This paper analyzes the spatial pattern of rural growth centers in Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh, India using nearest neighbor analysis. Rural growth centers provide goods, services, and facilities for surrounding populations. The study identifies 38 rural growth centers based on a composite score of socio-economic amenities. Nearest neighbor analysis finds the Rn value is 0.151, indicating rural growth centers are clustered. There is disparity in distribution of rural growth centers across blocks, so new centers are needed in underserved areas to decentralize services and slow rural-to-urban migration.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) are approaches used by organizations for international development to incorporate local rural community knowledge and opinions into management of development projects and programs. PRA advocates that rural communities themselves can provide solutions to their own problems, while RRA involves multidisciplinary teams conducting semi-structured field research to form new hypotheses about rural life and obtain information quickly from multiple perspectives. Both aim to avoid biases by directly involving local people and obtaining their input and knowledge through techniques like participatory mapping, modeling daily activities, and diagrams.
This document discusses concepts related to regional planning, including different types of regions and techniques for delimiting regions. It covers formal, functional, and perceptual regions, as well as economic, activity, and nodal regions. Planning regions need to be large enough to enable changes but small enough to address problems as a whole. They should be homogenous, have at least one growth point, and have interdependent communities. Regional boundaries may change over time due to various implications. Delimitation techniques include using indicators for single-factor regions or analyzing interrelationships and administrative governance. The purpose of regional plans is to facilitate regional outcomes that help achieve state interests by addressing regional issues.
Background of PRA, Origin, the difference between survey research and PRA, Johari window, principles of PRA, uses of PRA, tools of PRA, references, Social mapping of our Harshnagar area, thank you.
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a methodology that seeks to involve local communities in analysis and problem-solving. It uses group exercises and techniques to facilitate information sharing and analysis among stakeholders. The key features of PRA include participation, teamwork, flexibility, optimal ignorance, and triangulation of data sources. Common PRA methods include timelines, Venn diagrams, seasonal calendars, matrix ranking, social mapping, and transect walks. Organizing a PRA involves logistical planning, training, fieldwork, and reporting. Techniques are generally sequenced from non-controversial mapping to more sensitive topics like wealth ranking. In conclusion, PRA is significant for integrating local
This document discusses needs assessments and participatory approaches such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA). It defines a needs assessment as a systematic process of gathering information to improve human conditions. Key aspects of needs assessments include identifying normative, perceived, expressed, and relative needs. PRA and RRA are participatory approaches that emerged in the 1970s/80s to gather local knowledge and assess rural conditions through flexible techniques like mapping, interviews, and discussions with local communities.
The document discusses the steps and techniques involved in participatory rural appraisal (PRA). It outlines three key steps: rapport building, maintaining protocols, and data collection using tools and techniques. Rapport building is important for developing relationships and collecting reliable information from local communities. Protocols establish rules of conduct for the team. During data collection, techniques like semi-structured interviews, iteration, and probing are applied. Debriefing sessions allow the team to review findings. Understanding these steps, building rapport, and using the appropriate techniques are vital for effective information gathering through PRA.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) are approaches used by organizations for international development to incorporate local rural community knowledge and opinions into management of development projects and programs. PRA advocates that rural communities themselves can provide solutions to their own problems, while RRA involves multidisciplinary teams conducting semi-structured field research to form new hypotheses about rural life and obtain information quickly from multiple perspectives. Both aim to avoid biases by directly involving local people and obtaining their input and knowledge through techniques like participatory mapping, modeling daily activities, and diagrams.
This document discusses concepts related to regional planning, including different types of regions and techniques for delimiting regions. It covers formal, functional, and perceptual regions, as well as economic, activity, and nodal regions. Planning regions need to be large enough to enable changes but small enough to address problems as a whole. They should be homogenous, have at least one growth point, and have interdependent communities. Regional boundaries may change over time due to various implications. Delimitation techniques include using indicators for single-factor regions or analyzing interrelationships and administrative governance. The purpose of regional plans is to facilitate regional outcomes that help achieve state interests by addressing regional issues.
Background of PRA, Origin, the difference between survey research and PRA, Johari window, principles of PRA, uses of PRA, tools of PRA, references, Social mapping of our Harshnagar area, thank you.
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a methodology that seeks to involve local communities in analysis and problem-solving. It uses group exercises and techniques to facilitate information sharing and analysis among stakeholders. The key features of PRA include participation, teamwork, flexibility, optimal ignorance, and triangulation of data sources. Common PRA methods include timelines, Venn diagrams, seasonal calendars, matrix ranking, social mapping, and transect walks. Organizing a PRA involves logistical planning, training, fieldwork, and reporting. Techniques are generally sequenced from non-controversial mapping to more sensitive topics like wealth ranking. In conclusion, PRA is significant for integrating local
This document discusses needs assessments and participatory approaches such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and rapid rural appraisal (RRA). It defines a needs assessment as a systematic process of gathering information to improve human conditions. Key aspects of needs assessments include identifying normative, perceived, expressed, and relative needs. PRA and RRA are participatory approaches that emerged in the 1970s/80s to gather local knowledge and assess rural conditions through flexible techniques like mapping, interviews, and discussions with local communities.
The document discusses the steps and techniques involved in participatory rural appraisal (PRA). It outlines three key steps: rapport building, maintaining protocols, and data collection using tools and techniques. Rapport building is important for developing relationships and collecting reliable information from local communities. Protocols establish rules of conduct for the team. During data collection, techniques like semi-structured interviews, iteration, and probing are applied. Debriefing sessions allow the team to review findings. Understanding these steps, building rapport, and using the appropriate techniques are vital for effective information gathering through PRA.
Sectorial planning is a strategic approach that focuses planning on specific sectors of an economy or community. It involves defining key sectors, assessing the current state and desired outcomes of each sector, and developing strategies and budgets to achieve sector goals. The private sector, local groups, and other stakeholders are involved to promote coordination, efficient resource use, and sustainable development. While this approach allows for more detailed sector-level planning, it may face challenges involving public participation and economic assessment in complex cities.
