The document discusses the qualifications and roles of the President and Vice President of the United States. It outlines both the constitutional qualifications to be President, such as being a natural born citizen over 35 years old, as well as common informal qualifications like having a college education or prior government experience. It also examines the various roles Presidents play as chief of state, commander-in-chief, party leader, and foreign policy leader. Similarly, it outlines the Vice President's qualifications and roles as president of the Senate and successor to the President.

2. Unit Goal
10.12a.3 Analyze Article II of the Constitution as it
relates to the executive branch, including the
eligibility for office and length of term, election to and
removal from office, the oath of office, and the
enumerated executive powers

3. Constitutional Requirements
to be President
 LG: The student will describe the qualifications for becoming President of the U.S.
 Explain the written qualifications for President of the United States.
 Describe unwritten qualifications common to past presidents.
Constitutional Requirements to be President
1. Natural born Citizen
2. 35 years old
3. Resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years
*The Vice President’s qualifications are the same as the President with the
exception that he/she can not have their primary residence in the same state as
the President.

4. Informal Presidential Qualifications
1. College Educated
2. Military Experience
3. Prior government experience
Most have been white, male, protestants with
families

5. Demographic Characteristics of
U.S. Presidents
100% male
99% Caucasian
97% Protestant
82% of British ancestry
77% college educated
• 69% politicians
• 62% lawyers
• >50% from the top 3%
wealth and social class
• 0.5% born into
poverty
• 69% elected from
large states

6. What voters want….
The impossible dream!
Cooperation w/Congress
Peacekeeper
Ability to solve economic problems
Someone with good character, judgment, and humor
A sense of purpose
Tough, decisive, competent, effective & fair
A leader with initiative

7. 12.12a.3 Discuss the history of the
nomination process for presidential
candidates and the increasing importance of
primaries in general elections

8. The Founders’ View
did not devise a method
for nominating
presidential candidates or
even for choosing electors
assumed that the selection
process as a whole would
be nonpartisan and devoid
of factions (or political
parties), which they
believed were always a
corrupting influence in
politics.

9. Election of 1800
the rapid development of political parties soon
presented a major challenge, one that led to changes
that would make presidential elections more partisan
but ultimately more democratic.
The practical and constitutional inadequacies of the
original electoral college system became evident in
the election of 1800, when the two Democratic-
Republican candidates, Jefferson and Burr, received
an equal number of electoral votes and thereby left
the presidential election to be decided by the House
of Representatives.

10. 12th Amendment/Popular
The Twelfth Amendment (1804), which required
electors to vote for president and vice president
separately, remedied this constitutional defect
because each state was free to devise its own system
of choosing electors, disparate methods initially
emerged. In some states electors were appointed by
the legislature, in others they were popularly elected,
and in still others a mixed approach was used
Popular election gradually replaced legislative
appointment, the most common method through the
1790s, until by the 1830s all states except South
Carolina chose electors by direct popular vote

11. King Caucus
Beginning in 1796, caucuses of the parties’
congressional delegations met informally to nominate
their presidential and vice presidential candidates,
leaving the general public with no direct input.

12. The Convention System
meeting of delegates of a political party at the local,
state, provincial, or national level to select candidates
for office and to decide party policy.
The conventions were often tense affairs, and
sometimes multiple ballots were needed to overcome
party divisions—particularly at conventions of the
Democratic Party, which required its presidential and
vice presidential nominees to secure the support of
two-thirds of the delegates (a rule that was abolished
in 1936).

13. Post 1968 Reforms
Although the presidential and vice presidential
candidates of both the Democratic Party and the
Republican Party are still formally selected by
national conventions, most of the delegates are
selected through primaries—or, in a minority of
states, through caucuses—and the delegates gather
merely to ratify the choice of the voters.

14. How is the President
Elected?
Candidates must take two paths
to win their party’s nomination:
(1) Either through primaries or
(2) party state conventions
Local Caucuses
National Convention
Delegates choose the nominee
of each major party – with
conventions held in the
summer of election year
Party voters in local meetings
choose delegates to state
conventions
Presidential Primaries
In states with primaries, party
voters select some or all
delegates to national convention
and/or express preference for
party’s nomination
State Conventions
Party voters select some or all
of the delegates to the
national convention

15. How is the President Elected?
Electoral College
Presidential electors meet in State
capitals on Monday following the
second Wednesday in December to cast
electoral votes. 270 needed to win.
Democrat
Nominee
Republican
Nominee
Third Party
Candidates
Election Day
Voters cast their ballots on Tuesday following the first Monday in
November. Voters actually choose presidential electors.

