This document presents an exergy-based analysis of different types of solar cookers, including box, parabolic, and Scheffler cookers. It proposes parameters for evaluating and comparing the performance of solar cookers, such as peak exergy power, temperature difference at half power, and quality factor. Experimental data from various solar cookers is analyzed using these proposed parameters. The analysis establishes a unified test standard for solar cookers based on exergy considerations that accounts for temperatures and heat transfer quantities. It provides a way to benchmark and compare the performance of different solar cooker designs in a standardized manner.
This document presents an experimental study comparing the performance of two box-type solar cookers: one with a plain absorber plate and one with a finned absorber plate. The cookers were tested under conditions in Allahabad, India. It was found that the solar cooker with the finned base performed better, with a higher first figure of merit (F1) of 0.145 compared to 0.106 for the plain base cooker. Exergy efficiency was also higher for the finned base cooker. The study concludes that the finned base design improves the thermal performance of the box-type solar cooker.
Experimental and Analytical Performance of Gas Gap Cryogenic Thermal Switch ...ijsrd.com
This document discusses the experimental and analytical performance of a gas gap cryogenic thermal switch using nitrogen gas. The key points are:
1) A gas gap cryogenic thermal switch was fabricated and tested using liquid nitrogen storage. Thermal characteristics in the ON and OFF states were obtained by varying the heat load and measuring the temperature difference.
2) Thermal conductance increased with increasing heat load for both the ON and OFF states. Higher conductance and a smaller temperature difference indicated the ON state, while lower conductance and a larger temperature difference indicated the OFF state.
3) The experimental results matched well with theoretical calculations of thermal conductance, validating the analytical model. It was concluded that gas properties and gap geometry
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions from a chapter on thermodynamics in a Class 11 Chemistry textbook. The questions cover topics like state functions, adiabatic conditions, standard enthalpies, enthalpy of formation, entropy changes, and calculating heat, work, internal energy and enthalpy changes. The answers provide explanations for each question and calculate values needed to determine the correct answer choice.
The document contains 11 questions about heat and thermodynamics with multiple parts to each question. It covers concepts like specific heat capacity, heat transfer, phase changes, and calculating temperature changes using heat equations. The questions range from basic to higher level and include real-world examples like electric kettles, storage heaters, the human body, and car brakes.
Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in chemical and physical changes. It is a branch of thermodynamics that studies energy and its transformations. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure and can be used to determine the heat of a reaction. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of heat changes through determination of temperature changes of a system and surroundings using equations such as q = cmΔT. Bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry are two common techniques used to directly measure the heat of chemical reactions.
The document discusses energy and thermodynamics concepts including:
1) It defines different forms of energy such as potential, kinetic, internal, chemical, and thermal energy. Heat and work are also defined.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
3) Enthalpy (H) is a state function that represents the heat flow under constant pressure conditions, and the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction is equal to the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure.
This document provides an overview of thermochemistry and calorimetry. It discusses:
1) Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in chemical and physical changes. Energy can be transferred between a system and its surroundings as heat or work.
2) Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure. For reactions that do not involve large volume changes, change in enthalpy (ΔH) can approximate change in energy (ΔE).
3) Calorimetry involves measuring heat transfer during chemical or physical changes using devices like coffee cup calorimeters. The heat transferred (q) can be calculated using specific heat capacity (c), mass (
This document presents an experimental study comparing the performance of two box-type solar cookers: one with a plain absorber plate and one with a finned absorber plate. The cookers were tested under conditions in Allahabad, India. It was found that the solar cooker with the finned base performed better, with a higher first figure of merit (F1) of 0.145 compared to 0.106 for the plain base cooker. Exergy efficiency was also higher for the finned base cooker. The study concludes that the finned base design improves the thermal performance of the box-type solar cooker.
Experimental and Analytical Performance of Gas Gap Cryogenic Thermal Switch ...ijsrd.com
This document discusses the experimental and analytical performance of a gas gap cryogenic thermal switch using nitrogen gas. The key points are:
1) A gas gap cryogenic thermal switch was fabricated and tested using liquid nitrogen storage. Thermal characteristics in the ON and OFF states were obtained by varying the heat load and measuring the temperature difference.
2) Thermal conductance increased with increasing heat load for both the ON and OFF states. Higher conductance and a smaller temperature difference indicated the ON state, while lower conductance and a larger temperature difference indicated the OFF state.
3) The experimental results matched well with theoretical calculations of thermal conductance, validating the analytical model. It was concluded that gas properties and gap geometry
Heat Capacity of BN and GaN binary semiconductor under high Pressure-Temperat...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we have calculated the molar heat capacity for cubic zinc blende (cZB) BN and GaN binary semiconductors at high pressure-temperature (PT). For the calculation of heat capacity, we firstly obtained the Debye temperature (ϴD) variation with temperature and at higher temperature it becomes constant with temperature in quasi-harmonic approximation limits. We have also calculated the static Debye temperature (ϴD) from elastic constant for the both BN and GaN binary semiconductors. The elastic constants are calculated from the energy-strain relation using plane wave method in DFT approach. All the calculated results are well consistence with experimental and reported data
This document contains 18 multiple choice questions from a chapter on thermodynamics in a Class 11 Chemistry textbook. The questions cover topics like state functions, adiabatic conditions, standard enthalpies, enthalpy of formation, entropy changes, and calculating heat, work, internal energy and enthalpy changes. The answers provide explanations for each question and calculate values needed to determine the correct answer choice.
The document contains 11 questions about heat and thermodynamics with multiple parts to each question. It covers concepts like specific heat capacity, heat transfer, phase changes, and calculating temperature changes using heat equations. The questions range from basic to higher level and include real-world examples like electric kettles, storage heaters, the human body, and car brakes.
Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in chemical and physical changes. It is a branch of thermodynamics that studies energy and its transformations. Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure and can be used to determine the heat of a reaction. Calorimetry experiments allow measurement of heat changes through determination of temperature changes of a system and surroundings using equations such as q = cmΔT. Bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry are two common techniques used to directly measure the heat of chemical reactions.
The document discusses energy and thermodynamics concepts including:
1) It defines different forms of energy such as potential, kinetic, internal, chemical, and thermal energy. Heat and work are also defined.
2) The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
3) Enthalpy (H) is a state function that represents the heat flow under constant pressure conditions, and the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction is equal to the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure.
This document provides an overview of thermochemistry and calorimetry. It discusses:
1) Thermochemistry deals with the heat involved in chemical and physical changes. Energy can be transferred between a system and its surroundings as heat or work.
2) Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system at constant pressure. For reactions that do not involve large volume changes, change in enthalpy (ΔH) can approximate change in energy (ΔE).
3) Calorimetry involves measuring heat transfer during chemical or physical changes using devices like coffee cup calorimeters. The heat transferred (q) can be calculated using specific heat capacity (c), mass (
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter contents which include sections on temperature, heat, and changes in temperature and phase. The remainder of the document consists of slides from the presentation covering these topics, including definitions of key terms, examples, and sample problems.
Renewable energy sources like wind turbines, solar panels, and heat pumps provide alternatives to fossil fuels but have some limitations. Wind turbines have low capacity factors of 0.25-0.4 and require high upfront costs of £30,000 for a 6kW system. Solar panels cost £2,000-£4,000 installed for a house and save around £60-£92 per year in electricity bills. Photovoltaic solar cells have high costs of 60-70p/kWh currently and may not be cost competitive with retail electricity until after 2025. Ground source heat pumps can provide efficient heating but require extensive piping installed underground that may have long term temperature effects on the soil.
