2. Do Now- Focus & Motivate
 Objective: To examine the
effects of the Great
Depression
 Do-Now:
 Write a reaction to the
photo: “Migrant Mother”
[Nipomo, CA. 1936], by
Dorothea Lange
 For example, what emotions
does it elicit?
 Why? Explain your thought

3. Learning Goal
 NJCCCS: 6.1.12.A.9.a
 Analyze how the actions and policies of the United
States government contributed to the Great
Depression.

4. Hooked on the Horn of
Plenty
 One of the main causes of the  The Great Depression
Great Depression was continued the economic
overproduction by both farm and destruction of Europe, which
factory. had not yet fully recovered
from WWI.
 The nation's ability to produce goods
had outrun its capacity to consume  In the 1930s, a terrible
or pay for them. drought scorched the
Mississippi Valley, causing
 All the money was being invested in thousands of farms to be sold.
factories and other agencies of
production; not enough money was
going into salaries and wages.
 Overexpansion of credit also
contributed to the depression.

5. The Unemployed, by John Langley
Howard, 1937. In this painting Howard
soberly evokes the dispirited state of millions
of unemployed Americans during the

6. Rugged Times for
Rugged Individuals
 In the beginning of the Great  Hoover developed a plan in
Depression, President Hoover which the government would
believed that industry and self- assist the railroads, banks, and
reliance had made America rural credit corporations in the
great and that the government hope that if financial health was
should play no role in the restored at the top of the
welfare of the people. economic pyramid, then
unemployment would be
 He soon realized, however, relieved as the prosperity
that the welfare of the people trickled down.
in a nationwide catastrophe
was a direct concern of the  Hoover's efforts were criticized
government. because he gave government
money to the big bankers who
had allegedly started the
depression.

8. “Hooverville” in Seattle, 1934. In the early
years of the depression, desperate, homeless
people constructed shacks out of scavenged
materials. These shanty-towns sprang up in
cities across the country.

9. Home Relief Station, by Louis Ribak, 1935-1936. Destitute and
despairing, millions of hardworking Americans like these had to endure the
degradation and humiliation of going on relief as the pall of depression
descended over the land

10. Herbert Hoover Battles
the Great Depression
 President Hoover secured from Congress $2.25 billion for useful public
works. (ex. the Hoover Dam)
 Hoover was strongly opposed to all schemes that he saw as
"socialistic."
 He vetoed the Muscle Shoals Bill, which was designed to dam the
Tennessee River and sell government-produced electricity in
competition with citizens in private companies.
 In 1932, Congress established the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation (RFC), which was designed to provide indirect economic
relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural
organizations, railroads, and state and local governments.
 Congress passed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act in 1932,
outlawing antiunion contracts and fording federal courts to issue
injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing.

11. Hoover in Media

12. Routing the Bonus Army
in Washington
 Veterans of WWI were among the hardest hit by the Great
Depression.
 A drive developed for the premature payment of the suspended
bonus vetoed by Congress in 1924.
 The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (BEF), which claimed about
20,000 people, converged on the capital in the summer of 1932,
demanding the immediate payment of their entire bonus.
 After the BEF refused to leave the capital, President Hoover sent
in the army to evacuate the group.
 The ensuing riots and incidents brought additional public abuse of
Hoover.

13. The Bonus Army in Washington, D.C., 1932. World War I veterans from
Muncie, Indiana, were among many contingents to set up camp in the
capital during the summer of 1932, determined to remain there until they
received full payment of their promised bonuses.

14. Japanese Militarists
Attack China
 In September 1931, Japanese imperialists, seeing that the Western world
was bogged down in the Great Depression, invaded the Chinese province of
Manchuria.
 Although a direct violation of the League of Nations, the League was unable
to do anything because it could not count on America's support.
 In 1932, Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson decided to only diplomatically
attack the Japanese aggressors by issuing the Stimson doctrine.
 It declared that the United States would not recognize any territorial
acquisitions achieved by force.
 Japan ignored the doctrine and moved onto Shanghai in 1932.
 The violence continued without the League of Nation's intervention as WWII
was born.