16. How does the Electoral
College Work?
Electoral votes are determined by total
number of senators and representatives
in each state
Example
New Jersey has 2 senators
and 12 representatives –
total electoral votes are 14
Largest state – California, has 55
electoral votes
Electors are party loyalists that are
chosen by the state parties
Voters elect the slate of electors on
Election Day. For Georgia: 16
Republicans or 16 Democrats,
depending on majority vote.
Majority of Electors: 270 of 538
is necessary to win.
23rd Amendment allows for 3
electoral votes for Wash. DC

17. Inauguration of the President
Term of Office:
Four Years
Inauguration:
January 20th

18. 20th Amendment
“Lame Duck” Amendment
Moves inauguration to January 20th from original
March date
Congressional start date moved to January in same
amendment
Length of time for a sitting president who is not re-elected
is reduced
Goal: prevent inactivity or hasty decisions on way out
of office

19. Presidential Term Limits
Washington began the tradition of serving
only two terms, but it was really unlimited
until the 22nd Amendment, which gave two
rules:
No one can be elected as President more
than twice.
No one that serves more than two years of
another President’s term can be elected
more than once.

20. Benefits of the Presidency
1. Salary: $400,000 per year (beginning in 2001)
2. Perks:
White House w/staff of 100+
Doctors and Health Care
Expense Account of $50,000
Air Force One and a fleet of jets and helicopters
Camp David – vacation spot in Maryland
Pension, Retirement, and Secret Service for 10 years
after they leave office

21. Benefits of the Presidency
White House
 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, 28
fireplaces, 8 staircases, 3
elevators and 6 levels in the
Residence
Entertainment
Movie theater, bowling
lanes, putting green
Pension Plan
$166,700 a year
free mailing privileges for
nonpolitical correspondence,
free office space, $96,000 a year
for office help, and, during the
first thirty months after their
term of office has ended, up to
$150,000 for staff assistance.
Secret Service protection for 10
years for Pres & First Lady
(children until they are 16)

22. The White House
Air Force One
Camp David
Marine One

23. Vice Presidential Roles
1. President in Waiting
2. Acting President of the Senate and can vote in
order to break a tie.
3. Power over presidential disability as stated in
the 25th Amendment.
4. Chairs Commissions, meets foreign dignitaries,
and advises the President.
5. All other responsibilities come from the
President.

24. The Vice President

25. Provisions ooff tthhee VViiccee PPrreessiiddeenntt
 Salary $230,700 per
year
 Lives in House on
Observatory Hill
– Located in the U.S. Naval
Observatory in
Washington, D.C.
– Home to the Vice
President since 1974

26. 25th Amendment
Procedures dealing with Presidential Disability
1. Vice President becomes President if the President resigns, is
removed or dies.
2. If there is a vacancy in the Vice Presidency, then the President
appoints a new V.P. and both houses of Congress must approve
him.
3. The Vice President becomes acting President if the President is
unable to serve temporarily.
4. The President becomes acting President as soon as he declares
himself fit, unless the Vice President, a majority of the Cabinet
and 2/3 of the Congress declare him still unfit. Then the Vice
President will remain the acting President until it is determined
that the President is fit.

27. Presidential Succession Act
Following World War II, a new Presidential
Succession Act of 1947 was passed
Placed the Speaker of the House and the president
pro tempore of the Senate behind the vice president
The line of succession then extended to the executive
department heads in the order in which their agencies
were created.

28. Presidential Succession
John Boehner,
Speaker
Jacob Lew,
Treasury
Patrick Leahy,
Pres Pro-
Tempore
John Kerry,
State
Chuck Hagel,
Defense…
Eric Holder, US
Attorney General,
Dept of Justice

29. Did you know?
One Cabinet member stays out of State of the Union Address…
2013 - Energy
2012 - Agriculture
2011 – Interior
2010 – HUD (& State)
2009 - Justice
2008 – Energy
2007 – Justice
2006 – Veteran’s Affairs
2005 – Commerce
2004 – Commerce
2003 – Justice & Transportation
2002 – Interior
2001 – Veteran’s Affairs
2000 – Energy
1999 – HUD
1998 - Commerce
1997 – Agriculture
1996 – HHS
1995 – Transportation
1994 – Agriculture
1993 – Interior
1992 – Agriculture
1991 – Interior
1990 – Veteran’s Affairs
1989 – None
1988 – Interior
1987 – Agriculture
1986 – Agriculture

