— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
Temperature Changes of Niğde Province in Turkey: Trend analysis of 50 years dataPremier Publishers
This research was carried out in center of Niğde province and Ulukışla district in Turkey. In the study, monthly minimum, maximum and average temperature data between 1970-2019 were evaluated. In the research, Sperman’s Rho and Mann-Kendall correlation tests and Sen’s slope method were applied to temperature data. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that the average minimum temperature for many years was -1,2 °C in center of Niğde province and -2,9 °C in Ulukışla district. Average temperature values were found as 12,8 °C in Center of Niğde and 9,8 °C in Ulukışla district. The average of maximum temperature was found to be 24,5 °C in Niğde Center and 23,1 °C in Ulukışla district. A significant increase was observed in the spring, summer and autumn seasons in center of Niğde and Ulukışla district at minimum temperature values. When the average temperature trends were analyzed, it was determined that there was a significant increase in center of Niğde for every season. A significant increase in summer, autumn and winter seasons was observed in Ulukışla district. It had been determined that there was a significant increase in the maximum temperatures in each district in every season.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
Soil Temperature Changes of (1970-2019) Ulukışla District in Turkey by Trend ...Premier Publishers
This research was carried out in the context of evaluating the temperatures at different soil depths observed as monthly between 1970-2019 in Ulukışla district of Nigde province in Turkey. In the study, maximum, minimum and average soil temperatures at soil depths of 10, 50 and 100 cm were investigated. Sperman’s Rho, Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope method tests on soil temperature data were applied. According to trend analysis results; The general average of maximum soil temperatures of 10 cm depth was 22.0°C, minimum soil temperature values were 6.9 °C and average soil temperatures were calculated as 14,0 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature values in 50 cm soil depth was calculated as 16.1 °C, minimum soil temperature values were observed as 11.5 °C. The general mean of average soil temperatures were determined as 13,8 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature in 100 cm soil depth was determined as 15.4 °C, minimum soil temperature values were calculated as 12.6 °C, average soil temperature values were observed as 14.0 °C. According to the changes in soil temperatures in different soil depths; It was determined that there was an increasing trend in maximum, average and minimum soil temperature values in spring, winter, autumn and summer.
The presentation is qualified during his (Ganbat Bavuudorj) master thesis work in 2012. The master program was sponsored by DAAD at NUM and Heidelberg University.
Temperature Changes of Niğde Province in Turkey: Trend analysis of 50 years dataPremier Publishers
This research was carried out in center of Niğde province and Ulukışla district in Turkey. In the study, monthly minimum, maximum and average temperature data between 1970-2019 were evaluated. In the research, Sperman’s Rho and Mann-Kendall correlation tests and Sen’s slope method were applied to temperature data. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that the average minimum temperature for many years was -1,2 °C in center of Niğde province and -2,9 °C in Ulukışla district. Average temperature values were found as 12,8 °C in Center of Niğde and 9,8 °C in Ulukışla district. The average of maximum temperature was found to be 24,5 °C in Niğde Center and 23,1 °C in Ulukışla district. A significant increase was observed in the spring, summer and autumn seasons in center of Niğde and Ulukışla district at minimum temperature values. When the average temperature trends were analyzed, it was determined that there was a significant increase in center of Niğde for every season. A significant increase in summer, autumn and winter seasons was observed in Ulukışla district. It had been determined that there was a significant increase in the maximum temperatures in each district in every season.
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
Soil Temperature Changes of (1970-2019) Ulukışla District in Turkey by Trend ...Premier Publishers
This research was carried out in the context of evaluating the temperatures at different soil depths observed as monthly between 1970-2019 in Ulukışla district of Nigde province in Turkey. In the study, maximum, minimum and average soil temperatures at soil depths of 10, 50 and 100 cm were investigated. Sperman’s Rho, Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope method tests on soil temperature data were applied. According to trend analysis results; The general average of maximum soil temperatures of 10 cm depth was 22.0°C, minimum soil temperature values were 6.9 °C and average soil temperatures were calculated as 14,0 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature values in 50 cm soil depth was calculated as 16.1 °C, minimum soil temperature values were observed as 11.5 °C. The general mean of average soil temperatures were determined as 13,8 °C. The general average of the maximum soil temperature in 100 cm soil depth was determined as 15.4 °C, minimum soil temperature values were calculated as 12.6 °C, average soil temperature values were observed as 14.0 °C. According to the changes in soil temperatures in different soil depths; It was determined that there was an increasing trend in maximum, average and minimum soil temperature values in spring, winter, autumn and summer.
The presentation is qualified during his (Ganbat Bavuudorj) master thesis work in 2012. The master program was sponsored by DAAD at NUM and Heidelberg University.
