This document discusses a study on gender consciousness in Nigerian autobiographical narratives. The study explores how male autobiographical writings often neglect the female gender. It uses qualitative methods, including extensive interviews with 25 university staff and students, to examine perspectives on gender in autobiographical works and how they portray males and females. The interviews are analyzed to identify common themes and concepts regarding gender representation. The study aims to provide a more holistic understanding of gender issues in Nigerian autobiographical narratives by combining narrative theory, autobiographical approaches, and analysis of in-depth interview responses.
Introduction to-narrative inquiry-workshop_2012Esko Johnson
Here is a draft of part one of your story as a music student:
I have always had a passion for music from a young age. I started playing the piano when I was 7 years old. My piano teacher, Ms. Smith, had a huge impact on me and is the reason I fell in love with music. She brought so much joy and enthusiasm to our lessons. I have fond memories of practicing for hours to prepare for my annual recitals.
In high school, I joined the choir and began singing lessons. I discovered I had an alto voice range that I really enjoyed using. Our choir director, Mr. Jones, challenged us to strive for excellence. Performing in concerts and competitions helped build my confidence on stage
This document provides an overview of the qualitative research method of phenomenology. It discusses how phenomenology aims to understand lived experiences through descriptive analysis and bracketing of preconceptions. The document outlines the origins of phenomenology in Edmund Husserl's work and describes key aspects of the approach including describing the essence of phenomena, intentionality, and suspension of judgments. It also notes some criticisms of phenomenology in its subjectivity and difficulties establishing validity and reliability.
This document discusses methods for researching privacy in housing. It begins by reviewing different approaches to studying culture and human-environment relationships. It then discusses the person-environment congruence (PEC) model, which examines the fit between an individual's privacy needs and the privacy provided by a physical setting. The document argues that the PEC model is well-suited for studying privacy in housing design, as it considers both individuals' experiences and attributes of the physical environment. It concludes that research on privacy must treat people as both subjects and objects and examine the interaction between individuals and their settings.
This document provides an overview of the qualitative research method known as phenomenology. It defines phenomenology as describing the meaning of lived experiences around a phenomenon from several individuals' perspectives. The document outlines the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology, including its constructivist viewpoint and focus on understanding socially constructed realities. It also reviews key aspects of phenomenology such as its process, methods, data collection and analysis techniques.
A Narrative Inquiry in physical educationAshley Casey
Presentation at AIESEP Madrid 2015 - A Narrative Inquiry into the negotiation of the dominant stories of physical education: Living, telling, re-telling, and re-living
Ethnography is described as the art and science of describing a culture or group. It relies on up-close experience and participation from researchers to understand the natural setting and points of view of those being observed. Ethnographic research is qualitative and subjective in nature, focusing on descriptions over statistics. It aims to understand cultural perspectives to explain human actions. The research process is inductive and involves naturalistic observation, interviews, and document collection to develop narrative descriptions. Ethical concerns around informed consent, privacy, harm, and exploitation must also be considered. Program evaluation similarly uses social research methodologies but requires additional skills to operate within political and organizational contexts to influence decision making through empirical feedback. Common evaluation strategies include scientific-experimental,
This document provides an overview of narrative inquiry as a research method. It defines narrative inquiry as generating data in the form of stories and typologies of stories. It compares narrative inquiry to other methods and notes that it preserves the complexity and temporal context of lived experience. Examples are provided of narrative inquiry research projects conducted at the University of Sydney, including one exploring narratives around childhood sexual abuse and another exploring motivations for choosing psychology as a career.
Using qualitative research to generalizeAwais e Siraj
Dr. Awais e Siraj Managing Director Genzee Solutions, A Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Scenario Planning, Competency Based Human Resource Management Consulting Company
Introduction to-narrative inquiry-workshop_2012Esko Johnson
Here is a draft of part one of your story as a music student:
I have always had a passion for music from a young age. I started playing the piano when I was 7 years old. My piano teacher, Ms. Smith, had a huge impact on me and is the reason I fell in love with music. She brought so much joy and enthusiasm to our lessons. I have fond memories of practicing for hours to prepare for my annual recitals.
In high school, I joined the choir and began singing lessons. I discovered I had an alto voice range that I really enjoyed using. Our choir director, Mr. Jones, challenged us to strive for excellence. Performing in concerts and competitions helped build my confidence on stage
This document provides an overview of the qualitative research method of phenomenology. It discusses how phenomenology aims to understand lived experiences through descriptive analysis and bracketing of preconceptions. The document outlines the origins of phenomenology in Edmund Husserl's work and describes key aspects of the approach including describing the essence of phenomena, intentionality, and suspension of judgments. It also notes some criticisms of phenomenology in its subjectivity and difficulties establishing validity and reliability.
This document discusses methods for researching privacy in housing. It begins by reviewing different approaches to studying culture and human-environment relationships. It then discusses the person-environment congruence (PEC) model, which examines the fit between an individual's privacy needs and the privacy provided by a physical setting. The document argues that the PEC model is well-suited for studying privacy in housing design, as it considers both individuals' experiences and attributes of the physical environment. It concludes that research on privacy must treat people as both subjects and objects and examine the interaction between individuals and their settings.
This document provides an overview of the qualitative research method known as phenomenology. It defines phenomenology as describing the meaning of lived experiences around a phenomenon from several individuals' perspectives. The document outlines the philosophical underpinnings of phenomenology, including its constructivist viewpoint and focus on understanding socially constructed realities. It also reviews key aspects of phenomenology such as its process, methods, data collection and analysis techniques.
A Narrative Inquiry in physical educationAshley Casey
Presentation at AIESEP Madrid 2015 - A Narrative Inquiry into the negotiation of the dominant stories of physical education: Living, telling, re-telling, and re-living
Ethnography is described as the art and science of describing a culture or group. It relies on up-close experience and participation from researchers to understand the natural setting and points of view of those being observed. Ethnographic research is qualitative and subjective in nature, focusing on descriptions over statistics. It aims to understand cultural perspectives to explain human actions. The research process is inductive and involves naturalistic observation, interviews, and document collection to develop narrative descriptions. Ethical concerns around informed consent, privacy, harm, and exploitation must also be considered. Program evaluation similarly uses social research methodologies but requires additional skills to operate within political and organizational contexts to influence decision making through empirical feedback. Common evaluation strategies include scientific-experimental,
This document provides an overview of narrative inquiry as a research method. It defines narrative inquiry as generating data in the form of stories and typologies of stories. It compares narrative inquiry to other methods and notes that it preserves the complexity and temporal context of lived experience. Examples are provided of narrative inquiry research projects conducted at the University of Sydney, including one exploring narratives around childhood sexual abuse and another exploring motivations for choosing psychology as a career.
Using qualitative research to generalizeAwais e Siraj
Dr. Awais e Siraj Managing Director Genzee Solutions, A Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Scenario Planning, Competency Based Human Resource Management Consulting Company
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
Cynthia CAVALLI An exploration of objective meaning in synchronicityCynthia Cavalli, Ph.D.
The document summarizes a research study that explored the experience of objective meaning in transformational life experiences known as synchronicities. Nine participants who experienced significant synchronicities were interviewed. The results identified common themes across the participants' experiences, including crisis, disruption of emotions, uncertainty, experiences of synchronicity itself, feelings of awe, recognition of larger patterns in life, emergence of meaning, and life transformation. These themes formed the essential structure of experiencing meaningful coincidence and objective meaning in transformational events.
1. The document discusses the potential of autoethnography for generating knowledge from personal experiences of mental health service users and survivors, particularly lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.
2. Autoethnography is presented as a way to capture individual testimony and narratives to contribute to collective knowledge and challenge dominant narratives. It allows for personal accounts and experiences to be shared and understood as a form of knowledge equal to professional and clinical perspectives.
3. Key aspects of autoethnography discussed include using personal experience as a starting point for inquiry, positioning individual experiences in broader historical and social contexts, and contributing to understanding broader social phenomena through analytical examination of self-reflection. It is argued that autoethnography
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research methodology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject. Ethnography involves direct observation and interaction with participants in their natural environment through methods such as interviews and surveys. It requires skills such as interpretative agility, impartiality, and cultural sensitivity. The document outlines the history, key features, advantages, and disadvantages of ethnographic research and provides guidance on its applications and effective conduct.
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
The document discusses the interpretivist paradigm, which focuses on understanding human behavior and meaning-making through subjective interpretations rather than objective facts or explanations. Key aspects of interpretivism include: seeing reality as socially constructed; understanding through dialogue and context rather than neutrality; and the researcher and participant influencing each other. Interpretive research uses methods like thick description and observation to develop contextualized understandings without making claims of absolute truth. The role of the researcher is especially important as the main research instrument.
Research Dilemmas Paradigms, Methods and MethodologyJairo Gomez
The document discusses issues faced by early career researchers, including confusion created by textbooks and articles that present research methodology as either qualitative or quantitative. It argues that discussions should include mixed methods and address the perceived dichotomy. The document then defines and discusses various research paradigms, including positivist/postpositivist, interpretivist/constructivist, transformative, and pragmatic. It explores how paradigms relate to methodology and methods, noting that certain paradigms are commonly associated with either qualitative or quantitative approaches.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and research methods. It defines organizational behavior as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses both natural and social sciences as they relate to organizational behavior. Key research methods covered include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The document also outlines different types of interviews, observations, and research designs such as experiments, case studies, and surveys.
