The document discusses various methods of harvesting solar energy, with a focus on photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how PV cells work, producing electricity from sunlight using a silicon p-n junction. Maximum efficiency is around 23% for silicon PV due to optical and electrical losses. Typical home PV systems are a few kW in size and cost around $5 per watt installed currently, with payback periods of less than 10 years in many areas. Larger grid-tied commercial systems are also discussed, using an example 11 kW system at UCSD.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses various types of solar cells like crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide. It also covers the basic components and workings of solar photovoltaic systems including solar panels, batteries, inverters, and their connections to either the electric grid or for off-grid use. Calculations for sizing solar arrays and estimating power outputs are also presented.
S.V. Power Solutions presents an initiative to go green with solar energy. Thermal power plants that use coal contribute significantly to global warming, air pollution, water pollution, and waste heat. Solar energy is a more sustainable alternative that converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels. The key advantages of solar energy are lowered utility costs over time, a long system lifetime of 35+ years, producing zero emissions, and environmental benefits such as reduced carbon dioxide and water usage. Common components of residential solar power systems include solar panels, an inverter to convert DC to AC current, and batteries for energy storage in off-grid systems.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
The document summarizes information about a solar power plant, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a solar power plant including solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads.
2) It explains how solar energy is converted into electricity through both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate heat to power turbines.
3) It provides an overview of the advantages of solar power plants in being renewable, clean, and requiring little maintenance over time.
In this PPT we are add all ditels and latest data.And in this PPT we are make char to when the sun light is reflact in soalr penal and we produced high power.
This document discusses a solar power plant, including its components and how it works. It notes that solar power plants convert sunlight into electricity directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power. The key components of a solar power plant are solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads. Solar modules contain solar cells that generate electricity when struck by photons. Controllers ensure maximum power generation by tracking optimal operating conditions. Batteries store excess power for nighttime use. Inverters convert the solar module DC output to AC used in homes.
Desgin and development of solar powered air conditioning sysytemAkshay Saraf
Using solar powered air conditioning is useful both inside and outside.
In this PPT we will discuss about the calculation of solar powered air conditioning system
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses various types of solar cells like crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide. It also covers the basic components and workings of solar photovoltaic systems including solar panels, batteries, inverters, and their connections to either the electric grid or for off-grid use. Calculations for sizing solar arrays and estimating power outputs are also presented.
S.V. Power Solutions presents an initiative to go green with solar energy. Thermal power plants that use coal contribute significantly to global warming, air pollution, water pollution, and waste heat. Solar energy is a more sustainable alternative that converts sunlight into electricity using solar panels. The key advantages of solar energy are lowered utility costs over time, a long system lifetime of 35+ years, producing zero emissions, and environmental benefits such as reduced carbon dioxide and water usage. Common components of residential solar power systems include solar panels, an inverter to convert DC to AC current, and batteries for energy storage in off-grid systems.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
The document summarizes information about a solar power plant, including:
1) It describes the basic components of a solar power plant including solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads.
2) It explains how solar energy is converted into electricity through both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and generate heat to power turbines.
3) It provides an overview of the advantages of solar power plants in being renewable, clean, and requiring little maintenance over time.
In this PPT we are add all ditels and latest data.And in this PPT we are make char to when the sun light is reflact in soalr penal and we produced high power.
This document discusses a solar power plant, including its components and how it works. It notes that solar power plants convert sunlight into electricity directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power. The key components of a solar power plant are solar modules, controllers, batteries, inverters, and lighting loads. Solar modules contain solar cells that generate electricity when struck by photons. Controllers ensure maximum power generation by tracking optimal operating conditions. Batteries store excess power for nighttime use. Inverters convert the solar module DC output to AC used in homes.
Desgin and development of solar powered air conditioning sysytemAkshay Saraf
Using solar powered air conditioning is useful both inside and outside.
