The workshop in Arusha explored the East African/Tanzanian environment for village energy, local case studies, challenges and opportunities, with a view to formulating policy recommendations for policymakers, funders, NGOs and other stakeholders the region. An important part of the workshop, and indeed the whole Smart Villages initiative work programme, was to gather evidence from existing projects that have provided or facilitated sustainable off-grid energy solutions in the developing world.The workshop gathered more than 50 experts, including policymakers, NGOs, off-grid energy entrepreneurs and others to look for solutions to providing energy to villages off the grid.

1. Environmental
impacts
On
the
impacts
from
renewable
energy
systems
Sverker
Molander
Environmental
Systems
Analysis,
Chalmers
University
of
Technology
Gothenburg,
Sweden
Smart
Villages
First
Workshop
on
Energy
for
Off-­‐grid
Villages
in
Africa
Arusha,
Tanzania
2014-­‐06-­‐03

2. Renewable
Energy
in
the
Context
of
Sustainable
Development
• Social…
• Economic…
• Cultural…
• Technical…
• InsStuSonal…
• Environmental…
• Win
–
win
–
win
–
WIN…

3. Costs…
• Environmental
• Social
Avoid
problem-­‐shiVing

4. Assessments
• Technology
• LocalizaSon
• ImplementaSon
• Scoping
• AlternaSves
• Baseline
• Impacts
• Monitoring

5. Environmental
impacts
are
caused
by
THE
COMBINATION
of
a
technology
AND
local
condiSons

6. Environmental
impacts
-­‐
cause-­‐effect
chains…
human
acSviSes
–
emissions/agents
–
objects
of
protecSon

7. Stressors
Environmental indicators
along pathways or for
effects on environmental
endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific
endpoints)
• Climate
change
• Ozone
depleSon
• Human
toxicity,
cancer
• Human
toxicity,
non-­‐
cancer
• Respiratory
inorganics
• Ionising
radiaSon,
humans
• Ionising
radiaSon,
ecosystems
• Photochemical
ozone
formaSon
• Ecotoxicity
• AcidificaSon
• EutrophicaSon,
terrestrial,
aquaSc
• Land
use/biodiversity
• Resource
depleSon,
water,
mineral,
fossil
and
renewable
Emissions
• Carbon
dioxide
• Methane
• Metals
–
Cu,
Pb,
Hg,
Ag…
• PesScides
• Dust
• VOCs
• CFCs
• Sulfur
dioxide
Resource
extracSon
/
use
• Land
use
/
land
use
change
/
habitat
destrucSon
• Water
• Minerals,
fossil
and
renewables

8. Stressors
Environmental indicators
along pathways or for
effects on environmental
endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific
endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of
(renewable) energy
source
Production of raw
materials
&
manufacturing of power
generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining,
emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from
mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of
sea water
Installation habitat destruction or
disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha] specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and
maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption
during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas
emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving
turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of
sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning &
waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling,
disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic
substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general

9. Stressors
Environmental indicators
along pathways or for
effects on environmental
endpoints (PSI-indicators)
Impact categories
(incl. specific
endpoints)
Life-cycle stage of
(renewable) energy
source
e.g. e.g. e.g.
Production of raw
materials
&
manufacturing of power
generating infrastructure
resource extraction,
emissions from mining,
emissions from power
production for manufacturing
emitted amount of specific
substance like copper emitted from
mining [ton/year]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of
sea water
Installation habitat destruction or
disturbance
area occupied by installations [ha] specific species, or
biodiversity in general
Operation and
maintenance
emissions from operations
resources consumption
during operations
emitted amount of specific
substance, like greenhouse gas
emissions [ton/year],
collisions caused by moving
turbines [no. of individuals of
specific specie]
atmospheric energy
balance, nutrient status of
sea water, specific species,
or biodiversity in general
Decommissioning &
waste handling
toxic emissions from waste
handling,
disturbances
emitted amount of specific toxic
substance, like leakage of lead
from landfills [ton/year]
specific species, or
biodiversity in general

10. Technology
ma_ers…
Mean annual
net production
[GWh]
Annual mean net
electricity production
per appropriated area
[GWh/ha]
Biotope
categories
Area before
installations
[ha]
Area after
installations
[ha]
Change of
biotope category
[ha]
Change of biotope per
annually generated
electricity [ha/GWh]
Wind farm - on-shore 240 4.3 Critical Biotope 5.4 0 -5.4 -1.2
Stor-Rotliden Rare Biotope 21 0 -20.7 -4.8
(Northern Norrland) General Biotope 39 10 -29.5 -6.8
Technotope 5.7 61 55.5 12.8
Wind farm - off-shore 320 1400 Critical Biotope 1.8 1.8 -0.03 -1.9 E-05
Lillgrund Rare Biotope 2.3 2.27 -0.05 -3.9 E-05
(Öresund) General Biotope 2.9 2.76 -0.15 -1.1 E-04
Technotope 0.18 0.41 0.23 1.6 E-04
Hydro power 13800 2.0 Critical biotope 5870 0 -5870 -2920
Lule River Rare biotope 863 35 -829 -413
(Northern Norrland) General biotope 3650 3500 -157 -78
Technotope 110 6960 6850 3410

11. Sites
ma_ers…
Hertwich,
E.
dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p
|
Environ.
Sci.
Technol.
2013,
47,
9604−9611

12. Scale
ma_ers…
Hertwich,
E.
dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401820p
|
Environ.
Sci.
Technol.
2013,
47,
9604−9611

13. Land-­‐use
pracSces
Soil
erosion
“InsStuSonal”
intervenSons
Threat
to
technical
system
Scale
ma_ers,
for
intertwined
social,
technical
and
ecological
aspects…
• poor
farmers'
livelihoods
and
their
agricultural
pracSce,
• hydropower
installaSons
• the
environment

14. Trading-­‐off…
• All
sustainability
aspects
• Possible
to
handle
non-­‐moneSzed
values
(social,
ecological…)
• COMBINE
insights
from
sustainability
assessments
AND
environmental
assessments
• WIN-­‐WIN-­‐WIN-­‐WIN
is
possible!
Learning
by
doing

15. Acknowledgements
Socio-­‐Technical-­‐Ecological
EvaluaSons
of
PotenSal
Renewable
Energy
Systems
(STEEP-­‐RES)
The
research
team
• Prof
Sverker
Jagers
• Prof
Erik
Ahlgren
• Prof
Cuthbert
Kimambo
• Prof
Lence
Rutashobwa
• Prof
Andrea
NighSngale
• Patrik
Söderholm
• PhLic
Helene
Ahlborg
• PhD
Linus
Hammar
• PhD
Jimmy
Ehnberg
• PhD
Frida
Boräng
• PhD
George
Mwaluko
• PhD
Lennart
Bångens
• PhD
Hans
Nylund
• MEng
Elias
Hartvigsson
• MEng
Joseph
Ngowi
• MEng
Said
Ibrahim
• …
a
number
of
masters
students
and
local
collaborators
The
funders
• The
Futura
FoundaSon
• SIDA
• The
Swedish
Research
Council
• Adlerbertska
Research
FoundaSon
• Chalmers
University
of
Technology,
AoA
Energy

16. Thank
you
for
your
a_enSon!
sverker.molander@chalmers.se