Evaluation of Maximum and Total Open Surface Evaporation by Using Trend Analy...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out Center of Nigde Province in Turkey. Trend analysis was performed on monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data. In the study, a total of 42 years of data between 1978-2019 was used monthly. The data of the climate station in the center of Niğde province were used in the research. For many years, the maximum and total open surface evaporation data were applied to Mann-Kendall, Sperman’s Rho correlation tests and Sen's slope method. According to the research results; for many years, the total monthly open surface evaporation averages were 215,1 mm in June, 272,2 mm in July and 259,5 mm in August. For many years, the total evaporation in the summer months was recorded as 746,8 mm and the average evaporation as 248,9 mm. Maximum of the total open surface evaporation for many years in Niğde Center was calculated as 10,5 mm in June, 11,5 mm in July and 10,7 mm in August. The average of the total monthly open surface evaporation observed in the summer months is 10,9 mm. According to the trend analysis results made in Niğde Center, it has been observed that there is an increasingly significant trend in the monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data for many years.
Climate-related Changes in Tropical-fruit Flowering Phases in Songkhla Provin...Orca Whale
Abstract: Changes in the timing of plant phenological phases in response to anomalous climate variability and the ongoing anthropogenic climate change have recently been studied in southern Thailand. In this study, we showed the evidence of climate-related changes in flowering phases of 2 tropical-fruit species: mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and longkong (Lansium domesticum Corr.) during 2003-2012. The flowering dates of these tropical fruits recorded at Hat Yai district, Songkhla province and daily climate data were used to assess phenophase response to variations in rainfall and evaporation. With the observed changes in local climate conditions which are defining factors for phenological development of tropical fruits particularly in southern Thailand, the flowering dates of both tropical fruits during 2003-2012 have significantly delayed comparing with the regular pattern in the past. Paradoxically, below-than-normal rainfall was also found in the El Niño years, while La Niña years were found in opposite. In summary, rainfall variations in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province are associated with ENSO. It was evident that the flowering period of tropical fruits tended to shift to the second-half of the year instead of the first-half of the year as usual. The results revealed that, during 33 years (1980-2012), annual rainfall totals, the annual number of rainy days, relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures from the Thai Meteorological Department significantly increased by 29.5 mm/year, 0.83 day/year, 0.116 %/year, 0.033 and 0.035°C/year, respectively. These findings suggest that anthropogenically warm climate and its associated inter-annual variations in local weather patterns may to the great extent influence on tropical-fruit phenology and their responses to recent climate change seem to be complex and nonlinear. Therefore, further study is needed to shed more light on such causal-effect linkages and plausible underlying mechanisms.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Climatic Parameters in TogoPremier Publishers
The detection of the variability and trends of weather variables is a necessary step in the explanation of the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and agricultural production activities. To this end, this study analyses the spatio-temporal trends of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, wind speed (weather stations in Lomé, Atakpamé, Sokodé, Kara and Dapaong) and insolation (stations in Lomé, Atakpamé, Sokodé, Kara and Mango). The data analyzed are from the meteorological directorate-general. Trends over time were calculated over monthly, annual and seasonal intervals using analysis of variability (coefficient of variation, precipitation concentration indices) and trend analysis techniques using Mann-Kendall and Sen slope methods, allowing non-parametric statistical analysis. The results show a general upward trend in the inter-seasonally, intra and inter-yearly in precipitation, temperature (maximal and minimal) and evapotranspiration. On the other hand, a general downward trend is detected for relative humidity (maximal and minimal) and insolation. The results raise concerns for food security in Togo inasmuch as increases in rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration coupled with decreases in relative humidity and insolation negatively affect agricultural production. It urgently needs that the public authorities take adaptation and mitigation measures.
Climate change perception: A case study of Bardiya National Park (BNP), Thaku...Surendra Bam
Climate Change perception: talks about the need of including social dimension in research and identifying the people understanding of climate change in buffer zone of Bardia National Park, Nepal.