In this PPT we will discuss about the calculation of solar powered air conditioning system
Solar panels basic types, Mono, poly, Battery, MPPT Charger, Efficiency, Monocrystalline solar panels, Polycrystalline solar panels ,Amorphous solar panels,Cost and expected LifeSpan of solar panels, Charge Controller ,MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
This document describes how to build a solar charger using a solar panel, voltage regulator, capacitors, and USB port to charge devices. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by the solar panel and regulated to 5V by the voltage regulator. The capacitors help regulate voltage. Connecting the USB port allows charging phones and other devices using clean, renewable solar power. Building a small, portable solar charger allows mobile energy access and helps conserve other resources by harnessing the sun's abundant energy.
The document discusses solar power generation, distribution, and storage from small-scale solar power systems. It describes how solar power works by converting sunlight to electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines the components of a solar power generation system and discusses photovoltaic effect. It also addresses performance factors, applications, advantages and disadvantages of solar power.
This presentation provides an overview of solar power. It introduces solar power, discussing its history from 1839 to modern solar cells. It explains how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. The presentation outlines the benefits of solar power, such as being renewable, requiring little maintenance, and saving households $20,000 over 20 years. It also discusses solar inverters, which convert the variable energy from solar panels into a constant output and allow grid-connected systems to supply backup power during outages.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor materials. A solar PV panel generates voltage and current when exposed to sunlight, with higher intensity sunlight producing more electricity. The electricity produced is direct current (DC), which requires an inverter to convert it to alternating current (AC) for common uses. Solar PV systems have no moving parts and require little maintenance, but cannot generate power at night or when the sun is obscured by clouds. Proper system sizing requires determining energy needs and available sunlight based on location, direction panels face, shading, and other factors. Larger panels, tracking systems, and concentrating optics can increase energy capture.
How to Improve Efficiency of Solar Panel.docxAkashNaheliya
This document provides information on improving the efficiency of solar panels. It discusses how solar cells work and how efficiency is calculated. Some key methods discussed to increase efficiency include using radiators and fans to cool panels, anti-reflective coatings, choosing optimum transparent conductors, and promoting light scattering. Factors that limit efficiency gains are also examined, such as high temperatures, shading, panel orientation, and the need for regular maintenance to maximize energy production.
Solar technologies you can use in your Indian homeThe_Alternative
Greenprint Your Home: U Solar CEO Harinarayan presents the various solar technologies available in the market today for homes. More at www.thealternative.in/greenprint-your-home
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
PV SYSTEMS, COMPONENTS DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.pptArpoMukherjee1
The document discusses various aspects of photovoltaic technology. It describes two main methods of harnessing solar energy - photovoltaic and thermal. It then provides details on photovoltaic technology, including the different generations of solar cell materials, characteristics of solar cells and modules, and components of solar PV systems including panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and other accessories. Examples of solar PV applications are also mentioned.
The document provides information about a 5MW solar photovoltaic power plant project. It discusses key details of the project such as the annual estimated generation of 7263 MWh, cost of 48.59 crores, use of 20856 polycrystalline silicon solar modules, 10 inverters each with a capacity of 500KVA, and connection to the grid via a 33KV transmission line that is 4.2km in length. It also summarizes the site layout including 3476 foundations, protection systems, monitoring via a SCADA system, and backup power solutions in case of auxiliary power failure.
L1 Solar Energy--The Ultimate Renewable Resource.pptnehasolanki83
Solar energy originates from the sun and represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth. It has the advantages of being pollution-free and sustainable, with the energy from 30 days of sunshine having the equivalent energy of all fossil fuels used and unused on Earth. Challenges include its diffuse and intermittent nature. Various technologies have been developed to collect, convert, and store solar energy for heating water and living spaces as well as generating electricity through photovoltaics and concentrating solar power towers and dishes. While solar technologies are improving, their higher initial costs compared to fossil fuels have limited widespread adoption.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
Solar panels basic types, Mono, poly, Battery, MPPT Charger, Efficiency, Monocrystalline solar panels, Polycrystalline solar panels ,Amorphous solar panels,Cost and expected LifeSpan of solar panels, Charge Controller ,MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
This document describes how to build a solar charger using a solar panel, voltage regulator, capacitors, and USB port to charge devices. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by the solar panel and regulated to 5V by the voltage regulator. The capacitors help regulate voltage. Connecting the USB port allows charging phones and other devices using clean, renewable solar power. Building a small, portable solar charger allows mobile energy access and helps conserve other resources by harnessing the sun's abundant energy.