The document defines key thermodynamic terms like heat, work, internal energy, temperature, enthalpy, and heat capacity. It distinguishes between heat and temperature. It discusses specific heat and molar heat capacity, and provides values for common substances. It describes how to calculate heat transfer and enthalpy change using specific heat, molar heat capacity, and temperature change. Hess's law and standard enthalpies of formation are also explained for calculating enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.
This experiment aimed to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. The researcher measured the mass change of a kettle of boiling water over time. This was used to calculate the latent heat of vaporization, which averaged around 3140000 J/kg in trials 1-3 and 3301000 J/kg in trial 4. However, these values are much higher than the accepted literature value of 2260000 J/kg. Sources of error included uncertainty in the kettle's power rating and heat loss due to the uncovered kettle. Improving the experiment could involve directly measuring the kettle's power and using a scale able to measure the kettle with its lid on.
Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
The chapter outlines key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Systems can exchange energy but not matter (closed systems) or both energy and matter (open systems)
2) The first law relates changes in internal energy (ΔE) to heat (q) and work (w)
3) The second law introduces entropy (S) as a measure of disorder
4) Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines spontaneity and is related to ΔH and TΔS
The chapter discusses coupled processes that drive unfavorable reactions, energy transduction via ATP and NADPH, and high-energy molecules like phosphates. Hydrolysis of high-energy bonds
Experimental and Modeling Dynamic Study of the Indirect Solar Water Heater: A...IJAAS Team
The document presents an experimental and theoretical study of an indirect solar water heater system in Rabat, Morocco. A theoretical dynamic multi-node model is proposed and validated experimentally. The system includes a 1.91 m2 flat plate collector and 300 L storage tank that heats water solely with solar energy. Experimental data was collected over sunny and cloudy days and showed good agreement with the model, with average deviations of 2-5% for water temperature and 4-9% for useful energy. The thermal efficiency was also determined experimentally and theoretically, agreeing well with industry standards.
The document describes two experiments to measure the specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of water. The first experiment measures the specific latent heat of fusion as ice is added to water, cooling it. Raw temperature and time data is plotted in a graph. The second experiment applies a constant power to heat water and measures the specific latent heat of vaporization. Both experiments measure how thermal energy flows when water changes phase, and the specific latent heats quantify the energy absorbed or released during these phase changes.
This document presents the modeling and simulation of a solar thermoelectric generator (TEG) using Matlab/Simulink. It discusses the basic principles of thermoelectricity and categories of thermoelectric materials. Mathematical models of the thermal and electrical circuits of a TEG module are developed. The models are used to simulate the current-voltage and current-power characteristics of a sample TEG module. The simulation results show that maximum power output of 19W can be achieved at an input temperature difference of 2000C and 4.5% conversion efficiency.
1. A liter of gasoline contains 8000 calories of energy. A person uses an average of 2000 calories per day. Excess calories are stored as fat.
2. Calorimetry is used to determine the energy content of substances by measuring heat changes. Specific heat and heat capacity allow calculation of heat from temperature changes.
3. Enthalpy (H) quantifies heat flow during chemical reactions. Standard enthalpies of formation provide a reference scale for enthalpy values.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy relationships involving heat, work, and energy transfer. A thermodynamic system is a closed environment where heat transfer can occur, such as a gas and cylinder in an engine. The internal energy of a system depends on the kinetic and potential energies of its particles. Heat input or work done on a system increases internal energy, while heat lost or work done by the system decreases internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the net heat into a system equals the change in internal energy plus work done by the system. Thermodynamic processes like isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic involve constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat transfer respectively
The document summarizes solutions to an in-class exercise on heat transfer problems. It includes:
1) Calculation of heat loss through a window glass using conduction, finding higher loss for thinner glass.
2) Use of the convection equation to find heat transfer from hot air to a plate.
3) Calculation of heat loss from a person by radiation to room walls at different temperatures.
4) Use of conduction, convection, radiation equations to determine the effective thermal conductivity of a wall from its inner and outer temperatures and heat transfer rates.
This experiment measured the latent heat of fusion of water by heating ice cubes in a calorimeter vessel containing water. The temperature remained constant at 0°C during melting as heat was absorbed without increasing temperature, in agreement with theory. By calculating the mass of ice and water and measuring temperatures, the latent heat of fusion was found to be 94,670 J/g, close to the literature value of 79,790 J/g. The small error is likely due to impure water used in the experiment.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter's content sections and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides covering topics in thermodynamics, including heat, work, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, heat engines, refrigerators, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy. Sample problems and multiple choice questions are also included.
The document discusses various concepts related to work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems. It defines work as the product of force and distance, and explains that work is done by or on a system. It also defines heat as energy transferred due to temperature difference and describes different modes of heat transfer. The document then discusses various thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It provides equations to calculate work done and related thermodynamic properties for these processes.
Balucan et al_2014_Energy cost of heat activating serpentinites for CO2 stora...Reydick D Balucan
This document discusses the energy cost of heat activating serpentinites for CO2 storage through mineralization. It finds that directly combusting natural gas to heat serpentinite to 700°C, achieving 20% residual hydroxyl content, and recovering 80% of sensible heat, requires 574 MJ per tonne of serpentinite with only 7% CO2 penalty. This practical heating strategy results in 0.93 tonnes of available active serpentine per tonne of feedstock at a cost of $1.25 per tonne. In comparison to previous estimates using electric heating, this approach reduces costs and secondary CO2 emissions.
This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines key units used in heat transfer such as temperature, heat, and heat capacity. It describes different types of heat including latent heat and methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Specifically, it explains that heat is transferred through conduction by the movement of free electrons in metals and vibration of atoms/molecules, with the rate of conduction determined by thermal conductivity. It also provides examples of thermal conductivity values for common materials.
This document contains the instructions and problems for a homework assignment in a thermodynamics course. It provides details on formatting solutions, calculating work done during a gas compression process using P-V diagrams and analytically, determining final temperature in a closed system after gases mix, calculating work done during isothermal and polytropic compression processes, determining heat transfer through a wall and by radiation, and calculating energy and cost savings from improved water heater insulation. Students are to show all work and approximate answers to one significant figure.
This document contains a homework assignment for a thermodynamics class consisting of 6 problems. The problems cover topics like heat transfer calculations, the first law of thermodynamics, and using thermodynamic property tables. The student is asked to show their work symbolically, report numerical values to appropriate significant figures, and provide brief yet complete answers in sentences for conceptual questions.
This document discusses various topics in thermochemistry including:
- Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions and how they are measured using calorimetry. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are explained.
- Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the reaction pathway. It can be used to calculate enthalpy changes.
- Standard enthalpies of formation and how they allow calculation of enthalpy changes using Hess's law and bond dissociation enthalpies.
- Measuring enthalpy changes using bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry. Limitations of each method are discussed.
In this paper, box type solar cookers with plain and finned absorber plates are experimentally investigated in Allahabad climate conditions. The Figure of merits (F1 and F2) are calculated for both the systems. Performance is evaluated on the basis of exergy analysis. It is found that solar cooker with finned base is of A grade. The exergy efficiency of finned base box-type solar cooker is higher than the unfinned base box type solar cooker.
