144 physics of mri
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A 71-year-old man with a history of diabetes, coronary artery disease status post myocardial infarction times three, and hypercholesterolemia was found to have an accidental left carotid stenosis and was scheduled for a left carotid endarterectomy. MRI of the carotid arteries was performed using SPIO contrast to better evaluate the extent of disease prior to surgery.
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An approach to myocardial biopsy interpretation
The endomyocardial biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosing various primary and secondary cardiac conditions. It involves using a biopsy catheter inserted via the femoral vein to obtain small tissue samples from the right ventricle. The procedure allows differentiation between cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, amyloidosis, and assessment of transplant rejection and drug cardiotoxicity. Proper handling and processing of biopsy specimens is important for accurate histological and molecular diagnosis. Complications are rare but include perforation and hemorrhage. The endomyocardial biopsy remains a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating cardiomyopathies and monitoring transplant patients.
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This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic diabetic and nondiabetic patients using coronary CT angiography (CCTA). The study found CAD was present in 93% of asymptomatic diabetics compared to 73% of nondiabetics. Obstructive CAD was more common in diabetics at 29% versus 6.6% in nondiabetics. Diabetics also had higher total Agatston scores and more coronary segments with atherosclerosis. The results indicate asymptomatic diabetics have a high prevalence of CAD, suggesting CCTA may be useful for evaluating subclinical disease in this high risk group.
046 respiratory infection of apoe ko mice and plaque inflammation
1) The study investigated whether acute influenza infection could increase plaque inflammation and macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE knockout mice, potentially triggering acute coronary events.
2) 42 ApoE mice were infected with influenza virus, and measurements were taken over 15 days before sacrifice. Infected mice showed significant weight loss.
3) Upon examination of plaques, over 1/3 of infected mice showed inflammatory infiltrates in plaques associated with platelets and fibrin, containing macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and T-lymphocytes. Further staining identified upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and receptors.
256 spatial encoding part 2
1. MRI uses spatial encoding gradients and radiofrequency pulses to selectively excite slices of tissue and encode spatial information in the MRI signal. 2. Frequency encoding gradients encode left-right spatial information, while phase encoding gradients are applied in the orthogonal direction to fully spatially encode each image slice. 3. Fourier transformation is used to reconstruct images from the spatially encoded MRI data.
507 stenosis severity and risk benefit
This document discusses several studies on the relationship between stenosis severity and risks of coronary occlusion and acute coronary syndrome:
1) Two studies found that coronary segments with 50-80% stenosis at baseline had higher risks of total occlusion at follow-up than segments with less severe stenosis.
2) Another study found that prior to myocardial infarction, 29% of culprit lesions showed 0-50% stenosis, while 4.1-7.9% showed 50-90% stenosis.
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4) A study on plaque rupture found that two-thirds of acute coronary disease
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Coronary artery disease among asymptomatic diabetic and non-diabetic patients...
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046 respiratory infection of apoe ko mice and plaque inflammation
1) The study investigated whether acute influenza infection could increase plaque inflammation and macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE knockout mice, potentially triggering acute coronary events.
2) 42 ApoE mice were infected with influenza virus, and measurements were taken over 15 days before sacrifice. Infected mice showed significant weight loss.
3) Upon examination of plaques, over 1/3 of infected mice showed inflammatory infiltrates in plaques associated with platelets and fibrin, containing macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and T-lymphocytes. Further staining identified upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and receptors.
256 spatial encoding part 2
1. MRI uses spatial encoding gradients and radiofrequency pulses to selectively excite slices of tissue and encode spatial information in the MRI signal. 2. Frequency encoding gradients encode left-right spatial information, while phase encoding gradients are applied in the orthogonal direction to fully spatially encode each image slice. 3. Fourier transformation is used to reconstruct images from the spatially encoded MRI data.
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2) Another study found that prior to myocardial infarction, 29% of culprit lesions showed 0-50% stenosis, while 4.1-7.9% showed 50-90% stenosis.
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The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability and vulnerability. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
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Coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography (EBT) establishes a diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis, as there are no false positive calcium measurements. The amount of calcium seen on EBT correlates directly with the actual amount of coronary plaque measured by intravascular ultrasound and histopathology. Studies have also shown that a higher coronary artery calcium score on EBT is associated with greater risk of future myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, or ischemia over follow-up periods of 3-6 years.
