17.4
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The document discusses six key patterns of macroevolution: adaptive radiation where a single species evolves into different forms that live in different ways; convergent evolution where unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments; coevolution where two species evolve in response to each other; punctuated equilibrium where long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of rapid change; and changes in developmental genes.
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Biology 17.4
Six important topics in macroevolution are: adaptive radiation where a single species evolves into different forms that live in different ways; convergent evolution where unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments; coevolution where two species evolve in response to each other; punctuated equilibrium where long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of rapid change; extinction; and changes in developmental genes.
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Six important topics in macroevolution are: adaptive radiation where a single species evolves into different forms that live in different ways; convergent evolution where unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments; coevolution where two species evolve in response to each other; punctuated equilibrium where long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of rapid change; extinction; and changes in developmental genes.
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What is the microevolutionary perspective , What is the basic connection between
microevolution and larger-scale evolutionary change?
Solution
Microevolution refers to varieties within a given type.Change happens within a group,but the
descendant is clearly of the same type as the ancestor.The small or microevolutionary changes
occur by recombining existing genetic material within the group.Microevolution refers to the
changes in allele frequencies within a singlepopulation.Allele frequencies in a population may
change due to four fundamental forces of evolution i.e,natural selection,genetic drift,mutations
and gene flow.
Evolutionists assume that the small,horizontal microevolutionary changes lead to large, vertical
macroevolutionary changes.Evolution that results in a large change and results in the formation
of higher taxonomic groups is macroevolution.Macroevolution can not be observed directly,but
is instead studied through the examination of fossils and the similarities and differences in the
anatomy of organisms.
According to modern synthesis,macroevolution results from the gradual accumulation of
microevolutionary changes..
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This document discusses evolution and biodiversity. It covers survival and extinction of species, with examples of extinct and endangered species. Fossil records provide insight into Earth's history and show how species have evolved over time. The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin states that all species descended from common ancestry and evolved through natural selection. Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution where traits beneficial for reproduction and survival are more likely to be passed on to offspring.
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POPULATION
IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF POPULATION
BIRTH- Natural process in which parents give rise to new offspring.
DEATH- Reduces the number of existing individuals in a population.
MIGRATION- Movement of individuals into or out of the population.
IMMIGRATION- Movement of individuals into the population.
EMIGRATION- Movement of individuals out of the population.
PATTERNS OF POPULATION GROWTH
BIOTIC POTENTIAL- Maximum reproductive capacity of an organism given that the resources are unlimited.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH- Capacity of a population to increase continuously without showing any signs of stabling or declining.
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This document provides an overview of biodiversity, including its definition, types, distribution, benefits, threats, and conservation. It discusses how biodiversity represents the variety of life on Earth and is vital to sustaining human life. The three types of biodiversity are genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. While biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss and other human impacts, conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity through protected areas, restoration, and environmental policies.
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occur by recombining existing genetic material within the group.Microevolution refers to the
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3) Extinction patterns include background extinction and mass extinctions caused by events like asteroids or climate change.
4) Evolutionary rates can be gradual or punctuated by long stable periods followed by rapid change.
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The document discusses the concepts of mutation, adaptation, and selection in evolution. It states that mutations, which are random changes in genes, provide the raw material for evolution by generating genetic variation. When mutations provide adaptations that increase fitness for the local environment, natural selection acts to promote those adaptations by favoring the survival and reproduction of the mutated individuals. Over many generations, this process of mutation, adaptation through natural selection, and accumulation of adaptations leads to evolutionary change and the formation of new species. Examples of mutations leading to adaptations in animals like camels, llamas, and geese are provided to illustrate this concept.
Microbial-Diversity.pptx 123333333333333333333
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Characteristics Of Living Things
The document outlines the six key characteristics that define living things: 1) cells/organization, 2) energy transformation, 3) reproduction, 4) growth, 5) response to the environment, and 6) adaptation/evolution. It provides examples to illustrate each characteristic, such as cells forming tissues and organs, metabolism powering life processes, asexual and sexual reproduction, mitosis allowing single-celled and multicellular growth, homeostasis and behavior as responses, and evolution resulting in genetic adaptations over generations.