This document describes experiments conducted to test the feasibility of using a thermoelectric cooler powered by a bicycle dynamo to heat and cool drinks. It was found that the power output of 60W from cycling at 15km/h was not sufficient to cool a drink to the desired temperature within an optimum time. Additional experiments showed heating 350ml of water would take a very long time and cooling was hindered by lack of forced convection. Insulation would be needed for practical application of this thermoelectric cooler system.
World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) was held at Linkoping, Sweden in May 2011.
Under the broad classification of Solar Thermal Heating (STH) applications, the topic of this paper is "An exergy based unified test protocol for solar cookers of different geometries".
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter contents which include sections on temperature, heat, and changes in temperature and phase. The remainder of the document consists of slides from the presentation covering these topics, including definitions of key terms, examples, and sample problems.
Renewable energy sources like wind turbines, solar panels, and heat pumps provide alternatives to fossil fuels but have some limitations. Wind turbines have low capacity factors of 0.25-0.4 and require high upfront costs of £30,000 for a 6kW system. Solar panels cost £2,000-£4,000 installed for a house and save around £60-£92 per year in electricity bills. Photovoltaic solar cells have high costs of 60-70p/kWh currently and may not be cost competitive with retail electricity until after 2025. Ground source heat pumps can provide efficient heating but require extensive piping installed underground that may have long term temperature effects on the soil.
The document defines key thermodynamic terms like heat, work, internal energy, temperature, enthalpy, and heat capacity. It distinguishes between heat and temperature. It discusses specific heat and molar heat capacity, and provides values for common substances. It describes how to calculate heat transfer and enthalpy change using specific heat, molar heat capacity, and temperature change. Hess's law and standard enthalpies of formation are also explained for calculating enthalpy changes in chemical reactions.
This experiment aimed to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. The researcher measured the mass change of a kettle of boiling water over time. This was used to calculate the latent heat of vaporization, which averaged around 3140000 J/kg in trials 1-3 and 3301000 J/kg in trial 4. However, these values are much higher than the accepted literature value of 2260000 J/kg. Sources of error included uncertainty in the kettle's power rating and heat loss due to the uncovered kettle. Improving the experiment could involve directly measuring the kettle's power and using a scale able to measure the kettle with its lid on.
Thermodynamics of Biological Systems
The chapter outlines key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Systems can exchange energy but not matter (closed systems) or both energy and matter (open systems)
2) The first law relates changes in internal energy (ΔE) to heat (q) and work (w)
3) The second law introduces entropy (S) as a measure of disorder
4) Gibbs free energy (ΔG) determines spontaneity and is related to ΔH and TΔS
The chapter discusses coupled processes that drive unfavorable reactions, energy transduction via ATP and NADPH, and high-energy molecules like phosphates. Hydrolysis of high-energy bonds
Experimental and Modeling Dynamic Study of the Indirect Solar Water Heater: A...IJAAS Team
The document presents an experimental and theoretical study of an indirect solar water heater system in Rabat, Morocco. A theoretical dynamic multi-node model is proposed and validated experimentally. The system includes a 1.91 m2 flat plate collector and 300 L storage tank that heats water solely with solar energy. Experimental data was collected over sunny and cloudy days and showed good agreement with the model, with average deviations of 2-5% for water temperature and 4-9% for useful energy. The thermal efficiency was also determined experimentally and theoretically, agreeing well with industry standards.
The document describes two experiments to measure the specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization of water. The first experiment measures the specific latent heat of fusion as ice is added to water, cooling it. Raw temperature and time data is plotted in a graph. The second experiment applies a constant power to heat water and measures the specific latent heat of vaporization. Both experiments measure how thermal energy flows when water changes phase, and the specific latent heats quantify the energy absorbed or released during these phase changes.
This document presents the modeling and simulation of a solar thermoelectric generator (TEG) using Matlab/Simulink. It discusses the basic principles of thermoelectricity and categories of thermoelectric materials. Mathematical models of the thermal and electrical circuits of a TEG module are developed. The models are used to simulate the current-voltage and current-power characteristics of a sample TEG module. The simulation results show that maximum power output of 19W can be achieved at an input temperature difference of 2000C and 4.5% conversion efficiency.
1. A liter of gasoline contains 8000 calories of energy. A person uses an average of 2000 calories per day. Excess calories are stored as fat.
2. Calorimetry is used to determine the energy content of substances by measuring heat changes. Specific heat and heat capacity allow calculation of heat from temperature changes.
3. Enthalpy (H) quantifies heat flow during chemical reactions. Standard enthalpies of formation provide a reference scale for enthalpy values.
Thermodynamics is the study of energy relationships involving heat, work, and energy transfer. A thermodynamic system is a closed environment where heat transfer can occur, such as a gas and cylinder in an engine. The internal energy of a system depends on the kinetic and potential energies of its particles. Heat input or work done on a system increases internal energy, while heat lost or work done by the system decreases internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the net heat into a system equals the change in internal energy plus work done by the system. Thermodynamic processes like isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic involve constant volume, pressure, temperature, or no heat transfer respectively
The document summarizes solutions to an in-class exercise on heat transfer problems. It includes:
1) Calculation of heat loss through a window glass using conduction, finding higher loss for thinner glass.
2) Use of the convection equation to find heat transfer from hot air to a plate.
3) Calculation of heat loss from a person by radiation to room walls at different temperatures.
4) Use of conduction, convection, radiation equations to determine the effective thermal conductivity of a wall from its inner and outer temperatures and heat transfer rates.
This experiment measured the latent heat of fusion of water by heating ice cubes in a calorimeter vessel containing water. The temperature remained constant at 0°C during melting as heat was absorbed without increasing temperature, in agreement with theory. By calculating the mass of ice and water and measuring temperatures, the latent heat of fusion was found to be 94,670 J/g, close to the literature value of 79,790 J/g. The small error is likely due to impure water used in the experiment.
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on thermodynamics. It begins with directions for viewing the presentation as a slideshow and advancing through it. It then lists the chapter's content sections and objectives. The remainder of the document consists of slides covering topics in thermodynamics, including heat, work, internal energy, the first law of thermodynamics, heat engines, refrigerators, the second law of thermodynamics, and entropy. Sample problems and multiple choice questions are also included.
The document discusses various concepts related to work and heat transfer in thermodynamic systems. It defines work as the product of force and distance, and explains that work is done by or on a system. It also defines heat as energy transferred due to temperature difference and describes different modes of heat transfer. The document then discusses various thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It provides equations to calculate work done and related thermodynamic properties for these processes.
Balucan et al_2014_Energy cost of heat activating serpentinites for CO2 stora...Reydick D Balucan
This document discusses the energy cost of heat activating serpentinites for CO2 storage through mineralization. It finds that directly combusting natural gas to heat serpentinite to 700°C, achieving 20% residual hydroxyl content, and recovering 80% of sensible heat, requires 574 MJ per tonne of serpentinite with only 7% CO2 penalty. This practical heating strategy results in 0.93 tonnes of available active serpentine per tonne of feedstock at a cost of $1.25 per tonne. In comparison to previous estimates using electric heating, this approach reduces costs and secondary CO2 emissions.