30. Original Intent: The Formal Powers
Executive with limited power
Enforce the laws of Congress
Handle foreign policy
Be chief executive and head of state
Broadly defined constitutional powers for
flexibility (has resulted in expanded power)
Commander in Chief
Grant pardons & reprieves
Report on State of the Union

31. Informal Powers
Morale builder
Party leader
Legislative leader
Coalition builder
Crisis manager
Personnel recruiter
World leader
Budget setter
Agenda/policy setter
Conflict resolver
Persuader and policy
communicator

32. The student will analyze the various roles played
by the President of the United States; include
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, chief
executive, chief agenda setter, representative of
the nation, chief of state, foreign policy leader,
and party leader.

33. Chief Executive
Enforce the law
Head the bureaucracy
Appoint federal officials
Negotiate treaties
Grant pardons, reprieves and amnesty

34. Chief of State
Representative of nation
Symbol of America
Host to distinguished
delegates and visitors

35. Chief of the Economy
Guard the
Economy
Prevent
depressions
Balance
budget

36. Commander in Chief
Civilian control of the military
Assignment of troops with war declaration
from Congress
Sending troops without formal
war declaration
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
War Powers Act 1974

37. War Powers Act, 1973

39. Party Leader
Shape party
platform
Campaign for
party
Mobilize
public opinion

40. Chief Legislator/Agenda Setter
State of the Union Address
Recommend legislation
Present the budget
Veto power

41. Chief Diplomat
Treaty making with
Senate approval
Establish diplomatic
relations
Executive agreements

42. The student will demonstrate
knowledge of the organization and
powers of the national government.

43. Executive Powers
1. Commander in Chief
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – while troops are in
conflict, the President can take any action to protect the
troops short of declaring war.
War Powers Act – President cannot send troops out
unless:
Congress declares War
A law authorizes the action
National Emergency: but the President must follow 2 rules:
Notify Congress within 48 hours
Cannot keep troops abroad for more than 60 days
without Congressional Approval.

44. Executive Powers
2. Enforces Laws
3. Executive Agreement – agreements Presidents
make on behalf of the U.S. with foreign countries
that do not require Senate approval.
4. Treaty – agreements Presidents make on behalf of
the U.S. with foreign countries that require Senate
approval.

45. Executive Powers
5. Power of Appointment – appoints federal officials
along with judges and Supreme Court justices.
6. Power of Removal – can remove federal officials
but not judges or justices.
7. Executive Privilege – the right to withhold
information from Congress and the Courts

46. Legislative Powers
1. Recommend Legislation
3 formal messages:
State of the Union Address
Economic Report
Budget Message
1. Approve Legislation – signs bill into law

47. Legislative Powers
3. The Veto Power – forbid legislation
3. The Pocket Veto – to sit on the bill for ten days
without signing it and it is a law. However, if
Congress adjourns within ten days then it cannot be
overridden.
4. To call Special Sessions of Congress

48. Judicial Powers
1. Appoint Judges and Justices to the Supreme Court
2. *Reprieves – delay carrying out of punishments in
federal crimes
3. *Pardons – release from punishment in federal
crimes by absolute or conditional
4. *Amnesty – blanket pardon given to groups of
people
**These do not work in cases of impeachment or in state crimes

50. Economic
Policy
Fight inflation
Keep taxes low
Promote economic growth
Prevent recession
Create jobs
Chief Advisors
Sec of Treasury
Director of OMB
FED Chair: Janet Yellen
Ex-officio Chair of FED
Ben Barnanke
FED is key to interest
rates and growth of
economy
FED is independent
regulatory agency
Members have
staggered terms beyond
the president’s term
FED can’t be fired for
policy decisions

51. National
Security
In a national emergency:
planning, command, unity falls to National Security
Council
Diplomacy and the military are used as instruments
of foreign policy
Congress must appropriate and authorize funding for
treaties and war

52. Party Leadership
Informal head of party
Rarely have control on state and local
politicians
Can’t control party members in
Congress b/c of constituents

53. Legislative & Coalition Builder
Send messages to Congress on policy and agenda
Visit the Hill to “twist arms”
Acts as politician
Conflict manager,
negotiator, bargainer,
reconciler, coalition
builder, persuader

54. Relationship w/Congress
Appointments which require Senate confirmation
Federal judges, SC justices, Ambassadors, Dept.
Secretaries, US Attorney
Negotiate treaties
Binding only w/agreements of 2/3 of Senate
Exec Agreement – b/t head of countries; are as binding
as treaties

