1. Communication and
Culture
BY
Deep Patel
130210125082

3. What is Culture???
 Provides patterns of
acceptable behavior &
beliefs.
 May be based on….
Nationality
Race and Religion
Historical Roots
…All of the Above

4. What is culture?
 Sir Edward Tylor’s definition in 1871 (first use
of this term):
“that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by
man as a member of society”

5. Common Cultural Differences
Perception of Time
Perception of Space
Fate and Personal Responsibility
Importance of Face
Nonverbal Communication

6.  Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952)
Culture consists of patterns, explicit and
implicit, of and for behavior acquired and
transmitted by symbols, constituting the
distinctive achievement of human
groups, including their embodiment in artifacts;
the essential core of culture consists of
traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected)
ideas and especially their attached values; culture
systems may, on the one hand, be considered as
products of action, on the other as conditioning
elements of further action.

7. Cross-cultural Values
 Freedom
 Independence
 Self-reliance
 Equality
 Individualism
 Competition
 Efficiency
 Time
 Directness
 Openness
 Belonging
 Group harmony
 Collectiveness
 Age/seniority
 Group consciousness
 Cooperation
 Quality
 Patience
 Indirectness
 Go-between
Americans Japanese

8. High-context cultures
 Long-lasting
relationships
 Exploiting context
 Spoken agreements
 Insiders and outsiders
clearly distinguished
 Cultural patterns
ingrained, slow change
Low-context cultures
 Shorter relationships
 Less dependent on
context
 Written agreements
 Insiders and outsiders
less clearly distinguished
 Cultural patterns change
faster

9. Cultural Classification--Hall
 Low-Context Cultures - What Is Said Is More
Important Than How or Where It Is Said
 U.S.
 Germany
 High-Context cultures - What Is Said and How or
Where It is Said Are Significant
 Asia
 Latin America
 Middle East

10. Low-context in business
Business before friendship
Credibility through expertise &
performance
Agreements by legal contract
Negotiations efficient

11. High-context in business
No business without
friendship
Credibility through
relationships
Agreements founded on trust
Negotiations slow & ritualistic

12. Language codes
 Elaborated codes provide a wide range of
different ways to say something. These allow
speakers to make their ideas and intentions
explicit.
 Restricted codes have a narrow range of
options, and it is easier to predict what form
they will take.