This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines key units used in heat transfer such as temperature, heat, and heat capacity. It describes different types of heat including latent heat and methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Specifically, it explains that heat is transferred through conduction by the movement of free electrons in metals and vibration of atoms/molecules, with the rate of conduction determined by thermal conductivity. It also provides examples of thermal conductivity values for common materials.
This document contains the instructions and problems for a homework assignment in a thermodynamics course. It provides details on formatting solutions, calculating work done during a gas compression process using P-V diagrams and analytically, determining final temperature in a closed system after gases mix, calculating work done during isothermal and polytropic compression processes, determining heat transfer through a wall and by radiation, and calculating energy and cost savings from improved water heater insulation. Students are to show all work and approximate answers to one significant figure.
This document contains a homework assignment for a thermodynamics class consisting of 6 problems. The problems cover topics like heat transfer calculations, the first law of thermodynamics, and using thermodynamic property tables. The student is asked to show their work symbolically, report numerical values to appropriate significant figures, and provide brief yet complete answers in sentences for conceptual questions.
This document discusses various topics in thermochemistry including:
- Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions and how they are measured using calorimetry. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are explained.
- Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the reaction pathway. It can be used to calculate enthalpy changes.
- Standard enthalpies of formation and how they allow calculation of enthalpy changes using Hess's law and bond dissociation enthalpies.
- Measuring enthalpy changes using bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry. Limitations of each method are discussed.
In this paper, box type solar cookers with plain and finned absorber plates are experimentally investigated in Allahabad climate conditions. The Figure of merits (F1 and F2) are calculated for both the systems. Performance is evaluated on the basis of exergy analysis. It is found that solar cooker with finned base is of A grade. The exergy efficiency of finned base box-type solar cooker is higher than the unfinned base box type solar cooker.
This document describes experiments conducted to test the feasibility of using a thermoelectric cooler powered by a bicycle dynamo to heat and cool drinks. It was found that the power output of 60W from cycling at 15km/h was not sufficient to cool a drink to the desired temperature within an optimum time. Additional experiments showed heating 350ml of water would take a very long time and cooling was hindered by lack of forced convection. Insulation would be needed for practical application of this thermoelectric cooler system.
World Renewable Energy Congress (WREC) was held at Linkoping, Sweden in May 2011.
Under the broad classification of Solar Thermal Heating (STH) applications, the topic of this paper is "An exergy based unified test protocol for solar cookers of different geometries".
Improvement in the efficiency of thermal power plantAnshu Agrawal
Thermal power plants currently have low efficiencies around 33% due to heat losses during combustion and condensation. The document proposes using thermoelectric generators to convert some of the wasted heat from condensers into electricity, improving the overall efficiency. Nanowire bismuth telluride modules placed between the hot and cold sides of a condenser could generate 201.505 MW of additional power from wasted heat. This would increase the plant's efficiency from 33% to 36.33%, demonstrating thermoelectrics as an effective way to recover lost energy in thermal power generation.
EVALUATION OF MAJORITY CHARGE CARRIER AND IMPURITY CONCENTRATION USING HOT PR...IJAMSE Journal
Temperature dependent majority charge carrier concentration and impurity concentration calculations
done for p-type commercial (100) silicon wafer of thickness 200 µm where the wafer is heated by hot probe
set up. By solving basic conductivity equation of semiconductor and Continuity & Poisson’s equation
thermally generated carrier ∆p and Q are found respectively for the same temperature range 50°C-80°C
with an interval of 10°C. For lower temperature ∆p and Q values are not exactly same but for higher
temperature those values agree with conventional measurement.
This document summarizes a CFD analysis of a new spiral microreactor design for catalytic propane combustion. The analysis showed that the spiral design improved heat recirculation and stability over straight channel designs. Higher inlet velocities, thermal conductivity, number of turns, and equivalence ratios led to higher combustion temperatures and conversion. The spiral microreactor showed better performance than planar helical and U-bend microreactor designs in terms of operating range and maximum temperature.
The document summarizes a study on the performance of a flat plate solar air heater. Experiments were conducted to determine the energy and exergy efficiency at different mass flow rates of air. It was found that a 16% increase in air mass flow rate led to a 20% increase in energy efficiency and a 36% increase in exergy efficiency. The maximum daily energy efficiency of 56% occurred at an air mass flow rate of 0.042 kg/s, while the maximum daily exergy efficiency of 1.46% occurred at the same mass flow rate.
This study experimentally investigated the performance of a flat plate solar air heater at different air mass flow rates. Tests were conducted to measure energy and exergy efficiency. It was found that increasing the mass flow rate from 0.036 kg/s to 0.042 kg/s resulted in a 20% increase in energy efficiency and a 36% increase in exergy efficiency. The maximum daily energy efficiency of 56% occurred at a mass flow rate of 0.042 kg/s, while the maximum daily exergy efficiency of 1.46% also occurred at this highest mass flow rate. Increasing the mass flow rate improved the performance of the solar air heater.
The document discusses calculating the temperature at the boundary between a refractory brick layer and insulating material layer in a plane wall. Given information includes the thicknesses of each layer, thermal conductivities, and temperatures on both surfaces. The calculated temperature at the boundary is 867.75°C. Another example calculates the time to cool a glass sheet submerged in water from an initial to average final temperature. The calculated time is 130.21 hours.
A solar PV array system is comprised of the following components - solar cells, panel modules, and an array system. Thus, overall optimal design of a solar PV system involves the optimal design of the components at three levels - solar cell, panel module, and array. In the present work, a comparison between different optimization methods is applied to design optimization of single channel Photovoltaic (SCPVT) system. The purpose of these methodologies is to obtain optimum values of the design parameters of SCPVT system, such that the overall economic profit is maximized throughout the PV system lifetime operational period which is not directly calculated in our work rather energy efficiency is calculated . Out of many design parameters available for this system, in the present work only few parameters are taken. The optimal design parameters chosen here are length of channel, depth of channel, velocity of fluid in the cell, and temperature of the cell. The objective function of the proposed optimization algorithm which is Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) implemented for design optimization of the system is the energy efficiency, which has to be maximized.
Experiment study of water based photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) collectorIJECEIAES
Solar radiation can be converted to the electrical energy and thermal energy by photovoltaic panel and solar collector. In this experiment, PV/T collector was designed, fabricated and tested its performance. The experiment conducted on PV/T collector with water flow at mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s to 0.0255 kg/s. The water flow with the stainless stell absorber help the PV/T collector in increasing the convection of thermal heat transfer. The power output increase with increase of radiation. The efficiency of PVT varies with different intensity of radiation which stated in this experiment for 750 W/m2 and 900 W/m2. The analysis of energy and exergy are excuted and results show energy output for water based PV/T collector are 346 W for solar radiation 700 W/m2 and 457 W for solar radiation 900 W/m2. Meanwhile the total exergy output compared to the PV panel without stainless stell absorber, which the exergy increased by 22.48% for 700 W/m2 and 20.87% for 900 W/m2.
The document summarizes the design of a 30,000 MTPA maleic anhydride production plant in India. It includes:
1) An introduction describing the importance of maleic anhydride and the aim to design a cost-effective plant using mixed butane as a feedstock.
2) Details of the major process units - feedstock pretreatment, synthesis reactor, product recovery and purification.
3) Evaluation of four process alternatives and selection of the final design incorporating a catalytic partial oxidation reactor, absorber for product recovery, and distillation for purification.