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CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation. Statins can limit the expression of CD40 and CD40L, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidized LDL increases the expression of CD40 and CD40L on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, further promoting atherosclerosis. CD40L also contributes to thrombosis and restenosis. While CD40 does not seem to affect early plaque formation, its deficiency is associated with more stable plaques at advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
083 non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque
This document discusses non-invasive imaging techniques for coronary artery plaque and vulnerable patients. It notes that while lipid-rich plaque makes up about 20% of total plaque volume, it is often not detectable without invasive techniques. Newer CT and electron beam tomography techniques aim to non-invasively detect plaque composition through measurements of density and heterogeneity. The document raises questions about which patients should be imaged, what parameters need to be measured, and how imaging results could potentially change patient outcomes. It also discusses technical considerations for these non-invasive imaging modalities.
073 collagenases vs collagen
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149 revisiting the basics
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability or rupture. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
257 inhibition of atherosclerosis in mice
This document discusses research into identifying immune responses against oxidized LDL in humans and developing an immunization therapy to inhibit atherosclerosis. The research found that immunization of apoE null mice with specific MDA-modified apoB-100 peptide sequences activated athero-protective immune responses and significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared to controls. This suggests vaccination with these peptide sequences may be a potential therapy for atherosclerosis by stimulating protective immune responses against oxidized LDL.
Acc v porg
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Zahi A. Fayad is an Associate Professor who studies molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using MRI. His research focuses on developing targeted contrast agents to noninvasively detect unstable plaque. Some agents under investigation include annexin A5 labeled with a radioisotope to detect apoptosis, FDG-PET to assess plaque activity, and fibrin-targeted and MMP-targeting Gd-based contrasts. Additional work involves lipid-based particulate agents using reconstituted HDL or iron oxide nanoparticles. The goal is to improve MRI detection sensitivity and specificity for high-risk plaque characterization.
104 new advances in thermography
Thermography is a new technique for detecting atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. A new catheter-based system called the Epiphany Thermography System can precisely measure plaque temperature and has shown higher temperatures in proximal versus distal plaque segments. Studies have found that greater temperature differences between segments predicts future cardiovascular events, with 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Preliminary research also indicates thermography may help identify vulnerable patients by measuring inflammation levels in coronary sinus blood draining the heart.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
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1) This study investigated the use of super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and MRI to detect active inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques.
2) In mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis, SPIO accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions and correlated with histological markers of inflammation.
3) MRI of plaques in these animals showed changes after SPIO injection, indicating SPIO can help identify actively inflamed plaques.
4) A current human clinical trial is evaluating if SPIO-enhanced MRI can detect vulnerable carotid plaques by comparing MRI to histology of plaques removed in surgery.
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Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a scanning method introduced in 1984 that can rapidly image the heart using a scanning electron beam. EBT has been used in over 600 scientific papers to study cardiac imaging applications. One controversial application of EBT is its ability to determine and quantify coronary artery calcium. Coronary artery calcification is the hardening of the arteries that has been known for 300 years, but in the past 10 years it has been found to be an active process that can occur early in atherosclerotic plaque development and is an intimate part of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease, regulated similarly to bone mineralization and repair. EBT images show calcification corresponds to areas of atherosclerotic plaque seen on histology
260 mri system block diagram
This document provides an overview of MRI system components and basic MRI physics concepts. It includes:
1) A diagram of the main components of an MRI system, including RF coils, gradient coils, and amplifiers.
2) Tables listing common NMR-active nuclei and their properties important for MRI.
3) Explanations of spin alignment in magnetic fields, Larmor frequency, spin excitation, free induction decay, Bloch equations, T1 and T2 relaxation, and slice selection techniques.
1
Plaque thermography uses a catheter with a single thermistor to measure heat levels in arteries and identify areas of plaque buildup. The technique works best in vessels with stenoses over 50% and has limitations in large vessels where the thermistor can flutter or "flail". The catheter comes in sizes from 3 to 4.5 French.
086 unstable angina, lad stenosis
A patient presented with unstable angina and stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Angiography and thermography were performed, which identified the site of stenosis. A stent was implanted in the left anterior descending artery, after which thermography and angiography were repeated and showed improvement. Additional thermography and angiography were done for a circumflex lesion, which also identified the site of stenosis.