15. Japanese Aggression in Manchuria. This
American cartoon lambastes Japan for
disregarding international treaty agreements
when it seized Manchuria in 1931. The next year
the Japanese would set up the puppet state of

16. Hoover Pioneers the
Good Neighbor Policy
 President Hoover brought
better relations with
America's Latin American
neighbors.
 An advocate of
international goodwill, he
withdrew American troops
from Latin America.
 He had engineered the
foundation of a "Good
Neighbor" policy.

17. Gearing Towards a New
Election
 As the election of 1932  The Democrats chose
neared, unemployment Franklin Delano
and poverty brought Roosevelt. He had been
dissent of President born to a wealthy New
Hoover and a demand for York family and served as
a change in policy. the governor of New York.
 The Republicans
nominated Herbert Hoover
to run for president in the
election of 1932.

18. FDR: Politician in a
Wheelchair
 F.D.R. who fought for a hobbling
mobility schooled himself in patience,
tolerance, compassion and strength of
will.
 Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor
Roosevelt, was to become the most
active First Lady in history.
 She powerfully influenced the policies
of the national government, battling for
the impoverished and oppressed.
 Roosevelt's commanding presence and
golden speaking voice made him the
premier American orator of his
generation.

19. Roosevelt was America’s most
active First Lady and commanded
enormous popularity and influence
during FDR’s presidency. Here
she emerges, miner’s cap in hand,
from an Ohio coal mine.
As a young woman, she worked
for the Woman’s Trade Union, and
the League of Women Voters. She
brought an unprecedented
number of women activists with
her to Washington.
She participated in lobbying,
speeches and syndicated
newspaper columns.

20. Presidential Hopefuls of
1932
 In the Democratic campaign of 1932, Roosevelt attacked
the Republican Old Deal and concentrated on preaching
a New Deal for the "forgotten man."
 He promised to balance the nation's budget and
decrease the heavy Hooverian deficits.
 Although Americans' distrust in the Republican party was
high because of the dire economic state of the country
(Great Depression), Herbert Hoover and the Republican
party had hopes that the worst of the Depression was
over.
 Hoover reaffirmed his faith in American free enterprise
and individualism.

21. Who is F.D.R?
 Stricken with polio and
paralyzed from the waist down,
F.D.R. was eager to prove he
was not an invalid (“Roosevelt is
Robust”)
 Many of his speeches were
“ghostwritten” by the Brain
Trust [a small group of reform-
minded intellectuals]
 These youngish college
professors predominantly wrote
much of the New Deal
 “Out of the Red with Roosevelt”

22. Hoover's Humiliation in
 Franklin Roosevelt
won the election of
1932
1932 by a
sweeping majority,
in both the popular
vote and the
Electoral College.
 Beginning in the
election of 1932,
blacks became,
notably in the
urban centers of
the North, a vital
element of the
Democratic Party.

23. The Perils of a Lame Duck
 Hoover, defeated and repudiated, continued to be president for 4 months.
 As a lame duck, he was helpless to embark upon any long-range policies
without the cooperation of Roosevelt who was uncooperative.
 Roosevelt’s reply to the press? “It’s no my baby,” fought shy of assuming
responsibility without authority
 With Washington deadlocked, the economic machine of the U.S. clanked to
a virtual halt
 1:4 workers tramped the streets, feet weary and hands idle
 Banks were locking their doors all over, as people nervously stuffed paper
money under mattresses
 Hooverites, then and later, accused Roosevelt of deliberately permitting the
depression to worsen so that he could emerge the more spectacularly as a
savior.

24. Unemployed and
Frustrated. Democratic
candidate Franklin
Roosevelt offered hope, if
few concrete plans, to the
millions struggling to cope
with the Great Depression.

25. Happy Days Are Here Again
 The Vanquished and the
Victor. A dour Hoover and an
ebullent Roosevelt ride to the
inauguration ceremonies on
March 4th, 1933. This magazine
cover was never published,
presumably because of the
editors’ sensitivity about the
attempted assassination of
Roosevelt when he was riding in
an open car in Florida on
February 15th, 1933, less than
three weeks earlier. The attempt
of Roosevelt’s life ended in the
death of Chicago mayor Anton J.
Cermak.

26. Summarizer
 Why do you think  1. Individually come up
Herbert Hoover was so with a reason [utilize the
ineffective during the worksheet on Hoover’s
Great Depression? policies]
 2. Pair up and discuss
your answer
 3. Report to the rest of
the class.