The document discusses solar power generation, distribution, and storage from small-scale solar power systems. It describes how solar power works by converting sunlight to electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines the components of a solar power generation system and discusses photovoltaic effect. It also addresses performance factors, applications, advantages and disadvantages of solar power.
This presentation provides an overview of solar power. It introduces solar power, discussing its history from 1839 to modern solar cells. It explains how solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. The presentation outlines the benefits of solar power, such as being renewable, requiring little maintenance, and saving households $20,000 over 20 years. It also discusses solar inverters, which convert the variable energy from solar panels into a constant output and allow grid-connected systems to supply backup power during outages.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor materials. A solar PV panel generates voltage and current when exposed to sunlight, with higher intensity sunlight producing more electricity. The electricity produced is direct current (DC), which requires an inverter to convert it to alternating current (AC) for common uses. Solar PV systems have no moving parts and require little maintenance, but cannot generate power at night or when the sun is obscured by clouds. Proper system sizing requires determining energy needs and available sunlight based on location, direction panels face, shading, and other factors. Larger panels, tracking systems, and concentrating optics can increase energy capture.
How to Improve Efficiency of Solar Panel.docxAkashNaheliya
This document provides information on improving the efficiency of solar panels. It discusses how solar cells work and how efficiency is calculated. Some key methods discussed to increase efficiency include using radiators and fans to cool panels, anti-reflective coatings, choosing optimum transparent conductors, and promoting light scattering. Factors that limit efficiency gains are also examined, such as high temperatures, shading, panel orientation, and the need for regular maintenance to maximize energy production.
Solar technologies you can use in your Indian homeThe_Alternative
Greenprint Your Home: U Solar CEO Harinarayan presents the various solar technologies available in the market today for homes. More at www.thealternative.in/greenprint-your-home
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.
Solar cell is the device that converts energy of light directly into electrical energy (electricity) by photovoltaic effect In general, a solar cell that includes both solar and non solar sources of light
(such as photons from incandescent bulbs) is termed a photovoltaic cell. Solar cell is also know as photovoltaic cell
Most familiar solar cells are based on the effect
of photovoltaic In this effect, light falling on semiconductor device of the two layer produces a potential difference or photo voltage between the layers The voltage thus produced can drive a current through an external circuit producing useful work
PV SYSTEMS, COMPONENTS DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.pptArpoMukherjee1
The document discusses various aspects of photovoltaic technology. It describes two main methods of harnessing solar energy - photovoltaic and thermal. It then provides details on photovoltaic technology, including the different generations of solar cell materials, characteristics of solar cells and modules, and components of solar PV systems including panels, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and other accessories. Examples of solar PV applications are also mentioned.
The document provides information about a 5MW solar photovoltaic power plant project. It discusses key details of the project such as the annual estimated generation of 7263 MWh, cost of 48.59 crores, use of 20856 polycrystalline silicon solar modules, 10 inverters each with a capacity of 500KVA, and connection to the grid via a 33KV transmission line that is 4.2km in length. It also summarizes the site layout including 3476 foundations, protection systems, monitoring via a SCADA system, and backup power solutions in case of auxiliary power failure.
L1 Solar Energy--The Ultimate Renewable Resource.pptnehasolanki83
Solar energy originates from the sun and represents the entire electromagnetic spectrum that reaches Earth. It has the advantages of being pollution-free and sustainable, with the energy from 30 days of sunshine having the equivalent energy of all fossil fuels used and unused on Earth. Challenges include its diffuse and intermittent nature. Various technologies have been developed to collect, convert, and store solar energy for heating water and living spaces as well as generating electricity through photovoltaics and concentrating solar power towers and dishes. While solar technologies are improving, their higher initial costs compared to fossil fuels have limited widespread adoption.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document summarizes how photovoltaic (PV) solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. It discusses the materials and manufacturing process used to make PV cells from silicon wafers. Finally, it covers common applications of solar PV systems and some advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
2. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 2
Methods of Harvesting Sunlight
Passive: cheap, efficient design;
block summer rays; allow winter
Solar Thermal: ~30% efficient;
cost-competitive; requires direct sun;
heats fluid in pipes that then boils
water to drive steam turbine
Solar hot water: up to 50% efficient; several $k to
install; usually keep conventional backup; freeze
protection vital (even in S.D.!!)