Rapid Rural Assessment in the PhilippinesRobert Munson
Rapid Rural Assessments (RRAs) and Participatory Rapid Assessments (PRAs) are types of ethnographic research used in community development. RRAs involve collecting socioeconomic data on communities through interviews and observation, with a focus on identifying felt needs, real needs, community capacity, and threats. PRAs are similar but form a taskforce between researchers and community members to jointly conduct and publish the assessment. In the Philippines, the barangay system provides a structure for defining communities and accessing leaders and data for RRAs. The process typically involves collecting documents, conducting structured and unstructured interviews, and directly observing the community. The resulting report summarizes demographics, issues, needs, and provides conclusions and recommendations
In order to promote synergy and collaboration among local development partners and minimize the chances of local level overlapping and duplication, a development framework in the form of Village Development Periodic Plan is essential.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of approaches and methods that allow local communities to share and enhance their knowledge about life and conditions in order to plan and take action. The key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, involving disadvantaged groups, collecting only necessary data, visualizing information for communities, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with communities. PRA uses various tools like interviews, group discussions, seasonal calendars, flow diagrams, timelines, wealth rankings, maps, observations, Venn diagrams and matrices to involve communities in understanding issues.
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a bottom-up approach that involves local communities in the analysis of their situation. It uses flexible and visual tools like mapping, modeling, diagrams and rankings to facilitate discussion. The key principles of PRA are participation, flexibility, optimal ignorance and triangulation of data. Some techniques include semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars and wealth rankings. PRA aims to ensure projects address local priorities by learning from rural people's own analysis of problems and solutions.
Participative Rural Appraisal,Tools,Techniques Requirements, Scope,Risks, by...Sarath Thomas
This document discusses Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which is an approach for shared learning between local communities and outsiders to plan appropriate interventions. It originated from Rapid Rural Appraisal and emphasizes participation. PRA uses various tools like mapping, diagrams, timelines to understand communities from their perspective. The key principles are reversal of learning and facilitating local people to share and analyze their own knowledge. PRA benefits include empowering communities and ensuring projects reflect their priorities and needs. Important PRA tools outlined in the document include social mapping, impact diagrams, timelines, matrix ranking and wealth ranking.
Concept of Participatory Resource Appraisal, Role of community in resource appraisal is also discussed. Impact of Participatory Resource Appraisal is also mentioned
This document discusses Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. It provides an overview of PRA, highlighting that it is a participatory process where rural people investigate, present, analyze and plan more so than in past approaches. It outlines key features of PRA including being participatory and flexible. It details key principles such as reversal of learning and triangulation. It describes the roles of outsiders in facilitating and insiders in mapping and planning. Examples of specific PRA methods are given, such as social mapping, resource mapping, timelines and diagrams. Guidance is provided on how to conduct social and resource mapping exercises with communities.
This document discusses tools used in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) including matrix ranking, timelines, and wealth ranking. It defines PRA as incorporating rural peoples' knowledge and opinions in development projects. Matrix ranking compares products or services by criteria and ranking. Timelines document important community events historically. Wealth ranking discovers community definitions of poverty and stratifies wealth by categorizing households.
This document discusses different types of regions and methods for delineating regions. There are three main types of regions: formal, functional, and perceptual/vernacular. Formal regions have officially defined boundaries, functional regions are defined by economic or other processes within them, and perceptual regions reflect cultural attitudes. Methods for delineating regions include weighted index numbers, factor analysis, flow analysis and gravitational analysis. These methods group areas based on shared characteristics like socioeconomic factors or the intensity of interactions between locations.
This slide contains information regarding PRA and RRA tools. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
This document describes six time-related participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods: 1) Daily Activities Schedule maps out individuals' daily routines; 2) Dream Map reveals communities' aspirations; 3) Genealogy Map traces family histories; 4) Historical Transect depicts changes over time; 5) Timeline captures important historical events; 6) Trend Analysis identifies changes across different time periods. Each method is used to understand how people use time, envision the future, or perceive change. The document explains the application, process, advantages, and limitations of each method.
rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisalpooja garg
Rapid Rural Appraisal consists of a series of techniques for "quick and dirty" research that are claimed to generate results of less apparent precision, but greater evidential value, than classic quantitative survey techniques
A growing combination of approaches and methods that enable rural people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and act and to monitor and evaluate.
Regional planning deals with efficient placement of land uses like farmland, cities, infrastructure, and wilderness across a larger area than individual towns. A region requires various land uses to support protection of farmland, cities, industry, transportation, and other needs. Regional development addresses region-wide environmental, social and economic issues through efficient infrastructure placement and zoning to sustainably grow a region.
This document introduces several participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques used by development practitioners to involve local people in analyzing rural situations. It describes seasonal diagrams which identify seasonal trends in agriculture issues. It also explains matrix ranking and scoring which allows farmers to compare and rank different products/services. Finally, it outlines problem censuses where local farmers act as facilitators to identify key problems and information needs to help design responsive extension activities.
Participatory rural appraisal (pra) basic skills for need identificationLiris Thomas
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach that aims to involve local communities in identifying and analyzing their needs and solutions. It addresses criticisms of top-down development by putting research in the hands of community members and having experts act as facilitators. The process involves collecting data as a whole community to gain a detailed understanding of the local context and have communities prioritize their own needs. Key aspects include encouraging the use of local knowledge, involving communities at all stages, and helping communities find their own solutions to problems. Data collection techniques are designed to be usable by people with low literacy levels and involve group-based learning and investigating issues from different perspectives.
PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) is a methodology that involves local communities in understanding their lives and conditions. It enables local people to share, enhance, and analyze their knowledge and to plan, act, monitor, and evaluate programs. PRA uses visual tools like mapping, diagrams, calendars and rankings to gather qualitative data directly from community members. Some key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, listening to disadvantaged groups, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with community participation. PRA can be applied across different development areas like health, agriculture and education planning.
The EMPHASIS program is a 5-year initiative funded by the Big Lottery Fund of the UK. It aims to reduce the vulnerability of mobile populations in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal to HIV/AIDS. The program will deliver interventions along two major mobility routes - Bangladesh to India and Nepal to India. It seeks to demonstrate effective models for HIV prevention, care, and support for at-risk mobile groups. The first year involves building knowledge of these populations and their vulnerabilities through research and supporting existing HIV services.
