This document analyzes meteorological data collected in Ilorin, Nigeria in 2004, including temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure. Measurements were taken daily and analyzed for trends. Results showed temperature was highest in May and lowest in January. Relative humidity was highest in October and lowest in October. Pressure was highest in June and lowest in March. Diurnal plots showed parameters fluctuating more early in the year and stabilizing into patterns later. Temperature inversely correlated with relative humidity and directly correlated with pressure. The study compared results to other locations to analyze regional trends in these parameters.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Global Warming and the Sudan: Variation of Air Temperature over Sudan and So...Sryahwa Publications
Annual mean air temperature for Sudan and South Sudan for the periods 1961- 1990 and 1981-2010 was obtained as normal data for 19 stations for each period from Sudan Meteorological Authority and analyzed for variation with the course of time and for correlations between mean, maximum and minimum air temperature on the one hand and latitudes, longitudes and elevations on the other hand.
This is the slidshow that I use for climate change extension. I am currently involved in the National Drought Pilot Program, giving the overview of climate, climate change and agronomic decisions related to it. There is a lot I discuss that isn\'t in the slides, but these highlight my main points, which end at the "what have we learnt" slide.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Co...YogeshIJTSRD
With respect to comfort inside the building to distinguish between thermal comfort lighting important of these effects is thermal comfort which is primarily compared by four major factors the air temperature, Maine radiant temperature, Humidity and Air flow. An extended work of the American society of heating, refrigerating and accordingly engineers ASHRE. The thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction in the thermal environment. Basic physical and physiological measurements of temperature and heat flux of represent location of a human body have yielded the following results. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Natural Climatic Control using Conceptual Elements in a Building for Human Comfort" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43783.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/43783/natural-climatic-control-using-conceptual-elements-in-a-building-for-human-comfort/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Global Warming and the Sudan: Variation of Air Temperature over Sudan and So...Sryahwa Publications
Annual mean air temperature for Sudan and South Sudan for the periods 1961- 1990 and 1981-2010 was obtained as normal data for 19 stations for each period from Sudan Meteorological Authority and analyzed for variation with the course of time and for correlations between mean, maximum and minimum air temperature on the one hand and latitudes, longitudes and elevations on the other hand.
This is the slidshow that I use for climate change extension. I am currently involved in the National Drought Pilot Program, giving the overview of climate, climate change and agronomic decisions related to it. There is a lot I discuss that isn\'t in the slides, but these highlight my main points, which end at the "what have we learnt" slide.
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THREE REGIONS OF S...IAEME Publication
Rainfall and temperature are important parameters that determine the climatic condition
of a region andis a growing concern in the current situation. Growing industrialization and
increasing use of fossil fuels are putting pressure and effecting the regional and global
temperatures that are subsequently influencing the overall precipitation levels. GCC and Arab
countries are mostly dominated by dry climate and hot winds for most part of the year with
little or no rainfall in most regions. In Middle east, specifically GCC countries economy
depends on oil and gas production, processing, and exports, and these resources are used for
electricity generation across all the six countries. This practice invariably is releasing more of
greenhouse gases coupled with industrial emissions annually from industrialized zones.
Among the six GCC nations, Oman has the second largest land area next to Saudi Arabia and
has significant quantities of oil and gas resources and limited ground water resources.
Scarcity of ground water poses serious problems for farming and potable water that cannot be
supported by scanty or less rainfall annually. In absence of considerable data on rainfall
pattern and temperature deviations, this paper is focused to highlight the rainfall scenario over
temperature changes by studying the rainfall patterns over three designated regions for a
certain duration. In Oman rainfall patterns and temperatures are stimulated by the weather
changes and mostly by heavy industrialization in the recent past. Precipitation data and
temperature profiles are two dependent parameters that are analyzed to achieve the objectives
of the study. Regression analysis is performed to understand the trend in the rainfall pattern
with changes in temperature in the three designated regions of Oman using the data of 14
years. The study revealed significant outcomes indicating distinct relationship between rainfall
and temperature. Changing ambient temperatures in each region has shown to influence the
rainfall pattern differently in Muscat region contrasting the Maseira and Sur region of the
study area. The trend in rainfall pattern with one unit temperature variations are not uniform
across all the three study regions that show apparent variations due the differently
contributing factors such as topography, wind speed, direction, mountain ranges, relative
humidity, and proximity to sea etc. that would govern the precipitation rates
Urban Heat Island and Global Warming: Possible Adaptations in Camden, New Jersey
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
IPCC 2013 report on Climate Change - The Physical BasisGreenFacts
"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" is a comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change, which puts a focus on the elements that are relevant to understand past, document current, and project future climate change.