4) Key aspects of the design such as mass balances, equipment sizing for a shell and tube heat exchanger, and the
The document describes a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The simulation applies finite differences to a two-dimensional grid representing the absorber plate and calculates temperatures and heat transfer. It examines the effects of irradiance, mass flow rate, and other parameters on temperatures, heat loss coefficient, and collector efficiency over time. Results are compared to previous studies and conclusions discuss future research opportunities.
Thermodynamic Chapter 3 First Law Of ThermodynamicsMuhammad Surahman
This document provides an overview of the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines key terms like internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. It presents the general energy balance equation for closed systems undergoing various processes like constant volume, constant pressure, or adiabatic. Example problems demonstrate applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy or heat transfer. The document also discusses thermodynamic cycles and how the first law applies to systems that return to their initial state.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on integrating the Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. It includes an outline, diagrams of the combined cycle system, and calculations to determine parameters for the heat exchanger that transfers heat from the Brayton cycle exhaust to the Rankine cycle steam. The heat exchanger design procedure is outlined in steps and calculations are shown to determine the required heat transfer area and other design parameters like tube material and diameter. The overall goal is to utilize the exhaust from the Brayton gas turbine to superheat the steam in the Rankine cycle, improving efficiency.
This document discusses the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems. It defines the first law as the law of conservation of energy, where energy can be transformed but not created or destroyed within a closed system. The energy balance equation for closed systems is presented, accounting for heat, work, internal energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. Several examples are worked through applying the first law to calculate changes in internal energy, heat transfer and entropy change for closed thermodynamic processes.
Solution Manual for Physical Chemistry – Robert AlbertyHenningEnoksen
https://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-physical-chemistry-alberty/
Solution Manual for Physical Chemistry - 6th Edition
Author(s) : Robert A. Alberty
This solution manual include all chapters of textbook (1 to 21).
Exergy Assessment of Photovoltaic Thermal with V-groove Collector Using Theor...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The solution of the environmental problems because of fuel fossil is to use new and renewable
energy. There are many studies about energy analysis of solar collector with v-groove but exergy analysis
of photovoltaic thermal system with v-groove is still less especially by theoretical study. Photovoltaic
thermal with v-groove collector has been conducted the exergy analysis by theoretical assessment. The
matrix inversion methods were used to analyze the energy balance equation. The theoretical assessment
was conducted under the solar intensity of 385 W/m2, 575 W/m2, and 875 W/m2 and mass flow rate
between 0.01 and 0.05 kg/s. The maximum exergy efficiency and exergy of PVT system with v -groove
collector were 17.80% and 86.32 Watt at the solar intensity of 875 W/m2.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
221026681 SECOND OPP Cooling tower.pptxPhezaAndrew
The document describes an experiment conducted to investigate the performance of a cooling tower under varying operational conditions. Students measured temperatures at different heating loads (1.5kW, 1kW, 0.5kW, 0kW) and water flow rates (40L/h, 80L/h, 120L/h, 160L/h). Results were analyzed to determine the effect on range, approach and cooling efficiency. Density, mass flow rates, and energy balances were also calculated. The results provide insight into optimizing cooling tower performance for different applications.
(1) The document discusses optimization of AB2-type alloy composition for improved hydrogen storage properties. (2) Testing of alloys with varying non-stoichiometry found that A1.05B2 alloy exhibited the best properties with a working capacity of 1.55 wt%, fast kinetics, and suitable thermodynamics. (3) Overall, modifying the chemical environment through non-stoichiometry was found to increase storage capacity by altering the size of interstitial sites.
This document summarizes the findings of a field survey on consumer behavior towards electricity consumption in India. The survey analyzed household electricity demand based on various parameters such as demographical area, annual income, seasons, and appliances used. Some key findings included:
1) Electricity demand varied significantly between rural, suburban, and urban households.
2) Demand also varied based on income levels, with higher income households consuming more electricity on average.
3) Seasonal variations in demand were observed, with higher consumption recorded during summer months compared to monsoon season.
4) Even households with similar profiles showed different consumption patterns, highlighting the need for more customized consumer identification and demand management strategies.
The document summarizes a presentation given at the IVth International Conference on Advances in Energy Research about using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with a back-to-back converter for islanding operation to provide rural electrification. It introduces DFIG technology and control schemes for DFIG, and presents simulation results showing the performance of a DFIG system with battery energy storage supplying balanced and unbalanced resistive and reactive loads. The conclusion discusses how such systems can provide power for remotely located villages using locally available wind energy.
The document summarizes an experimental analysis of converting a 1400 cc diesel engine car into a hybrid electric vehicle using BLDC hub motors. Key findings include:
1) The conversion achieved fuel savings of 45-61% compared to the conventional vehicle through the use of lower power hub motors and a separate battery pack for the electric motors.
2) Performance of the vehicle was retained after conversion, with no changes needed to the existing electrical or hydraulic brake systems.
3) The proposed conversion method could be easily implemented on many existing small cars with front-wheel drive to reduce emissions and fuel consumption cost-effectively.
M. Padmini and Dr. Manoj S. Soni presented on concentrating solar photovoltaics at the IVth International Conference on Advances in Energy Research at IIT Bombay from December 10-12, 2013. Their presentation discussed various concentrating photovoltaic techniques including parabolic concentrators, hyperboloid concentrators, Fresnel lenses, compound parabolic concentrators, and quantum dot concentrators. It provided details on how each technique works and its advantages. It also discussed recent developments like rod lenses and solar spheres. Finally, it analyzed the potential cost savings of a 30MW concentrating solar farm in India compared to a non-concentrating system, finding that concentration could reduce costs from Rs. 200
The document analyzes the effect of vibration on the performance of a PEM fuel cell. It performs a modal analysis to determine natural frequencies below 1kHz. Harmonic analysis at 4g acceleration for 1 hour shows maximum deformations. Accounting for bolt loosening due to vibrations changes contact pressure profiles. Estimates include a hydrogen leakage rate of 0.16778 L/hr due to vibrations at resonance frequencies. The study provides a framework to evaluate fuel cell design for mobile applications operating in vibration environments.
The document summarizes heat and mass transfer characteristics of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) based on experiments and modeling. Key points:
- A 3D non-isothermal model is developed to predict methanol and temperature distributions in the anode. Experimental results validate the model.
- Increasing methanol concentration does not significantly impact net water generation but does increase methanol crossover, affecting cell performance.
- At 1M methanol concentration and 230mA/cm2 current density, the fuel utilization efficiency is 57% despite high methanol crossover.
- Temperature distribution shows methanol solution heated to 57°C from 27°C, improving cell performance. Double channel serpentine flow field aids methanol diffusion.
This document summarizes a study on a plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC). The PMFC generates electricity from the natural interaction between plant roots and soil bacteria. The study constructed a PMFC using a terracotta pot with a graphite anode and zinc cathode. Voltage increased over time as microbes broke down compounds from plant roots. The PMFC achieved steady voltages of 0.88V for a mud-based MFC and 1.01V. PMFCs provide renewable energy without biomass transport and utilize plant-microbe interactions.