Space related tools and techniques of participatory rural appraisalDudaRam1
To study the Space related tools and techniques of participatory rural appraisal. By Duda Ram Gurjar, M.Sc (Agriculture) Final year, SKN college of agriculture jobner jaipur
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Sectorial planning is a strategic approach that focuses planning on specific sectors of an economy or community. It involves defining key sectors, assessing the current state and desired outcomes of each sector, and developing strategies and budgets to achieve sector goals. The private sector, local groups, and other stakeholders are involved to promote coordination, efficient resource use, and sustainable development. While this approach allows for more detailed sector-level planning, it may face challenges involving public participation and economic assessment in complex cities.
Rapid Rural Assessment in the PhilippinesRobert Munson
Rapid Rural Assessments (RRAs) and Participatory Rapid Assessments (PRAs) are types of ethnographic research used in community development. RRAs involve collecting socioeconomic data on communities through interviews and observation, with a focus on identifying felt needs, real needs, community capacity, and threats. PRAs are similar but form a taskforce between researchers and community members to jointly conduct and publish the assessment. In the Philippines, the barangay system provides a structure for defining communities and accessing leaders and data for RRAs. The process typically involves collecting documents, conducting structured and unstructured interviews, and directly observing the community. The resulting report summarizes demographics, issues, needs, and provides conclusions and recommendations
In order to promote synergy and collaboration among local development partners and minimize the chances of local level overlapping and duplication, a development framework in the form of Village Development Periodic Plan is essential.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a set of approaches and methods that allow local communities to share and enhance their knowledge about life and conditions in order to plan and take action. The key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, involving disadvantaged groups, collecting only necessary data, visualizing information for communities, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with communities. PRA uses various tools like interviews, group discussions, seasonal calendars, flow diagrams, timelines, wealth rankings, maps, observations, Venn diagrams and matrices to involve communities in understanding issues.
This document provides an overview of participatory rural appraisal (PRA). PRA is a bottom-up approach that involves local communities in the analysis of their situation. It uses flexible and visual tools like mapping, modeling, diagrams and rankings to facilitate discussion. The key principles of PRA are participation, flexibility, optimal ignorance and triangulation of data. Some techniques include semi-structured interviews, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars and wealth rankings. PRA aims to ensure projects address local priorities by learning from rural people's own analysis of problems and solutions.
Participative Rural Appraisal,Tools,Techniques Requirements, Scope,Risks, by...Sarath Thomas
This document discusses Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), which is an approach for shared learning between local communities and outsiders to plan appropriate interventions. It originated from Rapid Rural Appraisal and emphasizes participation. PRA uses various tools like mapping, diagrams, timelines to understand communities from their perspective. The key principles are reversal of learning and facilitating local people to share and analyze their own knowledge. PRA benefits include empowering communities and ensuring projects reflect their priorities and needs. Important PRA tools outlined in the document include social mapping, impact diagrams, timelines, matrix ranking and wealth ranking.
Concept of Participatory Resource Appraisal, Role of community in resource appraisal is also discussed. Impact of Participatory Resource Appraisal is also mentioned
This document discusses Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. It provides an overview of PRA, highlighting that it is a participatory process where rural people investigate, present, analyze and plan more so than in past approaches. It outlines key features of PRA including being participatory and flexible. It details key principles such as reversal of learning and triangulation. It describes the roles of outsiders in facilitating and insiders in mapping and planning. Examples of specific PRA methods are given, such as social mapping, resource mapping, timelines and diagrams. Guidance is provided on how to conduct social and resource mapping exercises with communities.
This document discusses tools used in Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) including matrix ranking, timelines, and wealth ranking. It defines PRA as incorporating rural peoples' knowledge and opinions in development projects. Matrix ranking compares products or services by criteria and ranking. Timelines document important community events historically. Wealth ranking discovers community definitions of poverty and stratifies wealth by categorizing households.
This document discusses different types of regions and methods for delineating regions. There are three main types of regions: formal, functional, and perceptual/vernacular. Formal regions have officially defined boundaries, functional regions are defined by economic or other processes within them, and perceptual regions reflect cultural attitudes. Methods for delineating regions include weighted index numbers, factor analysis, flow analysis and gravitational analysis. These methods group areas based on shared characteristics like socioeconomic factors or the intensity of interactions between locations.
This slide contains information regarding PRA and RRA tools. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated. Thank you!
This document describes six time-related participatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods: 1) Daily Activities Schedule maps out individuals' daily routines; 2) Dream Map reveals communities' aspirations; 3) Genealogy Map traces family histories; 4) Historical Transect depicts changes over time; 5) Timeline captures important historical events; 6) Trend Analysis identifies changes across different time periods. Each method is used to understand how people use time, envision the future, or perceive change. The document explains the application, process, advantages, and limitations of each method.
rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisalpooja garg
Rapid Rural Appraisal consists of a series of techniques for "quick and dirty" research that are claimed to generate results of less apparent precision, but greater evidential value, than classic quantitative survey techniques
A growing combination of approaches and methods that enable rural people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and act and to monitor and evaluate.
Regional planning deals with efficient placement of land uses like farmland, cities, infrastructure, and wilderness across a larger area than individual towns. A region requires various land uses to support protection of farmland, cities, industry, transportation, and other needs. Regional development addresses region-wide environmental, social and economic issues through efficient infrastructure placement and zoning to sustainably grow a region.
This document introduces several participatory rural appraisal (PRA) techniques used by development practitioners to involve local people in analyzing rural situations. It describes seasonal diagrams which identify seasonal trends in agriculture issues. It also explains matrix ranking and scoring which allows farmers to compare and rank different products/services. Finally, it outlines problem censuses where local farmers act as facilitators to identify key problems and information needs to help design responsive extension activities.
Participatory rural appraisal (pra) basic skills for need identificationLiris Thomas
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach that aims to involve local communities in identifying and analyzing their needs and solutions. It addresses criticisms of top-down development by putting research in the hands of community members and having experts act as facilitators. The process involves collecting data as a whole community to gain a detailed understanding of the local context and have communities prioritize their own needs. Key aspects include encouraging the use of local knowledge, involving communities at all stages, and helping communities find their own solutions to problems. Data collection techniques are designed to be usable by people with low literacy levels and involve group-based learning and investigating issues from different perspectives.
PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) is a methodology that involves local communities in understanding their lives and conditions. It enables local people to share, enhance, and analyze their knowledge and to plan, act, monitor, and evaluate programs. PRA uses visual tools like mapping, diagrams, calendars and rankings to gather qualitative data directly from community members. Some key principles of PRA include respecting local knowledge, listening to disadvantaged groups, and ensuring analysis is done in the field with community participation. PRA can be applied across different development areas like health, agriculture and education planning.
The EMPHASIS program is a 5-year initiative funded by the Big Lottery Fund of the UK. It aims to reduce the vulnerability of mobile populations in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal to HIV/AIDS. The program will deliver interventions along two major mobility routes - Bangladesh to India and Nepal to India. It seeks to demonstrate effective models for HIV prevention, care, and support for at-risk mobile groups. The first year involves building knowledge of these populations and their vulnerabilities through research and supporting existing HIV services.
Space related tools and techniques of participatory rural appraisalDudaRam1
To study the Space related tools and techniques of participatory rural appraisal. By Duda Ram Gurjar, M.Sc (Agriculture) Final year, SKN college of agriculture jobner jaipur
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
This document discusses urban planning and economic development in Nepal. It begins by defining urban planning as the systematic way of developing urban areas with defined objectives and resources. It then discusses the current urban conditions in Nepal, noting issues like poor urban databases, unregulated land markets, lack of basic infrastructure like water and sanitation, and a shortage of affordable housing resulting in growing squatter settlements. The document emphasizes that proper urban planning is necessary for economic development in Nepal but that current planning efforts are insufficient to overcome obstacles to development.
● Assessment of the Impacts of Thunderstorm on Flight Operations at Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
● Peri-urban Development: Discussion with Land Use Zoning, Statutory Provision, and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality, Nepal
● Using the GPS Station to Study Wind and Coastal Morpho-dynamics in North-eastern Morocco
● Fishing Production and Fishing Changes in Hong Kong after the Ground Trawl Ban of 31st December 2012: A Geospatial Evaluation
● Research and Experience Reference on London’s Response to Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century
This document discusses the interdependencies between urbanization and rural agricultural development. It argues that rural and urban development are closely linked and should inform policymaking. Small and intermediate cities play an important role by providing markets, infrastructure, and off-farm employment to support rural areas. Policies should aim to increase agricultural productivity, generate non-farm jobs, and promote a more balanced pattern of urbanization across small and intermediate cities rather than just large metropolitan areas. Strengthening rural-urban linkages through infrastructure, decentralization, and integrated land use planning can help improve quality of life in rural areas.
Promotion of Polycentric Settlement (Growth Centre) for Sustainable Developme...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Promotion of Polycentric Settlement (Growth Centre) for Sustainable Development by Kabi Prasad Pokhrel in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
The document summarizes the transformation of ideologies in India from early post-independence to present times and how it has impacted urban planning and development. In the early years, Gandhian ideals of self-control, honesty, pride in poverty were prominent. Wealth generation and profit-making were seen negatively. However, after 1970s, economic liberalization led to a more self-centric, money-focused society obsessed with wealth accumulation and status displays. This has complex effects on urban areas. The author prescribes guidelines for reshaping cities in the current context, discussing a "city prosperity index" to help cities respond to local and global challenges.
Extending Agricultural Advancements to Rural Bengal: Tools and TechniquesIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses effective communication techniques for extending agricultural advancements to rural communities in West Bengal, India.
2. It outlines the importance of agriculture to India's economy and the need to disseminate new technologies and solutions developed by agricultural scientists to farmers.
3. The document analyzes print media as a key method to reach rural populations in their local Bengali language and provides a list of popular rural periodicals and newspapers in West Bengal that cover agricultural topics.
Paper is an attempt to define agenda for making villages smart in India in order to overcome major problems of urban India. Agenda also suggests how to make Indian villages self-contained and self-sufficient
Proposal for Baseline Study for BSNL in New Tehri DistrictMohit Rajput
This document provides a proposal for conducting a baseline study in villages in New Tehri district, Uttarakhand, India. The study aims to assess current levels of education, literacy, skills, employment, and use of renewable energy in the region. The proposal outlines a methodology using both quantitative and qualitative research methods, including secondary data analysis, surveys, interviews, and focus groups. It proposes assessing indicators like literacy rates, school enrollment, employment levels, and impact of previous initiatives. The study aims to evaluate current status and measure progress of planned interventions in education, skills training, women's empowerment, and renewable energy development. It provides details on sampling, timelines, deliverables, and a 24-month budget of 17
Development Radars provide a snapshot view of human development status and identify areas for policy focus. They depict key indicators like health, education, water, housing, and economic conditions for different administrative units over time, enabling needs-based resource allocation and evaluation of interventions. Development Radars are especially important for backward districts, as they empower districts to consolidate plans from gram panchayats, the lowest administrative units, in line with constitutional requirements. They present progress on eight indicators including consumption, poverty, water, housing, literacy, education, life expectancy and infant mortality for states' rural and urban areas at two points in time in a diagrammatic format.
The document discusses a case study of Akshaya centres in Kerala, India which provide e-governance services in rural areas through public-private partnerships. It finds that existing initiatives treat citizens as passive recipients and do not adequately address their needs or contextual factors. It proposes a multistakeholder model involving citizens, government, private partners, and local groups to collaboratively design e-governance that is citizen-centric and responsive to local community needs and contexts.
Rural Area Development Strategy through Rural Infrastructure Development ProgramSuwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This study was conducted in Biak District of Papua employing the quantitative method. The strategic concept in the development of local institutional capacity was to maximise the role of institutions as social capital not taken over, such as driving as farmers’ cooperatives, cooperatives as agro-tourism objects, and integrating the local institutional system under the auspices of Papua local institutions.