The report covers observations of changes in all components of the climate system and assess the current knowledge of various processes of the climate system.
Direct global-scale instrumental observation of the climate began in the middle of the 19th century, and reconstruction of the climate using proxies such as tree rings or the content of sediment layers extends the record much further in the past.
The present assessment uses a new set of new scenarios to explore the future impacts of climate change under a range of different possible emission pathways.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Influence of Climatic Factors on the Δ13c Values of the C3, C4 And CAM Dicot ...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Species of the Centrospermeae occurring at different altitudes were analyzed for δ13C values and assigned for graphical representation. The aridity of the study area was evident as defined using the Klimadiagramm. Climatic data was studied and represented on graphs for interpretation. The frequency ofδ 13C values of the species at different altitudes, namely 500m a.s.l., 1000m a.s.l., 1500m a.s.l., 2000m a.s.l., 2500m a.s.l., 3000m a.s.l., 3500m a.s.l. and 4000m a.s.l., are presented on graphs. The data show thatδ13C values is a good predictor of spatial diversity and shift of the species along the altitudinal gradient of environmental factors.There is phenomenal trend such that δ13C values distribution along altitudinal differentiation the values of -10.60‰, to -16.65‰, -17.75‰ to -18.87‰, and -18.89‰ to -32.42‰ correspond to the species at low altitudes (0m a.s.l. – 1500m a.s.l.), intermediate altitude (1,550m a.s.l.-1,700m a.s.l.) and high altitude (1,800m a.s.l. – 4200m a.s.l.0, respectively. The inverse correlation between temperature and rainfall defines the causal climatic factors affecting C3 and C4 species along the altitudinal gradient. The occurrence of the transition zone between temperature and rainfall mirror that between the relative abundance of the C3 and C4 species along the altitude. This floristic data predict NAD-ME, NADP-ME AND PEP-CK types of monocot-dicot transition along the altitude with respect to bioproductivity in the tropics.
Spatial and seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature across Nigeria | ...Innspub Net
This research investigated spatial and seasonal variations in the rainfall and temperature in Nigeria. The study utilised the ex-post facto research design, on the existing 8 climatic zones in Nigeria. Archival data on rainfall and temperature from 1901 to 2017 used for this study were got from Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, via Google Earth Version 7.3.2, using 5° x 5° high-resolution gridded CRUTEM 4.03. Statistical analyses of data were carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Kendall tests. Results indicate that significant differences exist in: rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 1596.76 and p = 0.000; temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 310.73 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 7776.36 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 4575.79 and p = 0.000; trends of rainfall across Nigeria; and trends of temperature across Nigeria. While rainfall showed increasing trends, temperature trends were alternately increasing and decreasing. Rainfall and temperature vary spatially and seasonally within Nigeria. The environmental regions have their peculiar rainfall and temperature characteristics. Therefore, this study is of significant importance to agricultural production because understanding regional climatic attributes is an essential environmental part for effective agricultural productivity.
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-easte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
From our climate panel in Grand Junction on August 4:
Our Forest, Our Water, Our Land: Local Impacts on Climate Change. Sponsored by Conservation Colorado, Mesa County Library, Math & Science Center
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL PATTERN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN THREE REGIONS OF S...IAEME Publication
Rainfall and temperature are important parameters that determine the climatic condition
of a region andis a growing concern in the current situation. Growing industrialization and
increasing use of fossil fuels are putting pressure and effecting the regional and global
temperatures that are subsequently influencing the overall precipitation levels. GCC and Arab
countries are mostly dominated by dry climate and hot winds for most part of the year with
little or no rainfall in most regions. In Middle east, specifically GCC countries economy
depends on oil and gas production, processing, and exports, and these resources are used for
electricity generation across all the six countries. This practice invariably is releasing more of
greenhouse gases coupled with industrial emissions annually from industrialized zones.