This document summarizes a study on the kinetics of sodium borohydride hydrolysis using cobalt chloride as a catalyst. The study was conducted by Arshdeep Kaur under the guidance of Pramod K. Bajpai and Dr. D. Gangacharyulu at Thapar University in Patiala, India. The study examined the effects of temperature, sodium borohydride concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, and cobalt chloride concentration on the hydrolysis reaction rate. Kinetic parameters including the reaction order and rate constants were determined. Hydrogen gas was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Residual products were examined using scanning electron microscopy.
This document summarizes a study comparing different clustering approaches for a decentralized solar energy project in Dhenkanal District, Odisha, India. The project aimed to provide electricity access to 5 unelectrified villages through solar mini-grids. Two clustering cases were analyzed: 1) separate mini-grids for each village and 2) a centralized solar plant in the most accessible village connected to the others. Case 1 had lower costs but Case 2's transmission losses and expenses were prohibitively high. The study concluded that for solar and sparse populations, a distributed approach with mini-grids in each village optimized costs and efficiency over a centralized design. Future research could further analyze implementation costs for different technologies and population densities to inform renewable energy program design
The document presents research on asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters. It summarizes the structure and operation of 5-level, 7-level symmetrical, and 7-level and 9-level asymmetrical configurations. Simulation results show that asymmetrical configurations reduce harmonics without increasing components compared to symmetrical configurations. The conclusion is that asymmetrical multilevel inverters can produce more output levels without adding components by using different progression factors.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the performance of single-phase photovoltaic inverter topologies and implements a controller for a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter. It presents:
1) Mathematical models of solar photovoltaic systems, boost converters, and a bidirectional high-frequency link inverter developed in MATLAB/Simulink.
2) Simulation results comparing the performance of different inverter topologies under varying conditions.
3) Design and experimental testing of a 500VA prototype photovoltaic system using a TMS320C28027 digital controller to generate pulse width modulation signals.
The document covers topics like solar tracking algorithms, inverter types, modeling approaches
This document discusses analyzing unbalanced distribution systems using index vector approach. It aims to find optimal sizes and locations of capacitors under different loading conditions and types of unbalances. The analysis is performed on a 25-bus unbalanced radial distribution system. Results show that under unbalanced conditions, optimal capacitor allocation reduces losses and improves voltage profiles compared to the system without capacitors. The type and degree of unbalance impacts optimal capacitor sizing and placement.
This document summarizes a presentation given at ICAER 2013 at IIT Bombay about classifying and generating energy from municipal solid waste in Kolkata, India. It discusses how waste is generated and composed, methods to recover recyclable materials, waste-to-energy techniques like incineration, and landfill precautions. Specifics included are that over 2469 metric tons of waste can be burned daily to generate over 54 megawatts of power, and integrated waste management is needed to reduce landfilling and reuse materials. The presentation outlines municipal waste issues in Kolkata and solutions for improved management and energy recovery.
This document summarizes research conducted on producing and analyzing biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. The researchers used two transesterification methods to produce biodiesel from various vegetable oils including cottonseed oil. They analyzed the effects of catalyst concentration on biodiesel yield and compared properties and engine performance of biodiesel to diesel. Their results showed the second method achieved over 92% yield from cottonseed oil. Properties of the cottonseed biodiesel matched diesel specifications. Engine tests showed performance similar to diesel with higher fuel consumption for biodiesel. They concluded cottonseed biodiesel is recommended for short term use during fuel shortages based on their results.
This document summarizes a study on co-pyrolysis of paper waste and mustard press cake to optimize energy yield from pyrolysis. The objectives were to investigate product yields from a lab-scale pyrolyzer under different temperatures and feedstock ratios, develop a statistical model to predict maximum energy yield, and conduct a life cycle assessment of a 100 tonne per day co-pyrolysis plant. Response surface methodology was used to determine the condition of 812K temperature and 8.8:1 paper to cake ratio yielded the highest 56.5% energy yield as bio-oil. A life cycle assessment found the co-pyrolysis plant had better greenhouse gas performance and efficiency than conventional incineration for power generation.
This document discusses biofuels produced from biomass waste sources. It begins with introductions to biomass, biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and describes their production processes. The key steps discussed are pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using acids, enzymatic hydrolysis to break down cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars, and fermentation of sugars into ethanol. Several biomass sources like sugarcane bagasse are tested. Enzymes and microbes involved in the process are also outlined. Advantages of bioethanol include its environmental feasibility, use as a gasoline supplement, and potential for cost reduction through large scale production.
This document summarizes the SAHYOG project, which aims to strengthen collaboration between the EU and India on biomass research and biowaste conversion. The project involves compiling inventories of biomass potentials and research projects in both regions. It will develop a joint Strategic Research Agenda and Roadmap to facilitate future EU-India research initiatives in biomass production and biowaste conversion. The document provides an overview of biomass availability and research in India and the EU, and outlines the methodology and challenges of compiling biomass inventory data across the two regions.
This document outlines an experimental investigation on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with mahua oil methyl ester (biodiesel) and an additive. The objectives were to produce biodiesel from mahua oil via transesterification, characterize fuel properties, prepare test fuels as biodiesel blends, and test the blends in a diesel engine. Various engine performance and emission parameters were estimated using the blends and compared to diesel. The results showed that with increasing additive percentage in the biodiesel, engine performance improved with lower emissions. The conclusion was that mahua biodiesel with an additive can be a suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines.
This document summarizes an experimental study on improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel produced from high free fatty acid soy oil. The study tested blending the biodiesel with ethanol, methanol, kerosene, diesel, castor biodiesel, jatropha biodiesel, and adding a commercial antigel additive. Results showed blending with ethanol and methanol up to 20% improved cloud point and pour point the most. Adding 2% of the commercial additive also significantly improved low temperature properties. The conclusions were that ethanol, kerosene, and commercial additives can effectively enhance the cold flow properties of the high free fatty acid biodiesel, making it usable in colder climates.
More from 4th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research (ICAER) 2013 (20)
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Keywords: AI, Containeres, Kubernetes, Cloud Native
Event Link: https://meine.doag.org/events/cloudland/2024/agenda/#agendaId.4211
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
3. OBJECTIVE:
TO PROPOSE and VALIDATE a QUANTIFIABLE
THERMODYNAMICAL
EXERGY/ENERGY
NEXUS
OUTPUT
BETWEEN
and
THE
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
12/10/2013
3
4. ENERGY and EXERGY
The energy gained by water in the vessel, kept inside the cooker, due
to rise in temperature can be considered as the output energy (Eo) of
the system and is mathematically given as
Eo
mcp (Tfi Tii )
The expression is only dependent on initial and final value of
temperatures and says nothing about the ambient temperature.
Output Energy
Mass
Heat Capacity of Water
Tii
T fi
2
Tam
Temperature Difference
Water temperature final
Water Temperature initial
12/10/2013
4
5. ENERGY and EXERGY
The exergy gained by water in the vessel kept inside the
cooker, or output exergy is given as
E Xo Eo mcpTam ln
Exergy Lost
T fi
Tii
mc pTam ln
Exergy Ratio
E0
;
T fi
Tii
mcp (T fi
Tii )
;
T fi
Eo mc pTam ln
Tii
T fi
mc pTam ln
Tii
12/10/2013
5
6. COOKING POWER STANDARD
Which
Formul
a?
100
90
Cooking Power (W)
80
y = -1.148x + 99.39
R² = 0.861
70
60
50
40
30
20
S
T
U
D
E
N
T
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature Difference (K)
Fig. 1: Cooking Power variation with Temperature
Difference
12/10/2013
Tii
T fi
2
Tam
6
7. EXERGY POWER STANDARD
Which
Formula
?