55. Budgeting
Way to control bureaucracy
Increases/decreases based on policy
Budget requests must go through Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) from all
departments and agencies before going to Congress
OMB writes the budget submitted to Congress

56. Impoundment & Recissions
Impoundment
Refusal of president to spend funds appropriated by
Congress.
Budget Reform Act of 1974 requires notification of
Congress
Congress has 45 days to delete item or pass resolution
demanding release
Recission
Recommendation of president to cut part of
appropriations bills

57. Prime Time President
Press conferences
Speeches from Oval Office
Radio messages
First 100 days is the “honeymoon
period”
The longer they stay in office, the less
popular they become...interest groups
grow impatient, unkept promises,
blamed for problems left by previous
president

58. President & the Press
Press sees itself as the
protector of democracy
Filtering – Press
interpretation of what is
said and what it means
Spin Doctors – put
twists on what was said
and done
President can “leak” info
to test reaction (trial
balloons) to new policy

60. Presidential Style and Character
by James David Barber
Active-long hours, new direction, strong
leadership, innovative policies
Passive-less time and energy, let Congress take
control
Positive-enjoy the power, like the challenge of
the office
Negative-sense of duty to serve, try to prove
themselves

61. Positive Negative
Active
ADAPTIVE: self-confident; flexible;
creates opportunities for action;
enjoys the exercise of power, does
not take himself too seriously;
optimistic; emphasizes the
"rational mastery" of his
environment; power used as a
means to achieve beneficial
results.
Thomas Jefferson,
F. D. Roosevelt,
H. Truman,
J. F. Kennedy,
G. Ford,
G. W. Bush(?)
COMPULSIVE: power as a means to
self-realization; expends great
energy on tasks but derives little
joy; preoccupied with whether he
is failing or succeeding; low self-esteem;
inclined to rigidity and
pessimism; highly driven; problem
managing aggression.
John Adams,
W. Wilson,
H. Hoover,
A. Lincoln,
L. B. Johnson,
R. Nixon
Passive
COMPLIANT: seek to be loved; easily
manipulated; low self-esteem is
overcome by ingratiating
personality; reacts rather than
initiates; superficially optimistic.
James Madison,
W. H. Taft,
W. Harding,
R. Reagan,
Bill Clinton
WITHDRAWN: responds to a sense of
duty; avoid power; low self-esteem
compensated by service to others;
responds rather than initiates;
avoids conflict and uncertainty.
emphasizes principles and
procedures and an aversion to
politicking.
George Washington,
C. Coolidge,
D. Eisenhower

62. Management Style
Circular
Everyone with equal access to the president
Pyramid
Hierarchy with information to president coming from
bottom up

63. An Imperial Presidency?
ARGUMENT:
Individual actions taken
by past presidents have
enlarged the power of
the presidency by
expanding
responsibility and
political resources.
Proof?
Emergency Powers
Growing staff
Growing bureaucracy
Increase in media
coverage
Executive Agreements
Impoundment Power
Pocket Veto
Executive Privilege

64. The student will explain the impeachment process and its usage for elected
officials.
•Explain the impeachment process as defined in the U.S. Constitution.
•Describe the impeachment proceedings of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton.

65. Why Impeach?
High Crimes and Misdemeanors
Malfeasance (an illegal act)
Misfeasance (an illegal act which could have otherwise
been done legally)
Standards: acts against state or constitution
The definition of an impeachable offense is left to the
House

66. Impeachment
Presidents can be removed for "high crimes and
misdemeanors"
House Judiciary Committee investigates to determine
if there has been an offense (A majority vote is
needed in committee to send charges to House)
Simple majority in full house impeaches the official
Senate holds trial to determine whether or not to
remove official from office
Chief Justice of Supreme Court presides and a 2/3
vote of the Senate is needed

67. Andrew Johnson – May 1868
Violating Tenure of Office Act
(putting in new Secretary of War)
Saved by a single vote in the Senate,
remained in office
Bill Clinton – December 1998
Perjury - Votes 55 to 45
Obstruction of Justice 50-50
Acquitted and remained in office

69. Presidential Appointments: Why choose?
Reward for political help
Claims of inclusiveness
Fence mending
Ideology or philosophy
Comfort level
Ability and notoriety
gets legitimacy for your policy
Coalition building w/interest groups
Administration of presidential policy goals