Rural Area Development Strategy through Rural Infrastructure Development ProgramSuwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This document summarizes a study on rural development strategies in Biak District, Papua, Indonesia. The study used quantitative methods to analyze rural infrastructure development programs. It found that capacity building for local institutions, integrated agricultural systems, and sustainable development were key strategic concepts. Factor analysis identified five important factors: processing and marketing, seed and planting techniques, farm factors, upstream factors, and irrigation environment. The conclusion discusses policies needed to encourage integrated agriculture, empower the rural poor, and improve access to resources, technologies, education, capital and markets.
The document outlines the goals and objectives of the District Spatial Plan for Thrissur, Kerala, India. The 3 main development goals are: 1) Develop Thrissur as an eco-friendly and economically vibrant region, 2) Utilize resources for economic development with social justice in a sustainable manner, and 3) Enhance local economic growth and job opportunities. 7 major objectives are then outlined to achieve these goals, including improving the Thrissur-Kochi economic corridor, concentrating urban and rural economic activities, developing key sectors to trigger socio-economic growth, and conserving cultural/heritage sites and ecologically sensitive areas.
1) The document summarizes research on the role of human capital in different types of regions, including urban, rural, peripheral, and cross-border regions.
2) Two papers examined how human capital mobility impacts local employment in Danish municipalities, finding that in-migrants and in-commuters generally complement the local workforce except in some cases where they substitute medium-skilled locals.
3) A second paper analyzed the spatial mobility and early career outcomes of university graduates in Denmark, finding benefits to mobility for academic but not professional graduates.
4) The research also developed a model of "Cross-Border Institutional Thickness" to examine institutional cooperation and human capital creation in Danish-German border regions.
This document provides information and proposes plans for the village of Bheemadevarapally in Telangana, India as part of the "Know Your District - Plan Your District" initiative. It outlines Mahatma Gandhi's vision for model villages. It then describes the village's resources, demographics, and objectives for village development which include improving basic amenities, education, sanitation, afforestation, and livelihood opportunities. Charts and maps generated through a government application show the village's assets and population breakdown by age, gender, and caste from the 2001 and 2011 censuses. Declines in child population and sex ratio since 2011 are noted as priorities to address.
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Journal of Global Resources Volume 6 (01) August 2019-January 2020 Page 110-117
UGC–CARE Listed Journal in Group D ISSN: 2395-3160 (Print), 2455-2445 (Online)
17
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF RURAL GROWTH CENTRES IN SAGAR DISTRICT, MADHYA
PRADESH
Pawan Kumar Sharma
Assistant Professor, Department of General & Applied Geography
Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar (M.P.), India
Email: pawansharmageo@gmail.com
Abstract: This paper aims to analyse the spatial pattern of rural growth centres in Sagar district
with the help of nearest neighbour analysis. Rural growth centre is acts as a service centre,
which has a potential for further development, and it provides services, goods and facilities for
its own population and its surrounding area, which fulfilling their required needs and basic
amenities for better livelihood. It conceived as a point of attraction for the people who otherwise
would go to large congested urban areas. The present study is an attempt to find out the
hierarchical order of settlements as rural growth centres, rural growth point, service centre and
rural centres in the Sagar district. To find out this hierarchy, the composite score method has
been applied for 40 selected socio-economic amenities. This study is based on secondary data,
which are mainly collected from District census handbook 2011of Sagar district. The Social
Amenity index is used to calculate weightage value of each facility. The nearest neighbour
analysis method is used to found Rn value and deciding the spatial distribution pattern of rural
growth centres in the study area. Total 38 Rural Growth centres are identified in the study
region. As per the nearest neighbour analysis the Rn value is 0.151, which shows that the
RGC’s are distributed in clustered pattern. The result reflects there is wide spread disparities in
the block wise distribution of rural growth centres. So, there is an urgent need to propose some
new Growth centres in the unserved gap areas to provide socio-economic activities to all the
local people. It will be definitely slowdowns the migration from their surrounding habitat to larger
urban areas, because rural centre work as a point of attraction of services. This idea of centre
places is based on selectivity on the one hand and decentralization of social amenities on the
other. Therefore an overall development of all villages within the region can be ensured in an
integrated way at minimum cost in terms of money, time and effort.
Key words: Socio-Economic Amenity Index, Nearest Neighbour Analysis, Clustered Pattern
Introduction
In recent years, greater emphasis has come to be laid on grass-root approach to planning and
a number of area development programmes were launched to meet this end. This research has
an aim to achieve optimum results of rural development of Sagar district by a balanced
distribution of highly necessary facilities. The core aspect of the study of rural central places is
the identification of centres of different orders, which may provide an efficient way of articulating
the development activities in different parts of the region. In the rural areas due to the scattered
distribution pattern and small sized settlements, it is impracticable to provide all the functions in
every settlement. It is, therefore, advisable to select centres, keeping in view the least travel
distance and maximum population to serve, for locating the various functional institutions.
These centres, which are of different orders, will act as nucleus for providing some basic
packages of services to their hinterland according to their respective hierarchical orders. They
may be arranged in to a spatial system for smooth transmission of various development
activities throughout the region in such a way, as the friction of distance, the main constraint of
exposure is minimized. They will much effective in eliminating the spatial lag of socio-economic
growth in different parts.
The goals of rural development entail adequate concentration to various economic,
social and political factors that influence the rural society through a complex network of
interrelationship, where growth centre can be an eligible potential feature. The growth centres
performs as centre of economic, social and cultural activities in the rural areas. A rural growth
centre can be compared with Central Business District (CBD) of the arena. These are the
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venues where people at least fulfil their basic needs related to agricultural, educational, medical
and marketing services. In India, nearly seventy percent of the total population of the country
lives in rural areas that are facing the problems of lack of essential amenities for their livelihood.
It is essential to insure the availability of basic necessities at minimum distance in least time
frame. The importance of central place depends upon the central functions performed and the
size of the population served by it. On the basis of functions and the size of the population
served central places can be categorized into high order central places and low order central
places. High order central places have large size of population served by it with greater
functional specialization, whereas low order central places have small size of population served
with smaller range of goods and services.