Barth imt
This document provides background on Jacques Barth, an expert in cardiovascular imaging and risk assessment. It discusses the evolution of ultrasound technology for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) from 1986 to 2005. IMT is an early marker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk. The document also addresses issues around vulnerable plaques, reporting IMT measurements, and assessing cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents.
Braunwald
This document outlines an approach to identifying and managing coronary risk. It recommends that prevention must be the primary goal through intensive global risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. It also recommends identifying asymptomatic high-risk individuals through testing like the Framingham Risk Score so they can receive prevention. It proposes a risk stratification approach from low to very high risk based on annual risk levels and corresponding testing and treatments, with very high risk patients receiving the most intensive treatments like invasive detection of unstable plaques and procedures like CABG or multiple drug-eluting stents.
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The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability and vulnerability. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
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Coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography (EBT) establishes a diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis, as there are no false positive calcium measurements. The amount of calcium seen on EBT correlates directly with the actual amount of coronary plaque measured by intravascular ultrasound and histopathology. Studies have also shown that a higher coronary artery calcium score on EBT is associated with greater risk of future myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, or ischemia over follow-up periods of 3-6 years.
118 cell culture study
Cell culture studies showed that macrophages experience a transient increase in free radicals when ingesting dextran-coated SPIO particles, but levels return to baseline. Testing showed that lipid-coated SPIO induced less nitric oxide production in macrophages than dextran-coated SPIO or Feridex. Preliminary results indicate a significant difference in nitric oxide levels produced by macrophages depending on whether they ingest dextran-coated or lipid-coated SPIO particles.
The Impact of carotid plaque screening on motivation for smoking cessation a...
Presented by:
Nicolas Rodondi, MD, MAS, Reto Auer, MD, Patrick J. Devine, MD, Patrick G. O’Malley, MD, MPH, Daniel Hayoz, MD, Jacques Cornuz, MD, MPH
#1 killer of human beings in the 21st century
Vulnerable plaque refers to dangerous forms of atherosclerotic plaques that can rupture or induce thrombosis, disrupting blood flow. The document discusses the history and research around vulnerable plaque, including pioneers in the field and emerging techniques to detect vulnerable plaque such as intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. It summarizes that vulnerable plaques are typically characterized by a thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and presence of macrophages.
233 cd40
CD40 and its ligand CD40L play an important role in atherosclerosis by promoting inflammation. Statins can limit the expression of CD40 and CD40L, thereby reducing inflammation. Oxidized LDL increases the expression of CD40 and CD40L on endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, further promoting atherosclerosis. CD40L also contributes to thrombosis and restenosis. While CD40 does not seem to affect early plaque formation, its deficiency is associated with more stable plaques at advanced stages of atherosclerosis.
083 non invasive imaging of the vulnerable plaque
This document discusses non-invasive imaging techniques for coronary artery plaque and vulnerable patients. It notes that while lipid-rich plaque makes up about 20% of total plaque volume, it is often not detectable without invasive techniques. Newer CT and electron beam tomography techniques aim to non-invasively detect plaque composition through measurements of density and heterogeneity. The document raises questions about which patients should be imaged, what parameters need to be measured, and how imaging results could potentially change patient outcomes. It also discusses technical considerations for these non-invasive imaging modalities.
073 collagenases vs collagen
This document discusses research on the roles of collagen and collagenases in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. It presents several hypotheses: 1) that human and experimental plaques contain collagenases, 2) that lipid lowering improves features associated with vulnerability by reducing macrophages and collagenase expression while increasing collagen, and 3) that collagenolysis regulates collagen accumulation in plaques of genetically altered mice. Several studies are described that provide evidence supporting these hypotheses, finding that collagenases are expressed in human and animal plaques, lipid lowering reduces vulnerability features in rabbits by altering collagenase and collagen levels, and collagenase-resistant mice have altered collagen in plaques. The research suggests collagenases critically regulate collagen metabolism in plaques and their clinical complications.
149 revisiting the basics
The document discusses several factors that are considered predictors of plaque vulnerability, including luminal narrowing, plaque volume and composition, fibrous cap thickness, and plaque inflammation. It reviews studies that show myocardial infarction can develop from previously non-severe lesions and that lipid content, cap thickness, inflammation, and stress factors like circumferential stress are correlated with plaque stability or rupture. In conclusion, the size and composition of the lipid core, thickness and composition of the fibrous cap, and inflammation are well-established predictors of plaque rupture.