Among the six GCC nations, Oman has the second largest land area next to Saudi Arabia and
has significant quantities of oil and gas resources and limited ground water resources.
Scarcity of ground water poses serious problems for farming and potable water that cannot be
supported by scanty or less rainfall annually. In absence of considerable data on rainfall
pattern and temperature deviations, this paper is focused to highlight the rainfall scenario over
temperature changes by studying the rainfall patterns over three designated regions for a
certain duration. In Oman rainfall patterns and temperatures are stimulated by the weather
changes and mostly by heavy industrialization in the recent past. Precipitation data and
temperature profiles are two dependent parameters that are analyzed to achieve the objectives
of the study. Regression analysis is performed to understand the trend in the rainfall pattern
with changes in temperature in the three designated regions of Oman using the data of 14
years. The study revealed significant outcomes indicating distinct relationship between rainfall
and temperature. Changing ambient temperatures in each region has shown to influence the
rainfall pattern differently in Muscat region contrasting the Maseira and Sur region of the
study area. The trend in rainfall pattern with one unit temperature variations are not uniform
across all the three study regions that show apparent variations due the differently
contributing factors such as topography, wind speed, direction, mountain ranges, relative
humidity, and proximity to sea etc. that would govern the precipitation rates
Urban Heat Island and Global Warming: Possible Adaptations in Camden, New Jersey
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
IPCC 2013 report on Climate Change - The Physical BasisGreenFacts
"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" is a comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change, which puts a focus on the elements that are relevant to understand past, document current, and project future climate change.
The report covers observations of changes in all components of the climate system and assess the current knowledge of various processes of the climate system.
Direct global-scale instrumental observation of the climate began in the middle of the 19th century, and reconstruction of the climate using proxies such as tree rings or the content of sediment layers extends the record much further in the past.
The present assessment uses a new set of new scenarios to explore the future impacts of climate change under a range of different possible emission pathways.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
Influence of Climatic Factors on the Δ13c Values of the C3, C4 And CAM Dicot ...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Species of the Centrospermeae occurring at different altitudes were analyzed for δ13C values and assigned for graphical representation. The aridity of the study area was evident as defined using the Klimadiagramm. Climatic data was studied and represented on graphs for interpretation. The frequency ofδ 13C values of the species at different altitudes, namely 500m a.s.l., 1000m a.s.l., 1500m a.s.l., 2000m a.s.l., 2500m a.s.l., 3000m a.s.l., 3500m a.s.l. and 4000m a.s.l., are presented on graphs. The data show thatδ13C values is a good predictor of spatial diversity and shift of the species along the altitudinal gradient of environmental factors.There is phenomenal trend such that δ13C values distribution along altitudinal differentiation the values of -10.60‰, to -16.65‰, -17.75‰ to -18.87‰, and -18.89‰ to -32.42‰ correspond to the species at low altitudes (0m a.s.l. – 1500m a.s.l.), intermediate altitude (1,550m a.s.l.-1,700m a.s.l.) and high altitude (1,800m a.s.l. – 4200m a.s.l.0, respectively. The inverse correlation between temperature and rainfall defines the causal climatic factors affecting C3 and C4 species along the altitudinal gradient. The occurrence of the transition zone between temperature and rainfall mirror that between the relative abundance of the C3 and C4 species along the altitude. This floristic data predict NAD-ME, NADP-ME AND PEP-CK types of monocot-dicot transition along the altitude with respect to bioproductivity in the tropics.
Spatial and seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature across Nigeria | ...Innspub Net
This research investigated spatial and seasonal variations in the rainfall and temperature in Nigeria. The study utilised the ex-post facto research design, on the existing 8 climatic zones in Nigeria. Archival data on rainfall and temperature from 1901 to 2017 used for this study were got from Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, via Google Earth Version 7.3.2, using 5° x 5° high-resolution gridded CRUTEM 4.03. Statistical analyses of data were carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Kendall tests. Results indicate that significant differences exist in: rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 1596.76 and p = 0.000; temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 310.73 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 7776.36 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 4575.79 and p = 0.000; trends of rainfall across Nigeria; and trends of temperature across Nigeria. While rainfall showed increasing trends, temperature trends were alternately increasing and decreasing. Rainfall and temperature vary spatially and seasonally within Nigeria. The environmental regions have their peculiar rainfall and temperature characteristics. Therefore, this study is of significant importance to agricultural production because understanding regional climatic attributes is an essential environmental part for effective agricultural productivity.