70. Supreme Court Appointments
Appointments have become increasingly bitter fights
over judicial temperament and philosophy
Major issues include
Abortion/choice/privacy
Affirmative action
Separation of church and state
States rights
Judicial activism/restraint

71. Appointments to the court are…..
Reward for political help
Statements of policy priorities
Promotion of philosophy and ideology
Relation builders with Congress
Legacy creators

72. The current court Conservatives
Roberts, Kennedy, Thomas, Scalia, Alito
Liberals -Breyer, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, Kagan

74. Presidential Firsts
Father and Son
John Adams and John
Quincy Adams
George H.W. Bush and
George W. Bush

75. Presidential Firsts
Youngest
Elected – John F.
Kennedy (43)
Served – Theodore
Roosevelt (42)
Oldest
Ronald Reagan (age 69 &
73)

76. Presidential Firsts
Shortest/Longest Terms
William H. Harrison
 (1840; 1 month)
Franklin Roosevelt
 (1933-1944; 4 terms)

77. Presidential Firsts
Assassinated in Office
Abraham Lincoln 1865
James Garfield 1882
William McKinley 1901
John F. Kennedy 1963

78. “I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully
execute the office of President of the United
States, and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of
the United States”

79. HW Assignment
Presidential Approval Ratings tend to fluctuate
throughout each administration.
Compare and Contrast President George W. Bush and
President Obama’s approval ratings during their time
of office.
Provide three examples for each President of factors
that either caused their approval rating to increase or
decrease.
Presidental Approval Ratings

80. The student will explain the functions of the departments and agencies of the
federal bureaucracy.
Compare and contrast the organization and responsibilities of independent regulatory
agencies, government corporations, and executive agencies.
Explain the functions of the Cabinet.

81. What is the Administration?
The Administration is the White House staff, Executive
Departments, and Independent Agencies that assist
the President in carrying out his duties of enforcing
the law.

82. What is the Administration?
The White House Staff
Handles the day-to-day activities of
the President through the White
House Office
The Chief of Staff heads this office
The office coordinates the
President’s schedule, writes his
speeches, and conducts the business
of the President, etc.
Includes the White House Counsel,
Political Affairs Office, Presidential
Advance team
Denis McDonough,
Chief of Staff for Obama

83. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
Provides the President with expert
analysts…
The National Security Council
provides military advice
The Council of Economic
Advisors provides economic
advice
Office of Management and
Budget provides budgetary
advice and writes the
President’s budget for the
whole government

84. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
Other offices include:
Council on Environmental Quality
Domestic Policy Council
National Economic Council
Office of Administration
Office of Faith-Based and
Community Initiatives
Office of Homeland Security
Office of National AIDS Policy
Office of National Drug Control
Policy
Office of Science &
Technology Policy
Office of the United States
Trade Representative
President's Critical
Infrastructure Protection
Board
President's Foreign
Intelligence Advisory Board
USA Freedom Corps
White House Military Office

85. What is the Administration?
The Executive Office of the President
All in all, the EOP employs
over 2,000 staffers that work
for the President alone.
Some of the senior level
advisors have offices in the
West Wing.
Most, however, are housed in
the Old Executive Office
Building, next to the White
House.

86. Executive Departments & Agencies
The Executive Departments
implement the policies of the
President and enforce the laws
There are a total of 15 Executive
Departments
The heads of the Departments are
called Secretaries, except for the
Justice Department which is headed
by the Attorney General
The heads are known as the
President’s Cabinet
The Bureaucracy is made up of
non-elected officials that work for
the government in these
departments

87. Department
of Homeland
Security

88. President Obama’s Cabinet (July
2012)

89. Regulatory Agencies
Regulates a sector of the economy or government
Regulations protect the public
EXAMPLES:
FRB (Federal Reserve Board - banks)
FCC (Federal Communications Commission -
broadcast media)
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health
Administrations - workplace)
FDA (Food & Drug Administration - food producers
& pharmaceuticals)

90. Government Corporations
Provide goods or services that could be offered by a private
company
Typically provide the services at a cheaper rate than a
private corporation could
EXAMPLES:
Tennessee Valley Authority (power/electricity)
Postal Service (mail services)
Amtrak (railroad transportation)

91. Government

92. Bureaucracy
Large, complex organization of appointed, not
elected, officials
The bureaucracy was set up to accomplish policy
goals
People are hired because of skills that they have
to implement policy goals.