Literature Survey on Identification of Author’s Trait Using Textual DataEditor IJMTER
Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Personality is the branch
of psychology which is concerned with providing a systematic account of the ways by which we can
differentiate one-another. Individuals differ from one another in a variety of ways: their anatomical and
physiognomic characteristics, their personal appearance, grooming, manner of dress, their social
backgrounds, roles and other demographic characteristics, their effect on others or social stimulus value
and their temporary states, moods, attitudes and activities at any given moment in time. Since human
tendencies are largely dependent on environmental and situational consistencies. In proposed work we
study various researches has been done to identify the trait of author’s.
Qualitative content analysis in Media PsychologyJenna Condie
Qualitative Content Analysis session for MSc Media Psychology students at the University of Salford.
The aim of the session is to consider knowledge and research on a continuum from positivist to interpretivist, realist to relativist, quantitative to qualitative. It's taken me the best part of four years to get a handle on my epistemological and ontological positions so I am hoping my 'pain' will be someone else's 'gain'. This is the first lecture where my PhD work is really showing its worth for my teaching. Would be interested to hear others thoughts on how to teach and learn qualitative research methods.
A further aim is to expand what we consider to be 'data' and think about how we can generate new knowledge about new media in innovative and creative ways. Sometimes the more traditional methods don't translate very well to contemporary issues. The session therefore introduces the concept of researcher-as-bricoleur.
As an exercise to develop our interpretative skills, Plan B's ill Manors track will be analysed in the session from different perspectives. We will start with the text, then listen to the song, then watch the music video, then see the trailer to the film to build more complex interpretations of Plan Bs work and consider its relationship to the 'real world'. Hopefully the session will work will:)
CAOT 2013 Poster on Narrative Inquiry and OT/OSSusan Burwash
Narrative inquiry (NI) is a methodology developed by Clandinin and Connelly to study human experience through narratives. It views experience as both personal and social, influenced by Dewey's ideas. NI explores how individuals compose their lives over time and context through stories of their experiences. While rarely used in occupational therapy research, NI is well-suited to explore experiences and has been applied in other fields like education and nursing.
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
Ethnographic research relies on close observation and participation in natural settings to understand participants' perspectives. It aims to understand cultures different from one's own. Key characteristics include studying behavior in everyday contexts, using unstructured data collection like informal conversations, focusing on a small group, and emphasizing interpretation over quantification. Researchers watch what happens, listen, ask informal interview questions, and collect documents to produce narrative descriptions.
Lecture on influential conceptions of consciousness in psychology, social psychology and sociology and their relationship to ideas about identity and self.
Thinking about Thought - Theories of Brain Mind Consciusness - Part 6. Consciousness, Self, Free Will I keep updating these slides at http://www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
Colonialism, Post-colonialist Theory, Globalisation & the MediaEmma McAneny
This document provides context on colonialism, post-colonialist theory, and their relationship to globalization and media. It defines key concepts like colonialism, empire, cultural imperialism, and orientalism. It outlines the history of British colonialism and discusses post-colonialist thinkers like Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Their work examined how colonialism continues to impact formerly colonized societies and how media representations perpetuate colonial power dynamics. The document also discusses criticisms of post-colonialist theory and related topics like neocolonialism, diaspora, double consciousness, and the effects of globalization.
The document discusses several theories of self-awareness and self-development, including how early experiences shape one's self-image, the influence of significant others, social comparison processes, Freud's concepts of the id, ego and superego, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Rogers' notion of unconditional positive regard and the real self. It also provides tips for improving self-esteem such as recognizing one's control over self-image, affirming strengths, and maintaining a sense of humor.
This document discusses gender identity and its development. It defines sex as biological and refers to physical differences, while gender is psychological and relates to one's sense of masculinity or femininity. It explores several theories on how gender roles and identities form, including:
- Biological factors like evolutionary mating strategies
- Kohlberg's cognitive theory of gender constancy in childhood
- Social cognitive theory of learning gender roles through observation and reinforcement
- Gender schema theory of organizing information according to masculine/feminine concepts
- Psychoanalytic theories like Freud's identification theory of gender development through the Oedipus complex.
The document summarizes theories on identity by Althusser, Stryker, and Marcuse. Althusser's theory of interpellation proposes that individuals absorb their identity from dominant ideologies through uncritical consumption of media texts. Stryker's identity salience hierarchy refers to identities ordered by importance, where more salient identities are more likely to be invoked. Commitment can change an identity's position. Marcuse argues that identity formation is constrained by consumerism and technology, leaving no room for inner self-development and instead creating false needs through advertising.
The document summarizes several theories of gender development, including social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, gender schema theory, and gender script theory. It compares concepts between theorists like Freud and Horney. It also discusses problems with fully explaining gender development with any single theory and notes a goal of understanding increased gender flexibility in late adolescence.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research presented in a lecture. It discusses the different forms of research including scientific, humanities, and artistic research. It also defines qualitative research as exploring human complexity through naturalistic inquiry. Key differences between qualitative and quantitative research are outlined such as qualitative research using small, purposefully selected sample sizes and semi-structured instruments to understand individual experiences. Common types of qualitative research described include grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, historical research, case studies, and narrative analysis. Examples are provided for each type to illustrate their applications.
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
Cynthia CAVALLI An exploration of objective meaning in synchronicityCynthia Cavalli, Ph.D.
The document summarizes a research study that explored the experience of objective meaning in transformational life experiences known as synchronicities. Nine participants who experienced significant synchronicities were interviewed. The results identified common themes across the participants' experiences, including crisis, disruption of emotions, uncertainty, experiences of synchronicity itself, feelings of awe, recognition of larger patterns in life, emergence of meaning, and life transformation. These themes formed the essential structure of experiencing meaningful coincidence and objective meaning in transformational events.
1. The document discusses the potential of autoethnography for generating knowledge from personal experiences of mental health service users and survivors, particularly lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals.
2. Autoethnography is presented as a way to capture individual testimony and narratives to contribute to collective knowledge and challenge dominant narratives. It allows for personal accounts and experiences to be shared and understood as a form of knowledge equal to professional and clinical perspectives.
3. Key aspects of autoethnography discussed include using personal experience as a starting point for inquiry, positioning individual experiences in broader historical and social contexts, and contributing to understanding broader social phenomena through analytical examination of self-reflection. It is argued that autoethnography
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research methodology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject. Ethnography involves direct observation and interaction with participants in their natural environment through methods such as interviews and surveys. It requires skills such as interpretative agility, impartiality, and cultural sensitivity. The document outlines the history, key features, advantages, and disadvantages of ethnographic research and provides guidance on its applications and effective conduct.
The document discusses feminist perspectives on research methods and epistemology. It outlines the feminist critique of traditional masculine approaches, which claim objectivity but exclude women's experiences. It also describes different feminist frameworks, including feminist empiricism, standpoint theory, and postmodernism. Finally, it discusses ensuring gender is considered in all aspects of the research process, from topic selection to data analysis and presentation of findings.
The document discusses the interpretivist paradigm, which focuses on understanding human behavior and meaning-making through subjective interpretations rather than objective facts or explanations. Key aspects of interpretivism include: seeing reality as socially constructed; understanding through dialogue and context rather than neutrality; and the researcher and participant influencing each other. Interpretive research uses methods like thick description and observation to develop contextualized understandings without making claims of absolute truth. The role of the researcher is especially important as the main research instrument.
Research Dilemmas Paradigms, Methods and MethodologyJairo Gomez
The document discusses issues faced by early career researchers, including confusion created by textbooks and articles that present research methodology as either qualitative or quantitative. It argues that discussions should include mixed methods and address the perceived dichotomy. The document then defines and discusses various research paradigms, including positivist/postpositivist, interpretivist/constructivist, transformative, and pragmatic. It explores how paradigms relate to methodology and methods, noting that certain paradigms are commonly associated with either qualitative or quantitative approaches.
This document provides an overview of organizational behavior and research methods. It defines organizational behavior as the study of human behavior in organizations. It discusses both natural and social sciences as they relate to organizational behavior. Key research methods covered include observation, questionnaires, interviews, and document analysis. The document also outlines different types of interviews, observations, and research designs such as experiments, case studies, and surveys.
Literature Survey on Identification of Author’s Trait Using Textual DataEditor IJMTER
Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Personality is the branch
of psychology which is concerned with providing a systematic account of the ways by which we can
differentiate one-another. Individuals differ from one another in a variety of ways: their anatomical and
physiognomic characteristics, their personal appearance, grooming, manner of dress, their social
backgrounds, roles and other demographic characteristics, their effect on others or social stimulus value
and their temporary states, moods, attitudes and activities at any given moment in time. Since human
tendencies are largely dependent on environmental and situational consistencies. In proposed work we
study various researches has been done to identify the trait of author’s.
Qualitative content analysis in Media PsychologyJenna Condie
Qualitative Content Analysis session for MSc Media Psychology students at the University of Salford.