28. Do-Now

29. FDR and the Three
R's: Relief, Recovery,
Reform
 Franklin Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933.
 On March 6-10, President Roosevelt declared a national
banking holiday as a prelude to opening the banks on a
sounder basis.
 The Hundred Days Congress/Emergency Congress
(March 9-June 16, 1933) passed a series laws in order to
cope with the national emergency (The Great
Depression).
 Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at 3 R's: relief,
recovery, reform.
 Short-range goals were relief and immediate recovery,
and long-range goals were permanent recovery and
reform of current abuses.

30. Preemptive Strike
 Congress gave President Roosevelt extraordinary
blank-check powers: some of the laws it passed
expressly delegated legislative authority to the
president.
 The New Dealers embraced such progressive
ideas as unemployment insurance, old-age
insurance, minimum-wage regulations, conservation
and development of natural resources, and
restrictions on child labor.

32. Roosevelt Tackles
Money and Banking
 The impending banking crisis caused Congress to
pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933.
 It gave the president power to regulate banking
transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen
solvent banks.
 President Roosevelt began to give "fireside chats"
over the radio in order to restore public confidence
of banks.

33. The Champ: FDR Chatting with Reporters. Roosevelt
mastered the press as few presidents before or since
have been able to do. He was also ingenious in finding
opportunities to converse wit reporters in situations where
he could conceal his physical limitations.

34. Banking and Currency
 Congress then passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act,
creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
 A reform program, the FDIC insured individual bank deposits up to
$5,000, ending the epidemic of bank failures.
 In order to protect the shrinking gold reserve, President Roosevelt
ordered all private holdings of gold to be given to the Treasury in
exchange for paper currency and then the nation to be taken off the gold
standard-Congress passed laws providing for these measures.
 The goal of Roosevelt's "managed currency" was inflation, which he
believed would relieve debtors' burdens and stimulate new production.
 Inflation was achieved through gold buying; the Treasury purchased
gold at increasing prices, increasing the dollar price of gold.
 This policy increased the amount of dollars in circulation.

36. Creating Jobs for the
Jobless
 President Roosevelt had no qualms about using
federal money to assist the unemployed in order to
jumpstart the economy.
 Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC), which provided employment for about 3
million men in government camps.
 Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood
control, and swamp drainage.

37. Dealing with
Unemployment
 Congress's first major effort to deal with the massive
unemployment was to pass the Federal Emergency
Relief Act.
 The resulting Federal Emergency Relief
Administration (FERA) was headed by Harry L.
Hopkins.
 Hopkins's agency granted about $3 billion to the states
for direct relief payments or for wages on work projects
 Created in 1933, the Civil Works Administration
(CWA), a branch of the FERA, was designed to provide
temporary jobs during the winter emergency
 Thousands of unemployed were employed at leaf raking
and other manual-labor jobs.

38. CCC Workers in Alaska,
1939. These Tlingit carvers
in Alaska’ southeastern
panhandle were part of a
CCC project to restore
totem poles. Here they
started with a pole carved in
the likeness of Abraham
Lincoln.

39. Farmers’ Relief
 Relief was given to the
farmers with the
Agricultural Adjustment
Act (AAA), making
available millions of
dollars to help farmers
meet their mortgages.
 The Home Owners' Loan
Corporation (HOLC)
assisted many households
that had trouble paying
their mortgages.

41. A Day for Every
Demagogue
 As unemployment and suffering continued, radical opponents to
Roosevelt's New Deal began to arise.
 Father Charles Coughlin's anti-New Deal radio broadcasts
eventually became so anti-Semitic and fascistic that he was forced
off the air.
 Senator Huey P. Long publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program in
which every family in the United States would receive $5,000.
 His fascist plans ended when he was assassinated in 1935.
 Dr. Francis E. Townsend attracted millions of senior citizens with his
plan that each citizen over the age of 60 would receive $200 a
month.

42. Huey Long (21893-1935) Long pursued progressive policies as governor
of Louisiana, even while he ruled the state with a dictatorial hand. A
flamboyant and unpredictable populist, he set the orthodox political
establishment on its ear, especially after he became a U.S. senator in 1930.
Long’s admirers called him the “Kingfish”; Franklin Roosevelt called him
“one of the two most dangerous men in the country.” (The other, said
Roosevelt, was General Douglas MacArthur)

43. The WPA
 Congress passed the
Works Progress
Administration (WPA) in
1935, with the objective of
employment on useful
projects (i.e. the
construction of buildings,
roads, etc.).
 Taxpayers criticized the
agency for paying people
to do "useless" jobs such
as painting murals.