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-easte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
Temperature Changes of Niğde Province in Turkey: Trend analysis of 50 years dataPremier Publishers
This research was carried out in center of Niğde province and Ulukışla district in Turkey. In the study, monthly minimum, maximum and average temperature data between 1970-2019 were evaluated. In the research, Sperman’s Rho and Mann-Kendall correlation tests and Sen’s slope method were applied to temperature data. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that the average minimum temperature for many years was -1,2 °C in center of Niğde province and -2,9 °C in Ulukışla district. Average temperature values were found as 12,8 °C in Center of Niğde and 9,8 °C in Ulukışla district. The average of maximum temperature was found to be 24,5 °C in Niğde Center and 23,1 °C in Ulukışla district. A significant increase was observed in the spring, summer and autumn seasons in center of Niğde and Ulukışla district at minimum temperature values. When the average temperature trends were analyzed, it was determined that there was a significant increase in center of Niğde for every season. A significant increase in summer, autumn and winter seasons was observed in Ulukışla district. It had been determined that there was a significant increase in the maximum temperatures in each district in every season.
Evaluation of Maximum and Total Open Surface Evaporation by Using Trend Analy...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out Center of Nigde Province in Turkey. Trend analysis was performed on monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data. In the study, a total of 42 years of data between 1978-2019 was used monthly. The data of the climate station in the center of Niğde province were used in the research. For many years, the maximum and total open surface evaporation data were applied to Mann-Kendall, Sperman’s Rho correlation tests and Sen's slope method. According to the research results; for many years, the total monthly open surface evaporation averages were 215,1 mm in June, 272,2 mm in July and 259,5 mm in August. For many years, the total evaporation in the summer months was recorded as 746,8 mm and the average evaporation as 248,9 mm. Maximum of the total open surface evaporation for many years in Niğde Center was calculated as 10,5 mm in June, 11,5 mm in July and 10,7 mm in August. The average of the total monthly open surface evaporation observed in the summer months is 10,9 mm. According to the trend analysis results made in Niğde Center, it has been observed that there is an increasingly significant trend in the monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data for many years.
diurnal temperature range trend over North Carolina and the associated mechan...Sayem Zaman, Ph.D, PE.
This study seeks to investigate the variability and presence of trends in the diurnal surface air temperature range
(DTR) over North Carolina (NC) for the period 1950–2009. The significance trend test and the magnitude of trends were determined using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test and the Theil–Sen approach, respectively.
Statewide significant trends (p b 0.05) of decreasing DTR were found in all seasons and annually during the analysis period. The highest (lowest) temporal DTR trends of magnitude −0.19 (−0.031) °C/decade were found in summer (winter). Potential mechanisms for the presence/absence of trends in DTR have been highlighted. Historical
data sets of the three main moisture components (precipitation, total cloud cover (TCC), and soil moisture) and
the two major atmospheric circulation modes (North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillation) were used for
correlation analysis. The DTRs were found to be negatively correlated with the precipitation, TCC, and soil moisture across the state for all the seasons and annual basis. It appears that the moisture components related better to the DTR than to the atmospheric circulation modes.