The aim of the session is to consider knowledge and research on a continuum from positivist to interpretivist, realist to relativist, quantitative to qualitative. It's taken me the best part of four years to get a handle on my epistemological and ontological positions so I am hoping my 'pain' will be someone else's 'gain'. This is the first lecture where my PhD work is really showing its worth for my teaching. Would be interested to hear others thoughts on how to teach and learn qualitative research methods.
A further aim is to expand what we consider to be 'data' and think about how we can generate new knowledge about new media in innovative and creative ways. Sometimes the more traditional methods don't translate very well to contemporary issues. The session therefore introduces the concept of researcher-as-bricoleur.
As an exercise to develop our interpretative skills, Plan B's ill Manors track will be analysed in the session from different perspectives. We will start with the text, then listen to the song, then watch the music video, then see the trailer to the film to build more complex interpretations of Plan Bs work and consider its relationship to the 'real world'. Hopefully the session will work will:)
CAOT 2013 Poster on Narrative Inquiry and OT/OSSusan Burwash
Narrative inquiry (NI) is a methodology developed by Clandinin and Connelly to study human experience through narratives. It views experience as both personal and social, influenced by Dewey's ideas. NI explores how individuals compose their lives over time and context through stories of their experiences. While rarely used in occupational therapy research, NI is well-suited to explore experiences and has been applied in other fields like education and nursing.
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
Ethnographic research relies on close observation and participation in natural settings to understand participants' perspectives. It aims to understand cultures different from one's own. Key characteristics include studying behavior in everyday contexts, using unstructured data collection like informal conversations, focusing on a small group, and emphasizing interpretation over quantification. Researchers watch what happens, listen, ask informal interview questions, and collect documents to produce narrative descriptions.
Lecture on influential conceptions of consciousness in psychology, social psychology and sociology and their relationship to ideas about identity and self.
Thinking about Thought - Theories of Brain Mind Consciusness - Part 6. Consciousness, Self, Free Will I keep updating these slides at http://www.scaruffi.com/ucb.html
Colonialism, Post-colonialist Theory, Globalisation & the MediaEmma McAneny
This document provides context on colonialism, post-colonialist theory, and their relationship to globalization and media. It defines key concepts like colonialism, empire, cultural imperialism, and orientalism. It outlines the history of British colonialism and discusses post-colonialist thinkers like Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, and W.E.B. Du Bois. Their work examined how colonialism continues to impact formerly colonized societies and how media representations perpetuate colonial power dynamics. The document also discusses criticisms of post-colonialist theory and related topics like neocolonialism, diaspora, double consciousness, and the effects of globalization.
The document discusses several theories of self-awareness and self-development, including how early experiences shape one's self-image, the influence of significant others, social comparison processes, Freud's concepts of the id, ego and superego, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, and Rogers' notion of unconditional positive regard and the real self. It also provides tips for improving self-esteem such as recognizing one's control over self-image, affirming strengths, and maintaining a sense of humor.
This document discusses gender identity and its development. It defines sex as biological and refers to physical differences, while gender is psychological and relates to one's sense of masculinity or femininity. It explores several theories on how gender roles and identities form, including:
- Biological factors like evolutionary mating strategies
- Kohlberg's cognitive theory of gender constancy in childhood
- Social cognitive theory of learning gender roles through observation and reinforcement
- Gender schema theory of organizing information according to masculine/feminine concepts
- Psychoanalytic theories like Freud's identification theory of gender development through the Oedipus complex.
The document summarizes theories on identity by Althusser, Stryker, and Marcuse. Althusser's theory of interpellation proposes that individuals absorb their identity from dominant ideologies through uncritical consumption of media texts. Stryker's identity salience hierarchy refers to identities ordered by importance, where more salient identities are more likely to be invoked. Commitment can change an identity's position. Marcuse argues that identity formation is constrained by consumerism and technology, leaving no room for inner self-development and instead creating false needs through advertising.
The document summarizes several theories of gender development, including social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, gender schema theory, and gender script theory. It compares concepts between theorists like Freud and Horney. It also discusses problems with fully explaining gender development with any single theory and notes a goal of understanding increased gender flexibility in late adolescence.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research presented in a lecture. It discusses the different forms of research including scientific, humanities, and artistic research. It also defines qualitative research as exploring human complexity through naturalistic inquiry. Key differences between qualitative and quantitative research are outlined such as qualitative research using small, purposefully selected sample sizes and semi-structured instruments to understand individual experiences. Common types of qualitative research described include grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, historical research, case studies, and narrative analysis. Examples are provided for each type to illustrate their applications.
Autoethnographic Writing Inside And Outside The Academy And EthicsBryce Nelson
This document discusses the ethics of autoethnographic writing both inside and outside of academia. It notes that published writers entering PhD programs are often surprised by university ethics requirements for works involving personal elements. The paper examines how autoethnography connects the personal and social, making it difficult to discuss oneself without discussing others. It also considers challenges of applying a retrospective methodology in practice-led research, which clashes with universities' proactive ethics procedures. The document identifies nine practical problems that can arise and argues for best practices around consent, transparency, and dialogue regarding autoethnographic research ethics.
This document discusses potential interpretive pitfalls when analyzing the Old Testament, according to Andrew E. Hill's book A Survey of the Old Testament. Some key pitfalls mentioned are: not understanding the Bible was originally written in other languages and cultures, not letting the biblical text speak for itself, failing to recognize one's own presuppositions, and ignoring the original author's intended message in favor of how the interpreter wants to use the text. The document focuses on these interpretive challenges and cautions readers to avoid misinterpreting biblical texts.
The document summarizes ten research perspectives: postpositivism, pragmatism, constructivism, critical theory, interpretivism, race/gender/ethnicity theories, queer theory, critical race theory, and art-based research. These perspectives differ in their views of truth, from postpositivism's view that absolute truths cannot be known, to pragmatism focusing on practical consequences, to constructivism believing truth is subjective. Critical theory and interpretivism both emphasize power relations and critique of ideologies. Race/gender/ethnicity, queer theory and critical race theory acknowledge marginalization but differ in their specific focuses. Art-based research uses art to communicate research findings.
This chapter focuses on individual differences in personality across the lifespan. It discusses key issues in the study of temperament and personality, including how they are similar and distinct. Temperament traits emerge early in life and have a presumed biological basis, whereas personality encompasses a wider range of individual differences. However, temperament and personality traits share several important similarities. Both show moderate genetic influence, are affected by experience, and often involve habitual positive and negative emotions. The chapter reviews what is known about the structure of personality from infancy through adulthood and considers the concept of personality types.
Examine changes introduced to reform or restructBetseyCalderon89
Examine changes introduced to reform or restructure the U.S. health care delivery system. In a 1,000-1,250 word
paper, discuss action taken for reform and restructuring and the role of the nurse within this changing environment.
Include the following:
1. Outline a current or emerging health care law or federal regulation introduced to reform or restructure
some aspect of the health care delivery system. Describe the effect of this on nursing practice and the
nurse's role and responsibility.
2. Discuss how quality measures and pay for performance affect patient outcomes. Explain how these
affect nursing practice and describe the expectations and responsibilities of the nursing role in these
situations.
3. Discuss professional nursing leadership and management roles that have arisen and how they are
important in responding to emerging trends and in the promotion of patient safety and quality care in
diverse health care settings.
4. Research emerging trends. Predict two ways in which the practice of nursing and nursing roles will grow
or transform within the next five years to respond to upcoming trends or predicted issues in health care.
You are required to cite to a minimum of three sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published
within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and relevant to nursing practice.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success
Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the
expectations for successful completion.
Health Care Delivery Models
and Nursing Practice
92
C H A P T E R 5
Narrative Analysis
Approaches
Cigdem Esin
Introduction
This chapter is about using narrative analysis. Like the other approaches described in this book, narrative analysis is an umbrella term that covers a plurality of
methods. The narrative analysis approach takes stories as the unit of analysis. The
stories are usually gathered from the accounts of participants and each approach
focuses on a different feature of the story. Features may be the structure (e.g. Labov,
1972), the content (e.g. Riessman, 1993; Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach & Zilber, 1998) or
the performative function (e.g. Riessman, 1993; Mishler, 1995; Denzin, 2001), for
example. The chapter begi ...
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand opinions, experiences, and meanings. It focuses on exploring issues, generating hypotheses, and understanding phenomena in context rather than testing predetermined hypotheses. This document provides an overview of different qualitative research methods including basic interpretive studies, phenomenological studies, grounded theory studies, case studies, ethnographic studies, narrative analysis, critical qualitative research, and postmodern research. Examples are provided for each method to illustrate how they have been applied. Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research are also discussed.
This interpretive essay analyzes James Joyce's short story "Araby" through three paragraphs. It summarizes that the narrator is striving to achieve the goal of bringing a gift for the girl he likes from the Araby carnival. Through his failure to accomplish this goal on time, he comes to an epiphany about unattainable dreams. The setting and descriptions of the girl are used to develop themes of desire, longing, and disappointment. Key details are discussed, such as the narrator obsessively watching the girl's door and her image coming between him and his studies.
1. Interviewing ethnic minorities presents considerations for researchers who do not belong to the ethnic minority group being studied. Access to respondents, issues of voice, and how respondents' answers are influenced by the researcher must be taken into account.