Global climate change has far-reaching effects on natural ecosystem and socio-economic system, and it is a hot issue that the governments and the scientific community as well as the general public pay attention to today. Meanwhile, climate change has strong regional characteristics. In the global context of climate warming, the climate change trends and intensity is not entirely consistent. Therefore, strengthening small regional climate change research plays an extremely important role on local agricultural production, livelihood and disaster prevention. On the basis of the monthly average temperature series in Guyuan meteorological station from 1957 to 2011, the temperature trends were analyzed with Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt jump test. The result with linear regression analysis showed that the annual average temperature in Guyuan City is in an increasing trend, and the average increase rate is 0.3071℃/10a. The annual highest temperature, the annual lowest temperature, and the annual average temperature in Guyuan City showed an upward trend with Mann-Kendall test. The biggest change is the annual lowest temperature, and the change rate is 0.60 ℃/10a, and then is the annual average temperature and annual highest temperature. Pettitt jump test results showed that the annual lowest temperature in Guyuan City changed in the earliest year before 1984. The annual average temperature and annual highest temperature changed nearly the year of 1993. Multiple regression analysis showed that changes of temperature in Guyuan City mainly occurred after the 1980s, and there is a significant upward trend into the 21st, which is in accordance with Pettitt jump test results.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
A Comparative Study of the Mortality Risk of Extreme Temperature in Urban and...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
State of Scientific Knowledge on Climate Tipping PointsOECD Environment
Presentation given during the OECD Expert workshop on Economic Modelling of Climate and Related Tipping Points by Timothy M. Lenton, University of Exeter
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Spatial and seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature across Nigeria | ...Innspub Net
This research investigated spatial and seasonal variations in the rainfall and temperature in Nigeria. The study utilised the ex-post facto research design, on the existing 8 climatic zones in Nigeria. Archival data on rainfall and temperature from 1901 to 2017 used for this study were got from Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, via Google Earth Version 7.3.2, using 5° x 5° high-resolution gridded CRUTEM 4.03. Statistical analyses of data were carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Kendall tests. Results indicate that significant differences exist in: rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 1596.76 and p = 0.000; temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 310.73 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 7776.36 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 4575.79 and p = 0.000; trends of rainfall across Nigeria; and trends of temperature across Nigeria. While rainfall showed increasing trends, temperature trends were alternately increasing and decreasing. Rainfall and temperature vary spatially and seasonally within Nigeria. The environmental regions have their peculiar rainfall and temperature characteristics. Therefore, this study is of significant importance to agricultural production because understanding regional climatic attributes is an essential environmental part for effective agricultural productivity.
Evaluation of Maximum and Total Open Surface Evaporation by Using Trend Analy...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out Center of Nigde Province in Turkey. Trend analysis was performed on monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data. In the study, a total of 42 years of data between 1978-2019 was used monthly. The data of the climate station in the center of Niğde province were used in the research. For many years, the maximum and total open surface evaporation data were applied to Mann-Kendall, Sperman’s Rho correlation tests and Sen's slope method. According to the research results; for many years, the total monthly open surface evaporation averages were 215,1 mm in June, 272,2 mm in July and 259,5 mm in August. For many years, the total evaporation in the summer months was recorded as 746,8 mm and the average evaporation as 248,9 mm. Maximum of the total open surface evaporation for many years in Niğde Center was calculated as 10,5 mm in June, 11,5 mm in July and 10,7 mm in August. The average of the total monthly open surface evaporation observed in the summer months is 10,9 mm. According to the trend analysis results made in Niğde Center, it has been observed that there is an increasingly significant trend in the monthly total and maximum open surface evaporation data for many years.
Climate-related Changes in Tropical-fruit Flowering Phases in Songkhla Provin...Orca Whale
Abstract: Changes in the timing of plant phenological phases in response to anomalous climate variability and the ongoing anthropogenic climate change have recently been studied in southern Thailand. In this study, we showed the evidence of climate-related changes in flowering phases of 2 tropical-fruit species: mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) and longkong (Lansium domesticum Corr.) during 2003-2012. The flowering dates of these tropical fruits recorded at Hat Yai district, Songkhla province and daily climate data were used to assess phenophase response to variations in rainfall and evaporation. With the observed changes in local climate conditions which are defining factors for phenological development of tropical fruits particularly in southern Thailand, the flowering dates of both tropical fruits during 2003-2012 have significantly delayed comparing with the regular pattern in the past. Paradoxically, below-than-normal rainfall was also found in the El Niño years, while La Niña years were found in opposite. In summary, rainfall variations in Hat Yai district, Songkhla province are associated with ENSO. It was evident that the flowering period of tropical fruits tended to shift to the second-half of the year instead of the first-half of the year as usual. The results revealed that, during 33 years (1980-2012), annual rainfall totals, the annual number of rainy days, relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures from the Thai Meteorological Department significantly increased by 29.5 mm/year, 0.83 day/year, 0.116 %/year, 0.033 and 0.035°C/year, respectively. These findings suggest that anthropogenically warm climate and its associated inter-annual variations in local weather patterns may to the great extent influence on tropical-fruit phenology and their responses to recent climate change seem to be complex and nonlinear. Therefore, further study is needed to shed more light on such causal-effect linkages and plausible underlying mechanisms.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Climatic Parameters in TogoPremier Publishers
The detection of the variability and trends of weather variables is a necessary step in the explanation of the impacts of climate change on ecosystems and agricultural production activities. To this end, this study analyses the spatio-temporal trends of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, wind speed (weather stations in Lomé, Atakpamé, Sokodé, Kara and Dapaong) and insolation (stations in Lomé, Atakpamé, Sokodé, Kara and Mango). The data analyzed are from the meteorological directorate-general. Trends over time were calculated over monthly, annual and seasonal intervals using analysis of variability (coefficient of variation, precipitation concentration indices) and trend analysis techniques using Mann-Kendall and Sen slope methods, allowing non-parametric statistical analysis. The results show a general upward trend in the inter-seasonally, intra and inter-yearly in precipitation, temperature (maximal and minimal) and evapotranspiration. On the other hand, a general downward trend is detected for relative humidity (maximal and minimal) and insolation. The results raise concerns for food security in Togo inasmuch as increases in rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration coupled with decreases in relative humidity and insolation negatively affect agricultural production. It urgently needs that the public authorities take adaptation and mitigation measures.