Photovoltaic (PV): direct electricity; 15% efficient;
$5 per Watt to install without rebates/incentives;
small fraction of roof covers demand of typ. home
Biofuels, algae, etc. also harvest solar energy, at few % eff.
3. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 3
Photovoltaic (PV) Scheme
• Highly purified silicon (Si) from sand, quartz, etc. is “doped” with intentional
impurities at controlled concentrations to produce a p-n junction
– p-n junctions are common and useful: diodes, CCDs, photodiodes, transistors
• A photon incident on the p-n junction liberates an electron
– photon disappears, any excess energy goes into kinetic energy of electron (heat)
– electron wanders around drunkenly, and might stumble into “depletion region”
where electric field exists (electrons, being negative, move against field arrows)
– electric field sweeps electron across the junction, constituting a current
– more photons more electrons more current more power
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
photon of light
liberated electron
electric field
Si doped with
boron, e.g.
Si doped with
phosphorous, e.g.
4. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 4
Provide a circuit for the electron flow
• Without a path for the electrons to flow out,
charge would build up and end up canceling
electric field
– must provide a way out
– direct through external load
– PV cell acts like a battery
current flow
external load
5. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 5
PV types
• Single-crystal silicon
– 15–18% efficient, typically
– expensive to make (grown as big crystal)
• Poly-crystalline silicon
– 12–16% efficient, slowly improving
– cheaper to make (cast in ingots)
• Amorphous silicon (non-crystalline)
– 4–8% efficient
– cheapest per Watt
– called “thin film”, easily deposited on a wide range of
surface types
6. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 6
How good can it get?
• Silicon is transparent at wavelengths longer than
1.1 microns (1100 nm)
– 23% of sunlight passes right through with no effect
• Excess photon energy is wasted as heat
– near-infrared light (1100 nm) typically delivers only
51% of its photon energy into electrical current energy
• roughly half the electrons stumble off in the wrong direction
– red light (700 nm) only delivers 33%
– blue light (400 nm) only delivers 19%
• All together, the maximum efficiency for a silicon
PV in sunlight is about 23%
– defeating “recombination loss” puts the limit in the low
30’s %
7. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 7
Silicon Photovoltaic Budget
• Only 77% of solar spectrum is absorbed by silicon
• Of this, ~30% is used as electrical energy
• Net effect is 23% maximum efficiency
8. UCSD Physics 12
More Detail on Do the Math site
• Explains the physical
factors involved in
setting PV efficiency
limits
– http://physics.ucsd.edu/
do-the-
math/2011/09/dont-be-
a-pv-efficiency-snob/
Spring 2013 8
9. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 9
PV Cells as “Batteries”
• A single PV cell (junction) in the sun acts like a battery
– characteristic voltage is 0.58 V
– power delivered is current times voltage
– current is determined by the rate of incoming solar photons
• Stack cells in series to get usefully high voltages
– voltage ≠ power, but higher voltage means you can deliver power
with less current, meaning smaller wiring, greater transmission
efficiency
• A typical panel has 36 cells for about 21 V open-circuit
(no current delivered)
– but actually drops to ~16 V at max power
– well suited to charging a nominal 12 V battery
3.5 volts
0.58 V +0.58 V +0.58 V +0.58 V +0.58 V +0.58 V
10. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 10
Typical I-V curves
• Typical single panel (this one: 130 W at peak power)
• Power is current times voltage, so area of rectangle
– max power is 7.6 amps times 17.5 V = 133 W
• Less efficient at higher temperatures
3Q
11. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 11
How much does it cost?