Literature Review
Rural growth centre is found as a growing spot of service delivery in the rural area and to
bridge the gap between rural economy and regional economy, attention should be given
regionally for growth centre development for the changing the rural people’s livelihood style and
sustainable development of the catchment area of the growth centre. The concept of micro-
regional planning suggests a framework for decentralizing economic and social activities by
locating specific functions in appropriate places. The central place is the most important aspect
of the Christaller’s theory. It is the centre of a region which provides one or more services to an
area larger than itself. The services may be extensive or limited, but the service function is
common to all central places. The criteria based on an assessment of the business and
services for deciding the hierarchy of settlements was mainly used by Webb (1959),
Dickinson(1964), Parkes (1969), Clout (1972) and Carter (1972). Guttman's Scalogramme
technique (Parkes, 1969) is more applicable in Indian context because in India number or
isolation is found in physical landscape. In India also, a number of geographers like, L.K. Sen
(1971), L.S. Bhatt (1972), R. C. Sharma (1972), A.B. Mukerjee (1974), J. Singh (1979),
Sundaram (1980), C. R. Kothari (2001), R. P. Mishra (2002), R. N. Mishra and P.K. Sharma
(2004) have identified growth centres and their hierarchy by measuring the centrality in different
ways. R.P. Mishra has applied centrality score method to suggest a five-tier hierarchy of growth
foci as Growth Pole, Growth Centres, Growth Point, Service Centre and Central Village. R. N.
Mishra and P.K. Sharma (2004) have applied a Final Centrality Score by adding Functional
Index value of Webb and Social Amenity Index value by L.S. Bhatt for identification of
hierarchical arrangement of the settlements. In the present study, the whole settlements of the
district are classified into four tier hierarchical order. A rural growth centre is a village, which
provides one or more services for the population living around it. V.L.S. Prakasa Rao explained
the concept of central place as the crystallization of mass around a nucleus, which may be a
town and is the focal point for its surrounding area. Sharma, P.K. (2018), focused on this study
of rural development scenario and strategies in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.
Sharma, P.K. & Sharma, S.C. (2016), studied or analysed the rural central places is a new
perspective for micro-level development planning.
Study Area
Sagar District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. It is situated between 23◦10’
to 24◦27’ north latitude and 78◦4’ to 79◦21’ east longitude. Sagar district is a sixteenth largest
district in size in the state, and third largest in the Jabalpur revenue division. As of the census
2011, Sagar District had a population of 23, 78, and 458 persons of which male and female
were 12, 56, 257 and 11, 22, 201 respectively. The average literacy rate is 76.46 percent in
2011 compared to 67.73 percent of 2001. The major share of the population is belongs to
Rajgonds tribes. The district has 2075 in-habitated villages as per the census 2011.
Objective
The present research aims to study about the rural growth centres of Sagar district with the
help of nearest neighbour analysis. The major objectives of the study are:
1. To analyse the salient features of rural development in its geographical frame.
2. To identify the Rural Growth Centres in the study area.
3. Nearest Neighbour Analysis to investigate the block wise spatial pattern of rural
growth centres.
4. To formulate the plan for the balance development of the region.
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Database and Methodology
The study is related to rural central places, so primary data have been collected at the village
level and secondary level data have been collected for resources and infrastructure
development from various departments. The statistical as well as empirical methodologies are
used to obtain the aim of this study. The study followed personal interview, Focus group
discussion and key informant interview for collection of information and secondary data from
Census of India (2011) and statistical handbook of Madhya Pradesh, reference books, journals
and various documents. As per the methodological aspect this study have two phases, at the
first stage rural growth centres are identified by using social amenity index method whereas in
second stage the spatial arrangement of these centres are analysed through Nearest
Neighbour matrix. In this study 40 functions found in the total settlements of the study area
have been taken into consideration.
Therefore, this method is based on two factors like Number of different functions offered
by a settlement (quantity) and the Level of various functions available in a settlement (quality).
(a) Social Amenity Indies (SAI) – It is based on central facilities found in the settlement
like education, medical, marketing, postal etc. For finding SAI we have to find out
weightage for each facility.
To find out weightage following formula has been used: W = N/F
Where; W = Weightage of each facility. N = Total number of settlement in the study
area. F = Number of settlement having that particular facility.
The weightage value has been calculated for all the amenities. According amenities are
arranged in an order as in ascending order.
Table 01: Facilities with their Weightage Value
# Name of Facility Weightage
Value
# Name of Facility Weightage
Value
1. Primary School 1.26 21 Mobile Phone Coverage 1.38
2. Middle School 2.77 22 Bus Service (Public & Private) 3.48
3. Secondary School 16.08 23 Railway Station 56.08
4. Senior Secondary School 23.57 24 Sea/ River Ferry Service 32.42
5. Primary Health Centre (PHC) 94.31 25 Connected to National Highway
(NH)
18.36
6. Primary health sub centre
(PHS)
14.02 26 Connected to State Highway
(SH)
12.88
7. Maternity and child welfare
centre (MCW)
148.21 27 Connected to major district road
(MDR)
6.17
8. Dispensary (D) 51.87 28 Pucca roads 2.4
9. Veterinary hospital (VH) 79.8 29 Commercial & Co-operative
Banks
41.5
10. Family welfare centre (FWC) 86.45 30 Agricultural Credit Societies 12.2
11. Tap Water 5.76 31 Self-Help Group (SHG) 2.02
12. Well Water 1.14 32 Public distribution system (PDS)
shop
3.26
13. Hand Pump 1.12 33 Mandis / Regular Market 74.1
14. Tube Well / Bore Well 3.32 34 Weekly Haat 25.93
15. River / Canal 3.49 35 Agricultural Marketing Society 44.14
16. Tank/Pond/ Lake 4.96 36 Integrated Child Development
Scheme
7.6
17. Post Office (PO) 18.2 37 Anganwadi Centre 1.56
18. Sub-Post Office (SPO) 15.6 38 ED- Power Supply for Domestic
Use
1.14
19. Post & Telegraph office
(P&TO)
29.64 39 EAG- Power supply for
agricultural use
1.15
20. Telephones (Land Lines) 7.43 40 EA- Power Supply for ALL uses 1.44
Total 40 basic facilities have been taken into consideration to calculate the weightage
score for the each settlement. These facilities are generally related with basic amenities of any
area, such as - education, health, drinking water, market, electricity, agriculture, transport,
communications and some of the essential government services etc. Weightage value is
measured for each facility of every village. After then final composite score is calculated for
each centre.