Climate change perception: A case study of Bardiya National Park (BNP), Thaku...Surendra Bam
Climate Change perception: talks about the need of including social dimension in research and identifying the people understanding of climate change in buffer zone of Bardia National Park, Nepal.
Global climate change has far-reaching effects on natural ecosystem and socio-economic system, and it is a hot issue that the governments and the scientific community as well as the general public pay attention to today. Meanwhile, climate change has strong regional characteristics. In the global context of climate warming, the climate change trends and intensity is not entirely consistent. Therefore, strengthening small regional climate change research plays an extremely important role on local agricultural production, livelihood and disaster prevention. On the basis of the monthly average temperature series in Guyuan meteorological station from 1957 to 2011, the temperature trends were analyzed with Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt jump test. The result with linear regression analysis showed that the annual average temperature in Guyuan City is in an increasing trend, and the average increase rate is 0.3071℃/10a. The annual highest temperature, the annual lowest temperature, and the annual average temperature in Guyuan City showed an upward trend with Mann-Kendall test. The biggest change is the annual lowest temperature, and the change rate is 0.60 ℃/10a, and then is the annual average temperature and annual highest temperature. Pettitt jump test results showed that the annual lowest temperature in Guyuan City changed in the earliest year before 1984. The annual average temperature and annual highest temperature changed nearly the year of 1993. Multiple regression analysis showed that changes of temperature in Guyuan City mainly occurred after the 1980s, and there is a significant upward trend into the 21st, which is in accordance with Pettitt jump test results.
Impact of Future Climate Change on water availability in Kupang CityWillem Sidharno
Observed climate change could affect water availability in the future. Changes also
occurred Kupang city in recent decades, an increase in the magnitude of the damage caused
by drought due to climate change. In an attempt to explore the effects of drought can be
aggravated by climate change. in this paper, the author will be analyze impact of changes in
the water balance in Kupang city. To achieve that, the author will use the procedure consists
of two procedures: Temperature and precipitation are modeled under two typical emission
A1FI and B1 scenarios evaluated in this study for future projections in Kupang, discharge
simulations using rainfall Mock generated daily rainfall and water balance monthly Data
analysis WEAP (water Evaluation and Planning System) based simulation Mock. Due to the
significant uncertainty involved in forecasting future water consumption and water yield, the
author will use the three scenarios assumed water consumption and water three outcome
scenarios. Three scenarios of water consumption, ie, "Low", "Medium" and "High" in
accordance with the expected number of water consumption. Disposal obtained from mock
simulations during the simulation period. Finally, the water balance analysis conducted by
WEAP based on a combination of the three scenarios of water consumption. With this
procedure, it is possible to explore different scenarios of water consumption and water
results and the results of this study can be used to establish the proper planning to minimize
the impact of drought on water availability to support water requirement due to climate
change in Kupang city.
A Comparative Study of the Mortality Risk of Extreme Temperature in Urban and...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
6th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2016 Integrative Risk Management - Towards Resilient Cities. 28 August - 01 September 2016 in Davos, Switzerland
State of Scientific Knowledge on Climate Tipping PointsOECD Environment
Presentation given during the OECD Expert workshop on Economic Modelling of Climate and Related Tipping Points by Timothy M. Lenton, University of Exeter
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Spatial and seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature across Nigeria | ...Innspub Net
This research investigated spatial and seasonal variations in the rainfall and temperature in Nigeria. The study utilised the ex-post facto research design, on the existing 8 climatic zones in Nigeria. Archival data on rainfall and temperature from 1901 to 2017 used for this study were got from Climate Research Unit, University of East Anglia, via Google Earth Version 7.3.2, using 5° x 5° high-resolution gridded CRUTEM 4.03. Statistical analyses of data were carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Kendall tests. Results indicate that significant differences exist in: rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 1596.76 and p = 0.000; temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (35, 4176) = 310.73 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in rainfall within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 7776.36 and p = 0.000; seasonal variations in temperature within Nigerian states as determined by ANOVA test at F (11, 50532) = 4575.79 and p = 0.000; trends of rainfall across Nigeria; and trends of temperature across Nigeria. While rainfall showed increasing trends, temperature trends were alternately increasing and decreasing. Rainfall and temperature vary spatially and seasonally within Nigeria. The environmental regions have their peculiar rainfall and temperature characteristics. Therefore, this study is of significant importance to agricultural production because understanding regional climatic attributes is an essential environmental part for effective agricultural productivity.
Effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria Premier Publishers
The study was conducted in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of climate change on maize. The data for the study was obtained from secondary sources. The result shows that the average rainfall and temperature statistics were 1288.311mm and 31.7173oC in Nigeria within the period under study. The average maize output within the period was 4.84mt while hectarage and yield were 3.36mha and 1.44t/ha respectively. The result from the study equally shows that the area cultivated and productivity of maize increased as temperature and rainfall increased. However, there were deceleration of output and area of maize cultivated which may have been induced by the increase in temperature and rainfall over these period. Maize productivity accelerated. The climate change variables show significant effect on maize production with the period under review. Based on findings from the study, it is recommended that since temperature and rainfall are relatively beyond the control of farmers, there should be proper enlightenment of the farmers on the proper climate adaptation practices to employ in order to minimize the adverse effects of climate change on their output.
Growing Season Extension & its Impact on Terrestrial Carbon; Gardening Guidebook www.scribd.com/doc/239851313, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Food Security Production Challenges in Indonesia as Impact of Global Climate ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Global food availability, including national as well as local, is highly dependent on the natural resources that will affect crop production. Although there is rain, soil temperatures and conditions have formed a natural system that will support agricultural efforts, but this state is unstable and always changes according to atmospheric conditions in an integrated manner. Human beings on certain boundaries can intervene with the natural resources. Climate (generally a combination of rain, temperature, and sunlight) is the most important growth factor in crop production in the field. Any change in climatic conditions will have far-reaching effects on global food production. Global climate change, excessive land and land exploitation, inaccurate land management, in its time will have an impact on the food production and availability of a region. Knowing well the of nature characteristics, then anticipating the impact that will arise and determine the ways of handling it, is a series of business and activities that must be done to achieve food security. To anticipate climate change and its impacts on crop production, a broad outline can be made by considering the following physical technic aspects: 1) adjusting cropping patterns; 2) increasing the area of forest cover and catchment areas; 3) application of land and crop management technology. Some application of land and crop management technologies include: organic farming, implementation of Surjan system, food diversification, large tree planting, water pond production, etc. The policies that need to be taken as a solution in anticipating the impact of global climate change are 1) the preparation and stipulation of special food agriculture scenarios, including the zoning of production potential and zonation of climate risk (drought, flood, landslide, etc.) with the updating of data every year; 2) reducing the conversion of agricultural land (food); 3) incentives for farmers; 4) changing the consumption pattern of the people, from the consumption of rice to alternative staple foods; 5) subsidies and protection of food farming; 6) climate monitoring and prediction (early rainy season, long growing period, and potential water availability; 7) Revitalization of watershed (DAS) functions; 8) Multiply the artificial water absorption area.
Evaluation of Monthly Maximum, Minimum and Average Temperature Changes Observ...Premier Publishers
In this research, minimum, maximum and average temperature values between 1970 and 2019 in Center of Nevşehir Province, Ürgüp and Avanos districts in Turkey were examined. Sperman Rho and Mann Kendall statistical correlation tests were used in the analysis phase. As a result, the trends of temperature changes in years are revealed. According to trend analysis results, the average minimum temperature for long years in Avanos district is calculated as -1.20 °C. Maximum temperature is 26,6 °C and the average of all temperature values is 12.18 °C. The average minimum temperature for many years in center of Nevsehir province is calculated as -1.99 0C, the maximum temperature is 24 0C and the average of all temperature values is calculated as 10.73 0C. In Ürgüp district, the minimum temperature for long years was calculated as -4.20 0C, the maximum temperature is 18.48 0C, and the average of all temperature values are 10.32 0C. As a results; It has been observed that there were increasing trend in years of spring, winter, autumn and summer in Nevsehir province and No trend was observed in Avanos and Ürgüp districts at maximum temperature values. While increasing trend is observed in Avanos district and Nevşehir Province in minimum temperature parameters, no change was observed in Ürgüp district. Increasing changes were observed in the average temperatures in all districts.
Trend analysis of Temperature and Precipitation change in Sokoto State, NigeriaPremier Publishers
In sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change. In recent years, there was evidence of rising temperature and rainfall variability in almost every part of the country. This paper investigated the behavior of annual temperature and rainfall in Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria, over the period from 1970-2015. During this period, there was an upward trend in both temperature and rainfall. Further analysis detected a structural change in temperature and rainfall series at the State level and in the three agro ecological Zones of the State over the period of 1970-2015. The point of climatic shift in the area was detected to occur in 2003 for temperature, and in 1997, for rainfall. Findings from the Chow test used to confirm the shift in climate were statistically significant. This result further supports the hunch that the State witnessed significant changes in climate in recent period. Findings of this Study will have a significant implication for all sectors of the economy, most importantly, Agriculture which is the mainstay of the economy.
Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria EcosystemAI Publications
This paper examines the issue of climate change and its impact on the environment. The effects of man's activities as well as those of natural phenomena on global warming, climate change and the environment are presented and discussed. The options that are available as response to global warming: mitigation, adaptation and possible human suffering as consequences of what cannot be avoided by mitigation and adaptation are presented. An overview of the Nigerian environment, preparedness for the impact of global warming and related problems are also presented. The status of environmental data and the need for environmental baseline survey and the creation of a comprehensive database for the country driven by geographical information system are presented and discussed. The paper then underscores the need for governments at all levels to adequately fund geo information production and cultivate the culture of its usage for adequate and proactive response to global warming, sustainable environmental management and national development.
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Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-eastern Nigeria, 1984-2015
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 65
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State,
South-eastern Nigeria, 1984-2015
Bridget Diagi1
, Vincent Weli2
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Email:edeoli@yahoo.com
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Email:welivinezi@yahoo.com
Abstract— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of
recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man
existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, South-Eastern
Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were
collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result
revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037o
c
annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants
are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures
should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate
variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
Keywords— Climate Change, Ebonyi, Trend, Temperature, Agriculture.
I. INTRODUCTION
Issues related to climate change and global warming arising from anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases have emerge as
one of the most important environmental issues in the past few decades (Singh et al., 2013). Human activities at present are
altering the carbon cycle by adding more CO2 to the atmosphere and also by influencing the ability of natural sinks, like forests,
to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. The emission of carbon dioxide comes from a variety of natural sources; but human-related
emissions are responsible for the increase that has occurred in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. Evidence has shown
that the level of carbon dioxide in earth’s atmosphere presently is higher than at any time in the last 800,000 years. For instance
in 2014, global CO2 emissions were projected to increase by an additional 2.5% over the 2013 level (USNCDC, 2013). Other
sources of these emissions include water vapour, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, tropospheric ozone and nitrous oxide.
These gases are released into the atmosphere due to human activities such as burning of fossil fuel, gas flaring and deforestation
amongst others .These gases are termed greenhouse gases, because they act as the glass of a greenhouse or sunroom which is
relatively transparent to solar radiation which is in short wavelength but absorbs and emits terrestrial radiation which is in long
wavelength, and thereby increasing the temperature within the glass house or room. The continuous built up of greenhouse gases
may induce changes in climatic system including increases in mean global temperatures. The global mean surface air temperature
has risen by about 0.74°C from 1906 to 2005 and this rise has been attributed mostly to a rise in greenhouse gases (IPCC, 2007).
Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly for example the hydrological process. Temperature
increases causes intensification of the hydrological cycle due to increase in evaporation and precipitation(Jain and Kumar, 2012;
Tshiala et al., 2011) Temperature changes can also lead to changing patterns of precipitation, the spatial and temporal distribution
of runoff, soil moisture, and groundwater reserves as well as increased frequency of drought and flood occurrences (Tshiala et al.,
2011). Changing temperature patterns could also have effects on soil and plant growth characteristics since temperature and
water content are important physical factors for plant growth especially in Ebonyi State were majority are engaged in one form of
agriculture or another as their source of livelihood. Non-optimum levels of water and temperature conditions can strongly perturb
plant development, especially at the early stages of growth such as seed germination and emergence (Tshiala et al., 2011).
Changes in climate may also impact the water availability and water needs for agriculture. If temperature increases and more
sporadic rainfall events result from global warming, this will increase the demand irrigation needs in the future. The increasing
number of heat-related deaths worldwide over the last few decades have portrayed an alarming picture of the extreme weather
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 66
conditions and devastating impacts on human health to come if this warming continues unmitigated (CENR, 2008).Developing
countries however have a challenge of inadequate information to tackle the inherent consequences that might result from the
changes in temperature. Some of the measures put in place to tackle climate change such as mitigation, adaptation and
vulnerability assessment may not yield valuable result if the extent to which these variables have varied is not known. This study
therefore examines the trend and variability in temperature over Ebonyi State South- eastern Nigeria.
Area Description
The study area Ebonyi State, shown in fig. 1, is located in South-eastern part of Nigeria which lies approximately within latitudes
5° 40’ and 6° 45’ North and longitudes 7°30' and 8°30'East. The mean temperature range within the study area is usually between
27° to 300
c over the year (Ogbuene, 2010). Temperature is highest from February to April and it is about 310
c (Ogbodo, 2013).
The soil is texturally clay loam, fairly to poorly drain with gravely subsoil in some locations especially the upland adjacent to
lowland areas (Ekpe, Okpone, Ogbodo, & Nwite, 2005). Agriculture is a major industry in Ebonyi State, an estimated eighty-five
per cent of the population earn their living from one form of agricultural activity (Ogbodo, 2013). The presence of large arable
land, rivers and streams has made farming very attractive. Crops grown in the area include; rice, yam, cassava, cocoyam,
groundnut, cowpea and vegetables. Livestock farming, especially the extensive system of rearing sheep, goats and native cattle,
is also practiced by the people. Fishing activities are predominant in the southern zone of the State.