2. Researchers should be aware of cultural differences that may impact access, and build rapport with respondents to make them feel more comfortable. Respondent answers are also shaped by the perceived social roles and power dynamics between the researcher and respondent.
3. To accurately represent ethnic minority groups, researchers must recognize how their own backgrounds and biases could influence data interpretation and present the groups' perspectives without stereotyping. Understanding context is key to obtaining and analyzing responses.
This document discusses a qualitative research study that used an idealist ontology and ethnographic methodology to study the healthcare environment of a locked psychiatric ward. An idealist ontology assumes that knowledge is subjective and influenced by the researcher's interpretations. The researchers immersed themselves in the ward's culture through participant observation to understand the perspectives of both patients and staff. Field notes were analyzed into themes like "to have control" and "to be controlled" to depict life on the ward from the viewpoints of those involved. The purpose was to gain an intimate interpretive understanding of the lived experiences within this environment.
This document discusses auto/biography as a method in sociology. It begins by outlining how biography involves both gathering data about an individual and interpreting that data. It then discusses the rise and fall of life history as a method in the social sciences. Specifically, it notes that life histories were seen as valuable data in early 20th century sociology but declined as sociology sought more quantitative and theoretical approaches. Finally, it discusses some theoretical perspectives that underpin auto/biographical research methods, noting differences can change how biographical narratives are viewed.
This document provides an overview of narrative inquiry as a qualitative research methodology. It defines key terms and concepts in narrative inquiry. Narrative inquiry studies experience as understood narratively, through concepts like temporality, sociality, and place. Research can start from either stories participants tell or from living stories as experiences unfold. Field texts are created from stories and analyzed considering narrative elements. The recursive process involves moving between fieldwork, field texts, interim analyses, and final research texts while thinking narratively about the phenomenon under study. Design considerations include justifying and framing the research puzzle and acknowledging the ongoing nature of experience.
The document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, outlining key concepts in the first session. It defines qualitative research as a strategy for collecting and interpreting non-numerical data through methods like observation and interviews. The characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena in their natural settings and interpreting findings from an emergent and holistic viewpoint. Examples of qualitative research types discussed are narrative research, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The document concludes by listing common steps and examples of qualitative studies conducted in healthcare contexts.
Persuasive Essay Topics For High School.pdfLynn Bennett
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A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONALYolanda Ivey
This document is a thesis submitted by Asumpta K. Mulila-Matei to the University of Nairobi in fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Linguistics. The thesis investigates discourse, gender identity and gender power relations in Kyallo Wamitila's novel Unaitwa Nani? using critical discourse analysis and systemic functional linguistics. The study aims to examine how language is used to position men and women as social actors and how it signifies, reproduces and contests asymmetrical gender power relations. It also seeks to analyze the gender ideologies that help sustain unequal gender relations. The thesis includes chapters on the theoretical framework, research methodology, data analysis and findings.
INTERCULTURAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROJECTWritten Report. The .docxnormanibarber20063
INTERCULTURAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROJECT
Written Report. The written report (7-8 pages and References) should consist of an introduction, in which the general context is explained and a rationale is provided for the importance of the topic, and the following sections: (a) description of the situation and the context in which it is embedded; (b) 4 page literature review; and (c) analysis of the situation and conclusion. Include a reference page prepared in either APA or MLA format, and attach an appendix with copies of materials (e.g., specific news articles) that help explain the context.
Paper Structure Guidelines
You may use headings (e.g., Introduction, Body, Conclusion) for the main parts of your paper. Also, use “I” in this paper where appropriate.
1. Introduction
a. Provide background information about the issue/case/incident/situation that led you to work on this research project
b. State your Research Question
c. State your position on the issue and preview what you will discuss in the paper
2. Body
a. Provide a summary of each of the articles/sources you located. Think carefully about how you order these summaries.
b. Discuss how these sources inform you about the situation/case/issue your investigated; how they help you in answering your research question.
3. Conclusion
a. State what you have learned about the situation/issue/case based on the research you did.
4. Do not forget to mention how this research relates to what you have been learning in CAS 471 this semester.
5. References
6. Appendix (only if applicable). If you investigated a specific incident/case/situation discussed in the media, include a link or attach a copy of the news article.
Grading Rubric:
Content (80 pts)
Introduction (14 pts)
Body: Review of research studies/articles/sources (36 pts)
Body: Summary and discussion of findings (20 points)
Conclusion (10 pts)
Organization & overall format (5 pts)
Grammar, punctuation, spelling (5 pts)
In-text documentation (5 pts)
Reference page (end-of-text list of references) (5 pts)
Running head ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4
Annotated Bibliography
Gordon Lu (Guo)
ICC 471
Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2005). Beyond the optimal contact strategy: a reality check for the contact hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(7), 697.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(1), 62.
In this article, the authors discuss the contact theory that argues that contact between people between diverse groups normally assists in reducing the intergroup prejudice, but only in ideal conditions. The authors continue to criticize some research practices have been dominant in this field including the prioritization of the research of relations between rarefied circumstances. They also critic.
This document provides an annotated bibliography for Spencer Ruelos' theoretical and research interests, which center around queer, digital, and social justice anthropological theories. The bibliography is divided into three sections: Queer Anthropology, Digital and Virtual Anthropologies, and Social Justice and Transformation. The Queer Anthropology section lists 10 influential works that have shaped Ruelos' understanding of concepts like gender, sexuality, and power relations. The Digital and Virtual Anthropologies section explores Ruelos' interest in technology's role in daily life and relationships. The final section on Social Justice and Transformation outlines Ruelos' activist interests in social movements and using anthropology for social change.
This chapter discusses six common qualitative research designs: phenomenological studies, ethnographic studies, grounded theory studies, historical studies, case studies, and action research studies. Phenomenological studies examine human experiences through descriptions provided by subjects. Ethnographic studies involve collecting data about cultural groups through participant observation and interviews. Grounded theory studies develop theories grounded in collected data through constant comparison and identifying concepts. Historical studies seek to relate past events to the present through identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing data from the past. Case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a person, group, or situation. Action research studies aim to solve an immediate problem and create social change through participatory research.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
15 gender consciousness -92-104
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 2, No 4, 2011
A Study on Gender Consciousness in Nigerian Autobiographical
Narratives and Power of the Interview
Ogunyemi, Christopher Babatunde
Department of English, College of Humanities, Joseph Ayo Babalola University
PMB 5006 Ilesa 233001 Osun State, Nigeria.
bbcoguns2@yahoo.se
Akindutire, Isaac Olusola
Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Education
University of Ado Ekiti
Ado Ekiti. Ekiti State, Nigeria
ioakindutire@yahoo.com
Adelakun, Ojo Johnson
Department of Economics, Joseph Ayo Babalola University,
PMB 5006 Ilesa 233001, Osun State, Nigeria
joadelakun@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract
The study explores some self-created metaphors in male autobiographical writings in Nigeria. It visualizes the
negation of female gender in art. The paper investigates the dichotomy of language, the use of irony and situational
metaphors to displace conventional ones; it blends theories with critical evaluation of discourse. The research uses
empirical methods in solving hypothetical questions with the use of extensive and relatively unstructured interviews.
It examines the interviews of twenty five people independently, these people include: University lecturers, students,
administrative and technical staff. The work analyzes concurrently their interview testimonies to search for
congruence. Data analysis begins with a detailed microanalysis in which emergent concepts were defined and then
followed by a more refined, focused analysis of broader conceptual categories and premises. By first classifying
specific aspects of interview testimonies and later exploring the interrelationships between concepts and examining
the overarching patterns and themes, an inductive, grounded theory approach to the study of autobiographical
narratives and gender imperatives.
Keywords: Gender Consciousness, Power of the Interview and autobiographical Writings
1.0 Introduction
The term “gender” which is derived from a Latin noun “genus” is now until recently used to denote masculine,
feminine and neuter. However, gender is not the major theoretical framework of male autobiographical narratives in
Nigeria. The onus of gender is celebrated by Nigerian male actors. Studies have shown that both male and female
populations in Nigeria now want a gender sensitive writing that propels good economy. People should be gender
sensitive and the scientists “gender construents” in the words of Francis Enemuo. This paper examines the role
played by autobiographical writers and the various reactions of the respondents which point towards personal and
literary opinion about the autobiographical themes. The work demonstrates that the differences between males and
females are just natural, other phenomena are critically invented by society and such invention is constantly kept in
the collective memory of the people.
Extant research has proved that criticism on autobiographical writing is inadequate because more male writers still
write for self-glorification (Hes and Handle 1994:17). The prevailing assumption that men are equal to women is sill
celebrated in autobiographical art. The way and manner through which critics demonstrate gender equality help in
92
2. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 2, No 4, 2011
re-shaping “the autobiographical truth” (Balzac 2008:114). The relationship between “male” “autobiography”
“narratives” “gender” and “imperatives” are unclear because researchers frequently examine one or two of these
components, (Behringer 2008:71) “but not all five”. At present, what we currently perceive as autobiographical
narratives is typically derived from quantitative analysis or one self-report. The combination of these five
components which my research celebrates is a contribution to scholarship because no extant research has the pains
to look at these exploitations in a whole. The paper uses explanatory model to explain how interviews portray
various interpretations of male writings. It examines independently what each person has in stock. The paper blends
autobiographical approach with other models in explaining the findings accumulated from the various interviews
conducted. Theories would be blend with traditions in showing how gender consciousness becomes a panacea in the
understanding of various autobiographical narratives in Nigeria.