• Solar PV is usually priced in dollars per peak Watt
– or full-sun max capacity: how fast can it produce energy
– panels cost $2.50 per Watt (and falling), installed cost $5/W
– so a 3kW residential system is $15,000 to install
– State rebates and federal tax incentives can reduce cost substantially
• so 3kW system can be < $10,000 to install
• To get price per kWh, need to figure in exposure
– rule of thumb: 4–6 hours per day full sun equiv: 3kW system produces ~15
kWh per day
• Mythbusting: the energy it takes to manufacture a PV panel is
recouped in 3–4 years of sunlight
– contrary to myth that…
– they never achieve energy payback
12. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 12
Solar Economics
• Current electricity cost in CA is about $0.13 per kWh
• PV model: assume 5 hours peak-sun equivalent per day
– in one year, get 1800 hours full-sun equivalent
– installed cost is $5 per peak Watt capability, no rebates
– one Watt installed delivers 1.8 kWh in a year
– panel lasts at least 25 years, so 45 kWh for each Watt of capacity
– paid $5.00 for 45 kWh, so $0.11/kWh
– rebates can pull price to < $0.08/kWh
• Assuming energy rates increase at a few % per year,
payback is < 10 years
– thereafter: “free” electricity
– but sinking $$ up front means loss of investment capability
– net effect: cost today is what matters to most people
• Solar PV is on the verge of “breakout,” but demand may
keep prices stable throughout the breakout process
5Q
13. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 13
Solar’s Dirty Secret
• It may come as a surprise, but the sun is not always up
• A consumer base that expects energy availability at all
times is not fully compatible with direct solar power
• Therefore, large-scale solar implementation must confront
energy storage techniques to be useful
– at small scale, can easily feed into grid, and other power plants
take up slack by varying their output
• Methods of storage (all present challenges):
– conventional batteries (lead-acid; cheapest option)
– exotic batteries (need development)
– hydrogen fuel (could power fleet of cars, but inefficient)
– global electricity grid (always sunny somewhere)
– pumped water storage (not much capacity)
14. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 14
A Modest, Stand-Alone System
• In 2007, I set up a small PV
system to power my living
room
• Used two different panel types,
explored a number of charge
controllers and configurations
• Built mounts to allow seasonal
tilt adjustments
• Larger panel is 130 W poly-
crystalline silicon at 16%
efficiency
• Smaller is 64 W thin-film triple-
junction at 8% efficiency
• Large panel handled TV,
DVD/VCR (system A), smaller
one powered lights (system B)
15. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 15
Dual System Components (covers removed)
12 V lead-acid
golf-cart battery for
system A: holds
1.8 kWh
identical12 V battery
for system B
class-T fuse (110 A)
class-T fuse (110 A)
ground wire (to pipe)
charge controller,
system B
MPPT charge
controller, system A
breaker box and shunts
for current measurement
system
monitor
400 W inverters for
systems A & B
extension cords go
inside to appliances
unused MPPT charge
controller
conduit carrying
PV input wires
green: ground
red: positive
white: neutral
16. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 16
Three days of PV-TV monitoring
Home PV monitor for three late-October days in 2007: first very cloudy,
second sunny; third cloudy
green: battery % full
black: battery voltage
(right hand scale)
red: solar input, Watts
cyan: load usage;
baseline for inverter,
intermittent TV use
numbers at top are
total solar yield (red)
and total system usage
(cyan) for that day,
in Watt-hours
see http://www.physics.ucsd.edu/~tmurphy/pv_for_pt.html for more examples
17. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 17
System Upgrades
• Over time, system has grown
– but into single system
• Four 130 W panels shown at
left
• Beefy inverter (3.5 kW max)
• “Smart” control to switch to
grid power input when
batteries low
• Started running refrigerator
most of the time off these four
panels
• Expanded to 6 panels
• Now 8 panels after we moved
– handles 60% of electricity
extensions on mounts allow tilts to 50
portion shown here only gets 10 and 20
18. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 18
Refrigerator Cycles
With three panels, I
could tackle something
more worthy, like the