FIGURE 1: THE STUDY AREA: EBONYI STATE, SOUTH- EASTERN NIGERIA.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Data Used
Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature covering 31 years period for the study area were obtained from the Nigerian
Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Oshodi, Lagos, The temperature data was transformed to mean monthly temperature and
furthermore to annual.
2.2 Data Analysis
Data analysis was carried out from the temperature data obtained and analyzed for trend and fluctuation using mean, moving
averages, Standard deviation, coefficient of variation and linear regression. Their expressions are as follows
The mean statistic is used in the study to determine the differences in the decadal means temperature as a way of showing
decadal variation between 1984 and 2015 and also for the calculation of temperature anomaly i.e. deviation (d = )
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 67
Where i runs from 1 to n; x, the temperature or rainfall values, and n, the number of years.
Moving average is a smoothing method that is needed to check out some up and down i.e. in finding trend that might exit in data
as trends tend to be obscured by the random errors. The simplest way of smoothing a time series data is to use a moving average.
An average value is computed by using only a specified set of values. In this study, a 10-year moving average is used.
The 10- years moving average is written as:
Where n is 10 years order and y the variable in this case temperature
Standard deviation is one of the simplest ways of measuring climate variability by using the standard deviation estimator in
measuring dispersion. It is used in this study to show the absolute variability in temperature from 1984 to 2015. Sample standard
deviation Sx is given as
where = the estimator of the standard deviation of a climate variable X
It is not easy to interpret the standard deviation as a measure of dispersion on its own. This is because a small value for standard
deviation shows that the dispersion of the dataset is low. Nevertheless, the magnitude of these values depends on what is being
analysed. Therefore, a method to overcome this difficulty of interpreting the standard deviation is to take into account the value
of the mean of the data and employ the use of coefficient of variation. It is used in this study to show the relative variability of
temperature over time. The coefficient of variation, , is a relative measure of variability and is defined as follows (Waller,
2008):
The least squares regression is used to model the trends in temperature data over the 31 years period. The result helps to
determine the overall average rates of change in trends of annual temperature in the study area.
The equation for least square regression is
Where
and
a is the intercept; b the regression coefficient or slope;
y =the temperature values (dependent variable);
x=the time in years ;( independent variable)
= the mean time; and
= the mean temperature value.
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 68
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained for the study as well as its discussion are presented under this section. 4.1 Descriptive statistics and
Variation in Temperature
Fig. 2 shows the relative variability of average temperature over time measured by standard deviation. It exhibits a steady ups
and down indicating variability within the study period. Absolute variability of average temperature depicted in fig. 3 also
exhibits a similar behavior with relative variability.
Three decades are considered to observe variability over time in this study as shown in Table 1.Which indicates significant
variability in mean temperature. There was a significant increase between 1984-1993 and 1994-2003; while the decade between
2004 and 2013 experienced a slight increase over the period between 1984-1993 .Both absolute variability and relative variability
increased steadily throughout the three decades over the study period.
TABLE 1
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY FROM SIMPLE STATISTIC METHODS
Fig. 4 represents the anomalies of air temperature experienced in Ebonyi State using 1984-2015 mean. Here mean temperature
ranged between 0.5℃ colder and 1.0℃ warmer than the baseline temperature of 27.4℃ .Fig. 4 shows that more areas are getting
warmer at a higher rate than it is cooling. The highest positive anomaly recorded was in 2010 which gave an indication of the
most probable warmest year in the period under study with surface air temperature of 1.0℃ in and is followed by 0.8℃ in 1998.
Generally there is an indication of increasing warmer years which agrees with global temperature trend (IPCC, 2007) as well as
Nigeria trend (Odjugo, 2010).
FIG. 2: STANDARD DEVIATION OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
FIG. 3: COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
climate variable Statistical tool 1984-1993 1994-2003 2004-2013 2014-2015
Average temperature (℃)
Mean
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of variation (%)
27.32
5.08
18.61
27.50
5.14
18.69
27.40
5.16
18.82
27.30
4.98
18.25
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 69
FIG. 4: TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (1984-2015)
Trend Analysis of Annual Temperature
The temporal air temperature trend exhibits a steady increase with some fluctuations over the period. Generally, the overall trend
is upwards. The highest temperature recorded over this period was in 2010. After the application of the 10-years moving averages
to filter out the erratic fluctuations for temperature observation, with few peaks and depression left annual temperature trend lines
were fitted (fig. 5).
FIG. 5: TRENDS OF MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE FOR EBONYI STATE
Thereafter, the linear regression was applied to highlight the general tendency, intercepts, slopes and regression lines were
generated. The result generated is shown in Table two and as graphs in fig. 5. Results revealed that temperature possess an
upward trend. This means that the area is warming by 0.0037o
c per annum. Though the annual rate of increase in mean
temperature (0.0037o
c) appears insignificant but has implication for other element of weather and climate for instance rainfall.