Mechanism of Evolution 1.pptx
The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution including mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating that can result in evolutionary changes. It provides examples of how mutation introduces genetic variation within populations and how natural selection can act on this variation to drive adaptation. The document also discusses how evolutionary theory has been established through evidence from genetics, fossils, and observations of artificial and natural selection.
Slide mooc
Theory of evolution in this slides i have mentioned all the theories of evolution including modern concept of evolution.
An Introduction To Zoology
The document provides an introduction to zoology, discussing several key topics:
- Theories of evolution from scientists like Lamarck and Cuvier are summarized, with Darwin's theory of natural selection identified as the most accurate.
- The complex life cycle of the monarch butterfly is used as an example to illustrate different life cycle stages like egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
- Adaptation strategies animals use to survive harsh environments like the desert and polar regions are outlined.
- The process of mitosis and key differences in replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes are summarized.
- Homeostatic mechanisms that allow animals to maintain stable body conditions are briefly
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Biology 26.1
This document defines key terms related to the animal kingdom, including invertebrates, vertebrates, feedback inhibition, blastula, protostomes, deuterostomes, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry, and more. It describes animals as multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs and outlines their essential functions of feeding, respiration, circulation, excretion, response, movement, and reproduction. Complex animals are noted to have high cell specialization, internal organization, bilateral symmetry, a head with sense organs, and a body cavity.
Biology 26.2
Sponges contain specialized cells like choanocytes that use flagella to move water through the sponge for feeding, respiration, circulation, and excretion. They have structures like spicules made of calcium carbonate or silica that form their skeleton, and archaeocytes that produce these spicules. Sponges reproduce through internal fertilization and larval stages, and some can form protective gemmules during unfavorable conditions.
Biology 22.5
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. Flowers contain ovaries that surround and protect seeds. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one cotyledon (monocot) or two cotyledons (dicot). Flowering plants can also be annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether their life cycle is one, two, or more than two years.
Earth science 13.1
The document discusses Precambrian time from 4.56 billion years ago until the Cambrian period over 4 billion years later. It describes shields as flat expanses of ancient metamorphic rock within continental interiors. Stromatolites are layered mounds formed from algae trapping sediment and calcium carbonate. Earth's original atmosphere lacked oxygen but primitive organisms evolved photosynthesis which began releasing oxygen into the atmosphere around 2.5 billion years ago.
Earth science 13.4
The Cenozoic Era saw the rise of mammals as the dominant land animal, replacing reptiles. Flowering plants known as angiosperms also became the dominant land plant over gymnosperms. Major geological events like mountain building, volcanism, and earthquakes occurred in western regions due to plate tectonics during this era. Mammals were better adapted than reptiles for more active lifestyles through bearing live young and maintaining steady body temperatures.
Earth science 13.2
The Paleozoic Era saw an explosion of life, as the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia formed most of the southern and northern portions of the supercontinent Pangea. During the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods, life was restricted to the seas surrounding Gondwana, which contained the continents of present-day South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and parts of Asia. By the end of the Paleozoic Era, around 400 million years ago, all continents had fused into the single landmass of Pangea, and plants first began moving from waterside habitats onto land.
Earth science 13.3
The Mesozoic era was the Age of Reptiles, where reptiles like dinosaurs quickly became the dominant land animals due to developing shelled eggs. Gymnosperms also dominated as the prominent plant during this time. A major geological event was the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea. Many reptile groups went extinct at the end of the Mesozoic era.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 8.2
This document discusses seismograms and the different types of seismic waves that are recorded, including P waves, S waves, and surface waves. It explains that seismograms amplify and electronically record ground motion from earthquakes, allowing scientists to determine the epicenter location using travel time graphs from multiple seismographs. The document also covers historical intensity and magnitude scales used to describe earthquake size and introduces moment magnitude as the most widely used scale today because it estimates the energy released.