Study of Average Hourly Variations of Radio Refractivity Variations across So...iosrjce
The results of the diurnal variation of refractivity based on measurement of atmospheric pressure,
temperature and relative humidity made across some selected locations within Nigeria, Yola (90
11' N, 120
30'
E), Anyigba (70
45' N, 60
45' E), Lagos (60
27' N, 50
12' E), and Port-Harcourt (40
48'N, 70E), is presented in this
study. The study utilized three years of meteorological data measured from January 2010 to December 2013
using Vantage Pro 2 automatic weather station installed at each location. The average hourly variations of
refractivity in the dry season is largely as a result of the variations of the wet component (humidity) while the
average daily variations of surface radio refractivity in the rainy season is as a result of both the variations of
the dry (pressure) and wet (humidity) component of surface radio refractivity. It also observed that the values of
surface radio refractivity showed seasonal variations with high value during rainy season and low values
during dry season with an increase in the value of surface radio refractivity from minimum value of about
242N-units at Anyigba station to maximum value of about 384-N units at Lagos station. The diurnal variation of
refractivity of the troposphere is a function of local meteorology as observed from results obtained from the
study.
Soil Temperature Changes of (1970-2019) Ulukışla District in Turkey by Trend ...Premier Publishers
This research was carried out in the context of evaluating the temperatures at different soil depths observed as monthly between 1970-2019 in Ulukışla district of Nigde province in Turkey. In the study, maximum, minimum and average soil temperatures at soil depths of 10, 50 and 100 cm were investigated. Sperman’s Rho, Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope method tests on soil temperature data were applied. According to trend analysis results; The general average of maximum soil temperatures of 10 cm depth was 22.0°C, minimum soil temperature values were 6.9 °C and average soil temperatures were calculated as 14,0 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature values in 50 cm soil depth was calculated as 16.1 °C, minimum soil temperature values were observed as 11.5 °C. The general mean of average soil temperatures were determined as 13,8 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature in 100 cm soil depth was determined as 15.4 °C, minimum soil temperature values were calculated as 12.6 °C, average soil temperature values were observed as 14.0 °C. According to the changes in soil temperatures in different soil depths; It was determined that there was an increasing trend in maximum, average and minimum soil temperature values in spring, winter, autumn and summer.
Climate-related Changes in Tropical-fruit Flowering Phases in Songkhla Provin...Orca Whale
Abstract: Changes in the timing of plant phenological phases in response to anomalous climate variability and the ongoing anthropogenic climate change have recently been studied in southern Thailand. In this study, we showed the evidence of climate-related changes in flowering phases of 2 tropical-fruit species: mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and longkong (Lansium domesticum Corr.) during 2003-2012. The flowering dates of these tropical fruits recorded at Hat Yai district, Songkhla province and daily climate data were used to assess phenophase response to variations in rainfall and evaporation. With the observed changes in local climate conditions which are defining factors for phenological development of tropical fruits particularly in southern Thailand, the flowering dates of both tropical fruits during 2003-2012 have significantly delayed comparing with the regular pattern in the past. Paradoxically, below-than-normal rainfall was also found in the El Niño years, while La Niña years were found in opposite. In summary, rainfall variations in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province are associated with ENSO. It was evident that the flowering period of tropical fruits tended to shift to the second-half of the year instead of the first-half of the year as usual. The results revealed that, during 33 years (1980-2012), annual rainfall totals, the annual number of rainy days, relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures from the Thai Meteorological Department significantly increased by 29.5 mm/year, 0.83 day/year, 0.116 %/year, 0.033 and 0.035°C/year, respectively. These findings suggest that anthropogenically warm climate and its associated inter-annual variations in local weather patterns may to the great extent influence on tropical-fruit phenology and their responses to recent climate change seem to be complex and nonlinear. Therefore, further study is needed to shed more light on such causal-effect linkages and plausible underlying mechanisms.
Evaluation of Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperature Changes Observ...Premier Publishers
In this research, minimum, maximum and average temperature values between 1970 and 2019 in Center of Nevşehir Province, Ürgüp and Avanos districts in Turkey were examined. Sperman Rho and Mann Kendall statistical correlation tests were used in the analysis phase. As a result, the trends of temperature changes in years are revealed. According to trend analysis results, the average minimum temperature for long years in Avanos district is calculated as -1.20 °C. Maximum temperature is 26,6 °C and the average of all temperature values is 12.18 °C. The average minimum temperature for many years in center of Nevsehir province is calculated as -1.99 0C, the maximum temperature is 24 0C and the average of all temperature values is calculated as 10.73 0C. In Ürgüp district, the minimum temperature for long years was calculated as -4.20 0C, the maximum temperature is 18.48 0C, and the average of all temperature values are 10.32 0C. As a results; It has been observed that there were increasing trend in years of spring, winter, autumn and summer in Nevsehir province and No trend was observed in Avanos and Ürgüp districts at maximum temperature values. While increasing trend is observed in Avanos district and Nevşehir Province in minimum temperature parameters, no change was observed in Ürgüp district. Increasing changes were observed in the average temperatures in all districts.