44. 8 Years, 9 million
employed.
 Over a period of 8 years,
nearly 9 million people
were given jobs, not
handouts.
 The WPA nourished much
precious talent, preserved
self-respect, and fostered
the creation of more than
a million pieces of art,
many of them publicly
displayed.

45. WPA Mural, by Victor Arnatuoff (1896-1979), 1934. The Pedestrian
Scene, painted on a wall of Coit Tower in San Francisco, was one of a
series of murals commissioned by the federal government to employ
artists during the Great Depression

46. New Visibility for Women
 Secretary of Labor- Frances Perkins (1880-
1965) became the U.S.A’s first woman cabinet
member.
 Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955), director
of the Office of Minority Affairs in the National
Youth Administration, served as the highest-
ranking African American in the Roosevelt
administration

47. Frances Perkins (1880-1965) at the Site of the Golden Gate Bridge
Project, 1935. The First woman cabinet member, Perkins served as
secretary of labor under Roosevelt. She was subjected to much
undeserved criticism from male businessmen, laborers, and politicians.
They sneered that FDR “kept her in labor” for many years.

48. Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1935)
The daughter of ex-slaves and founder
of a college in Florida, Bethune became
the highest-ranking African American in
the Roosevelt administration when she
was appointed director of the Officer of
Minority Affairs in the National Youth
Administration (NYA). From this base
she organized the “Black Cabinet” to
make sure blacks benefitted from the
picketing against segregated hiring
practices at the Peoples Drug Store
chain, one of the earliest targets of the
black civil rights movement.

49. Ruth Benedict
 Ruth Benedict (1887-
1948) carried on the
work of her mentor,
Franz Boas, by
developing “the
culture and  Wrote: Patterns of
personality Culture (1934),
movement” in the which established
1930s & 1940s the study of cultures
as collective
personalities and
stating they had its
own “more or less
consistent pattern of
thought and action”

50. Sisters Are Doing It For
Themselves
 Margaret Mead (1901-1978) wrote about
sexuality, gender roles, and intergenerational
relationships.
 Wrote 34 books and was a curator at the
American Museum of Natural History in NYC
 Popularized Cultural Anthropology
• Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973), Novelist. Raised in China
by Presbyterian missionaries, and author of The Good
Earth (1931), a tale of Chinese peasantry
• Earned the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938,
becoming the 3rd American (After Upton Sinclair and
Eugene O’Neill)

51. A Helping Hand for
Industry and Labor
 The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was
designed to assist industry, labor, and the
unemployed.
 Individual industries, through "fair competition"
codes, were forced to lower their work hours so that
more people could be hired; a minimum wage was
also established.
 Workers were formally guaranteed the right to
organize and bargain collectively through
representatives of their choosing, not through the
company's choosing.

52. Dwindling Support
 Although initially supported by the public, collapse of
the NRA came in 1935 with the Supreme Court's
Schechter decision in which it was ruled that
Congress could not "delegate legislative powers" to
the president and that congressional control of
interstate commerce could apply to local fowl
business.

53. PWA and the 21st
Amendment
 In order to raise federal
revenue and provide a
level of employment,
 The Public Works Congress repealed
Administration (PWA) was prohibition with the 21st
intended for both industrial Amendment in late
recovery and for unemployment 1933.
relief.
 Headed by Harold L. Ickes, the
agency spent over $4 billion on
thousands of projects, including
public buildings and highways.

54. Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Washington State.
The Grand Coulee Damn was one of the most ambitious projects of
the New Deal’s Public Works Administration. It is one of the few
manmade constructions visible from outer space, the largest concrete
structure in the United States, and the central facility in the Columbia
Basin Project, which generates electricity for the Pacific Northwest
and provides irrigation for half a million acres of Columbia Valley
farmland- services that have transformed the life of the region.