TABLE 2
TRENDS IN MEAN TEMPERATURE FOR EBONYI STATE
Climate variable period Regression line equation
Mean temperature 1984-2015 Y= 19.947+0.0037x
This increase in mean annual temperatures will make the area even hotter than before. This would bring about increase in
evapotranspiration if wet surfaces exist (and by extension other component of the ecosystem such as vegetation, agriculture,
Year 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
TEMPERATURE ANOMALY -0.1 -0.5 -0.3 0.6 0.2 -0.4 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 0.8 0.0 -0.3 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.0 -0.3 -0.3 0.1 -0.1 0.5 1.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 -0.4 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Temperatureanomaly(0c)
y = 0.0037x + 19.947
R² = 0.0086
26.5
27
27.5
28
28.5
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Temperature(oc)
Years
temp
Linear (temp)
10 per. Mov. Avg. (temp)
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 70
water-bodies. This is because as climate is caused to change, other components of the earth atmosphere system might respond to
influences exerted on them by these changes. NEST (2003) provided indicators that can be used to assess the evidence of climate
change in a region to include increasing temperature. Others includes increasing evapotranspiration, decreasing rainfall amount in
the continental interiors, increasing rainfall in the coastal areas, increasing disruption in climate patterns and increasing frequency
and intensity of unusual or extreme weather related events such as; thunderstorms, lightning, landslides, floods, droughts, bush
fires, unpredictable rainfall patterns, sea level rise, increase desertification and land degradation, drying up of rivers and lakes
and constant loss of forest cover and biodiversity. This study however reveals that an indicator is already present in Ebonyi State
by way of increasing temperature, as this study agrees with the studies of Amadi, Udo and Ewona (2014) and Abiodun et al.
(2011) on the rising trend in temperature over Southeast Nigeria.
Potential impact of temperature variability on crop agriculture
Climate change through increasing temperature can impact on agricultural sector directly or indirectly by impacting on crop
productivity and production which can either enhance crop availability or a decrease in crop production. The most significant
factors in climate are temperature and rainfall this is because of their role not only as elements of weather and climate but also as
factors of climate with the implication that any change in them will likely cause change in the other elements. A continuous rise
in temperature beyond a certain threshold will affect productivity in crop and could cause growing season to become shorter,
thereby causing a reduction in yield. Climate change being experienced at present has resulted in extreme events such as
flooding, droughts, heat/cold waves, changes in weather patterns which have posed serious challenges to the sustainability of
crop production especially in regions were agriculture is dependent on weather. Ebonyi State being an agricultural State, that is
experiencing climate change by way of increasing temperature, may experience a situation whereby crops will be smothered by
excessive heat thereby reducing crop production in the State. Khanal (2009) stated that heat stress might affect the whole
physiological development, maturation and finally reduces the yield of cultivated crop. As crop water requirement is directly
linked to evaporative demand of the atmosphere in which the crop is grown. Increasing temperature will further increase the
water demand of crops and if there is no corresponding moisture could lead to a drought situation. However, increasing
temperature could be beneficial to some crops but detrimental to others this is because various crops require certain optimum
temperature to survive. That is to say for any particular crop, the effect of increased temperature will depend on the crop's
optimal temperature for growth and reproduction (USGCRP, 2014). In some areas, warming may benefit the types of crops that
are typically planted there, or may give opportunity to farmers to shift to crops that are currently grown in warmer areas.
However, if the higher temperature exceeds a crop's optimum temperature, yields will decline. On the other hand, Increase in
temperature could reduce the length of the effective growing season, particularly where more than one crop per year is grown
.Increased temperature could also affect the physiological processes necessary for crop growth and development thereby resulting
to a drop in yield. Consequently, a drop in yield will lead to increased dependence on importation of crop to feed the population
which could result to food insecurity.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study reveals that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature which by implication means that the State is
susceptible to the attendant consequences of global warming. As a result, the inhabitant who are mostly farmers who sources of
livelihood is dependent on returns from agriculture that is temperature sensitive are vulnerable to the risk pose by increasing
temperature. As changes in temperature may have impact on water availability and water needs for agriculture, thereby
increasing the need for alternative source of water such as irrigation for crop survival in Ebonyi State. Plant and animal also
respond to temperature variability which could have economic consequences on agricultural productivities and thereby increasing
food scarcity The implication of the rising trend in temperature will also have impact on the environment as well as the wellbeing
of the inhabitant of Ebonyi State for example, the human body responds to thermal stress by forcing blood into peripheral areas
to promote heat loss through the skin, therefore health disorders are expected at higher temperature. The inhabitants of Ebonyi
State, Southeastern Nigeria could be vulnerable to medical disorder which can include heat stroke, heat rash, heat cramp, heat
exhaustion and heat syncope. Therefore, proactive steps should be taken by all stakeholders ranging from government,
individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious and put measures in place to mitigate its effect in
the study area and Nigeria in general.
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-3, March- 2017]
Page | 71
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Authors expresses deep appreciation to the anonymous reviewers of this study and this Journal platform for the opportunity
granted it to publish this paper.
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