Biology 28 2 groups of arthropods
This document defines and describes key anatomical terms used to classify groups of arthropods. It discusses the cephalothorax, thorax, and abdomen found in crustaceans, as well as specific structures like the carapace, mandibles, chelipeds, swimmerets, chelicerae, pedipalps, and spinnerets. It concludes with three key concepts: arthropods are classified by body segments and appendages, especially mouthparts; crustaceans typically have two antennae, two or three body sections, and mandibles; and chelicerates have chelicerae mouthparts and two body sections, with nearly all having four pairs of walking legs.
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Chemical reactions involve reactants being converted into products through breaking and forming chemical bonds, requiring a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Catalysts like enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this activation energy, with enzymes being protein catalysts that facilitate substrate reactions within cells.
Earth science 12.3
This document discusses radiometric dating and how it is used to determine the absolute ages of rocks and minerals. It explains key concepts such as radioactivity, half-life, and how comparing ratios of radioactive isotopes like carbon-14 and carbon-12 can be used to calculate radiocarbon dates for samples. Radiometric dating relies on the fact that radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate and comparing the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes allows the age of a sample to be estimated.
Earth science 9.1
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the continents were once joined together and have since drifted apart. Originally proposed by Wegener, it suggests the continents were part of a supercontinent called Pangaea approximately 200 million years ago that has since broken apart, moving the landmasses into their current positions. Fossil and rock evidence support this idea, including matching fossil organisms and mountain ranges found on separate continents today that indicate the continents were once joined.
Earth science 7.3
Wind shapes landscapes through processes like deflation, desert pavement formation, and loess and dune deposition. Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material by wind. Desert pavement is a layer of coarse pebbles created when wind removes finer material. Loess deposits are windblown silt deposits that form blanket-like layers, while dunes are ridges of wind-deposited sand that can vary in shape depending on wind and vegetation factors.
Earth science 7.2
Much of the weathered debris in deserts comes from mechanical weathering like alluvial fans formed where stream slopes abruptly decrease. While chemical weathering is less common, over long periods clays and thin soils can form. Desert streams are ephemeral, only flowing after rain, and often drying up before reaching oceans due to evaporation and soil infiltration. Most desert erosion comes from running water, though wind also erodes deserts, water does the most erosional work.
Earth science 7.1
Glaciers are large masses of ice that originate on land from compacted snow and move due to gravity. During an ice age, large ice sheets form on continents and flow outward, carving U-shaped valleys and depositing unsorted sediment called till. Valley glaciers are smaller glaciers confined to mountain valleys that flow due to plastic deformation and basal sliding between the ice and bedrock.
Earth science 6.3
Groundwater exists below the surface in the saturated zone where all spaces between rock and sediment are filled with water. The water table marks the top of this zone, and groundwater moves slowly through porous and permeable materials. Springs form where the water table intersects the surface, and overuse or contamination can threaten groundwater supplies in some areas. Karst regions have irregular terrain with sinkholes caused by erosion of soluble rock by groundwater in caverns below the water table.
Earth science 6.2
This document defines key terms related to streams and their processes, including bed load, capacity, alluvium, delta, natural levee, floodplain, flood, drainage basin, divide. It also describes concepts such as how streams erode and deposit sediment according to flow velocities, and how flooding occurs and can be mitigated. The overall work of streams is to shape the landscape through erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment within drainage basins.
Earth science 6.1
The document discusses key concepts about running water and the water cycle. It defines terms like infiltration, transpiration, gradient, stream channel, discharge, tributary, base level, and meander. It explains that water constantly circulates among the oceans, atmosphere, geosphere, and biosphere in the water cycle. Balance in the cycle means annual precipitation equals evaporation globally. A stream's ability to erode and transport materials depends on its velocity, while gradient decreases and discharge increases from headwaters to the mouth.
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17.4
- 1. CH.17-4 Patterns Of Evolutions