2.0 Blending Theories and Models
An excellent research marries theoretical framework with research methodology (Becker 1994:95, Denzin 1989:54,
Garfinked 1967:140 as quoted by:72). Rather than relying entirely on one methodological strategy, the reciprocal
nature of theory and methods must be appreciated in order to select methods that mirror and capture the theoretical
postulates of human interaction (Behringer 2008). It is the underlying theory of narratology that creates the
appropriate criticism for narratives. This is dependent upon its content, structure and symbolic interpretation, which
enable us to decode its completive and denotative application. Hence, it is applied with autobiographical approach in
order to delineate its scientific implications. First, I want to comment that the term male autobiographical narratives
and gender imperative is a rare phrase that seldom goes together in extant scholarship. I decide to bring everything
together in order to evaluate the superstructure that informs the phrase. There are myriads of mutual and formal
experiences that this phrase examines. “The pluralistic nature of this research is explored succinctly in my research
design, and particularly emphasizes how individuals react to gender imperatives.
3.0 Autobiographical Approach: The Power of the Interview
One of the primary goals of this research is to fill a large void in the contemporary understanding of male
autobiographical narratives and gender imperatives. For this reason, the research is inductive. It relied on qualitative
autobiographical approach. The “conceptual understanding” this work portrays is to address concrete realities
(Charmz 2002). The purpose for this is to
ensure that each research question is addressed while at the
same time guaranteeing the interviewee considerable flexibility
in reporting what they deem relevant which requires the use
of in-depth qualitative interviews (Behringer 2008).
Specifically extensive, focused interviews were selected for this method which enables the interview to obtain pre-
designated types of information from each respondent while still creating a conversational environment questions
that may be asked in order and these may be phrased differently based on the characteristics of each respondent.
However previously unconsidered questions may be raised and unanticipated topics developed. Though other
methods of inquiry exist, none is more viable for assessing the question of gender than in –depth qualitative
interview. Employing a highly structured and scandalized questionnaire could measure respondent’s comments on
the issue of gender disparities. However, a prior assumption would need to be made during survey construction. The
nature of my research questions warranted an open, exploratory interview environment that facilitates elucidation of
gender definitions and subsequent interpretations that follows. In this research, my interviews were structures to be
long because “one of the most powerful methods in the qualitative research is for a long extensive interview which
often produce rich data that can be more revealing than ordinary methodological strategies (McCracken 1988:9). A
qualitative interview, however, allows for previously unconsidered angles to merge as well as for various aspects of
male autobiographical narratives to come to the forefront in explaining levels of gender imperatives in Nigeria.
However “without a qualitative understanding of how culture medicates human action, we can know only what the
number tells us. The long qualitative interview is useful because it can help us to situate these numbers in their fuller
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social and cultural contexts (McCracken 1988). Extensive interviews allow the interviewer to enter the interviewee’s
subjective world, combine symbols and interaction, take the role of the respondent, and reflect on change and
process (Dezin 1989:12). Following a large quantitative academic account of male autobiographical narrative in line
of narratology, the research would clearly rely on the narratives self-reports or an observation of the narrative
techniques used by different autobiographers. From a typically contrived experimental setting, I will use various
comments and worldviews of the people interviewed. First, the narrative itself portends its own voice: the subjective
and evaluative content of the narrative shall be explored. Second, I shall delve into the subject matter in a text
format. These would be “analysed in tandem” (Behringer 2008:77). The perceptions about gender imperatives must
be established and visualized in the Nigerian autobiographical writings propelled by men. Third is the application of
the additional information accumulated from the diverse interviews. My research does not only examine gaps in the
current sociological and theoretical literature on gender and autobiographical studies but also the current
methodology and theory used in evaluating gender perspectives.
4.0 The Interviews: Methods and Operations
Multiple methods of subject recruitment were employed in order to generate a diverse cross-section of respondents.
Some respondents were interviewed at the Joseph Ayo Babalola University where I lecture English and literature.
Some respondents were approached in Port Harcourt: Emarid College and Champions World Institute of Creative
Studies respectively. Academic, non-academic staff and students were first recruited through the e-email. We
circulated filers so as not to retain a purely academic or educated group of respondent. I used some additional
methods in circulating fliers by posting them in the cyber cafes, supermarkets, and barbers shops. I also used some
business centres at Ilesa in Osun State of Nigeria. I also conducted private interviews of men and women who show
special flair for autobiographical narratives and the question of gender. Individuals were typically contacted by
relative intervals (some respondents pleaded not to be mentioned in the research, so I used fictional names to code
their findings, example is Helena Hostrom from Denmark and Kimberley Davis from Dallas. (USA). Academic and
non-academic staff was interviewed separately and some participants that could not read or write were also
interviewed separately. This is because it is expedient to
Stress the explorative nature of the research so that individuals
would be confident that their views would not be held to any pre-established
standard but rather that anything they had to contribute about the
subject would be appreciated and beneficial (Behringer, 2008:79).
At this juncture, I explained succinctly the ‘potential benefits of participation’ to the participants. The overwhelming
majority agreed to participate in the study. Participating individuals were advised to select a convenient day, time
and location for the interview. It was emphasized that each participant is at liberty to select an interview
environment that would be most comfortable for them. A wide range of interview setting endured, I conducted
interviews on everyday of the week except on Sundays. Interviews take place beginning from 8.00am in the morning
to 10.00pm at night. My office is used for interviews when I am not out for lectures. I used the conference room,
interviewee’s office, bookstores, public libraries, my car, restaurants, university cafeteria, and students’ union
complex. Some interviews were conducted in August 2007, September 2008, and December 2008 to October 2009
and August 2011. Before engaging the participants, they were first asked to read and sign an informed consent
waiver, which highlighted the nature of participation. It listed the possible benefits and cost associated with the
study, detailed compensation and explanation on how participants’ information is voluntary and confidential. I could
not make effective tape recording because of the erratic and epileptic power supply in where I reside as at the time
of this research. But I ensured strong documentation of my data by writing and printing samples on my file and
proper storage of data on my personal computer. Participants were ensured that all information would remain
confidential and that I would not disclose their personal contents. I informed all the respondents that I should be
informed in case anyone develops a contrary opinion from what they had earlier documented. This would enable me
fine-tune its inclusion in the joint interview during the evaluation of findings. The average interview lasted 40
minutes while some lasted over one hour; students’ interviews typically lasted for 45 minutes. Some individual
interviews lasted for one hour. The time gap between individual and joint interviews was dependent on the number
of interviews. Two hours each were spent interviewing four elderly men and women in Yoruba language.
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The finding and analysis were later translated into English language for the purpose of documentation and easy
dissemination of facts. I provided some scholars who find more interest in doing advance research with
recommendation and some suggested reading list in the subject. Two of them handed in a cheque for N3,000.
Overall, 25 participants were recruited for the study. Although individual completed an individual interview, 7
completed a joint interview that forms the analysis of male autobiographical narratives and gender imperatives in
Nigeria. It is important to stress that only the black race dominates the research, as Nigeria is the most populous
black nation in the world with about 140 million people. The only foreigners are Helena Hostrom, a white Danish
scholar and Kimberly Davis an African American scholar from the University of Dallas who was in Nigeria on
sabbatical leave. 7% of the respondents obtained a bachelor’s degree and above or are about completing studies for
bachelor degree, 28% obtained high school diploma or above while 2% are those that cannot read and write. The
financial status of my respondents varied according to their class they vary with income ranging from $0
(unemployed or stay at home parents) to over $75,000 per annum. (The conversion is from Naira to dollars for easy
understanding). About 8 individuals have advanced degree (see Appendix A for brief biographies of each
respondent). Participants ranged in age between 22 years old to 96 years old. Most of the adults are married or are
into serious relationships leading into marriage. Most of the respondents are either Christians or Muslim except
Helena Hostrom who is a freethinker and Kimberly Davis who claims to be a believer in God but holds sway to no
religion. All my respondents have read one male autobiographical narrative in Africa and the Caribbean. All believe
in the need for marriage between both genders. But Helena Hostrom totally disagree in marriage between male and
female genders and insisted on homosexual relationship. The results and findings were sometime applied to
narratological theory and evaluative criticism.
5.0 Constructing the Individual and Group Interview
Though the most advantageous research method for this project is the interview, it is not without limitations.
Interviews are typically gendered productions for the interview environment can reflect unequal social arrangements
between women and men, and gender can shape the conduct and interpretation of the interviews as well as the
interviewer, thus reflecting how conversations unfold in art (Behringer, 2008:83). Individual and group questions
were designed to tap the conceptual fields, which the research questions attempt to ask (see appendix B for a
detailed interview schedule). During these extensive interviews, respondents were explicitly ask to define “male
autobiographical narrative” and “gender imperatives” forging their symbolic interpretations with definitions of
literary concepts, I systemically ask the respondents to x-ray their notions of gender disparities in any
autobiographical narrative they have read. The reason is to avoid bias judgment based on their answers; I am able to
identify traditional and conventional ideas with regards gender imperatives in autobiographical writings. These
terms are what Behringer tags “traditional and egalitarian.