257 inhibition of atherosclerosis in mice
This document discusses research into identifying immune responses against oxidized LDL in humans and developing an immunization therapy to inhibit atherosclerosis. The research found that immunization of apoE null mice with specific MDA-modified apoB-100 peptide sequences activated athero-protective immune responses and significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared to controls. This suggests vaccination with these peptide sequences may be a potential therapy for atherosclerosis by stimulating protective immune responses against oxidized LDL.
Acc v porg
This document discusses the use of coronary CT angiography (CTA) to detect and characterize coronary atherosclerosis beyond just detecting coronary stenoses. CTA can identify calcified plaques, non-calcified plaques, and mixed plaques. It can detect atheromas and characterize plaque density. CTA can also identify intracoronary thrombi and myocardial infarction scars. The document outlines the CTA scanning parameters and techniques used to minimize motion artifacts and optimize image quality for plaque detection and characterization.
Phosphorus levels are associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the gene...
Presented by:
Stephen Onufrak, PhD, Antonio Bellasi, MD, Francesca Cardarelli, MD, Viola Vaccarino, MD, PhD, Paolo Raggi, MD
101205 shape aha 2005 f
Zahi A. Fayad is an Associate Professor who studies molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using MRI. His research focuses on developing targeted contrast agents to noninvasively detect unstable plaque. Some agents under investigation include annexin A5 labeled with a radioisotope to detect apoptosis, FDG-PET to assess plaque activity, and fibrin-targeted and MMP-targeting Gd-based contrasts. Additional work involves lipid-based particulate agents using reconstituted HDL or iron oxide nanoparticles. The goal is to improve MRI detection sensitivity and specificity for high-risk plaque characterization.
104 new advances in thermography
Thermography is a new technique for detecting atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. A new catheter-based system called the Epiphany Thermography System can precisely measure plaque temperature and has shown higher temperatures in proximal versus distal plaque segments. Studies have found that greater temperature differences between segments predicts future cardiovascular events, with 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity. Preliminary research also indicates thermography may help identify vulnerable patients by measuring inflammation levels in coronary sinus blood draining the heart.
226 statins are overrated
Statins are not effective enough and their benefits are delayed. Vulnerable plaques are usually found in multiple locations. While statins may lower lipids and have anti-inflammatory effects within 6 weeks, they do not significantly reduce mortality within the first year of treatment. Over 40% of deaths in statin trials still occurred in the statin groups. Local therapies in addition to statins may be needed to stabilize vulnerable plaques and buy more time for other treatments to have an effect.
031
1) This study investigated the use of super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles and MRI to detect active inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques.
2) In mouse and rabbit models of atherosclerosis, SPIO accumulated in atherosclerotic lesions and correlated with histological markers of inflammation.
3) MRI of plaques in these animals showed changes after SPIO injection, indicating SPIO can help identify actively inflamed plaques.
4) A current human clinical trial is evaluating if SPIO-enhanced MRI can detect vulnerable carotid plaques by comparing MRI to histology of plaques removed in surgery.
3rd vulnerable plaque rumberger 3 16-02 1
Electron beam tomography (EBT) is a scanning method introduced in 1984 that can rapidly image the heart using a scanning electron beam. EBT has been used in over 600 scientific papers to study cardiac imaging applications. One controversial application of EBT is its ability to determine and quantify coronary artery calcium. Coronary artery calcification is the hardening of the arteries that has been known for 300 years, but in the past 10 years it has been found to be an active process that can occur early in atherosclerotic plaque development and is an intimate part of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease, regulated similarly to bone mineralization and repair. EBT images show calcification corresponds to areas of atherosclerotic plaque seen on histology
260 mri system block diagram
This document provides an overview of MRI system components and basic MRI physics concepts. It includes:
1) A diagram of the main components of an MRI system, including RF coils, gradient coils, and amplifiers.
2) Tables listing common NMR-active nuclei and their properties important for MRI.
3) Explanations of spin alignment in magnetic fields, Larmor frequency, spin excitation, free induction decay, Bloch equations, T1 and T2 relaxation, and slice selection techniques.
1
Plaque thermography uses a catheter with a single thermistor to measure heat levels in arteries and identify areas of plaque buildup. The technique works best in vessels with stenoses over 50% and has limitations in large vessels where the thermistor can flutter or "flail". The catheter comes in sizes from 3 to 4.5 French.