8
Exergy Power (W)
7
6
5
y = -0.005x2 + 0.421x - 1.243
R² = 0.923
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature Difference (K)
60
S
T
U
D
E
N
T
Fig. 2: Exergy Power variation with Temperature Difference
Naveen Kumar, G. Vishwanth, Anurag Gupta, An exergy based unified test
protocol for solar cookers of different geometries, Renewable Energy 44
(2012) 457-462.
12/10/2013
7
8. PROPOSED EXERGY/ENERGY NEXUS
X-Y
[N(
X+Y
X
- Z) + 1]Zln
2
Y
Provided X > Y > Z and 300 < Z < 320; Z < Y< 366; Y < X < 370 and X-Y < 12
Thus, considering X as Tfi, Y as Tii and Z as Tam, we get
T fi
Eo mc pTam ln
Tii
T fi
mc pTam ln
Tii
N
T fi
Tii
2
Tam
The constant (N) proposed herein = 0.0032 K-1 and it gives the
result within ~ 0.5% accuracy.
12/10/2013
8
9. EXERGY RATIO ANALYSIS
Exergy Ratio
0.2
y = 0.003x - 0.000
R² = 1
2 kg
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Exergy Ratio
Temperature Difference (K)
0.2
y = 0.003x - 7E-05
R² = 1
2.5kg
0.15
0.1
Fig. 3:
Exergy Ratio
variation
with
Temperature Difference
for 2 kg and 2.5 kg load
of water in SBC during
full load test.
0.05
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature Difference (K)
12/10/2013
9
10. EXERGY RATIO ANALYSIS
Exergy Ratio
0.2
y = 0.003x - 0.000
R² = 1
5 kg
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature Difference (K)
Exergy Ratio
0.2
y = 0.003x + 0.000
R² = 0.999
20 kg
0.15
Fig. 4:
Exergy Ratio
variation
with
Temperature Difference
for SK-14 type (5 kg)
and Scheffler type (20
kg) solar cooker.
0.1
0.05
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature Difference (K)
12/10/2013
10
11. VALIDATION
Eureka
Right
8
Conventional Method
Exergy Power (W)
7
proposed Method
6
5
4
3
2
EXO
1
NmcpTam ln
T fi
Tii
T fi
Tii
2
Tam
0
0
10
20
30
40
Temperature Difference (K)
50
60
Fig. 5: Exergy Power variation with Temperature Difference for SBC
12/10/2013
11
12. VALIDATION
Eurek
a
Right
80
Cooking Power (W)
70
60
Conventional Method
50
40
Proposed Method
30
Eo Nmc p Tam ln
20
Twf
Twf Twi
Twi
2
Tam
mc pTam ln
Twf
Twi
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Temperature Difference (K)
Fig. 6:
SBC
Cooking Power variation with Temperature Difference for
12/10/2013
12
13. DISCUSSION
Performance parameters (i.e. F2 and
Standardized
cooking
power
etc.)
determined through energy based approach
are more dependent on initial water
temperature and other ambient conditions
whereas performance indicators i.e. adjusted
quality factor etc. are almost independent of
the mass, ambient and initial load variations on
Naveen Kumar, Vishwanth G, Anurag Gupta. Effect oftemperature
exergy performance of solar box type cooker. Journal of Renewable and
value.
Sustainable Energy 2012;4: 053125.
12/10/2013
13
14. CONCLUSION
A new constant (N) governing the
mathematical aspect in heat transfer has
been found for the first time.
A new formula elucidating the dependence
of output heat energy on temperature
difference has been developed and
validated.
A new mathematical expression illustrating
the variations in output exergy on
temperature
difference
has
been
developed and validated.
12/10/2013
14
17. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SK-14 (DOMESTIC)
TYPE COOKER
Mass = 5.0kg
20
Exergy Power(W)
18.212
y = - 0.022346*x2 + 1.3556*x - 2.3466
R2 = 0.9811
data 1
quadratic
16
14
Maximum Power = 18.212 W
at Temperature Difference of
30.332 K
12
10
9.1062
8
Half Power = 9.1062 W
at Temperature Difference of
50.519 K and 10.145 K
6
4
2
5
10.145
15
20
25
30.332
35
40
T e m p e r a t12/10/2013 f f e r e n c e ( K )
ure Di
45
50.519
55
17
18. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SK-14 (DOMESTIC)
TYPE COOKER
Mass=5.0kg
350
data 1
linear
Exergy Lost(W)
300
y = - 5.4072*x + 334.84
R2 = 0.9916
250
200
150
100
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Temperature Difference(K)
12/10/2013
18
19. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SCHEFFLER
(COMMUNITY) TYPE COOKER
Mass=20.0kg
60
y = - 0.071023*x2 + 4.1428*x - 4.6595
55.753
R2 = 0.8682
data 1
quadratic
Exergy Power(W)
50
40
Maximum Power = 55.753 W
at Temperature Difference of 29.165 K
27.877
Half Power = 27.877 W
at Temperature Difference of 48.977 K
and 9.354 K
20
10
0
5
9.354
15
20
25
29.165
35
40
T e m p e r a t u12/10/2013 f f e r e n c e ( K )
re Di
45
48.977
55
19
20. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF SCHEFFLER
(COMMUNITY) TYPE COOKER
Mass=20.0kg
1200
data 1
linear
Exergy Lost(W)
1000
y = - 19.485*x + 1132.7
R2 = 0.9916
800
600
400
200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
12/10/2013
Temperature Difference(K)
45
50
55
20
21. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF PARABOLIC TROUGH
TYPE CONCENTRATING COOKER
Mass = 6.3kg
9
Exergy Power(W)
8
y = - 0.02581*x2 + 1.3361*x - 10.376
R2 = 0.6676
data 1
quadratic
6.9149
6
5
4
Maximum Power = 6.9149 W
at Temperature Difference of 25.883 K
3.4574
3
2
1
22
Half Power = 3.4574 W
at Temperature Difference of 14.308 K and 37.458 K
24
25.833
28
30
32
34
T e m p e r a t12/10/2013i f f e r e n c e ( K )
ure D
36
37.458
40
21
22. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF PARABOLIC TROUGH
TYPE CONCENTRATING COOKER
Mass=6.3kg
100
data 1
linear
Exergy Lost(W)
90
80
70
60
50
40
y = - 4.2007*x + 187.65
R2 = 0.8117
30
20
10
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
Temperature Difference(K)
12/10/2013
36
38
40
22
23. TABULATION
PRODUCT OF
PEAK EXERGY
HEAT LOSS
AND
QUALITY
COEFFICIENT
TEMPERATURE
FACTOR
(W/m2k)
DIFFERENCE
(W-K)
SOLAR
COOKER
GEOMETRY
PEAK
EXERGY
POWER
(W)
TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE AT
HALF POWER
(K)
SBC
6.46
46.2
298.5
5.24
0.123
SK-14
(DOMESTIC)
18.21
40.374
735.3
40.35
0.106
SCHEFFLER
(COMMUNITY)
55.75
39.62
2208.815
54.125
0.099
PARABOLIC
TROUGH
6.92
23.15
160.198
47.73
0.087
12/10/2013
23
24. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
An exergy based analysis is applied to solar cookers of different
designs based on the experimental data available and values of
proposed parameters are calculated for them.