6.0 Gender Consciousness Per Excellence
Predominantly, the literature on gender often neglects the importance of communicative context as Marie Behringer
(2008:176) rightly put it. She observes that though numerous studies indicate that men and women often differ in
their communicative styles with reference to Bradoc at al 1995:195, Crawford 1995:18, Hawkins 1980:585, Maltz
and Borker 1982:196, Mulac et al1995: 641). These changes in speech have caused greater misunderstanding among
both male and female genders. Male autobiographical writers assigned different tones and communicative styles to
their male and female characters. “The master tone is attributed to the male gender while the servant tone is
associated to the female gender” this is the position of Mrs. Abiye Amachree one of the respondents that was
interviewed in Lagos. She further observes that
Honesty should be reflected in any written autobiography either the work is written by male or female writer.
Nigerian male autobiographical writer did not reflect truth and total reality because they are one sided: they
frequently celebrate their glory. Wole Soyinka is a good example, just take a good look at his work which he entitled
The Man Died and ask yourself. Did the man really die? I think he meant that Nigerian women have died because he
was just telling us how his friends and the government exercised their masculine prowess.
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Similarly, her husband Augustine Amachree shares some opinions with her. The only area of divergence is that
Augustine believes that Nigerian male autobiographical writers are not one sided, they celebrate the experiences of
both male and female. He cited Festus Iyayi’s Violence to substantiate his position. According to him:
Iyayi is a good example of Nigerian male autobiographical writer. In Violence, Iyayi probes into the societal truth
by showing the impacts and the roles played by both male and female. He never meant evil when he shows how
Idemudia’s wife goes into prostitution. He only wants to tell us that both male and female are integral aspects of
Nigerian economy. It is an overstatement for us to see all the writers as being chauvinists.
Furthermore, autobiographical works in Nigeria reflects “cross-sex pseudo communication” (Cahill 1981:75). Cahill
is of the opinion that “words exchange” between the male and female character may drastically vary and this factor
can be seen in the words of Dr. Mrs. Sotonye Henry:
There’s work to it. We have to keep the communication open. Word exchange between male and female characters
is very important here. Male dominates everything: their cultures and; even the woman’s mind. We should be very
careful of this fact because the woman has a voice
7.0 Scope and Concept
Autobiographical narratives in Nigeria employ different scopes in their writings and in worldviews. Lofland and
Lofland (1995:14), observe that “certain codes and concepts appear more frequently than others in autobiographical
works. However, Charmaz (2002:109) views some of these “codes and concepts as overlapping and synthesized
while others less constructive. It is the scope and concept which respondents have reacted to that this section would
attempt to investigate. Afolabi George, a respondent from the garden city of Port-Harcourt has this to say:
When I read some Nigerian autobiographical narratives, I discovered that each writer projects the Nigerian culture,
our way of life and our conception of women in different dimension. The way Soyinka sees the woman is different
from the way Elechi Amadi sees the woman. It is a common knowledge that the woman needs attention and
assistance. These writers are highly constructive though they over celebrate the scope of their works a times.
Francis Olowoyemi in Port Harcourt is particular about the younger generation of writer in Nigeria. He looks
through their works and the materials that inform their writings and submits that:
The like of Kole Omososho is rare! He uses the ironic twist in narrating his autobiographical art. He is different
from Olusegun Obasanjo, Soyinka or Elechi Amadi because he is more aware of the culture and myth in the land.
He focuses on contemporary issues without major interest in the differences that exist among genders.
To Benita Alfred:
These male writers think that women lack economic value. An economic value is by definition a value with two
faces: not only does it play that role of a constant vis-à-vis. The concrete unit of money, but he also plays the role of
a variable vis-à-vis a fixed quantity of merchandise which serves it as a standard. These writers feel that women
have nothing to offer like their male counterparts, so there is no need celebrating women in art.
Margaret Dada, Cynthia June and Loretha Crowther believe that these male writers are found of classifying women
with children. This has become their scope in literature. Even the children literature in Nigeria is a metamorphosis of
the plight women and children face in art. They went further to observe the place of women in Nigerian society. In
politics and commerce, women have no place. They wait on men to assign them with roles and responsibilities.
Loretha Crowther is more axiomatic in her reactions:
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The fact that I am a woman does not make me a fool or a person without reaction. When I read these desperate
writers, I just feel that they are hungry, they are hungry for recognition. They forget the madness which they involve
in frequently. In Nigeria, men go to beer parlous, get drunk and even sleep there. They come home to beat up their
innocent wives, the next minute they want to write their autobiography. Autobiography about the plight of an idiot! I
don’t want to mention the name of any autobiographical writer because they are all the same!
Olusola Davies claims that she loves autobiographical works so much that she adores them. According to her:
Autobiographical writings in Nigeria are usually written to glorify male and their achievements. Check out all the
male autobiographical writers in Nigeria, they have one thing in common. They have many wives and concubines
who constantly make them happy. Is it Olusegun Obasanjo that you want me to mention or the Nobel Wole Soyinka
or Elechi Amadi? They are pretentious; they fail to reflect the real autobiographical truth as Balzac rightly puts it.
Their writings are basically academic set to show their ability in writing.
To Victoria Loveday:
I am not opposed to men getting married to many women or men celebrating their glory in autobiographical
writings, what I hate is their failure to express these things in their narratives. I love autobiographical narratives
that embody purpose, setting, theme and people’s idiosyncratic norms.
Ned Lovely and his wife Virginia see gender as a universal phenomenon. They both agree that the issue of gender is
a contemporary theme in European literature, American literature and in African Literature. They state that we
should not over-celebrate these things in literature and in our social life. They believe that if gender consciousness is
not of paramount significance, they would not go as far as celebrating equality in European countries and in their
place about who gets what and how. Mazi Obinna observes that:
Objectivity is usually the watchword I found about autobiographical narratives that are written by Nigerian male
authors. I love reading autobiographical works because of the writers use of language, symbols, ironies and the way
they handled discourse not, male/female dichotomy. A woman can write anything she likes, a man can do same. It is
out of sheer ignorance to begin to count the number of female character in any literary work of art.
However, Yeye Olu advises that:
We should continue to read these male autobiographical works because these works narrate the female’s perception
of life and the need for new awareness. As a woman of purpose, I love anything. When I was in Sweden and
Denmark, I observed a high reading culture among men and women. However, the ugly portrayal of women in
literature would bring awareness for new revolution in Nigeria.
The position of Emeka Jackson is different.
Reading should not have boundary. As a member of House of Assembly, I read a lot. Really, I see gender
imperatives in these autobiographical writings. Some writers are sex sensitive while others are not. Some write for
pleasure while others write for money. Some works are cultural biased like Soyinka and Elechi Amadi’s
autobiographical narratives.
8.0 The Feelings of Alienation
Alienation is an aspect of gender performance. The doing gender framework spotlights the freedom men and women
poses in creating their own gender, individuals have option as to how they will perform gender, they fundamentally
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have the ability to craft and mold their environments (Behringer 2008:52). Most women in Nigeria frequently
complain of alienation in the autobiographical narrative. Most female respondents demonstrate the feeling of
alienation. Alienation in social activities, in the distribution of values was some of the area recorded. To Lieutenant
Adokiye Dokubo:
Women feel alienated in so many aspects of life. They say it and it is reflected in their behaviours. Even in the army
women feel they can turn the hand of the clock around. But their physiology does not allow them access to
everything. It is not just making one the president, but the capacity of ruling the masses.
However, Janet Johnson remarks:
That we complain of alienation in art is not that we are powerless. People attribute this problem to cultural
influence. To be realistic, autobiographical narratives in Nigeria reflect the onus of the male writers. Elechi
Amadi’s autographical narrative is basically cultural. Women are subjected to different types of alienation. When a
woman loses her husband, the husband brothers collect all her properties. She is forced to mourn the man for years
in black clothing.
Mama Wale’s opinion is reflected in her views. She used Yoruba language to grant the interview. I employed good
interpreter to ensure that her views were succinctly expressed. She remarks that:
Autobiographical narratives reflect the totality of being. In some Yoruba narrative movies that I watched, I
discovered that writers reflect masculine glory. In some Yoruba narratives, the authors reflect how their male
characters used bravery to defeat some dangerous spirits and women witches. These writers celebrate their own
glory to the extent that they play a one-man show throughout the plot of the story. I think modern day
autobiographical writers follow the precedent of their ancestors. By ancestors, I mean those people who taught them
how to read and writer. Find out very well, the Whiteman too used autobiographical writings to celebrate masculine
glory.
Mama Wale’s opinion is partially shared by Judith Horsefall. Judith views her opinion from the perspective of
political alienation. She opines that:
The name woman in Nigeria evokes pity. Politically, the woman is alienated. Most male autobiographical writers
are chauvinists. From the first generation of writers to the current contemporary times, fiction and nonfiction
together with autobiographical works centre on male existence. J.P Clark America (1964), Soyinka’s The Man Died
(1972), Amadi’s Sunset in Biafra (1973) are brilliant exercise driven towards the elevation of the tentacle in
between the man’s lap.