086 unstable angina, lad stenosis
A patient presented with unstable angina and stenosis of the left anterior descending artery. Angiography and thermography were performed, which identified the site of stenosis. A stent was implanted in the left anterior descending artery, after which thermography and angiography were repeated and showed improvement. Additional thermography and angiography were done for a circumflex lesion, which also identified the site of stenosis.
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This document outlines an approach to identifying and managing coronary risk. It recommends that prevention must be the primary goal through intensive global risk factor reduction for all patients with clinically apparent heart disease. It also recommends identifying asymptomatic high-risk individuals through testing like the Framingham Risk Score so they can receive prevention. It proposes a risk stratification approach from low to very high risk based on annual risk levels and corresponding testing and treatments, with very high risk patients receiving the most intensive treatments like invasive detection of unstable plaques and procedures like CABG or multiple drug-eluting stents.
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Vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture and cause heart attacks. This document proposes criteria for defining vulnerable plaques based on histopathology and clinical factors. It also explores using infrared thermography to identify vulnerable plaques by detecting heat from macrophage inflammation. Studies in animal models and humans found temperature heterogeneity in atherosclerotic arteries that correlated with plaque vulnerability features. Further research aims to develop non-invasive thermography techniques to accurately detect vulnerable plaques and help predict heart attack risk.
A20 gene
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a phosphorylation site in C57 mice. C57-A20 was less effective at shutting down TNF-induced NF-kB activity and C57 cells were less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis compared to FVB cells. This suggests less active A20 in C57 mice leads to increased inflammation and reduced apoptosis, while more active A20 in FVB mice decreases inflammation and increases apoptosis, contributing to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between the strains.
A20 is an atherosclerosis
The document presents findings on the A20 gene, which encodes a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kB activity and TNF-induced apoptosis. The study found that C57 and FVB mouse strains have a coding difference in A20 that generates a putative phosphorylation site in C57 mice. Experiments showed the C57 version of A20 is less effective at shutting down NF-kB activity and C57 cells are less susceptible to TNF-induced apoptosis. This suggests the A20 variation could contribute to differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility between C57 and FVB strains by affecting inflammation and apoptosis.
103100
This progress report discusses ongoing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy studies. It notes that a new probe design is being developed to improve signal detection in the NIR range. Characterization of a new light source and additional tissue phantom studies are needed. The report identifies ongoing difficulties with depth penetration studies and experimental setup issues. Priorities include analyzing existing data to inform probe redesign, characterizing the new light source, conducting depth penetration and tissue phantom studies, and addressing experimental setup challenges.
259 crp as a risk factor
This document discusses the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels to predict cardiovascular risk. It summarizes a study that found CRP to be a stronger predictor of future cardiovascular events than LDL. The study measured CRP and LDL levels in 27,939 healthy women and followed them for 8 years, finding that most cardiovascular events occurred in women with normal or low LDL (<160 mg/dl) but elevated CRP. The document concludes that combining CRP and LDL measurements provides better risk assessment than either marker alone.
511 first steps towards understanding
This study investigated genetic differences in vascular remodeling and shear stress regulation in response to altered blood flow in four inbred rat strains. The results showed significant differences among strains in their ability to maintain normal endothelial shear stress levels through outward arterial remodeling when flow was increased or decreased. Specifically, the GH strain was better able to regulate shear stress through remodeling compared to the SHR-SP strain. These genetic differences in vascular responses to changes in blood flow have important implications for understanding the variable manifestations of atherosclerosis and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in individuals and populations. Future studies are needed to investigate whether similar genetic differences exist in humans and their role in clinical outcomes.
1688 azadpour 3 12 02
This document contains fluorescence intensity measurements from a fluorescence-based assay using different concentrations of FITC-labeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FITC SPIO). The measurements are organized in a table with concentrations of FITC SPIO along the left and average fluorescence units per well and standard deviations for different samples labeled with letters in the cells.
1031 talk2
The document discusses the role of lipoproteins, particularly LDL and HDL, in inflammation and atherosclerosis. LDL readily enters the artery wall where it can become modified, making it proinflammatory. Modified LDL stimulates expression of MCP-1, which recruits monocytes. Modified LDL also promotes differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. In contrast, HDL is potentially anti-inflammatory. Atherosclerosis is characterized as an inflammatory disease where lipoproteins influence multiple aspects of inflammation.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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144 physics of mri
- 1. Carotid MRI with SPIO Images from the first patient
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