Performance evaluation and test standards of solar cookers of
different geometries are discussed.
A unified test standard for solar cookers is proposed and
presented.
To establish a test standard for different types of solar
cookers, one may require more comprehensive testing and
data analysis. However, the proposed parameters may
stimulate the discussion and strengthen the case for exergy
12/10/2013
based test standards.
24
25. REFERENCES
[1] Mullick, S.C., Kandpal, T. C., Subodh Kumar, 1996. Testing of box-type solar cookers:
second figure of merit F2 and its variation with load and number of pots. Solar Energy
57(5), 409-413.
[2] BIS 2000. IS 13429 (part 3): 2000. Indian Standards Solar – Box Type- Specification Part 3
Test Method (First Revision) New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards.
[3] Funk, P. A., 2000. Evaluating the international standard procedure for testing solar
cookers and reporting performance, Solar Energy. 68(1), 1-7.
[4] S.C. Mullick, T. C. Kandpal and Subodh Kumar, ‘Thermal test procedure for a paraboloid
concentrator solar cooker’, Solar Energy, 46(3), 139- 144, 199.
[5] Petela, R., 2003. Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation. Solar Energy, 74, 469-488.
[6] Petela, R., 2010. Engineering Thermodynamics of Thermal Radiation for Solar Power
Utilization, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[7] Kaushik, S.C., Gupta, M. K., 2008. Energy and exergy efficiency comparison of
community-size and domestic-size paraboloidal solar cooker performance, Energy for
Sustainable Development. 3, 60-64.
[8] Ozturk, H.H., 2004. Experimental determination of energy and exergy efficiency of solar
parabolic-cooker. Solar Energy, 77, 67-71.
[9] Ozturk, H.H., 2007. Comparison of energy and exergy efficiency for solar box and
parabolic cookers. J. Energy Engg., 133(1), 53-62.
[10] Subodh Kumar, 2004. Thermal performance study of box type solar cooker from heating
characteristic curves. Energy Conversion & Management, 45, 127-139.
[11] Mullick, S.C., Kandpal, T. C., Saxena, A. K., 1987. Thermal test procedure for box-type
25
solar cookers. Solar Energy 39(4), 353-360. 12/10/2013
26. OUR APPROACH-EXERGY BASED APPROACH:
Exergy as defined by Szargut as follows:
Exergy of matter is the maximum work the matter could perform in
a reversible process in which the environment is used as the source
of worthless heat and worthless substances, if at the end of the
process all the forms of participating matter reach the state of
thermodynamic equilibrium with the common components of the
environment.
Accounts for:
Temperatures of energy transfer
Quantity of energy transfer
12/10/2013
26
27. Parameters
Peak exergy is the highest/maximum exergy output
power obtained through curve fitting by plotting the
graph between exergy output power and temperature
difference. This can be realistically considered as a
measure of its fuel ratings.
The ratio of the peak exergy gained to the exergy lost at
that instant of time can be considered as the quality
factor of the solar cooker. A higher quality factor is
always desirable.
The product of the temperature difference gap
corresponding to the half power points and the peak
exergy power can also considered to be another
benchmark indicator in this kind of analysis. Higher
temperature difference gap means the lesser heat
losses from the cooker.
12/10/2013
27
28. Cooker comparison
The cooker which attains higher exergy at higher
temperature difference is the better one. It has been
also noticed that the variation in the exergy lost with
temperature difference is more linear when temperature
of water varies in the range of 60oC to 95oC (see Fig.
2, 4, 6, 8). This range of temperature is also generally
used in calculation/determination of F2 (second figure of
merit), which is an important and well known
performance indicator for SBC [1, 12]. The amount of
heat energy at higher temperature is more valuable
than the same amount of heat energy at lower
temperature and in energy analysis it is not possible to
take into account such qualitative difference. The
exergy analysis is a more complete synthesis tool
because it account for the temperatures associated with
energy transfers to and from the cooker, as well as the
quantities of energy transferred, and consequently
provides a measure of how nearly the cooker
approaches ideal efficiency.
12/10/2013
28
29.
mc p ( T fi Tii )
Cooking Power =
t
Temperature Difference =
; t Time duration / int erval
(Tw Ta )
mc p (T fi Tii )700
Standardized Cooking Power (Pst) =
Standardized Cooking
Power (W)
tI
60
50
At temperature difference of 50 0C
40
y = -0.665x + 73.04
R² = 0.894
30
20
Pst = 40 W; is the measure of its fuel
rating
10
0
0
20
40
Temprature Difference (oC)
60
Heat loss coefficient = 0.665/0.25 = 2.66
W/ oCm2
12/10/2013
29
30. F1
Tps Tas
Is
U Ls
1 Tw1 Ta
F1 (mc p ) w
F1
I
ln
1 Tw2 Ta
A
1
F1
I
1
F2
F ' CR
12/10/2013
30
Editor's Notes
In the expression above, the output energy depends only on the difference in initial and final values of temperatures but in actual practice, ambient temperature as well as the initial and final temperature values also play the role in deciding the efficiency of the system, and this kind of qualitative effect can not be accommodated in the energy based approach.
In the equation above, the term within the parenthesis represents the exergy/energy radiation ratio, defined by for the first time by Petela and it represents the maximum energy available from radiation. This term has the significance similar to that of the Carnot efficiency for heat engines and its value can be larger than unity.During evaluating/projecting the performance of any thermal device, determining exergy, is the first goal. The parameters derived from the energy based approach does not provide complete information and are inadequate thermal performance indicators because their values can be misleadingly high or low depending on the temperature difference between source and sink, even though input energy condition may remain same. In other words, amount of heat energy at higher temperature is more valuable than the same amount of heat energy at lower temperature and in energy analysis it is not possible to take into account such qualitative difference.
Peak exergy is the highest/maximum exergy output power obtained through curve fitting by plotting the graph between exergy output power and temperature difference. This can be realistically considered as a measure of its fuel ratings. The ratio of the peak exergy gained to the exergy lost at that instant of time can be considered as the quality factor of the solar cooker. A higher quality factor is always desirable. The product of the temperature difference gap corresponding to the half power points and the peak exergy power can also considered to be another benchmark indicator in this kind of analysis. Higher temperature difference gap means the lesser heat losses from the cooker.
Peak exergy is the highest/maximum exergy output power obtained through curve fitting by plotting the graph between exergy output power and temperature difference. This can be realistically considered as a measure of its fuel ratings. The ratio of the peak exergy gained to the exergy lost at that instant of time can be considered as the quality factor of the solar cooker. A higher quality factor is always desirable. The product of the temperature difference gap corresponding to the half power points and the peak exergy power can also considered to be another benchmark indicator in this kind of analysis. Higher temperature difference gap means the lesser heat losses from the cooker.
The environment is the natural referencestate in nature, which consists of an arbitrary amount of the “worthless” components. The matterconsidered in the definition of exergy can be a substance or any fieldmatter, e.g., radiation. In simple language, Exergy is a measure of the potential of the system to extract heat from the surroundings, as the system moves closer to the equilibrium with its environment. After the system and the surroundings reach equilibrium, the exergy becomes zero. It is a combination property of a system and its environment because unlike energy it depends on the state of both the system and the surrounding.