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On the basis of final centrality score all the settlements of the study region has been
classified into four categories as Rural growth centres, Rural growth points, Rural service
centres and central Village which are show in the table 2.
Table 02: Hierarchical Order of Rural Growth Centres of Sagar District
# Hierarchical Order Social Amenity Index No. of Villages
1. Rural Growth Centre (RGC) Above 6.00 38
2. Rural Growth Point (RGP) 3.00-6.00 89
3. Rural Service Centre (RSC) 1.00-3.00 412
4. Central Village (CV) Below 1.00 1536
Total 38 Rural Growth centres are found in Sagar district, having the social amenity
index score above or up to 6.00. The villages having the index values between 3.00 to 6.00 are
consider as rural growth points. The total 89 villages are under the category of rural growth
points. Rural service points are 412 (based on scale value 1.00-3.00) and remaining centres
are called as Central villages (1536) which are in the range of 1.00 or below 1.00 according to
Social Amenity index value.
Table 03: Block wise distribution of Rural Growth Centres in Sagar District
# Block RGC RGP RSC CV
1 Bina 2 7 36 132
2 Khurai 3 6 30 148
3 Malthon 6 4 27 156
4 Banda 0 10 38 131
5 Shahgarh 6 6 28 88
6 Rahatgarh 4 12 51 144
7 Jaisinagar 4 2 39 104
8 Sagar 4 14 43 101
9 Rehli 1 15 40 189
10 Kesli 4 7 33 145
11 Deori 4 7 47 197
*RGC= Rural Growth Centres RGP= Rural Growth Points Rsc= Rural Service Points CV= Central Villages
As per the hierarchical order there are total 38 Rural growth centres in 11 blocks of the
Sagar district, with 6 RGC’s Malthon and Shahgarh blocks have highest number of rural
growth centres in comparison to other block of the Sagar district. After these Sagar, Rahatgarh,
Jaisinagar, Kesli and Deori blocks having 4 RGC’s, Khurai block has 3 RGC’s and Bina block
having 2 centres whereas the Rehli block have only one such centre and Banda block is
without of any rural growth centre. These values are given in table 4.
Nearest Neighbour Analysis
Nearest neighbour analysis (NNA) is applied for finding the spatial distribution of rural growth
centres in the district. The evolution of spatial pattern is the result or diverse geographical
setting. Hence, they have varying patterns of spatial distribution in different geographical
region. The settlement patterns on the earth surface consequent upon the geographical setting,
rare found in uniform pattern. NNA method is firstly introduced by P. Hertz in 1909, but its
systematic use was done by Clark & Evans (1954) in context of two-dimensional measurement
of the phenomena distributed over the surface of earth. They used this method to measure
distribution of different plants in different regions. Nearest Neighbour Analysis measures the
distribution of something over a geographical space. It provides a numerical value that
describes the extent to which a set of points are clustered or uniformly spaced. Nearest
neighbour analysis examines the distances between each point and the closest point to it, and
then compress there to expected values for a random sample of a points from a complete
spatial randomness (CSR) pattern. This expresses distinction of spatial patterns of points in a
scientific and numerical form. It distinguished spatial pattern as -Uniform, Random and
Clustered.
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Table 04: Rural Growth Centres in Sagar District
(Based on Final Composite Score above FCS 6)
Nearest Neighbour Index
It measures the distribution of any spatial pattern or points from randomness assuming the
distribution of points on random. It is also known as an index of randomness.
It represents the ratio between the mean observed distance or points and the mean expected
distance in random situation.
Rn =
Where; Do = Observed distance shows the average distance between all points or
all places whereas Expected distance
De = shows the intensity of all patterns/ sample.
NNA is helps to determine the spatial pattern and intensity of variables of service centre or
growth centre. In geography analysis, first of all this method was used by Dacey to study the
distribution of settlement pattern.
R = ro /re
Where; R= Nearest Neighbour Constant
ro= Average Observed Distance
re= Average Expected Distance
ro= ∑d/ N
Block # Rural Growth
Centres
Area
(Sq. Hectare)
Total
Population
Final Composite
Score
Bina 1 Bhangarh 1161.7 3516 9.38
2 Agasod 1985.6 4495 7.24
Khurai 1 Khimlasa 1149.8 10333 16.49
2 Basahari 3797.2 7138 6.61
3 Bardha 1402.9 2593 6.09
Malthon 1 Malthon 777.8 10764 23.57
2 BandriKaroli 1208 10802 17.34
3 Barodiya Kalan 2014.4 6836 10.60
4 Rajwans 978 2830 10.23
5 Pithoriya 848.6 3678 6.94
6 Rouda 1354.5 2328 6.37
Shahgarh 1 Barayatha 994.2 4976 14.51
2 Dalpatpur 735.9 5096 11.40
3 Khatora Kalan 903.4 2944 8.60
4 Hirapur 125.9 17 8.35
5 Narwan 2589.8 7355 7.03
6 Amarmaoh 1515.5 5550 6.19
Rahatgarh 1 Narayawali 1179.9 5261 18.26
2 Sihora 1497 5355 17.26
3 Mudra Jaruwakheda 1072.6 6521 13.72
4 Jhila 1801.8 3760 6.97
Jaisinagar 1 Jaisinagar 1083.1 7848 14.89
2 Bilehra 1920.6 9371 12.65
3 Chartoriya 637.8 1680 7.45
4 Bakswaha 1127.3 1553 6.72
Sagar 1 Surkhi 2079 7289 17.72
2 Sanodha 1952.8 6394 13.74
3 Parsoriya 538.9 4398 9.24
4 Kerbana 1062.2 4121 7.54
Rehli 1 Chhirari 1231.8 4336 9.72
Kesli 1 Kesali 493.5 8565 21.38
2 Tada 694.8 2682 14.75
3 Sahajpur 234.6 529 7.78
4 Keolari 436.2 1001 7.10
Deori 1 Mahrajpur 696.9 4946 17.15
2 Gaurjhamer 578.2 9746 13.59
3 MardhiJamuniya 574.5 3006 8.53
4 Jhunku 217.1 2974 6.78
Do___
De
6. 115
d= distance between any settlement and their nearest settlement (where direction is not
focused)
∑d= summation of nearest distance of various settlement.