56. Do Now: Which new deal
program did you think was the
best and why? (Base these off
the presentations from
yesterday)
Objectives: Students will be able to...(1) Describe the
function of the major New Deal programs (2) analyze the
info and form opinions on it's success
Homework: Continue Reading Through Chapter on your
Own

57. Paying Farmers Not to
Farm
 Congress created the Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA).
 It established "parity prices" for basic commodities.
 "Parity" was the price set for a product that gave it the
same real value, in purchasing power, that it had from
1909-1914.
 The agency also paid farmers to reduce their crop
acreage, eliminating surpluses, while at the same time
increasing unemployment.
 The Supreme Court struck down the AAA in 1936,
declaring its regulatory taxation provisions
unconstitutional.

58. 2 nd Attempt
 The New Deal Congress passed the Soil
Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of
1936.
 The reduction of crop acreage was now achieved by
paying farmers to plant soil-conserving crops.
 The Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
continued conservation payments; if farmers obeyed
acreage restrictions on specific commodities, they
would be eligible for parity payments.

59. Dust Bowls and Black
Blizzards
 Late in 1933, a prolonged drought struck the states of the
trans-Mississippi Great Plains.
 The Dust Bowl was partially caused by the cultivation of
countless acres, dry-farming techniques, and
mechanization.
 Sympathy towards the affected farmers came with the
Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act, passed in 1934.
 It made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosures
for 5 years. It was struck down in 1935 by the Supreme
Court.

61. Covering the prairie with wheat in
place of natural drought-resistant
grasses and leaving unused fields
bare mixed with plow-based
farming culminating in the loss of
fertile topsoil led soil to blow away
in the winds.
By 1933, 40 black
blizzards occurred and
millions fled the
region. It wasn’t until
1939 that the rain
returned and relief
came.

63. Resettlement
 In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the
Resettlement Administration, given the task of
moving near-farmless farmers to better lands.
 The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
encouraged Native American tribes to establish self-
government and to preserve their native crafts and
traditions. 77 tribes refused to organize under the
law, while hundreds did organize.

64. Learning Goal: NJCCCS
 6.1.12.A.10.b
 Assess the effectiveness of governmental policies
enacted during the New Deal period (i.e., the FDIC,
NLRB, and Social Security) in protecting the welfare
of individuals.

65. Battling Bankers and Big
Business
 In order to protect the public
against fraud, Congress passed
the "Truth in Securities Act"
(Federal Securities Act),
requiring promoters to transmit
to the investor sworn information
regarding the soundness of their
stocks and bonds.
 In 1934, Congress took further
steps to protect the public with
the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC).
 It was designed as a watchdog
administrative agency.

66. The TVA Harnesses the
Tennessee River
 Zealous New Dealers accused the electric-power industry of
gouging the public with excessive rates.
 2.5 million of America's most poverty-stricken people inhabited
Muscle Shoals.
 If the government constructed a dam on the Tennessee River in
Muscle Shoals, it could combine the immediate advantage of
putting thousands of people to work with a long-term project for
reforming the power monopoly.
 In 1933, the Hundred Days Congress created the Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA).
 It was assigned the task of predicting how much the production
and distribution of electricity would cost so that a "yardstick" could
be set up to test the fairness of rates charged by private
companies.

67. Projects-A-Go
 The large project of constructing dams on the
Tennessee River brought to the area full
employment, the blessings of cheap electric power,
low-cost housing, abundant cheap nitrates, the
restoration of eroded soil, reforestation, improved
navigation, and flood control.
 The once-poverty-stricken area was being turned
into one of the most flourishing regions in the United
States.
 The conservative reaction against the "socialistic"
New Deal would confine the TVA's brand of federally
guided resource management and comprehensive
regional development to the Tennessee Valley.

68. More than twenty damns were constructed on the river’s tributaries as part
of a massive project to control flooding, generate hydroelectric power, and
revitalize the Tennessee Valley region, while also creating jobs for the
unemployed. The shaded area represents the area served by TVA electric
power.

69. Housing Reform
 To speed recovery and better homes, President
Roosevelt set up the Federal Housing
Administration (FHA) in 1934.
 To strengthen the FHA, Congress created the
United States Housing Authority (USHA) in 1937.
 It was designed to lend money to states or
communities for low-cost construction.

