fast P waves and slower S waves.
Deformation
The video discusses the different forces that act on the earth's crust and how they cause deformation through various mechanisms. Compression causes squeezing and increases density, tension causes pulling and decreases density, and shearing causes twisting. These forces result in fracturing, faulting, and folding of rocks in the crust. Fractures are cracks, faults are cracks with lateral movement, and folds are bends in rock layers. Anticlines are upward folds and synclines are downward folds. Various factors like temperature, pressure, rock type, and rate of force application determine whether rocks fault or fold when subjected to deformation.
European governments
The document summarizes the government and political systems of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. It describes that the UK has a Parliament with two houses, the House of Commons and House of Lords, and citizens elect members of Commons while Lords are inherited titles. Germany is a federal republic with a Chancellor as head of government and largely ceremonial President. Russia transitioned to a federal republic after the Soviet fall, with a dominant presidential system and a two-chamber Parliament.
Plate tectonics review #2
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries, including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, such as at mid-ocean ridges which form undersea mountain ranges as oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge. It also describes transform boundaries where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, such as at the San Andreas Fault in California.
Plate tectonics review
The plates are moving at a very slow rate of between one to ten centimeters per year. In some areas plates are moving together through a process called convergence, while in other areas they are moving apart. There are three main types of convergent boundaries: continental-continental, continental-oceanic, and oceanic-oceanic. At convergent boundaries, one plate dives beneath the other through subduction, which can cause volcanic activity at the surface.
Plate tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where plates slip past each other.
Systems of government powerpoint (unitary, confederation, federal)updated 2010
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This document discusses different systems of government and how power is distributed in each. It begins by asking the reader to identify the different levels of government where they live. It then explains that governments are organized to protect citizens and manage conflict. There are different types of governments like democracies, republics, and monarchies. Geographers study the types of governments and how power is distributed through systems. The main systems are unitary, confederation, and federal. Unitary governments have one central power. Confederation governments give some power to members. Federal governments share power between a central and state/provincial governments. Diagrams and country examples are provided to illustrate each system.Continental drift
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a super continent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain the driving force behind continental movement. Evidence that later emerged in support of continental drift includes: matching fossil and rock formations between continents, matching climate zones in pole and equatorial regions, and magnetic pole reversal patterns in ocean floor sediments. This evidence helped prove that continents have shifted positions over time.
Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
Earths structure
The document discusses the four main layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains that the crust is the outermost layer and includes both continental and oceanic crust, with oceanic crust being denser. The mantle is below the crust and contains hot, dense rock. The outer core is a liquid layer surrounding the solid inner core, where extreme pressure causes iron and nickel atoms to remain solid.
Geologic time magazine
This document outlines the requirements for a group project where students work with a partner to create a magazine. Each person must complete two 20 point activities and one 10 point activity by certain checkpoint dates. They must also turn in their completed magazine by October 15th, which can include different formats like articles, interviews, or political cartoons, but each format can only be used once and one activity must use a longer writing format.
Geological time scale
The document summarizes the geologic time scale, which is divided into eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil evidence showing changes in Earth's organisms over its 4.56 billion year history. The largest divisions are eras, including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic. Each era is characterized by the dominant lifeforms and events of that time period. The geologic time scale helps break up Earth's history into more manageable chunks for study.
Fossils
Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life found in sedimentary rocks. The type of fossil formed depends on how and where the organism died and was buried. Fossils can be unaltered remains like teeth and shells, or altered remains that have changed over time through processes like petrification or carbonization. Trace fossils provide indirect evidence of prehistoric life through things like tracks, burrows, and coprolites. Fossils are important for interpreting ancient environments and changes over time.
Relative and absolute dating
The document discusses methods for dating geological materials and events. Relative dating methods, like the law of superposition and index fossils, are used to determine the sequence of events but not calculate specific ages. Absolute dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating, are used to determine specific numerical ages by measuring radioactive decay. Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in once-living materials, as carbon-14 decays at a known rate. Together, relative and absolute dating methods provide information about the timing of geological events and processes.
Paleontology and uniformitariansm
Paleontology is the study of past life through the examination of plant and animal fossils. Paleontologists study fossils and the environments they formed in to piece together details about past ecosystems. The principle of uniformitarianism, first developed by James Hutton in 1788, holds that the same geological processes shaping Earth today have operated throughout its history. This theory helped establish that Earth is much older than previously believed. Relative dating methods like the law of superposition and use of index fossils allow paleontologists to determine the sequential order of geological events and changing life forms without knowing exact time periods.
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