Stormwater Quality Characteristics and Reuse Analysis of Different Underlying Surfaces at Wanzhou North Station
Projected Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Relationships under Climate Change: A Case Study Thane City
Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Geological Origin of Building Fracturation in Agadez City (North Niger)
Quantum Biophysics of the Atmosphere: Asymmetric Wavelets of the Average Annual Air Temperature of Irkutsk for 1820-2019
Vegetation Changes in Alberta Oil Sands, Canada, Based on Remotely Sensed Data from 1995 to 2020
The presentation shows how relative humidity affects other ecological parameters in meteorology. This also shows the relationship between and among the ecological parameters in meteorology
Interrelation of Extreme Climatic Events with Air Masses in Antakya (Hatay, T...inventionjournals
Due to its mechanism and effects, climatic events have been significant facts for humanbeings all times. In this study,the interrelation between the extreme climatic events in Antakya, air masses and, their routes was examined. Using the data related with extreme climatic events received from Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS) and NOAA HYSPLIT model (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory), it was aimed to determine the relation between air masses their routes, and the extreme climatic events in Antakya. The routes of air masses that generate the extreme climatic conditions in 96 hours back trajectory plane at 500, 1500 and 3000m heights, according to HYSPLIT model, are given to enable the comparison in terms of altitude and event. During the analysis carried out for various climatic parameters, it was determined that Siberian and Azore anticyclone played an active role for maximum and minimum temperatures, maximum precipitation, and highest snow thickness and during fastest wind periods. The field of study was influenced by the continental polar air mass during the periods of heavy colds in particular, when Azore dynamic cyclone was dominant the highest pluvial period as a flood disaster has been occurred. Furthermore, it was understood that extreme climatic conditions, in particular maximum precipitation periods resulted in severe material damages in the territory
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4
11.relation between some metrological parameters in ilorin,
1. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol 2, No.7, 2011
Relation between some metrological parameters in Ilorin,
North Central Nigeria
Yusuf Abdulhamid
College of natural and Applied Sciences, Fountain University
P.M.B. 4491, Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria
Tel: 08060413828 E-Mail: yabdulhamid10@yahoo.com.
Akoshile C.O
Department of Physics University of Ilorin, Ilorin Nigeria
P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria
Tel: 08055902692 E- Mail:bsrnclem@yahoo.co.uk
Received: 2011-10-23
Accepted: 2011-10-29
Published: 2011-11-04
ABSTRACT
Relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure measurements at Ilorin in North central Nigeria
(Latitude 08.29oN and Longitude 04.32oE) for year 2004 were carried out and analyzed in terms of their
diurnal variability with respect to the highest mean and lowest values of the parameters. The data were
collected at a minute interval each day throughout the year under study. The result obtained showed the
highest temperature, relative humidity and pressure of the year to be 39.28oc day 137, 108.7% day 300, and
979mm Hg day 155 respectively while the lowest values are 12.41oc day 22, 6.73% day 283 and 963mm
Hg day 87 for temperature, relative humidity and pressure respectively. The diurnal plots showed a
significant fluctuation from the beginning of the year to the 55th day of the year and an obvious pattern to
the end of the year for the three parameters under study. The highest temperature occurs on may 17th,
which marks the dry season while the highest relative humidity and pressure occurs on October 27th and
June 4th respectively which are days within the rainy months. The lowest temperature was noticed on
January 22nd this falls within the harmattan months while the lowest relative humidity and pressure were
noticed on October 10th and March 28th which are months in the rainy and dry season respectively.