70. Occupied Households with Electric Service- 1900-1960

71. Social Security
 The more important success of New Dealers was in the field of
unemployment insurance and old-age pensions.
 The Social Security Act of 1935 provided for federal-state
unemployment insurance.
 To provide security for old age, specified categories of retired
workers were to receive regular payments from Washington.
 Republicans were strongly opposed to Social Security.
 Social Security was inspired by the example of some of the
more highly industrialized nations of Europe.
 In an urbanized economy, the government was now
recognizing its responsibility for the welfare of its citizens.

72. A New Deal for Unskilled
Labor
 When the Supreme Court struck down the National
Recovery Administration (NRA), Congress,
sympathetic towards labor unions, passed the
National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (Wagner
Act).
 This law created a powerful National Labor
Relations Board for administrative purposes and
reasserted the rights of labor to engage in self-
organization and to bargain collectively through
representatives of its own choice.

73. The CIO
 The stride for unskilled workers to organize was lead by John L. Lewis,
boss of the United Mine Workers.
 He formed the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) in 1935.
 The CIO led a series of strikes including the sit-down strike at the
General Motors automobile factory in 1936.
 Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (Wages and Hours
Bill) in 1938.
 Industries involved in interstate commerce were to set up minimum-wage
and maximum-hour levels.
 Labor by children under the age of 16 was forbidden.
 In 1938, the CIO joined with the AF of L and the name "Committee for
Industrial Organization" was changed to "Congress of Industrial
Organizations."-led by John Lewis.
 By 1940, the CIO claimed about 4 million members.

74. General Motors Sit-Down Strikers, Flint, Michigan, 1937. Strikers
like these sometimes kept their spirits up with the song “Sit Down”:
When the boss won’t talk
Don’t take a walk;
Sit down, sit down.

75. Labor Triumphant. After
generations of struggle,
organized labor made
dramatic gains in
membership and bargaining
power during the New Deal
years.

76. Landon Challenges "the
Champ" in 1936
 As the election of 1936 neared, the New Dealers had
achieved considerable progress, and millions of
"reliefers" were grateful to their government.
 The Republicans chose Alfred M. Landon to run against
President Roosevelt. The Republicans condemned the
New Deal for its radicalism, experimentation, confusion,
and "frightful waste."
 President Roosevelt was reelected as president in a
lopsided victory. FDR won primarily because he had
appealed to the "forgotten man." He had forged a
powerful and enduring coalition of the South, blacks,
urbanites, and the poor.

78. Nine Old Men on the
Supreme Bench
 Ratified in 1933, the 20th Amendment shortened the
period from election to inauguration by 6 weeks.
 FDR took the presidential oath on January 20, 1937,
instead of the traditional March 4.
 Roosevelt saw his reelection as a mandate to
continue the New Deal reforms.
 The ultraconservative justices on the Supreme
Court proved to be a threat to the New Deal as the
Roosevelt administration had been thwarted 7 times
in cases against the New Deal.

79. NJCCCS Learning Goal
 6.1.12.A.10.a
 Explain how and why conflict developed between
the Supreme Court and other branches of
government over aspects of the New Deal.

80. Fight at the Bench
 With his reelection, Roosevelt felt that the American
people had wanted the New Deal.
 If the American way of life was to be preserved, he
argued, and then the Supreme Court had to get in line
with public opinion.
 President Roosevelt released his plan to ask Congress to
pass legislation allowing him to appoint one new justice
to the Supreme Court for every member over the age of
70 who would not retire; the maximum number of justices
would now be 15.
 Shocking both Congress and the public, the plan
received much negative feedback.

81. Supreme Court, 1932

82. Judiciary Reorganization
Bill
 President Roosevelt proposed the Judiciary
Reorganization Bill (called the "court-packing bill" by its
opponents), which would have increased the size of the
Supreme Court and permitted the appointment of
additional (presumably pro-New Deal) Justices.
 The bill, however, had many opponents, including
Roosevelt's own Vice President John Nance Garner, and
was defeated in Congress.
 President Roosevelt was belittled for attempting to break
down the checks and balances system among the 3
branches of government.