N= total no. of all settlement
re = 1/ 2√N/A
A= total area of study region
The value of ‘R’ is always comes between 0.00 to 3.00. On the basis of these values’ tendency
of distribution of settlement pattern will be defined. The final value put in the Scale for
measuring distribution pattern of settlements (Rn scale)
Table 05: Rn Scale
Value of r also compared with other statistical method. In this variance, Index (V) is important.
V = (4-π)/ 4dπ
Where;
π= 22/7 or 3.1416
d = N/A = no. of settlement / total area of study region
Complete the Analysis of V value is with the expected distance (re) which is like that
–
If re >v, (uniform distribution)
V>re, (clustered pattern)
Re = v or re/ v = 1, then always be (random pattern)
Uses- This method is very useful to show the spatial pattern of the settlements.
It also used to show the settlement distribution based on different population groups.
In any area distribution of multiple facilities also measures by used this method. Its outcome is
to make planning for distribution of equal facility according their needs. So, it plays important
role to making plans of equal distribution of facilities in any area.
Table 06: Distance between Rural Growth Centres
# Rural Growth
Centres
Nearest
Growth
Centre
Distance
(in cm.)
# Rural
Growth Centres
Nearest
Growth
Centre
Distance
(in cm.)
1 Bhangarh 1-2 1.0 20 Jaruwakheda 20-18 1.3
2 Agasod 2-4 0.9 21 Jhila 21-20 2.2
3 Khimlasa 3-4 0.8 22 Jaisinagar 22-24 1.6
4 Basahari 4-5 0.8 23 Bilehra 23-25 0.5
5 Bardha 5-4 0.8 24 Chartoriya 24-23 0.6
6 Malthon 6-8 1.2 25 Bakswaha 25-23 0.5
7 BandriKaroli 7-10 1.1 26 Surkhi 26-23 1.2
8 Barodiya 8-9 1.2 27 Sanodha 27-29 0.7
9 Rajwans 9-8 1.2 28 Parsoriya 28-27 1.3
10 Pithoriya 10-7 1.1 29 Kerbana 29-27 0.7
11 Rouda 11-9 1.2 30 Chhirari 30-37 2.2
12 Barayatha 12-14 1.6 31 Kesali 31-32 1.2
13 Dalpatpur 13-14 0.7 32 Tada 32-31 1.2
14 Khatora 14-13 0.7 33 Sahajpur 33-31 1.5
15 Hirapur 15-16 1.0 34 Keolari 34-24 1.1
16 Narwan 16-17 1.0 35 Mahrajpur 35-38 1.7
17 Amarmaoh 17-15 0.9 36 Gaurjhamer 36-37 0.7
18 Narayawali 18-19 1.3 37 MardhiJamuniya 37-36 0.7
19 Sihora 19-18 1.3 38 Jhunku 38-36 1.6
Rn value Spatial Pattern
0.00-0.09 Complete concentration
0.10-0.50 High concentration
0.51-0.99 Clustered pattern
1.00-1.19 Random pattern
1.20-1.49 Approaching uniform
1.50-2.14 Dispersed pattern
2.15 Hexagonal pattern
2.15 & above High dispersed pattern
7. 116
Formula to finding the nearest neighbour analysis- Rn = Do / De
Where, Rn = the index of Randomness
Do= the mean observed distance
Where; Do= ∑d/ N = d1+ d2+d3+_ _ _ _ _dn / N
Do= ∑d/ N = 169.2/ 38 = 4.452
De = the mean expected distance
Where; De = 1 / 2√N/A = 1/2√38/10,252 = 1/ 0.034 = 29.411
De = 29.411
Rn = Do / De = 4.452/ 29.411 = 0.151
Rn Score = 0.151
Total distance = 42.3 cm
= 42.3 ×4 = 169.2 km2
Total area = 10,252 km2
Result and Discussion
In the present research, all the settlements of the study region are categorised in a hierarchy
manner as rural growth centres, rural growth point, service centre and central village. On the
basis of the final composite score of 40 basic socio-economic amenities total 38 villages are
considered as rural growth centres in 11 blocks as they score the index value more than 6.00.
The Social Amenity index is used to calculate weightage value of each facility. The nearest
neighbour analysis method is used to find Rn value and deciding the spatial distribution pattern
of rural growth centres in the study area. The result reflects block wise distribution of rural
growth centre in Sagar district. As per the nearest neighbour analysis the Rn value is 0.151,
which shows that the RGC’s are distributed in clustered pattern. Overall the distribution is quite
satisfactory in reference to the whole district but some of the area having not a single growth
centres to serve the local population. Few areas are having sufficient rural growth centres as
their population requirements are Malthon, Shahgarh, Sagar, Rahatgarh, Jaisinagar, Kesli, and
Deori. Whereas some areas are having a few numbers of rural growth centres in Sagar district
such as Khurai, Bina, Rehli, and Banda block is only block which is not having any rural growth
centre. This kind of distribution of RGC’s in the area is one of the reasons of spatial imbalance
in the level of development among the Blocks of a district. The main strategy of rural growth
centre approach is to reduce micro regional imbalance between rural and urban areas and to
provide the minimum basic facilities to the each centre.
Conclusion
It is clear that the spatial arrangement of rural growth centres is an important tool through which
the quality of life in human settlement can fairly be improved because such a system provides
various facilities within easy reach of the people, in a lesser time and at least distance. Rural
growth centre is a centre, which provides the facilities, services and goods to its own population
as well as surrounding population for creating balance in socio-economic development in an
area. In the present study the result shows that the maximum concentration of the facilities are
found in the big size villages or in the urban centres whereas small village are lagging behind. It
is recommended that the policy maker should ensure before the plan formation that at least
accessibility basic amenities for the all local people at minimum distance with least cost for their
respectable livelihood. This research suggests that there is an urgent need of establish some
new rural growth centres in backward rural areas to fulfil their basic socio-economic
requirements. Finally it is concluded with the fact that the development plans can better serve
through rural transformation and their resourceful functioning at village level.
Acknowledgement: ICSSR for providing fund for the research under Major Research Project.
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