Keywords: Relative humidity, variability, temperature and pressure
INTRODUCTION
The study of some metrological parameters such as temperature, pressure and relative humidity play an
important role in understanding the earth, its atmosphere, weather and climatic variation and the solar
energy available on the earth surface. Relative humidity is the ratio of the actual vapour pressure of water in
the air to that in air saturated with water vapour. Humidity is the amount of water vapour in air (Perry and
Green 1997). Atmospheric water vapour is an important factor in weather forecast because it regulates air
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temperature by absorbing thermal radiation from the sun and the earth. In addition, water vapour is the
ultimate source of all form of condensation and precipitation. Water vapour enters the atmosphere primarily
by evaporation of water from the earth’s surface, both land and sea surface. The water vapour content of the
atmosphere varies from place to place and from time to time because the humidity capacity of air is
determined by temperature. The water vapour density or absolute humidity is given as
ρw = 216.7e/T (1)
where T is absolute temperature in Kelvin and e is water vapour pressure in hpa. The relationship between
water vapour pressure in equation (1) and relative humidity H is given as
e = Hes/100 (2)
where
es = a exp[bt/t+c] (3)
es is saturation vapour pressure in hpa at temperature in centigrade and the coefficients a = 6.1121, b =
17.502 and c = 240.97 (valid between 20 to 50oc, with an accuracy of 0.2%) (CCIR, now ITU-R, 1992)
Low temperatures, high relative humidity and increased water vapour pressure account for high values of
water vapour density and water vapour content, (Willoughby et al; 2008).
The present study investigate some metrological parameters ( relative humidity, temperature and pressure)
at Ilorin north central Nigeria for the year 2004 with a view to obtaining information on their relationship
and compare the value of these parameter to those ones obtained at Jimeta-yola by Zemba (2006) in
northeastern part of the country and that obtained at Uturu by Chiemeka (2008) in the eastern part of the
country.
MATERIALS AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
Measurements of relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure were carried out at University of
Ilorin in the Department of Physics, North central Nigeria for the year, 2004.These data were obtained by a
combined temperature, relative humidity and pressure sensor. The sensor contains a beta therm 100KA61
thermistor and a vaisala capacitive relative humidity sensor. The output signals from the sensor are
converted from millivolts to their respective units. The instruments are connected to a data logger that
record data for eleven days after which the data is downloaded to the computer for analysis. The instrument
produces 1440 records daily. The measured data are subjected to quality control check for incorrect
measurements.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the diurnal plots of pressure, relative humidity and temperature respectively. The
plots show a significant fluctuation from the beginning of the year to the 55th day of the year for the three
parameters under study. This may be attributed to different seasons (dry and harmatan season) we
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Vol 2, No.7, 2011
experience between January and February of each year in the country.
From the 55th day there is a rise in temperature and the relative humidity but a drop in atmospheric
pressure to the 85th day of the year. This is the period when the rain has just started, the amount of rain
obtained in this period is not enough to drop atmospheric temperature but it increases the amount of water
vapour in the atmosphere and so the relative humidity. A gradual decrease in temperature is noticed from
the 85th to the 200th day but during this period the relative humidity maintain a value close to saturation
(100%) while the pressure increased steadily. This is attributed to the rainy season which increases the
amount of water in the atmosphere to a saturation point and in addition increases the atmospheric pressure.
An increase in temperature is noticed from the 200th day to 320th day while the relative humidity still
maintain high value close to saturation but the pressure drops steadily. This is the period when the rain is at
its peak, the increase in temperature despite the rain is due to the high atmospheric vapour that traps the
temperature. From 320th day there is a gradual decrease of temperature and relative humidity but a rise in
pressure to the rest of the year. This is the harmattan season when the dry intercontinental wind from the
savanna blow to decrease the temperature and also reduce the water vapour of the atmosphere.