93. Max Weber
Defined the prototype bureaucracy
Characteristics:
Hierarchical authority structure – bottom up
leadership
Task specialization – experts in field
Rules – similar procedures for similar situations
Merit principles – entrance and promotion based on
ability
Impersonality – treat clients impartially

94. Bureaucracy: The Big Joke
RED TAPE
Parkinson’s Law – work and personnel will expand to
consume available resources
Peter Principle – personnel are promoted to their
highest level of incompetence

95. Did you know?
The bureaucracy began in 1789 with the creation of the
Dept. of State
Most federal employees work for only a few agencies
About 55% work for the Department of Defense and
Postal Service
Only about 10% work in D.C.
2.8 million civilian employees

96. Characteristics of American
Federal Bureaucracy
Divided Supervision
Congress creates, organizes and disbands all agencies
Political authority is shared between Congress &
executive branch
Public Scrutiny
About ½ cases in federal court involve gov’t
Regulation (not public ownership)
Gov’t regulates privately owned businesses instead of
owning the businesses as a gov’t

97. Civil Service
Originally a patronage (spoils) system
Changed as a result of the actions of a disappointed
office seeker who shot and killed Garfield in 1881
because he wouldn’t give him a job

98. Civil Service
Pendleton Act in 1883 promotes hiring based on merit
and nonpartisan government service
Now use entrance exams for job placement and
promotions

99. Civil Service
Hatch Act of 1939 prevents workers from active
participation in partisan politics
Can’t: run for office, be involved in campaigns, make
political speeches, disseminate political info
Can: vote, make campaign contributions, join parties,
participate in non-partisan campaigns

100. Civil Service
Hatch Act amended in 1993
Civil servants can engage in
political activities as long as
they are off duty
do not run for office
don’t work in sensitive
government areas

102. Appointments
Appointments are often characterized by
transience – few more than 2 years
When a new administration takes office,
Congress publishes the plum book which lists the
top federal jobs available for appointment. About
400 top positions.
President then searches based on talent, political
skills, policy expertise, demographic balance and
campaign support.

103. Four Types of
Bureaucratic Agencies
Cabinet
Regulatory Agencies
Government Corporations
Independent Agencies

104. Cabinet
15 departments
Secretary is the head of department
Chosen by president and approved by Senate
Each has their own policy areas and budgets
Can be fired at president’s will
Secretary, Undersecretary, bureaus, agency commissions

105. Regulatory Agencies
Regulates a sector of the economy to protect the
public interest
QUASI – LEGISLATIVE because it makes rules
QUASI – JUDICIAL because it settles claims
FRB, FCC, FTC, OSHA, FDA, SEC
Federal Reserve Banks, Federal Communications
Commission, Fair Trade Commission, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, Food and Drug
Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission

106. Regulatory Agencies
Governed by a small commission
members are appointed by the president
confirmed by the Senate
staggered terms
fixed terms that extend past President’s term
neither party may have a majority on a board or
commission

107. Government Corporations
Provide services for a fee that could be handled
by the private sector and generally charge
cheaper rates
TVA, Postal Service, Amtrak, Public Broadcasting
Corporation

108. Independent Agencies
Exist outside the structure of the Cabinet
departments and perform services for the
government and the public that are often too costly
for the private sector
Appointed by President and serve at his will
NASA, NSF (National Science Foundation), GSA
(General Services Administration), FEC (Federal
Election Commission), Civil Rights Commission

110. What role do
bureaucrats play?
Communicate with each other
Maintain paper for accountability
Interpret the law
Implement the objectives of the organization

111. Bureaucracy as Implementors
Implementation is the
policymaking stage between the
establishment of a policy and the
consequences of the policy.

112. Implementation
Includes three elements:
Creation of a new agency or assignment of
responsibility to an old one
Translation of policy into operational rules
Coordination of resources and personnel to achieve the
intended goals

113. Regulation through
bureaucracy
Regulation is the use of governmental authority
to control or change some practice in the private
sector.
Agencies must apply and enforce rules and
guidelines
Can be done either in court or by administrative
procedures which use either inspectors, complaints, or
licensing to monitor behavior.

114. Regulation
All regulation contains:
A grant of power from Congress
A set of rules and guidelines
Some means of enforcing compliance

115. Executive Control
on the Bureaucracy
President tries to control by:
Appointing the right people to head
Tinkering with agency budget
Issuing executive orders
Reorganizing an agency w/Congress

116. Congressional Control
over the Bureaucracy
Congress tries to control by:
Influencing the appointment of dept head (Senate
confirmation)
Tinkering with budget
Holding oversight hearings
Rewriting more detailed legislation
Establishing new agencies or departments