This factor raised by Judith has shown more concern among political critics, gender critics etc. according to Francis
Chigbo Enemuo in Gender and Women Empowerment (1999:226-227). Women constitute half of the world’s
population and have contributed significantly to the wellbeing of the human race. In Nigeria, for example, women,
have always played five key roles: mother producer, home manager, community organizer, and socio-cultural and
political activist. Despite their large number and crucial functions. The division of roles between the male and
female sexes, as prescribed by most cultures, assigns the subordinate position to women. As a consequence, women
have for long suffered various forms of discrimination, inequality, exclusion and violence. He goes further to state
that:
In recent times, however, empowering women is increasingly being recognized as a precondition for and as an
indicator of the level of success in the attainment off sustainable human development. It is also being accepted that
women’s right are human rights. Much of the current discourse on the status of women and strategies for uplifting
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their conditions has employed the term gender and its derivatives. Thus, there is now much talk about the need to
upgrades the level of gender awareness in our society, for policy makers to become gender sensitive, for scientists to
employ gender constructs, for the political process to be tenderized etc (Behringer 2008:226).
About 80 per cent of the respondents have continued to show that male autobiographical narratives do not show
concern for equal gender balance in Nigeria. Rather, the narratives have continued to celebrate significant level of
success attained by men. Francis Chigbo Enemuo has offered to shed more light into the reason behind these
intricacies. He submits that:
It is important to emphasize that gender roles are neither natural nor immutable. They are constructed and invested
by society. Consequently, they differ among societies and even within a society, gender views differ over time. We
may further emphasize that the term gender is not the same thing as sex because while sex reflects physical
difference between males and females, gender concerns the psychological, social and cultural differences between
men and women. The differences between the male and female sexes are natural, universal and largely constant.
For example, each of the two sexes performs the same reproductive functions in all cultures. Their biological
features are also the same. Thus women develop breast and men grow beards, etc (Behringer 2008:227).
Commenting on the creation of male metaphors in the autobiographical narratives, the observation of forum for
African Women Educationists, (FAWE) & UNESCO: Gender Analysis for Educational Policy makes it very
realistic because:
Gender differences are created and sustained by society through its institutions, traditions, conventions, norms and
regulations. The gender notions about male and female include traditional stereotypes that characterize women as
submissive, illogical, passive, talkative, emotional easily moved to tears, etc. Men on the other hand are assumed to
be competent, logical, and independent. These stereotypes tend to reflect men and women as belonging to opposite
ends of bipolar adjectives in which men have desirable qualities while women have undesirable ones….. societal
norms and stereotypes also function as a traditional ideology and relegate women to housewife roles while
promoting men as actors, providers and final authority. (Behringer 2008:227-228).
However, Amadiki London’s comment is axiomatic. He reacts sharply to the questions of the interview by saying
that:
although contemporary societies are male dominated. Autobiographical narratives are being reflected in
contemporary societies. Anytime I read Wole Soyinka, I hear his masculine voice piercing through the dark. I am a
Professor of Gender Studies. I know what I am saying. This is injustice, it is humiliating and it leads to economic
exploitation. Considering the increasing number of Nigerian women, professionalism should strive regardless of
gender disparity in order to eschew feminization of poverty.
Amadiki’s opinion is also accepted by Francis Chigbo Enumuo when he states that: What is to be reiterated is that
these character portraits of male and female are not determined by nature but have been constructed by society.
Their overall impact has been to put women in subordinate position visa-a-vis men. Notably too, the stereotypes
differ among society and change with time. For example, while it is a taboo for women to drive cars in Islamic
fundamentalist societies, this practice is not frown at in Western and Westernized Societies (Behringer 2008:228).
Amadiki also talks about other aspects of the autobiographical narrative. He sees the autobiographical work as being
exaggerative. To him, male narrators use various coinages such as “strength” “love” “vision” to propel their
perceptions about the Nigerian Society. Various coinages were used to strengthen the male tentacle He also observes
some disparities in job placements in Nigeria. This makes me to remember my experiences in Falun and Uppsala in
Sweden. When I compared these experiences I knew that travelling is part of education. In Falun and Uppsala, male
and female students use the same toilets facility (toalet). In Turkey, male and female do not use the same toilet
facility. Nigeria is a replica of what is obtainable in Turkey. And I think that Sweden, Denmark, Norway and
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Finland have the same practice of gender equality. The equality of gender is reflected even in dressing. Beneboba
Allison, a respondent in Bille town of Degema Local government of Rivers State has this to say:
Some male autobiographical writers use their works to create distinction and hatred. Repetitive and stereotypic
words are found in Soyinka’s works. The purpose is to demonstrate male dominance at all times. Everyday
expression is found in Elechi Amadi’s works. The purpose is still the same thing as Soyinka or Obasanjo; it is highly
ridiculous that Obasanjo who is an international figure is an autobiographical writer who prevents the world in
noticing that he is a first class polygamist. He celebrates his gallantry at war and his gallantry over women on
different beds.
To Harvest Sampson:
Male autobiographical works in Nigeria do not take into cognizance the economic contribution of women to the
Nigerian economy. Nigerian economy is oil based; it could have been more diversified into many sectors if women
are meant to contribute their faithful quota into it. Instead of using autobiographical works to harbour unseen
tradition and custom, it would have been better used to reflect the totality of being in Nigeria.
Writers and governments in Nigeria are pretentious. They make discriminatory laws and customs in their writings
and in practice. Olusegun Obasanjo was the Nigerian President from 1999 to 2007. He has written many articles on
how to change the plight of the woman in Nigeria but in practice no significant effort is geared at this. According to
Obasanjo in the Elements of Development (1980:44).
Women become conditioned into accepting social debasements of the type associated with widowhood rites and self-
imposed abuses of the type that denies female children good food. Even in urban centres and in civilized circles, the
stereotype gender roles make women over play their feminity by accepting that they are the weaker sex, over-
emphasizing the dainty nature of their comportment, viewing the ambition of some members of their sex as ominous
and regarding exceptional achievements as untoward competition with men (Ibid).
This is Olusegun Obasanjo and Akin Mabogunje’s attempt to ridicule women by showing concern for pity without
any positive strives for empowerment. Obasanjo has demonstrated this pretence in his autobiographical work and in
his involvement in politics for eight solitary years in Nigeria. It is dangerous when leaders know what to do but turn
deaf ears to the voice of wisdom. Practically and theoretically, women continue to suffer alienation not only in
“autobiographical truth” but in “political reality” leading to “feminization of poverty”.
Kimberly Davis has this to say:
Male autobiographical narratives tell the same old tale all over the world. In America, men celebrate their glory as
well. I want to point here that in America people do things with caution in order not to become the victim of the law.
When I read some autobiographical narratives in Nigeria, I am somehow obsessed about the tone, the mood of the
author and the type of language employed. Actually no credit is given to the woman but something can still be done
because the only thing that is permanent is change.
Change is also the cardinal expression in the statement of Helena Hostrom, according to her:
Change is everywhere, Nigeria, Denmark name it. People are now aware of the current trends in societies: gender
awareness, globalization etc. some autobiographical works are criticized accordingly while some are not; fair
judgment is good, now autobiographical writers in Nigeria would see the need for a new beginning. In Denmark,
writers are cautious of things that shape our society and not just trivial issues, Nigeria too can follow the same
tradition. Religion should not be used to deny women of their rights.
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Francis Enemuo’s observation vividly supports the position of Helena Hostrom in totality, he observes that:
It is important to note that religious percepts are sometimes used to subjugate women. The Holy Bible is sometimes
quoted as requiring women to be submissive to their husbands. What is usually conveniently forgotten is that the
Bible also enjoins men to love their wives sacrificially just as Christ loved the church and gave Himself for
her…Islamic injunction are usually cited as justification for confining women in purdah as is done in parts of
northern Nigeria and to give away girls in marriage and thereby depriving them out of consonance with the
provision of the Sharia and the example of Sheik Usman Danfodio who established the Sokoto Caliphate. (231).
Francis Enemuo’s position is practical and it best explains the need for change that Helena Hostrom advocates.
Change would lead to development in art and industry. Through the combination of the voices of the respondents
and some critical works, we have been able to understand what really constitutes gender imperative in male
dominated autobiographical narratives in Nigeria. Most contemporary societies are male dominated in varying
degrees; autobiographical works in Nigeria celebrate these phenomena. They go further to reflect beliefs, economic
exploitation of women, other various forms of injustice geared at limiting the scope of women in literature and
society. The study has shown that women suffer poverty on a more widespread basis than more and that their
experience of poverty is quite different as a result of expectations about gender roles. Thus the term “feminization of
poverty” is sometimes used to denote the prepositions that more women are likely to increase the level of poverty as
they stand a greater risk of being neglected in art and science. It shows various reactions of the respondents and their
quest for a change. Most respondents reacted with bitter opinions the enslavements women experience in art as a
result of cultural norms and societal creations. They see this as artificial.