refrigerator…
Can see cyclic behavior
as fridge turns on and off
Once battery reaches
absorb stage voltage
(~29.5 V), can relax
current to battery (falling
red envelope)
When fridge pops on,
need full juice again
Some TV later in day
In this period, got 1818 W-h from sun, used 1510 W-h
Getting 1818 W-h from 340-W capacity 5.3 hours equiv. full sun
19. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 19
Smart Inverter Scheme
A smart inverter can
shut off when battery
gets low, using grid power
to supply to loads
Inverter comes back on
when battery voltage hits
a certain level
Note consistency of
energy supplied (red
numbers) and energy
used (cyan numbers)
Infer 2107/2358 = 89%
efficiency across first
four days (efficiency of
sending solar juice to
inverter, including battery)
Using solar for fridge 75% of time; otherwise grid (4 panel setup)
getting most out of system, without wasting solar potential
20. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 20
The Powell Solar Array at UCSD
“Solar Quilt”
“Kyocera Skyline”
grid-tie system delivering up to 11 kW
typ. home system less than 1/4 this size
22. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 22
7–10 23–26
flat: 918.4 kWh in 30 days 30.6 kWh/day; tilted: 974.5 kWh 32.5 kWh/day
15
23. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 23
10.60, 10.60
13.35,13.28
30.78, 32.90
37.59, 40.75
Numbers indicate kWh produced
for flat, tilted arrays, respectively
Similar yields on cloudy days
25. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 25
Powell Array Particulars
• Each array is composed of 32 panels, each containing a
69 pattern of PV cells 0.15 m (6 inches) on a side
– 95% fill-factor, given leads across front
– estimated 1.15 m2 per panel; 37 m2 total per array
• Peak rate is 5,500 W
– delivers 149 W/m2
– At 15% efficiency, this is 991 W/m2 incident power
• Flat array sees 162, 210, 230 W/m2 on average for
February, March, April
– includes night and cloudy weather
• Cloudy days deliver 25% the energy of a sunny day
– 1 kW rate translates to 180 W/m2 incident during cloudy day
26. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 26
UCSD 1 MW initiative: Gilman = 200 kW
At present, UCSD has installed 1 MW of solar PV, online since Dec. 2008.
UCSD uses 30 MW, 25 MW generated on campus (gas turbines, mainly)
27. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 27
The Biggest of the Big
• Biggest PV installations
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations
– 250 MW in AZ; 214 MW in India; 200 MW China; 166 MW Germany;
150 MW in AZ
• Global totals:
– Solar hot water: 196 GW (120 GW China; 15 GW U.S.)
– PV: 98 GW (32 GW in Germany; 7.2 GW U.S.; 7 GW China)
• 74% growth in the industry in 2011; average 65% since 2007
– Solar thermal: 1.5 GW
• 1 GW in U.S. (354 MW in CA); 0.5 GW in Spain
• Added together: 296 GW
– but this is peak capacity
– day/night/weather reduce by typically factor of 5
– so call it 60 GW continuous ~0.5% of global energy demand
28. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 28
Solar Economics, revisited
• In remote locations, routing grid power is prohibitively
expensive, so stand-alone PV is a clear choice
• For my experimental system at home, the cost is not
competitive with retail electricity
– small does not scale favorably: a system monitor can cost as much for a
small system as for a large system
• But dollars and cents should not be the only considerations
– consider: CO2 contributed by burning fossil fuels, and climate change
– consider: environmental damage in mining coal
– consider: environmental damage in drilling/transporting oil
– consider: depletion of finite resources: robbing future generations
– consider: concentrated control of energy in a few wealthy hands
• Going (partially) solar has been worth every penny for me,
personally
– learning, independence, environmental benefit, etc. all contribute
29. UCSD Physics 12
Spring 2013 29
Announcements and Assignments
• Read Chapter 4
• Optional from Do the Math
– 13. Don’t be a PV Efficiency Snob
– 54. My Modest Solar Setup
• HW 4 due Friday
• Midterm Monday, May 6, York 2622 at 3PM
– need red half-page scan-tron with ID NUMBER section
– and # 2 pencil
– calculator okay (just for numbers, no stored info!)
– study guide posted on web site
• problems com from this study guide!
– review session: Thursday 6:00 – 7:50 PM, Solis 110
• Quiz still on for Fridays (this week and next)