83. The Response to Roosevelt’s “Court-Packing”
Plan, 1937. Even the Democratic donkey kicked up a
storm in opposition to President Roosevelt’s plan to
expand the Supreme Court to as many as fifteen

84. The Court Changes
Course
 Justice Owen J. Roberts, formerly regarded as a conservative, began to
vote liberal.
 In March 1937, the Supreme Court upheld the principle of state minimum
wage for women, reversing its stand on a different case a year earlier.
 The Court, now sympathetic towards the New Deal, upheld the National
Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) and the Social Security Act.
 A succession of deaths and resignations of justices enabled Roosevelt to
appoint 9 justices to the Court.
 FDR aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress so that few New
Deal reforms were passed after 1937.
 He lost much of the political goodwill that had helped him to win the election
of 1936.

85. The Twilight of the New
Deal
 In Roosevelt's first term, from 1933-1937,
unemployment still ran high and recovery had been
relatively slow.
 In 1937, the economy took another downturn as
new Social Security taxes began to cut into payrolls
and as the Roosevelt administration cut back on
spending out of the continuing reverence for the
orthodox economic doctrine of the balanced budget.

86. Keynesianism
Economics
 The New Deal had run deficits for several years, but all of
them had been somewhat small and none was intended.
 Roosevelt embraced the recommendations of the British
economist John Maynard Keynes.
 The newly-accepted "Keynesianism" economic program
was to stimulate the economy by planned deficit
spending.
 Keynesianism- An economic theory based on the
thoughts of British economist, John Maynard Keynes,
holding that central banks should adjust interest rates
and governments should use deficit spending and tax
policies to increase purchasing power and hence

88. Reorganization and
Hatch Acts
 In 1939, Congress passed the Reorganization Act,
giving President Roosevelt limited powers for
administrative reforms, including the new Executive
Office in the White House.
 Congress passed the Hatch Act of 1939, barring
federal administrative officials from active political
campaigning and soliciting.
 It also forbade the use of government funds for
political purposes as well as the collection of
campaign contributions from people receiving relief
payments.

89. Employment Agency, by Isaac Soyer, 1937.
Millions of jobless Americans felt the despair
Soyer captured in this painting, as depression-
era unemployment reached levels never seen
before or since in American history.

90. New Deal or Raw Deal?
 Foes of the New Deal charged the president of spending
too much money on his programs, significantly increasing
the national debt; by 1939, the national debt was at
$40,440,000,000.
 Lavish financial aid and relief were undermining the old
virtue of initiative.
 Private enterprise was being suppressed and states'
rights were being ignored.
 The most damning indictment of the New Deal was that it
did not end the depression; it merely administered
"aspirin, sedatives, and Band-Aids."
 Not until World War II was the unemployment problem
solved.

91. FDR's Balance Sheet
 New Deal supporters had pointed out that relief, not
economy, had been the primary objective of their
war on the depression.
 Roosevelt believed that the government was morally
bound to prevent mass hunger and starvation by
"managing" the economy.
 FDR was a Hamiltonian in his idea of big
government, but a Jeffersonian in his concern for the
"forgotten man."

92. Our Skipper. This pro-FDR cartoon depicts a confident Roosevelt
ignoring his critics while heading, cheerily toward economic recovery. In
fact, FDR’s New Deal brought neither the recovery he promised nor the
ruin his detractors prophesized. The depression dragged on with only
periodic improvement for nearly eight years under his leadership, until the
cataclysmic emergency of World War II finally banished unemployment

93. New Deal Acronyms
Acronym Definition
AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
CWA Civil Works Administration
FERA Federal Emergency Relief Administration
FHA Federal Housing Administration
FSA Farm Security Administration
HOLC Home Owners Loan Corporation
NRA National Recovery Administration
NYA National Youth Administration
PWA Public Works Administration
REA Rural Electrification Administration
SSA Social Security Administration
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority
WPA Work Projects (Progress) Administration

94. Opponents of the New Deal
 Who opposed the
New Deal?
 Why did they
oppose it?
 What is deficit
spending?
 What comparisons
can you make to
our current
economy?

95.  People on the Right:
 Thought he was putting too much
regulations on Government
 Deficit Spending – scared business
leaders
 Formed American Liberty League
– Organized opposition to the New
Deal
 People on the Left:
 Believed he had not gone far
enough
 Wanted more dramatic intervention
Opposition from Right & Left

96. Your task….
 Using the chart on the back and the book, identify
what those major programs accomplished, and who
might have opposed them
 NJCCCS 6.1.12.C.10.a
 Evaluate the effectiveness of economic regulations
and standards established during this time period in
combating the Great Depression.