9.0 Discussion
Research pertaining gender imperatives in male dominated autobiographical narratives in Nigeria presents largely a
one-sided view of respondents. The application of narratology and autobiographical approach feature the discernable
gender differences in autobiographical art. Some a priori assumptions have been made by researchers regarding the
level of relegation women suffer as a result of gender disparity. Furthermore, because the importance of women in
nation building is overlooked by the autobiographical writers in the narrative, this paper largely design the structural
and interactive context of the analysis of gender theme in art. The innovativeness of the current analysis remedies
many of the shortcomings which previous research in the field has undertaken. The innovativeness, therefore, serves
to broaden contemporary interpretation into gender imperative. To recap, my findings reveal that the issues of
gender in Nigeria literature and indeed, in autobiographical narratives written by male writers is complex than has
been previously thought. The documentation of the words directly spoken by the respondents with scholarly works
has given this research a new direction. However, my research opines that new direction can be attained when
gender is eliminated in theory and in practice. Existing research in gender studies applies sociological framework.
Gender distinction in literature may exist in the practice of communication, but this project exposes that the meaning
of gender is only an artificial creation which autobiographical writers use in achieving their machinery of
exploitation against women in Nigeria. My research goes on to posit that instead of relying solely on stereotypes and
traditional beliefs on sexes, predominance should be determined by individuals’ conceptualization of purpose that is
devoid of gender. Our findings extend Francis Enemuo (1999) vision of women and gender in Nigeria because it
provides empirical contours of nomic process within the understanding of gender disposition in Nigerian Literature.
Subsequently, my research signifies that the characterization of women in autobiographical literature is
exaggerative, problematic and misconstrued by writers in order to satisfy self-glory. The uniqueness of women in
literature and nation building is well documented by interviewees, providing oral textual evidence in their
presentations. By analyzing the level of parity between the individual’s respondents, I discover numerous examples
of concurrence, and these relatively objective observations were buttressed by participants’ subjective descriptions
of welded gender reality.
10.0 Methodological and Theoretical Contribution
The methodological design and theoretical framework for this research work substantially improve contemporary
understating of the question of gender and autobiographical truth. A sizeable number of analyses have been limited
by their methodology despite the fact that my research found high congruence amongst youths and people in their
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early fifties. I combined the unit of analysis with fundamental experience of the respondents. I conducted individual
interview which consequently gives me a channel to gauge levels of congruence between the young respondents and
the old ones. I give all the respondents the opportunity to say their views on the question of gender and male
autobiographical narratives in Nigeria, then deliberate on their subjective perceptions of the issue. After receiving
their information, I presented them accordingly. The interview allows me to meet people of diverse interests and
opinions. It is important to note that participating in this project yielded practical benefits to those involved. For
example, the research does not unearth sociological information but also enrich the comprehension of the theme of
gender and make dominance not only in literature but in other aspects of the Nigerian society. Towards this end, the
first half of a joint interview was devoted to summarizing the responses of the respondents. Many respondents
expressed gratitude for the chance to articulate their feelings on such important concepts.
The quantitative nature of this project also contributes to the present understanding of the question of gender in
Nigeria Literature, conversational analyses, which focuses on the structure of talk and documentation of various
communicative behaviours have been preferred methods of sociological theory to literary theory of narratology and
autobiographical approach. This factor enables me achieve quantitative and qualitative feelings on findings. It also
enables the research to achieve success in uncovering some salient themes about man in Nigerian society. The
autobiographical approach employed during the analytical conversational stage of this project allowed for a more
expansive evaluation of male autobiographical narratives and gender imperative. While I entered each interview
encounter with questions scripted to address the research questions, they follow my hypotheses. These tactics
significantly improve the research for it forces me to remain open to the possibility that documented the issue of
gender in Nigerian literature. The voice of the participants guided this analysis, as a result, many of the prevailing
assumptions regarding male dominance in autobiographical “reality” became clear to analyze.
The application of symbolic interaction during the design and analysis tackles and highlights the limitations of
earlier research in the subject. In this paper, I discover the Derridian multiplicities of meanings by the way the
participants handle gender presentations giving it various interpretations that are deconstructed. Essentially, this
project formulates a tentative model of autobiographical approach that is academically valuable and result oriented.
This project ideally provides convincing support for Francis Enemuo (1999) testament about the question of gender
in Nigeria. The theoretical design of this project supports the exploration and development of new direction and
women empowerment in Nigeria. That is why Enemuo remarks that” Empowerment is a multi-dimensional process
involving the transformation of the economies, social psychologies, political and legal circumstances of the
powerless. In the specific case of women, empowerment entails not only positive changes in these critical respects
but also the dismantling of the cultural norms and traditional practices that devalue, disempowered and disposes
women. The process must necessarily also include the expansion of women’s access to educational opportunities,
facilities for skills acquisition and positions of authority (Behringer 2008:233).
The project supports the total equality of gender since it is an artificial creation. Critically, changes should be
reflected on the conceptualization of gender and future researchers must draw new theoretical framework in
analyzing women transformation. This research is distinctive because it explores new grounds in social and
psychological literature as a whole. In sum, future researchers would be advised to consolidate on social and
psychological meanings with its multiplicities of interpretations in realizing a gender free society that is devoid of
male dominance in Nigeria.
11.0 Sociological Contributions
The tendency for sociological discourse to spotlight major differences and imbalances raises the question of whether
scholars even deliberate on the possibility of similarity and balance when designing or analyzing research
(Behringer 2008:261). Certainly I observed differences in the statements of the participants and I also observe the
similarities which exist in their statements. But the noticeable presence of similarity in opinion suggests that the
prevailing theories of difference dates back to Bernard’s (1796) depiction of “his and her” in scholarship, and even
further back to early functionalist theories of social relations (e.g. Parsons) the vast majority of contemporary social
scientific literature on gender relations in autobiographical literature in Nigeria continues to rely on this rhetoric
difference, drawing either from the two-culture of multiple theory of difference or the dominance model of
difference, but strict adherence to those frameworks may evade the capture of some principal features of gender
relations in literature.
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Furthermore, a one-dimensional slant on gender issue may circulate inaccurate or incomplete appraisals and more
importantly, taint future inquiries. Again, gender and power differences unquestionably impact some social
imbalances to some degree. I argue that the most accurate depiction and comprehension of women in literature can
only be accomplished by crafting a design that encompasses measurement of the symbolic nature of social structure
as well as gender similarity and gender difference. The project extends the current literature on gender studies from
these multiple angles. In African literature, some scholars have generally illustrated the gender differences in
languages and proposed that men’s and women’s dissimilarity in art causes recurrent misunderstanding during
intimate talks. The genesis of this project is a desire to critically respond to the extant body of literature on the
subject, especially authors such as Deborah Tanneh and John Gray and critics such as Charles Nnolim, Francis
Enemuo and Sandra Parquet who demonstrate gender imperatives in body literature. My findings reveal that much
of the professed and circulated knowledge about the place of women in scholarship is as a result of obnoxious
cultures and traditions resulting in the creation of stereotypes which writer see as instruments.
12.0 Limitations and Directions for Future Research
It is very clear to say that this paper is bound by time and place, and because this study is markedly different from
past research on gender imperatives in African Literature. One severe limitation of this study is the inability to
substantiate my finding or compare these trends to those that have been present in earlier years. The symbolic
meaning of the gender imperative fluctuates over time, and thus the result of my analysis likely reflects modern
perception of gender consciousness. But the inability to substantiate and compare these trends to those that have
been present in earlier years would constitute future research in the subject because knowledge is not static.The
contemporary understanding in gender relations should have stressed mutuality, equality but it does not, future
research, probably would examine these variables. Future research, probably would examine the mutual relationship
between male and female styles, in communication, in marriage etc as regards the portrayal of Balzac’s
autobiographical truth. Twenty-five participants contributing to the research relatively give quantitative result to the
findings of this work. In future, I would like to double this number and broaden the pool of participants until the
work is fully replicated. In this paper, I was able to examine the meanings of gender, its artificial status and its
relationship in literature. In future, I intend to delve deeper into the phenomenon by designing an ethno
methodological study of gender as an artificial phenomenon in autobiographical literature.
13.0 Conclusion
This research makes valuable contributions to the current body of literature on male autobiographical narratives and
gender imperative in Nigeria. The work provides a compelling argument for the conceptualization of the question of
gender. As Solomon Akinboye (1999) rightly portend. He submits that:
It is the instrumentality by which Nigeria influences the global environment
and through which she realizes objective that are in conformity with her
perceived national interest (Behringer 2008:365).
When researchers begin to approach the study of gender relations in literature with multiple methodological and
theoretical trajectories, holistic strategic will amplify academic understanding of gender and literature, but may also
establish new cultural awareness when stereotypes and norms are totally forgotten. The research celebrates the place
of man in society.The study examines the methodological standard in delineating the issue of gender and
autobiographical narratives through the power of the interview. Although, male autobiographical narratives tend to
move towards “self glorification” and self assertion, the work tends to move away from extant research by combing
two methodological standards: narratology and autobiographical approach. Autobiographical approach is more
scientific because it enables us engage some participants on interviews that literarily explains the concept of gender
in Africa. “These interviews are gendered productions “. It lends axiomatic credence to the literary implications
behind the creation of both conventional and personal male metaphors in situating “autobiographical truth” (Balzac
2008:114) to the development of social literature in Nigeria.
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