The mean monthly variations in relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure for the months of
February, March and July are as shown in Table 1
Table 1 shows that temperature relates inversely, to relative humidity and the atmospheric pressure in the
months of February and July, while in March when the temperature is relatively high an average relative
humidity and pressure is noticed. The month of July have the highest mean relative humidity of 90.4% this
may be as a result of intense precipitation that blankets the atmosphere with excess and constant supply of
water vapour. An average relative humidity of 55.0% is observed despite the relative high temperature in
March this may be due to the dryness of the season that is known for its pronounced reduction in rainfall
rates and low relative humidity. The month of February have the lowest relative humidity this may be as a
result of dry harmattan that is characterized by a dust-laden northeasterly trade wind that traverses in a
southwest direction from the Sahara into the west of Africa. This work was further related to similar work
done in Adamawa State of Nigeria by zemba (2006) and that carried out in Abia State of Nigeria by
Chiemeka (2008). A comparison of the relative humidity obtained by Chiemeka (2008), Zemba (2006) in
Doubeli, Jimeta- Yola and that of table 1 show that there is a gradual increase of relative humidity in the
harmattan season from the North (Adamawa) with mean relative humidity of 33 through the North Central
(Ilorin) with 46.6 to the South (East) with 52. This could be attributed to the dust-laden Northesterly trade
wind that traverses in a Southwest direction from the Sahara into the West African sub region which is
dryer in the Northern part than in the southern part of the country. The dry months also reveal a gradual
increase of relative humidity from the North to the South. The wet months show a general increase of
relative humidity in the three regions with the highest at Ilorin. The high relative humidity at Ilorin during
the wet season may be attributed to fact that the town may be at the peak of its rainy season than the rest
two locations. Kiehl and Kelvin (1997) and oyediran et al (2001) in their work show the same pattern of
relationship existing among different seasons. The relative humidity are low in harmattan season but
increases in dry season, while in wet seasons they are close to saturation.
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CONCLUSION
Measurements and analysis of relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure were carried out at
University of Ilorin in the Department of Physics, North Central Nigeria for the year, 2004.The readings
were taken at a minute interval daily for the year. One important deduction is that daily
average temperature varies inversely to that of the relative humidity(Figure 2 and 3).This is why during the
rainy season when low temperature was recorded a high relative humidity was noticed while the pressure is
proportional to the temperature (Figure 1 and 3). This was demonstrated during the dry season when one
observed a rise in temperature and pressure concurrently. But during the rainy season the temperature drops
and the pressure increases.
REFERENCES
CCIR Recommendations (1992): RPN Series Propagation in non- ionized media. Rec 453-3 and 856. Int.
Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 172- 187
Chiemeka, I.U. (2008). Measurement and analysis of some meteorological elements in uturu, Nigeria:
Nigeria Journal of Physics 20(2) 2008
Kiehl, J.T. & Kevin, E.T. (1997). Earths Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder Colorado, 7 - 10
Oyediran. O., Kayode. O., & Feyi. O. (2001). Fundamentals of Physical and Dynamic Climatology Sedec
Publishers, Ibadan, Nigeria.99 - 102
Perry, R.H., & Green, D.W. (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
London. New York 2 - 4
Willoughby, A.A., Adimula, I.A., Aro, T.O., & Owolabi, I.E. (2008). Analysis of Radiosonde data on
Troposheric Water Vapour in Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Physics 20(2): 299 - 308
Zemba, A.A. (2006). An Assessment of Urban Health Island Effect in Jimita – Yola, Nigerian. Journal of
Environmental Sudies 2(1): 44 - 46
Table 1: Mean monthly variations in relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Months Mean Temperature (oc) Mean Relative Mean Atmospheric
Humidity (%) Pressure (mmHg)
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January 26.3 49.2 969.5
February 28.2 46.6 970.1
March 28.7 55.0 968.9
April 27.2 77.4 969.1
May 26.1 84.6 971.0
June 24.7 87.9 973.4
July 23.9 90.4 972.4
August 23.7 89.5 973.0
September 24.7 90.6 971.9
October 25.4 87.3 971.1
November 26.1 77.2 970.6
December 26.2 62.4 970.3
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980
978
976
974
Pressure
Average value
972
Highest value
970
Lowest value
968
966
964
962
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Julian day
Fig 1: Mean diurnal plot of Pressure
120
100
Relative humidity
80
Average value
60 Highest value
Lowest value
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Julian day
Fig 2: Mean diurnal plot of Relative humidity
41
39
37
35
33
Temperature
31 Average value
29
Highest value
27
25 Lowest value
23
21
19
17
15
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Julian day
Fig 3: Mean diurnal plot of Temperature
51 | P a g e
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